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Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms, and its detection in living cells represents a well-established approach. ATP-driven bioluminescence (BL) relying on the D-luciferin-luciferase reaction is a bioanalytical tool widely employed for monitoring hygiene and microbial contamination of foods.Here, we report a straightforward method for ATP BL detection using an ATP sensing paper fabricated with an alternative freeze-dry procedure. The assay can be easily implemented in laboratories equipped with (i) freeze-drying, wax printing, and 3D printing technologies and (ii) instrumentation for BL detection such as benchtop luminometers and portable light detectors including a smartphone camera without the need for additional equipment., Elisa Michelini acknowledges support by MIUR and Prima (Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area) with FEDKITO project. ICN2 is funded by CERCA programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. Grant SEV-2017-0706 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.

This method originated due to the need to quickly and sensitively detect Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) in nursery and field trees in California. Optimum sampling protocols were developed for leaf collection from different sized trees based on size and branching as well as for fruit. An ethanol containing buffered extract from 1 g of ground leaf tissue was used as the source of RNA. The extract was absorbed onto small pieces (disks) of Whatman No. 1 filter paper which were then washed and dried. RNA was eluted from the filter paper using sterile water and used as a template in a standard single-tube RT-PCR reaction. The RNA adsorbed on the filter paper disks was quite stable, and the disks could be stored for over 1 year and shipped worldwide at ambient temperature with no noticeable decline in the quality or quantity of the resulting RT-PCR products. The filter paper capture method was expanded to the detection of other viroids including Potato spindle tuber viroid, Peach latent mosaic viroid, and Chrysanthemum stunt viroid and was tested with some viruses as well with minor modifications of the standard protocol.

Previous studies from our lab have created a simple procedure for single-cell count of bacteria on a paper chip platform using optical detection from a smartphone. The procedure and steps employed are outlined along with the lessons learned and details of certain steps and how the design was optimized. Smartphone optical detection is easy to use, low cost, and potentially field deployable, which can be useful for early and rapid detection of pathogens. Smartphone imaging of a paper microfluidic chip preloaded with antibody-conjugated particles provides an adaptable platform for detection of different bacterial targets. The paper microfluidic chip was fabricated with a multichannel design. Each channel was preloaded with either a negative control of bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated particles, anti-Salmonella Typhimurium-conjugated particles with varying amounts (to cover different ranges of assay), or anti-Escherichia coli-conjugated particles. Samples were introduced to the paper microfluidic chip using pipetting. Antigens of Salmonella Typhimurium traveled through the channel by capillary action confined within the paper fibers surrounded by the hydrophobic barrier. The paper channel was observed to act as a filter for unwanted particles and contaminants found in field samples. Serial dilutions of known concentrations of bacterial targets were also tested using this procedure to construct a standard curve prior to the assays. The antibody-conjugated particles were able to immunoagglutinate which was quantified through evaluation of Mie scatter intensity. This Mie scattering was quantified in images taken with a smartphone at an optimized angle and distance. Mie scatter simulation provided a method of optimizing the experimental setup and could translate easily to other types of target sample matrices. A smartphone application was developed to help the user position the smartphone optimally in relation to the paper microfluidic chip. The application integrated both image capturing capability and a simple image processing algorithm that calculated bacteria concentrations. The detection limit was at a single-cell level with a total assay time ranging from 90 to less than 60 s depending on the target.

The pulp and paper industry is one of the major consumers of water. Pulp and paper industrial wastewaters usually contain halogenated organic materials, because general use is made of chlorine-containing compounds as bleaching agents during pulp and paper manufacture. Kraft pulping is the most common commercial chemical delignification procedure. Chlorination is generally the first stage in kraft pulping and during this treatment phase, chlorinated organic compounds are produced. The chlorinated substances are extracted with dilute alkali from the pulp in the subsequent extraction phase. Chloro-organic compounds tend to persist in nature because of their inherent recalcitrance; they are often toxic to aquatic live; many are genotoxic and have the potential to migrate widely throughout the ecosystem, ultimately accumulating in the fatty tissues of organisms. Legislation has been introduced to limit the levels of these toxic compounds in effluents. Additionally, during bleaching treatments chromophoric, highly oxidized, polymeric lignin/chlorolignin derivatives are formed that give rise to a dark color in the effluent. The color poses an aesthetic problem and contributes to the biological oxygen demand. Several methods have been attempted for decolorization and detoxification of bleached kraft effluents. These include physicochemical and biotechnological methods. The problems underlying the physicochemical treatments are those associated with cost and reliability. Biotechnological methods have the potential to eliminate/ reduce the problems associated with physicochemical methods. This article reviews the research on the use of Biotechnological methods for treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents. The progress made and the further scope are also discussed.

The paper manufacturing process has several stages - Raw material preparation and handling, Pulp manufacturing, Pulp Washing and Screening, Chemical recovery, Bleaching, Stock Preparation, and Papermaking. Paper production is basically a two-step process in which a fibrous raw material is first converted into pulp, and then the pulp is converted into paper. The harvested wood is first processed so that the fibers are separated from the unusable fraction of the wood, the lignin. Pulp making can be done mechanically or chemically. The pulp is then bleached and further processed, depending on the type and grade of paper that is to be produced. In the paper factory, the pulp is dried and pressed to produce paper sheets. Post-use, an increasing fraction of paper and paper products is recycled. Nonrecycled paper is either landfilled or incinerated.

Dried blood spots (DBS) on paper as a sampling technique in newborn screening has been widely adopted by bioanalytical chemists for preclinical and clinical sample collection. DBS is based on the assumption that single size punch of DBS absorbs the same volume of blood regardless of physiological differences derived from test subject genders, disease states, nutrition, or hydration affecting blood viscosity, although it is well known that such differences have a fundamental impact on the quantitation accuracy of DBS as a sampling technique. There are multiple types of sampling media in either plain filter paper or chemically treated paper/cards available for DBS applications. Pretreated paper/cards contain chemicals such as denaturants, surfactants, and/or chelating agents to deactivate pathogens, enzymes and prevent the growth of biological organisms. In this chapter, the chemical constituents of various paper/cards are explored. The impact of paper/card type on analytical interference, evenness of DBS spots, and radial distribution of analyte are evaluated. The paper/card impact on the matrix effect was studied. It was found that the impregnated chemicals on the pretreated DBS paper/cards could be more than 50 % of the total paper/card weight. These water-soluble chemicals make the analyte distribution unpredictable across the dried blood spots and can interfere with LC-MS. Six compounds across a large Log D range were used to evaluate different types of paper/cards for understanding the impact of the sampling paper/cards on DBS quantitation accuracy. The results indicate that the impact is significant and an evaluation of sampling paper/card impact is necessary for most compounds.

In July 2007, IBM and Cambridge University’s Institute for Manufacturing (IfM ), in conjunction with BAE Systems, convened a group of leading academics and senior industrialists in a two-day symposium to address the critical questions facing the emerging field of Service Science , Management and Engineering (SSME ). The meeting, together with a consultation process involving over a hundred international respondents, created a white paper for universities, businesses and governments globally (IfM and IBM 2008). The report called for (1) the advancement of SSME as a distinct subject of research and education through intensive collaboration across disciplines, and (2) the creation of national Service Innovation Roadmaps (SIR) to double investment in service research and education worldwide by 2015. Since the white paper was released, exciting progress has taken place; many universities have started SSME courses while various governments released SIR reports (see Appendices I and II for lists of such initiatives). In the remainder of this chapter, we provide an updated summary of the white paper and revisit its original recommendations for SSME stakeholders.

This chapter examines the short term production, transportation and inventory planning problems encountered in the fine-paper industry. After positioning the problems in the context of a general supply chain planning system for the pulp and paper industry, a comprehensive synchronized production-distribution model is gradually developed. First, a model for the dynamic lot-sizing of intermediate products on a single paper machine with a predetermined production cycle is proposed. The model also plans the production and inventory of finished products. Then, we consider the lot-sizing of intermediate products on multiple parallel paper machines with a predetermined production sequence. Finally, simultaneous production and distribution planning for a single mill multiple distribution centers network is studied by considering different transportation modes between the mill and its Distribution Centers (DCs).

In the context of sustainable development, the assessment of the role the paper industry is of paramount importance. In the last years, the efforts of the paper industry towards ecologically sustainable paper recycling have faced growing problems of waste management since recovered paper processing leads to the production of considerable amount of waste (sludge) requiring disposal. The work outlines the current state of the utilisation of paper sludge for energy conversion. Focus of the paper is the assessment of the environmental feasibility of energy recovery from paper sludge associated with toxic emissions (like NOx, SO2, N2O, chlorinated organic compounds); the fate of some toxic metals (like Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn) deriving from dyes, fillers, and toxic pigments is discussed based on new research combustion data. The environmental impact of burning paper sludge is discussed showing the interdependence between sludge properties and combustion conditions. Recent data concerning co-combustion of paper sludge, particularly in conjunction with different biomass fuels (like wood and straw), are reported. Differences related to usage of paper sludge as a fuel in paper mill boilers and industrial power plants and their economic implications are presented. Future possible scenarios for paper sludge utilisation in energy recovery are also discussed.

The research reported in this paper concerns the ongoing development of a Knowledge Intensive Sketching (KiS) framework through which designers are supported in foreseeing directly from their paper-based sketches the relevant life-cycle consequences of their ‘component form’ solution concepts. The goal of the KiS framework is to retain the important characteristics of freehand sketching, i.e. pencil and paper, whilst at the same time exploit the benefits of Knowledge Intensive CAD technology for proactively guiding designers in generating life-oriented solutions as from early design.

The pulp and paper industry is currently faced with the challenge of substantially reducing the discharge of contaminants to the receiving environment. Water is of primary importance in the paper making process. The pulp and paper industry has been a large user of fresh water in comparison to several other manufacturing industries. Continuous progress has been made by the pulp and paper industry in reducing the fresh water use because of growing environmental concerns and stricter government regulations. Water use reduction in a paper mill has been accomplished primarily by closing up the water system. Water system closure, however, results in an increased concentration of suspended, dissolved and colloidal materials in the system, which in turn could result in a poor quality of paper and operational problems. Because of the solid buildup problems, paper mills are looking for alternative processes for internal treatment of water. Among the alternative processes, membrane separation process is getting an ever-increasing acceptance.

Enhanced production and efficient utilization of lignocellulosic products are issues of critical importance to both industry and society. Benefits from the manufacture of mechanical wood pulp include high yield and low cost. During the past decade, mechanical pulping processes have been developed that can produce high-performance pulps at significantly lower capital and operating costs compared with kraft pulping. Although the production of mechanical pulp is environmentally benign, the use of mechanical pulps is restricted severely by their tendency to undergo color reversion (yellowing) upon exposure to daylight and/or long-term storage at ambient temperatures. This discoloration is cited as the principal reason for limited commercial applications of mechanical wood pulps in high-quality printing papers (Cockram, 1989; Ford and Sharman, 1996).

Although the pulp and paper industry is not part of Chemical Manufacturing, it is one of the major divisions of the chemical process industries. Containing some interesting chemistry, this industry employs many chemists and chemicals. It takes over 400 lb of chemicals to make 1 ton of paper.

We determine a duality between broadcast and multiple access channels that can be used to obtain the capacity region and optimal transmission strategy for one channel based on the capacity-achieving transmission strategy and region for the dual channel. This duality result in applicable to additive Gaussian noise and fading channels for several different notions of fading channel capacity, including ergodic capacity, outage capacity, and minimum rate capacity. We show that duality can be used to obtain any of these capacities for the fading broadcast channel from the same capacity on the dual MAC channel, and vice versa. We then apply this general result to obtain the minimum rate capacity of the fading multiple access channel, which also yields the ergodic and outage capacity as special cases. Next we turn our attention to broadcast channels with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver (the MIMO channel). Since this channel is in general non-degraded, its capacity region remains an unsolved problem. We establish a duality between the achievable region of the MIMO broadcast channel using Costa’s “dirty-paper” coding and the capacity region of the MIMO multiple-access channel, which is easy to compute. We also show that the dirty paper achievable region yields the sum-rate capacity of the MIMO broadcast channel.

The pulp and paper industries have recently devoted considerable research, at some cost, to the application of biotechnology to solve environmental problems associated with paper production. These problems relate mainly to the formation of organochlorides produced by bleaching of wood pulp.

The paper analyses the order penetration point alternatives under various situational variables in the Nordic paper industry setting. The analysis is carried out as a factorial experimental design on a simulation model constructed for the purpose. Order data from seven cases and previous research are used to arrive at meaningful factor values. The situational variables are found to affect the inventory vrs. delivery time trade-offs and with some situational variable values chioice OP3 is not pareto-optimal in comparison to OP2.

The manufacture of pulp and paper from wood is an important industry; worldwide annual production is about 125 million metric tons. Paper products are used for printing and writing, packaging, and a wide variety of special purposes (Nordman, 1989).

It was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that the paper industry started to use wood pulp for making paper. Before this, timber had been used for many other purposes—building ships, houses, and for making furniture and boxes, but the beginning of the paper-making industry using wood pulp caused great changes in the practice of cutting trees.

At present, the most common company level inventory performance yardstick is inventory costs in relationship to revenue. This yardstick does not adequately reflect differences in the scope of vertical integration between different companies. The first objective is to develop a suitable yardstick for inventory performance that could enable strategic or company level screening for the need for improvement. This new yardstick is then tested with pulp and paper industry statistics and annual report data.

The ISO standardization project “Conceptual Schema” ended in 1987 after publishing “TR9007: Concepts and terminology for the conceptual schema”. That was a technical report and was not an International Standard.

Harmonisation in information systems modeling can only be achieved if there is agreement on issues and approaches among those who build and reason about information systems. In the past there has been a severe lack of agreement on what the central issues are when building information systems, as well as disagreement on how such systems should be built. This situation taken into consideration the WG8.1 FRISCO group has taken on a draconian task when trying to forge agreement and harmonisation of all of the competing views on information systems.

In this position statement on the question, How far harmonisation? I expresses the view that, in the context of our profession, our theories, as far a possible, must meet the stringent quality criteria which philosophers of science impose on other disciplines that deal with problems in domains of inter-subjective activity, such as the natural sciences. I also show that our present ‘tunes’ are played on almost one note, making any harmony rather thin and uninteresting. Sometimes I despair of our profession ever abandoning old, demonstrably weak ideas (conceptualist or naive objectivist ontologies, for example) or of ever raising its eyes above the technical layer of problems to face the other half of the issues before us. However, I justify my long-term optimism because I have not encountered any intrinsic difficulty in meeting the most exacting criteria of scientific quality in dealing with information systems. Only a general unwillingness to apply those criteria obstructs our progress.

The era of employing a grand monolithic approach to develop data processing systems is coming to an end. Systems developers are now realizing that there are many different ways to specify and program systems. While the traditional IF… THEN, DO WHILE approach is popular in many situations, it is far from being the best or only way. For instance, a medical diagnosis system might be implemented best with rules and an inference engine. In other situations, conditioning a neural network or genetic algorithm could produce the desired results much more efficiently. Elsewhere, a predicate logic or functional expression would be the best way to specify an application. In other words, if a system can be specified in many ways, why not choose the mix of approaches best for the problem at hand? Why be bound to only one way of doing things, when a combination of approaches might produce a result that is more economical, accurate, understandable, and elegant?

Column chromatography was used only occasionally until 1931, when it was found that cis- and trans-isomers of organic compounds could be separated by this technique. From 1931 until 1944 there was a rapid development in theory and applications, but no one really challenged the basic idea of using a column.

The exercises in this final section are based directly on the advice given in the companion volume English for Writing Research Papers (see table below). The exercises ask you to write a section of your paper either by answering certain questions or by following a suggested structure. To do each exercise in depth would take you several hours. So consider focusing on the questions or parts of the structure that you think would cause you the most difficulty, or which you think you need to practise the most. No key is provided in this section, so your teacher will need to correct your work.

In this review we discuss the six papers: Lehmann (1963) and Bickel and Lehmann (1974, 1975,1976a, 1976b, 1976c). The first paper deals with confidence intervals based on nonparametric tests, and the other papers discuss descriptive statistics for non12arametric models.

This paper addresses the issue of requirements of University ITEM systems. A guide to characteristics is presented which is supported by two international cases.

The field of identity management has changed dramatically in just a few years. Ten years ago we were huddled in the corner of cocktail parties excitedly discussing and dismissing X.509 certification. Five years ago we were begging for some attention from our governments, industries, and consumer protection institutions. Now, everyone seems to be in agreement that something must be done about identity management.

The Directorate-General Information Society and Media, part of the European Commission, supports the development and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for the benefit of all citizens and for underpinning European competitiveness and growth. Its objective is to stimulate the continued development of an all-inclusive information society, and the assurance of trust and security is pivotal to this development. Security and privacy protection are moving targets, and bringing trust into the networked society is an open-ended, permanent and multistakeholder endeavour.

I was one of nine children from a migrant farm-working family in central California. My experiences as a farm-worker and as a member of an ethnic minority roused a strong interest for seeking social and economic justice for Latinos. While at California State University, Fresno, I was a student and community activist involved in several causes, including increasing access to higher education for ethnic minority students and supporting the United Farm Workers union. As a psychology major, I was disturbed by the lack of valid research on Latino populations. After graduating college, I worked for several years as union organizer for the Service Employees International Union Local 250. I entered graduate school to study clinical psychology. At first, I aspired to become a clinician to provide bilingual services but over time my interest in research grew.While completing a clinical post-doctoral fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco, I collaborated with Dr. Ricardo Muoz. We conducted research on computerized speech recognition for assessing depression symptoms in Englishand Spanish-speaking patients. After this fellowship, I became an assistant professor in the department of psychology at California State University, San Marcos. I am the former director of the National Latino Research Center at that school. I am the former director of the NLRC. Currently the Dean of Graduate Studies and Associate Vice President for Research at CSUSM. The emphasis of the NLRC is to promote research on Latino populations in the areas of health, education, and community development; however, my research interest remains the bilingual computerized assessment of depression.

In his paper [10], Sasaki studied the holomorphic slice S of the space of punctured torus groups determined by the trace equation xy = 2z. He found a simply connected domain E contained in S by using his system of inequalities which characterizes some quasifuchsian punctured torus groups (c.f. [9]). Moreover decomposing the boundary of E into 3 pieces ∂E = el U e2 U e3 he showed that e1 U e2 is contained in S and e3 (consisting of two points) is in the boundary ∂S. In this paper we consider the slice S itself more precisely.

The grammage, ie., mass per unit area, is one of the most important quality factors in paper industry. The grammage of the paper web is constantly monitored during the paper manufacturing, and the ever rising pulling speeds and wider reels demand more accurate and faster methods to monitor the grammage changes in both the cross direction and in the machine direction. Nowadays, the standard method is to use radioactive beta rays, which method was invented in 1950s. The beta radiation is attenuated as a function of sample grammage, but the temperature of surrounding air, and the atomic number of the sample also affect the measured intensity of the beta rays. These effects can be conquered by calibration and by monitoring the temperature. But one technical difficulty remains, though. Only one measuring head is traversing across the paper web, which is quite a slow method to achieve the cross profile of the paper web [1–2].

The paper is a cellulose fiber base material and consequently it is heterogeneous at different scales. In addition, the paper exhibits two preferential axes of fiber orientation, from which it is easy to define the characteristics of an elementary bi-dimensional fiber network. A third axis, perpendicular to the first, corresponds to the stacking direction of individual networks. Following the example of composite layered media modeling, the paper presents three perpendicular planes of material symmetry. In other words, the paper is commonly assumed to be an orthotropic material [1]. The paper presents also various mechanical behaviors such as elasticity, viscoelasticity, non-linear elasticity. Furthermore the paper properties depend on both the temperature and the hygrometry [2]. At last, paper materials exist in the form of sheets; their thickness (100 µm on average) is very small beside their other dimensions.

My approach to papers on matters such as board of directors interlocks proceeds partially from my position as an adjunct professor but mostly from the vantage point of a full time practitioner who, among other things, advises boards on the reasonableness of executive pay. I view such scholarship from three perspectives. First, in the search for the truth that is the subject of the paper, I apply the classical scholarly model; do the approaches taken have the requisite intellectual rigour, was the sample well chosen, is the statistical analysis persuasive, etc. In this respect, apart from some methodological issues developed below, I believe Professor Hallock’s analysis is generally persuasive. My second perspective is a policy one. Since we deal here with a real world phenomenon, does the paper develop insights that might be useful at a policy level? Do its findings argue for a need for legislative, administrative or judicial reform? In my view, Professor Hallock’s conclusions suggest no need for such reform. Finally, as a practitioner, might the paper’s findings allow me to bring new insights to my clients or cause me to modify the kind of advice I give them on the matters that are the subject of the paper? In this instance too, I believe the answer is no.

Three main research questions are identified for higher education to effectively address Lifelong Learning. Lifelong Learning is an educational issue, because it is pulled by the political agenda, by economical, social, civic, cultural, personal and also Information and Communication Technology (ICT) developments. From an employment related perspective ‘students’ in Lifelong Learning are knowledge workers (knowledge creators) and skills workers (knowledge appliers), basically learning at the workplace. From the social and civic perspective ‘students’ are people learning in ‘learning communities’. From a personal perspective students are persons following initial education to be effective in the workplace (employment related) and in society (community related). The role of ICT is one of empowerment, enhancement of creativity and support. Lifelong Learning is demand driven, flexible learning that will force educational institutions to change. In this special attention should be given to the relevance of Lifelong Learning for countries with emerging knowledge intensive economies.