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Bangladesh has made progress in advancing adolescent girls’ education, but there remain substantial evidence gaps around age and gender differences in motivations, retention, and access to education for adolescents living in urban slums. This article draws on quantitative and qualitative data collected in 2017 and 2018 by Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) with adolescents aged 10–17 across three low-income areas in Dhaka to explore adolescent educational attainment, aspirations, and environmental factors that constrain both. We find high educational and professional aspirations among adolescents and their parents, with parental support being an important predictor of both current enrolment and adolescent aspirations. Location is also an important predictor of adolescent aspirations and enrolment, highlighting the importance of infrastructure and services, integration into the city, and stability of the community (including schools and facilities), along with higher incomes and better employment opportunities for households.

Milk and milk products; particularly yoghurts have almost exclusively been used as media for probiotic delivery to human being for a very long time. Despite health benefits such products have to humans; that include supply of nutrients, prevention and cure of certain communicable and non-communicable diseases; the presence of allergens, increased lactose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia effects, the need for vegetarian probiotic products, cultural food taboos against milk, and religious beliefs have led to limitations on the use of milk and its products as probiotic vehicles in many places including Africa. Such limitations have led to more researches worldwide on alternative delivery media for probiotics in order to meet the food preferences and demands of people affected by milk and milk products. An integrative approach has been used to find common ideas and concepts from different studies. Different food matrices have been tested for their ability to carry probiotics and cereals and cereal products have been found as among suitable substrates for the purpose. Some investigations have revealed that traditional African fermented cereal-based beverages are potential probiotic carriers because of the probiotic Lactobacillus spp. and yeasts which are involved in the fermentation of such products. This offers an opportunity for the African cereal beverages to be used to provide probiotic health benefits to the majority of African populations. Thus, this review provides information on probiotics including sources, types, health benefits, vehicles for their delivery and specifically also on challenges and future prospects for cereal-based probiotics development and consumption in Africa.

The Garrison cemetery in Gothenburg was established for the enlisted soldiers and their families but also for others working at the garrison. It was in use from the end of the seventeenth century to 1835. The soldiers belonged to a group that had a poor financial situation. The purpose of this study was to trace signs of their living conditions through the osteological material. Looking at the age and sex distribution we found differences regarding different areas of the cemetery; for instance, areas with more men showed a higher frequency of clay pipe marks. Written sources indicate that the soldiers received a portion of tobacco as their payment, which raises the question of whether the enlisted soldiers were more often buried in certain parts of the cemetery. Lower frequency of caries among this group is another indicator that this might be a group of poor people, like the enlisted soldiers who could not afford luxury consumption.

The economic impact of climate change has typically been considered at regional or national levels. This Perspective assesses impacts at household level to determine effects on poverty and the poor. It shows how rapid development could reduce these impacts. Analysis of the economic impact of climate change typically considers regional or national economies and assesses its impact on macroeconomic aggregates such as gross domestic product. These studies therefore do not investigate the distributional impacts of climate change within countries or the impacts on poverty. This Perspective aims to close this gap and provide an assessment of climate change impacts at the household level to investigate the consequences of climate change for poverty and for poor people. It does so by combining assessments of the physical impacts of climate change in various sectors with household surveys. In particular, it highlights how rapid and inclusive development can reduce the future impact of climate change on poverty.

The theory of food deserts is that poor people eat poor diets in part because fresh, healthy food is not accessible in areas where they tend to live. We review evidence from a number of disciplines on various elements of this theory and find it wanting. Access to a car is, for most, a more important consideration than access to a full service supermarket. Moreover, a number of cases are reviewed where full service supermarkets were opened in food deserts, usually with little effect on shopping or eating habits.

There has been a significant reduction in the number of desperately poor people in the world in recent years. A great deal of that reduction in poverty can be attributed in China. There is great potential for new insights for scholars, in looking more deeply into the Chinese experience in terms of entrepreneurship and poverty reduction. This paper employs an in-depth case study of how poverty was reduced through entrepreneurship and innovation in the eastern Chinese city of Yiwu. This study is a response to some scholars’ call for more direct examination of businesses’ involvement with the poor to shed new light on the emerging topic of the roles of business in poverty reduction. Moreover, this study reports on key factors, new insights, and experiences which have led to success in poverty reduction and contributes to theory and practice in this area.

This paper analyses the contribution of biological geotextiles to gully stabilization in the urban area of Sao Luis City (Sacavem District). Biological geotextile mats were constructed from palm leaves. At Sacavem, gully rehabilitation included the following techniques: (1) installation of Buriti geotextiles, in association with barriers of wooden stakes and the construction of contoured terraces; (2) analysis of sediment particle size and (3) photograph comparison of the development of vegetal cover. Rehabilitation used ~30 kg of grass seeds (Brachiaria decumbens) on slopes, in combination with geotextiles. Besides recuperating a degraded area, income has been generated to poor people, who live around Sacavem gully, either by producing the geotextiles or by applying them on the soil, together with grass seeds, lime and NPK to improve soil properties.

Plants provide medicine and pest control resources for millions of poor people world-wide. Widespread harvesting of medicinal and pesticidal plants puts pressure on natural populations, thus severely compromising their contribution to the income and well-being of traders and consumers. The development of in vitro propagation techniques appropriate for developing countries will provide a robust platform for effective propagation and cultivation of endangered plants. This review focuses on advances in the application of phytochemical and in vitro tools to identify and rapidly propagate medicinal and pesticidal plants. Problems of over-harvesting can be alleviated and ex situ cultivation in agroforestry systems can be facilitated through improving seed germination, in vitro cloning and the use of mycorrhizal fungi. We also present a case for effective use of phytochemical analyses for the accurate identification of elite materials from wild stands and validation of the desired quality in order to counter loss of efficacy in the long run through selection, propagation or ex situ management in agroforestry systems. Future prospects are discussed in the context of medicinal activity screening, sustainable propagation, on-farm planting, management and utilization.

This study is based on a visual inspection and a questionnaire survey about sanitation in central Nepal. A total of 201 people from different groups were asked about their knowledge about eco-toilets, the fertilizer value of human urine and wood ash. Farmers were the least educated and least aware of most of the topics asked. Although the majority of educated people were aware about urine fertilizer, 68% of them were not interested in its use in their home, and 39% of them said that it might be not accepted. The visual inspection revealed that environmental hygiene depends on education. It is concluded that farmers need to receive practical demonstrations about the use of eco-toilets and wood ash to appreciate the direct benefits. It can be assumed that since urine fertilizer is a bonus obtained from eco-toilets, this could encourage even poor people to construct these kinds of facilities.

Nursing homes serve many severely ill poor people, including large numbers of racial/ethnic minority residents. Previous research indicates that blacks tend to receive care from lower quality nursing homes (Grabowski, 2004). Using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) definition of racial-ethnic disparities, this study decomposes nursing home disparities into within and across facility components. Using detailed person-level nursing home data, we find meaningful black-white disparities for one of the four risk-adjusted quality measures, with both within and across nursing home components of the disparity. The IOM approach, which recognizes mediation through payer status and education, has a small effect on measured disparities in this setting. Although we did not find disparities across the majority of quality measures and alternate disparity definitions, this approach can be applied to other health care services in an effort to disentangle the role of across and within facility variation and the role of potential mediators on racial/ethnic disparities.

Wealth distribution based on classic sugarscape model leads to a population increase and the Gini coefficient decrease when cooperation and communication parameters are taken into account. In another study, this model was developed by implying a receipt of one-fifth of the assets of the population and derived utilization for poor people. The results showed a relation between mortality decrease, population increase, and Gini coefficient decrease (equality increase). In a synergic process, the wealth adjustment based on sugarscape model underwent some experiments by implying communication and cooperation, and the mechanism of receiving and utilizing the assets. The results show that the population increase and the Gini coefficient decrease play an important role in wealth adjustment.

Many area-based initiatives in deprived urban neighbourhoods seek to reduce the number of residents who move away from the area. One common objective is to keep those with jobs or middle incomes in order to avoid further concentration of poor people and social problems. This paper is based on a study of how residents in 12 deprived urban areas in Denmark evaluate their neighbourhood and how this is connected to their wish to move or stay. The purpose is to expose the importance of residents’ subjective evaluations of the neighbourhood and its reputation for their inclination to stay or move away. Some conclusions are drawn for area-based initiatives that could reduce mobility. The study shows a strong connection between residents’ perception of the reputation of their neighbourhood and their plans to move, but it also shows that other factors have great importance too. Dissatisfaction due to social problems and crime are the main reasons for moving away from deprived neighbourhoods, especially among residents in employment. Strong social relations within the neighbourhood prove to significantly reduce the intention to move.

L'A. porte son attention sur le clientelisme politique, phenomene marquant au sein de la vie politique en Amerique latine. Il se demande plus particulierement comment les beneficiaires des faveurs des hommes politiques percoivent le clientelisme politique, s'ils le jugent utile, s'ils le considerent comme une forme d'aide. L'A. etudient les pratiques du Parti peroniste en Argentine en ce domaine. Il analyse la relation entre le beneficiaire et le «fournisseur» de faveurs. Il montre que la relation clienteliste suppose une reciprocite. Un service est accorde en echange de la promesse d'assister a une reunion politique. L'A. decrit la mise en place des politiques de goudronnage des rues des quartiers pauvres de Buenos Aires. Il souligne que les beneficiaires des faveurs s'efforcent d'utiliser la politique afin d'ameliorer leurs conditions de vie. Il examine le rapport entre faveur, domination et vote

One of the key goals of social forestry is to involve the poor as project beneficiaries. It is possible to measure the degree of attainment of this goal by collecting socioeconomic data before and after project implementation. This approach cannot be applied at the many sites where ex-ante data were never gathered. This article proposes a methodology for evaluating the degree of inclusion of the poor in social forestry using ex-post data alone. Longitudinal analysis is approximated through the use of ‘slow change’ socioeconomic variables and through logistic regression. The methodology is illustrated with data on the Java Social forestry Program.

Background In the cancer of the esophagus, with recent technologic advances, self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are at the forefront of the armamentarium for re-establishing luminal patency. Weighed against the numerous advantages of stents are the import conditions and the cost. In light of this, we tested new low cost prostheses having the basic needs and characteristics to aim a significant benefit to poor people having advanced esophageal cancer, in a Brazilian regional public hospital. Methods This initial experience included fifteen patients (eleven men and four women, 55 ± 6.17 years old), presenting esophageal cancer, located at the medium third of the thoracic esophagus, extending for 5.5-8 cm long, not suitable for surgical procedure because they had been staged on fourth grade of the disease, two of them having fistula communicating esophagus to respiratory tree. The stents were placed under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance, after attempting an esophageal dilatation. An appropriate covered stent was then deployed, twelve of 10 cm and three of 13 cm in length. A chest X-ray was done 2 h after the procedure and a barium swallow was performed within 12 hours. Seven days and monthly until complete a six month follow-up after the procedure the patients were questioned about presence of pain, regurgitation, heartburn, cough, and their alimentary behavior. Results There were no severe complications and transient mild chest pain resolved until the seventh day after the stent deployment. Chest X-ray demonstrated expansion of the stent in all patients. In 2 cases of fistula, a barium swallow showed its complete sealing. The completion of the proposed follow-up was not achieved in three cases, limited by the patient's death until the third month, due to cancer progression. Recurrent dysphagia to paste food accounted for by tumor overgrowth proximal or distal to the stent and stent migration were not observed in the series. Conclusions The new low cost endoprostheses is effective and forthcoming increased experience and prospective trials including questionnaires to analyze quality of life will allow for more informed decisions tailoring to a particular patient situation or to unexpected complications.

The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was established in 1972 to provide help for poor people and poor countries. However, its scandalous closure, as the centre of a huge fraud, indicated that the main beneficiaries of the services of BCCI were the Colombian drug barons, the CIA, and several prominent Third World dictators. The BCCI collapse provides an opportunity to look into these global networks of criminality. It demonstrates that the lines between legitimate and illegitimate enterprises can be very thin; that illicit enterprises can themselves collaborate; and that the bank was itself involved in covert operations and the foreign policies of several states. The BCCI scandal presents a number of lessons in regulatory failure.

When we consider a variety of indicators concerning the disproportionate use of deadly force by police-the ratio of civilians killed to those wounded, the ratio of civilians killed to police killed, and the ratio of police killings to the total homicide rate-the statistics, both official and unofficial, for Jamaica, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro all point toward the conclusion that the police are summarily executing suspects in routine, non-partisan cases. Directed almost exclusively against anonymous, poor people, this abuse of deadly force appears as an extreme form of coercive social control. When the threat of social unrest seems high--because of increased social mobilization together with increased economic misery--the police may summarily execute a large number of suspects, providing that both elite and lower-class opinion tolerates the executions as legitimate. In all these locations, while opinion is split, the police violence is minimally acceptable; indeed, the prevalence of private vigilantism signals its acceptability with the mass of people.

Clinical research has been expanding into poor nations in recent years. In doing research in such settings, the response to challenges arising due to the vulnerability and resultant potential exploitation of very poor subject populations is heightened awareness of the need for adequate local oversight and regulation. More regulation, however, often is difficult to implement and may not be practical. The provision of benefit at the conclusion of clinical trials in poor nations or for poor people is a better response to the moral challenge of exploitation. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010) 88 5, 583–584. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.208

Homogenizing the poor, treating them as a shapeless blob, is not only dehumanizing but also makes them candidates for a single set of public policies. We propose to show, instead, using cultural theory, that there are different types of poor people, who follow different strategies in coping with or overcoming their condition.

A 1973 mailed survey of all psychiatrists practicing in Chicago utilized many questions identical to those used in a 1962 survey of this same population. By 1973, more psychiatrists were working in the public sector than in 1962, but by 1973, their interest in a social and community therapeutic orientation had decreased. The psychoanalytic orientation remained strong, though interest in analytic training had declined. In both private and organizational practice, the average Chicago psychiatrist was seeing more Blacks, poor people and Catholics, and fewer Jews, in 1973 than in 1962. Societal changes associated with these changes in psychiatric practice are discussed.

Resurgent interest in poverty in the U.S. by both researchers and policymakers offers an opportunity to bring increased attention to the plight of the rural poor. Rural poverty is widespread and severe, and fundamental changes in the structure of the national economy portend continued distress in remote areas. High labor force participation by the rural poor has important theoretical and policy implications for understanding the causes, consequences and intervention strategies for combating poverty. Research on the characteristics and circumstances of different groups of the poor in rural areas could make a significant contribution toward dispelling some of the myths about “deserving and undeserving” categories of poor people that continue to impede design and implementation of appropriate policy. We review what is currently known about rural poverty, what needs to be learned, and how such research applies to current policy debates.

A diet survey has been carried out in Vellore town. The survey included 507 families divided into 11 groups. The caloric intake for the poorest section is appalingly low. Protein and fat intakes are also extremely low. The diet of the poor classes is generally deficient in quality as well as quantity. It is not only a question of lack of vitamins but also of fats, proteins, minerals and even caloris. The amino acid pattern of the diets of poor people is discussed in relation to its possible role in producing liver injury.

Introduct ion ~[exico is a land with a great variety of native plants and, long before Columlms. the Aztecs and other Indian nations found many of them of medicinal value. Their knowledge of them was preserved orally. When the Spaniards came, an Indian scholar, Martin de la Cruz (1) wrote the first compilation on native medicinal plants. Later (in 1570), Francisco Herm4ndez, Physician of the King of Spain, traveled for five years throughout Mexico collecting medicinal plants. Later he wrote several manuscripts concerning them (2) which, after many adverse circumstances, were partially published in 1651. Other S1)anish 1)hysicians and pharmacists continued the search for the medicinal plants used by the several Indian nations for two centuries. During the last quarter of the 19th century, the .Mexican government estahlished a research center, the "Instituto M6(lico Nacional," in which a systematic studv of the native medicinal plants was undertaken. A hotanist collected and classified the plants, a chemist prepared extracts and started research on the active principles, a physiologist assayed the extracts on animals, and the physicians tested them on the inmates of a hospital for poor people. The results of this research, which was discontinued in 1912, were reported in two journals: "El Estudio" from 1889 to 1893, and the "Anales de1 Instituto M6dico Nacional" from 1894 to 1912. More recently, this kind of research has been continued in the schools of

IN response to your question appended to my letter in the last number of NATURE, I am able to give you the time of the last great drought in the Gilbert Islands. In 1870 I visited these and several other islands in the South Pacific (an account of my cruise appeared in Dr. Petermann's Mittheilungen for June, 1871), and at that time there was a very general drought. I was among the Gilbert Islands during October, and found that no rain had fallen there for several months. The cocoanut and pandanus-trees, upon which the people almost entirely depend for food, were very much dried up, and the fruit upon them were small, both in quantity and in size. This drought continued for two years after my visit, and the famine became so severe that many of the people were starved to death. Had it not been for the fish they procured, it is doubtful whether any of them would have survived, for the cocoanut and pandanus-trees ceased to yield fruit, and the poor people were obliged to chew the roots of the trees.