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The natural history of cancers can be understood through the lens of evolution given that the driving forces of cancer development are mutation and selection of fitter clones. Cancer growth and progression are spatial processes that involve the breakdown of normal tissue organization, invasion and metastasis. For these reasons, spatial patterns are an integral part of histological tumour grading and staging as they measure the progression from normal to malignant disease. Furthermore, tumour cells are part of an ecosystem of tumour cells and their surrounding tumour microenvironment. A range of new spatial genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies offers new avenues for the study of cancer evolution with great molecular and spatial detail. These methods enable precise characterizations of the tumour microenvironment, cellular interactions therein and micro-anatomical structures. In conjunction with spatial genomics, it emerges that tumours and microenvironments co-evolve, which helps explain observable patterns of heterogeneity and offers new routes for therapeutic interventions.

Genome sequencing of cancers often reveals mosaics of different subclones present in the same tumour1–3. Although these are believed to arise according to the principles of somatic evolution, the exact spatial growth patterns and underlying mechanisms remain elusive4,5. Here, to address this need, we developed a workflow that generates detailed quantitative maps of genetic subclone composition across whole-tumour sections. These provide the basis for studying clonal growth patterns, and the histological characteristics, microanatomy and microenvironmental composition of each clone. The approach rests on whole-genome sequencing, followed by highly multiplexed base-specific in situ sequencing, single-cell resolved transcriptomics and dedicated algorithms to link these layers. Applying the base-specific in situ sequencing workflow to eight tissue sections from two multifocal primary breast cancers revealed intricate subclonal growth patterns that were validated by microdissection. In a case of ductal carcinoma in situ, polyclonal neoplastic expansions occurred at the macroscopic scale but segregated within microanatomical structures. Across the stages of ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive cancer and lymph node metastasis, subclone territories are shown to exhibit distinct transcriptional and histological features and cellular microenvironments. These results provide examples of the benefits afforded by spatial genomics for deciphering the mechanisms underlying cancer evolution and microenvironmental ecology.

Chiral magnets are known to possess interesting electromagnetic properties that result from the coupling of electrons with nontrivial magnetic phases, such as particle-like magnetic spin textures termed skyrmions. So far, it is unclear how the local and global chirality of magnetic spin textures contributes to the electromagnetic transport responses that have so far been observed. In this work, we focus on unraveling the contributions in the field-dependent longitudinal resistivity response that arises from magnetic spin textures in a centrosymmetric Fe/Gd multilayer that exhibits an array of magnetic phases ranging from stripe, mixed stripe-skyrmion, skyrmion lattice, and disordered skyrmion. Using a combination of transport measurements and micromagnetic simulations, we demonstrate a domain wall chirality reconfiguration occurs as the domain morphology transitions from disordered stripe to skyrmion lattice phase under applied fields that is responsible for the interesting transport responses noted in the field-dependent longitudinal resistivity.

Objective and design The aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III CORONA clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IL-6 receptor inhibitor levilimab (LVL) in subjects with severe COVID-19. Subjects The study included 217 patients. The eligible were men and non-pregnant women aged 18 years or older, hospitalized for severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Treatment 206 subjects were randomized (1:1) to receive single subcutaneous administration of LVL 324 mg or placebo, both in combination with standard of care (SOC). 204 patients received allocated therapy. After the LVL/placebo administration in case of deterioration of symptoms, the investigator could perform a single open-label LVL 324 mg administration as the rescue therapy. Methods The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients with sustained clinical improvement on the 7-category ordinal scale on Day 14. All efficacy data obtained after rescue therapy administration were considered missing. For primary efficacy analysis, all subjects with missing data were considered non-responders. Results 63.1% and 42.7% of patients in the LVL and in the placebo groups, respectively, achieved sustained clinical improvement on Day 14 (P = .0017). The frequency of adverse drug reactions was comparable between the groups. Conclusion In patients with radiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, requiring or not oxygen therapy (but not ventilation) with no signs of other active infection administration of LVL + SOC results in an increase of sustained clinical improvement rate. Trail registration The trial is registered at the US National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04397562).

The paper presents models to characterize the dependence of hardening and strength characteristics of composite materials on damage and strain rate. The results of experimental studies of the behavior of composite materials in a wide range of strain rates are analyzed, and some regularities are determined. On the base of a failure criterion which includes the dependence of failure characteristics on damage and the rate of damage as well, taking into account the dependence of stiffness characteristics on the damage parameters, the stress–strain curves are determined for different strain rates, and they correlate quite well with the results of experimental studies. A method for the experimental determination of the material’s parameters is proposed. Some cases of complex, non-monotonic loading and unloading of composite materials are analyzed.

Properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) obtained by the floating catalyst CVD method using ethyl alcohol and coal (anthracite and semi-anthracite) particles are investigated. Structural and vibrationalcharacteristics of synthesis products are determined. It is revealed that enrichment of the reaction mixture by anthracite particles increases the concentrations of CO and CH4 in the reaction zone, which contributes to the growth of the SWCNTs. A comparison of the Raman spectra of the samples shows an increase in the content of small-diameter semiconductor SWCNTs, whereas a set of chirality indices of the resulting nanotubes remains unchanged.

A system for detection of malignantly transformed cells, including follicular lymphoma Bcells, was developed and experimentally validated. The system is based on the use of bacteriophages carrying exposed ligands for pathogenic B-cell receptors. The efficiency of binding to target cells is several times higher than in systems with chemically synthesized biotinylated peptides. The new method is proposed as a noninvasive diagnostic test for mapping B-cell lymphoma and for determining the specificity of B-cell receptors and high-throughput combinatorial selection of various repertories of B cells.

Previous data showed that myelin-reactive autoantibodies found in patients with multiple sclerosis and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis recognize and hydrolyze various fragments of myelin basic protein (MBP). Moreover, antibody-mediated cleavage of the encephalithogenic fragment MBP81-103 flanked with two fluorescent proteins can serve as a new biomarker of multiple sclerosis. Here we describe creation of the next generation of this biomarker based on antibody-dependent degradation of a new chemically synthesized fluorescent substrate with resonance energy transfer that contains fluorophore Cy5 and quencher QXL680 separated by MBP81-99 protein (Cy5-MBP81-99-QXL680). This substrate is degraded during incubation with purified antibodies and B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, but not healthy volunteers.

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-021-00497-6

Various pathological processes are known to be associated with the production of IgG autoantibodies, which have high affinity for self-antigens and often cause tissue injury and the development of autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanism of their cytotoxic activity is not clearly understood yet. Here, we have shown that the action of these autoantibodies on cells expressing TNFR1 (the cell surface receptor for TNFα) can cause both caspase-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis of these cells, with suppression of apoptosis resulting in switching to RIP1-dependent necroptosis. Analysis of necroptotic mechanisms has shown that a critical point of necroptosis is phosphorylation of RIP1 and RIP3 kinases, which is followed by the involvement of lysosomes and mitochondria in this process. The induction of cytotoxicity is initiated by the interaction of autoantibodies with TNFR1, and autoantibodies can therefore be regarded as a new functional ligand for this receptor. The innate immunity protein Tag7 (PGLYRP1) described in our recent studies is also a ligand for TNFR1 and competes with autoantibodies for binding with it. Supposedly, the cytotoxic effect of autoantibodies is one of the factors responsible for autoimmune diseases that lead to tissue injury.

The paper presents an analytical estimate for an area of contact for a thin-walled noncircular cylindrical shell placed between two parallel rigid plates with an initial gap and then pressurized hydrostatically up to the contact appearance. The Euler–Bernoulli beam is used to model the shell deformation under the plane strain assumption. Such a simplification allows one to obtain the simplest closed-form estimate for the contact zone area. The first approximation is obtained neglecting the deformation of the curvilinear segments of the flat oval shell cross-section while the solution for the curved beam loaded by the homogeneous pressure is considered as a second approximation. The accuracy of the proposed analytical solutions as well as their usability in the preliminary design of thin-walled elements of various cooling systems is validated by the results of both numerical simulations and experimental tests.

Some recently developed processing techniques allow fabrication of small specimens. The fatigue behavior of these small samples cannot be characterised according to the existing standards due to size limitations. The main objective of the present work is to develop an original technique for both mechanical and fatigue testing of sub-sized specimens produced by a high pressure torsion (HPT) method. The fatigue behavior of the sub-sized Ti-6Al-4 V samples, made from HPT-processed disks, is compared with that of the standard samples prepared according to the ASTM standards. Finite element method (FEM) analysis of the stress distribution under applied static load, for both sub-sized specimens and grips designed for their testing, is performed. Good agreement between the outcomes of tensile testing of the standard ASTM samples and sub-sized samples is observed. Fatigue data, represented by Wohler curves for both types of samples, showed significant divergence of high cycle fatigue properties caused by incompliance of specimen geometries and surface/defect size ratio. The obtained results can be used to scale up the fatigue behavior from sub-sized specimens to the standard ones, as well as to predict the fatigue behavior of the bulk nanostructured metals and alloys produced by HPT.

The present study focuses on the development of methods for design calculation and optimization of the circulatory support pump flowpath. The object of this study is the flowpath of an axial flow pump consisting of a straightener, an impeller, and a diffuser. The working fluid has constant density and viscosity that are close to the physiological parameters of blood of a healthy human. The fluid is considered to be incompressible; the flow is considered steady. Red blood cells in the stream are simulated with non-interacting spherical particles whose trajectories are considered as the trajectories of movement of red blood cells. Equivalent shear stress is calculated at each point of the particle trajectory. The damage parameter is calculated based on the current level of the equivalent shear stress and the time of exposure to shear stress. The criteria of maximum efficiency and minimal hemolysis are used as the optimization criteria. The flowpath is optimized according to these two criteria and local optimum parameters for the suggested initial geometry are determined.

High-density EEG recordings were made during performance of tasks consisting of delayed motor reproduction of unfamiliar trajectory outline images, with evaluation of event-related potentials (ERP) associated with presentation of these images and a command sound signal (a short sound). A total of 22 right-handed adult subjects took part in the study, which consisted of five blocks of trials with different delays T between the command sound signal and the end of presentation of trajectory outlines (T = 0, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 msec). analysis of ERP showed that in contrast to potentials associated with trajectory outline presentation, potentials linked with presentation of the command signals depended on delay duration T. Analysis of the cortical sources of these potentials showed that the changes seen in the sensor space corresponded to a marked monotonic increase in the reactivity of the orbital cortex of the right hemisphere and bilaterally symmetrical increases in the reactivity of the dorsal areas of the sensorimotor cortex. These data are assessed in the framework of the hypothesis of transformations of the internal representation of the trajectory from a sensory-specific format to an abstract sensory- and motor-nonspecific format occurring during the period of holding in working memory.

This paper presents an approach to the formulation of models characterizing nonlinear deformation and damage of composite materials and includes the consideration as the simplest model as more complex ones. In this research a number of assumptions to build up a theory for failure prediction in laminated composites are presented, which are generalized enough to serve as the basis for explanation of current models and for further development of modelling theory. The presented approach is a phenomenological one and introduces degradation parameters explicitly influencing on the stiffness characteristics of composite materials. The first part of the article describes common assumptions for material degradation theory and the main part of the research focuses on development of simplified constitutive relations suitable for practical application in testing and characterization of composite materials. Additionally, the rest part of this work is dedicated to the extension of formulated approach to capture and take into account the complex effects such as initial nonlinear shear deformation behavior of laminated composites and the influence of high strain rate on strength properties. The results obtained show a good correlation between the results obtained with proposed modelling method and analyzed experimental data.

A group of 24 adult subjects performed a task consisting of delayed motor reproduction (copying) of unfamiliar outline figures (trajectory templates). Templates were presented for 250 msec and were reproduced in response to an instruction given by sound signal (a brief click), delayed relative to the end of the period of presentation of the trajectory image by time T = 0, 500, 1000, 2000, or 4000 msec. Subjects performed the task in a block experiment in which the delay T was constant within each block of 32 trials. Reaction time (RT) was analyzed, along with the mean duration of movement along one segment of the trajectory (MT) and the duration of the pause between adjacent segments (DT). Reaction time RT was found to show a non-monotonic dependence on delay T, decreasing at T ≤ 1000 msec and increasing at T ≤ 2000 msec. The relationship between RT and T was adequately described by a very simple additive model – the sum of a linearly increasing component and an exponentially decreasing component. The linear increase reflected a decrease in the accuracy of predicting the moment at which the instruction signal would be presented as the delay T increased (foreperiod effect [Niemi and Naatanen, 1981; Meulenbroek and Van Galen, 1988]). The exponentially decreasing component is suggested to reflect transformation of the internal representation of the trajectory template during the period it is held in short-term memory.

Elimination of B cells producing autoantibodies to neuroantigens is considered as beneficial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a significant autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. It was shown that MOG-like peptoid AMogP3 can bind autoantibodies produced by pathological lymphocytes. We propose a structure of an innovative drug for targeted elimination of the pool of autoreactive B cells responsible for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis; this compound is a complex of peptoid AMogP3 with Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin. The obtained Fc-PEG-AMogP3 conjugate effectively interact with autoreactive antibodies, which attests to their high therapeutic potential.

Most of laminated composites used in modern structures exhibit nonlinearity even under elastic conditions. Probably, the most evident case that reveals this effect is the plane shear experiment, where the stress strain diagram is apparently nonlinear directly from low values of load. This experiment demonstrates the decrease in shear modulus during increase of shear stress and strain. The aim of the research is the analysis of shear nonlinear response of the composite material with stress concentrator, and its influence on stress distribution and damage evaluation during specimen loading. An example problem of an open hole composite plate under compression loading is studied. The comparison of experimental and numerical results is performed with reasonable proximity. It was shown that in spite of equal limit loads of the nonlinear elastic model and linear one, the stress and damage distributions are significantly different.

This article reviews the criteria for assessment of hemolysis used in simulating the flow through a ventricular assist axial flow blood pump. The object of study is a model of the flow path of an axial pump consisting of a flow straightener, impeller, and diffuser. In this study, blood is considered as an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant viscosity and density. Its flow is considered as unsteady. In the process of simulation, non-interacting control particles are introduced into the computational domain. The trajectories of the particles represent the trajectories of red blood cell movement in blood. To calculate the equivalent shear stress applied to a particle in the stream, the stress tensor is calculated at each point of the trajectory. This paper presents an equation for conversion of the stress tensor components into the equivalent shear stress. The results of the conversion are used to construct experimental hemolysis curves. Based on the obtained data, the rate of hemolysis in the flow path is compared to that in other ventricular assist devices.

The expression of molecular markers characterizing activity of the tumor process and metastases (proliferation marker Ki-67, angiogenesis marker CD34, and lymphangiogenesis markers podoplanin and LYVE-1) was assessed by immunohictochemical method in the primary tumor specimens collected during surgery for cutaneous melanoma (40 patients). Proliferative activity of the tumor tissue and volume density of peritumoral blood and lymph vessels increased with increasing tumor malignancy, which could indicate the risk of metastases.

Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is one of the most common gynecologic diseases in the world. Different statistical categories implicate an imbalance of estrogens and progestogens in the etiology of this disease. We propose that inflammation also plays a key role in the progression of endometrial hyperplasia.The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of inflammation in the transformation and progression of endometrial hyperplasia, using local inflammatory cytokines and nonspecific protease levels, CD 45(+) expression, and histological examination.The study included 107 patients (ages 29-49 years) with different forms of endometrial hyperplasia. The enrolled patients were randomized into one of the four groups: normal endometrium (n = 18) as the control group, simple hyperplasia (n = 41), complex hyperplasia without atypia (n = 36), complex atypical hyperplasia or endometrioid adenocarcinoma (n = 12).The following were evaluated for patients with different forms of EH: steroid hormone levels in blood serum and uterine flushings, immunohistochemical estrogen and progesterone receptor expression patterns in the endometrial tissue, CD 45(+) (common leukocyte antigen) expression, the levels of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and nonspecific proteases and their inhibitors.The level of estradiol in blood serum and especially in uterine flushings was elevated dramatically in simple EH as compared to that of controls, but there was no significant difference between estradiol levels among the different forms of EH. The estimation of CD 45(+), the levels of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the activity of proteases (elastase-like and trypsin-like activities) and their inhibitors showed that levels of nonspecific inflammatory markers increase with EH progression.We suggest that the initial responsibility for the development of simple endometrial hyperplasia belongs to systemic hyperestrogenemia and, in particular, local hyperestrogenia, but that the role of inflammatory processes increases in complex and atypical EH. Development of inflammatory changes in endometrial hyperplasia may be considered as a factor in the promotion and progression of pathology, as well as an attributed risk factor for malignancy in endometrial hyperplasia. In this study, we have established a role for CD 45(+) expression cells, non-specific proteases, and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in endometrial hyperplasia-related inflammation.

The elastic and strength properties of different grades of graphite materials as well as their fracture toughness properties are studied. The method for the determination of crack length and the values of fracture toughness characteristics of materials during stable equilibrium crack growth under bending conditions is considered. The unstable or non-equilibrium crack growth from short initial crack is observed in experiments, and corresponding theoretical explanation is given. The process of unstable crack growth is analyzed for different loading conditions. It has been shown that in the cases of short cracks, some part of stored energy transforms into kinetic energy, which can be described by the equation of energy balance during unstable crack growth.

Amathematical model is presented for two-phase flow in a pump station. The model is based on three-dimensional non-steady-state Reynolds equations. Turbulence is modeled using the standard k-ω SST model. Two-phase flow is calculated by the VOF method. Analyses of liquid behavior are presented under different initial liquid levels in the station. A optimum value for the initial liquid level is obtained. Areas of vortex formation are shown when the liquid level deviates from the recommended value. The effectiveness of the given pump station design is confirmed.

The discovery of antibody-mediated catalysis was a breakthrough that showed antibody function is not limited to specific binding interactions, and that immunoglobulins (Igs) may also chemically transform their target antigens. Recently, so-called “natural catalytic antibodies” have been intimately linked with several pathologies, where they either protect the organism or contribute to the development of autoimmune abnormalities. Previously, we showed that myelin-reactive autoantibodies from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) exhibit the ability to recognize and hydrolyse distinct epitopes within myelin basic protein (MBP). Further, the antibody-mediated cleavage of encephalitogenic MBP peptide 81–103, flanked by two fluorescent proteins, can serve as a novel biomarker for MS. Here, we report the next generation of this biomarker, based on the antibody-mediated degradation of a novel chemically synthesized FRET substrate, comprising the fluorophore Cy5 and the quencher QXL680, interconnected by the MBP peptide 81–99: Cy5-MBP81–99-QXL680. This substrate is degraded upon incubation with either purified antibodies from MS patients but not healthy donors or purified antibodies and splenocytes from EAE but not from non-immunized mice. Data presented herein suggest the elaboration of potential specific, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic criteria of active progressive MS.

The von Mises yield criterion is used in conjunction with its associated flow rule to provide the elastic/plastic stress and strain distributions within the rotating annular discs made of perfectly plastic material under plane stress conditions. The solution for strain rates is reduced to one nonlinear ordinary differential equation and two linear ordinary differential equations. These equations can be solved one by one. The strain solution requires a numerical technique to evaluate ordinary integrals. An example is presented to illustrate the general solution. The general method proposed can be readily extended to orthotropic and pressure-dependent yield criteria.

We establish time frames and tasks for the re-engineering of information systems, taking into account the results of the monitoring process of its obsolescence. We consider three types of obsolescence: economic, functional and degradation of the resource resilience. These results may be useful for the development of methodological support for technical regulation in the evaluation and confirmation of the compliance of information systems during stages of design and operation.

The possibility of the remote monitoring of the functional state of a human operator using data-measuring systems is estimated. The signs indicating the normal state of the human operator are indicated.

Symmetry-breaking polarization enables functional plasticity of cells and tissues and is yet not well understood. Here we show that epithelial cells, hard-wired to maintain a static morphology and to preserve tissue organization, can spontaneously switch to a migratory polarized phenotype after relaxation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. We find that myosin II engages actin in the formation of cortical actomyosin bundles and thus makes it unavailable for deployment in the process of dendritic growth normally driving cell motility. Under low-contractility regimes, epithelial cells polarize in a front-back manner owing to the emergence of actin retrograde flows powered by dendritic polymerization of actin. Coupled to cell movement, the flows transport myosin II from the front to the back of the cell, where the motor locally 'locks' actin in contractile bundles. This polarization mechanism could be employed by embryonic and cancer epithelial cells in microenvironments where high-contractility-driven cell motion is inefficient.

1 Electrical and optical properties of thin films of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) obtained by aerosol chemical vapor deposition using ethanol, ferrocene, and sulfur are studied. Structural and geometrical characteristics of the synthesis products are determined by the methods of Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of sulfur on the properties of the SWCNTs and thin films based on them is found.

Many structural materials, which are preferred for the developing of advanced constructions, are inhomogeneous ones. These materials have complex internal structure and properties, which make them to be more effectual in the solution of special problems required for development engineering. On the other hand, in consequence of this internal heterogeneity, they exhibit complex mechanical properties. In this work, the analysis of some features of the behavior of composite materials under different loading conditions is carried out. The dependence of nonlinear elastic response of composite materials on loading conditions is studied. Several approaches to model elastic nonlinearity such as different stiffness for particular type of loadings and nonlinear shear stress–strain relations are considered. Instead of a set of constant anisotropy coefficients, the anisotropy functions are introduced. Eventually, the combined constitutive relations are proposed to describe simultaneously two types of physical nonlinearities, one of which characterizes the nonlinearity of shear stress–strain dependency and another one determines the stress state susceptibility of material properties. The method for experimental determination of material’s functions is proposed. Quite satisfactory correlation between the theoretical dependencies and the results of experimental studies is demonstrated.

Autoimmune disorders are characterized by appearance of self-reactive species of immune system such as T cells, B cells and antibodies. For the majority of autoimmune pathologies the list of specific autoantigens is known. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of the most important autoantigens in multiple sclerosis (MS), which destruction is a hallmark of disease progression. Antibodies toward MBP are found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. Here we investigated whether monoclonal human MBP-specific antibodies selected from MS patients repertoire cross-react with other autoimmune markers. For this purpose we performed Western blot analysis of recombinant anti-MBP antibodies with HEp-2 cell lysate. Our data suggest existence of enhanced level of cross-reactivity of anti-MBP antibodies with ribonucleoprotein A (RNP A), a marker of Sharp’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, ribosomal P protein (Rib. P-Prot), a marker for systemic lupus erythematosus, and centromere protein A/B (CENP A/B), markers for progressive systemic sclerosis.

The problem of estimating the metrological life of measuring instruments is considered. Information life is represented as a dependence on a single information quantity, the coverage entropy, which in generalized form characterizes the degree of correspondence (or noncorrespondence) of the physical characteristics of the elements of a system to their normative values.

The problems of adaptive synthesis of the mathematical support structure for the processing of measurement data in intelligent systems for the prediction of the parametric reliability of spaceborne systems are examined as functions of the characteristics of the predictive situation. The resulting approaches can be used for operational estimates of the reliability of spaceborne systems in the stage of earthbound and flight tests with minimal method error on the set of predictive models.

The reactions of dermal structures to subcutaneous injections of gold nanoparticles were studied in CBA mice. Routes of the nanoparticles migration after injection and the mechanisms of their effects on the adjacent tissues were studied. Injected nanoparticles were phagocytosed by macrophages; some of them migrated to lymphoid follicles of the lymph node, while others migrated into blood vessels, where the particles were released from the macrophage cytoplasm into circulating blood. The endothelium was destroyed as a result of the toxic activity of macrophages loaded with nanoparticles. Two mechanisms of angiogenesis inhibition and death of blood vessels in tissues after injection of nanoparticles were distinguished. One mechanism consisted in deactivation of macrophages producing vascular endothelium growth factor inducing the formation of endothelium in the growing blood vessels, but not in direct inhibition of this factor. The other mechanism was realized through direct death of the endothelium in migration of macrophages through the vascular wall.

The problem of estimating the metrological reliability of measuring instruments under conditions of incomplete data, presented by small samples of metrological resource values is considered. An approach to metrological reliability assessment based on the method of moments is suggested. Analytical expressions and examples of metrological reliability estimation are presented.

There is considerable current interest in the development of constitutive equations for pressure-dependent plastic materials. In particular, in contrast to classical plasticity there is no commonly accepted relation to connect stress and strain or strain rate for such materials. Analytic and semi-analytic solutions are convenient to compare qualitative features of boundary value problems solved for different models. Such comparative studies can be useful to choose this or that model for specific applications. Analytic and semi-analytic solutions are also necessary to verify numerical codes. In the present paper, a new semi-analytic solution for a thin hollow disc subject to thermal loading is developed. A numerical method is only necessary to solve transcendental equations. The constitutive equations for connecting the plastic portion of the strain rate tensor and the stress tensor consist of the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and its associated flow rule. Therefore, the main distinguished feature of the solution is that the material is plastically compressible.