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This chapter explores the evolution of the pulp and paper industry in Russia. The evolution is divided into three main periods: the era of the Russian Empire, the Soviet era and the era of transition to the market economy. The evolution described refers to changes in the technology and resources used in the industry, the changes in products and output volumes, as well as the changes in government policies. The road of many transitions of pulp and paper in Russia can be traced from the early 1700s to the development of the Russian paper giants, which are the world players of today. Also, the main challenges of the pulp and paper industry in the first decade of 2000 are analysed. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the evolution of the development of the pulp and paper industry in other transitional countries of Central Eastern Europe. The evolution path of the transition countries seems to have created certain common features in the pulp and paper industry in the transition countries. However, these countries have quite different pre-socialist economic, cultural and political histories. There are a few indicators of a path dependency in the most recent development of the Russian pulp and paper industry. The challenges currently faced by the pulp and paper industry are similar to those of the last century: the Soviet legacy of inefficient institutions, unclear legislation, environmental degradation, lack of investment in efficient technologies and infrastructure. As the industry became largely monopolized by a few major players, the future development will depend crucially on their ability to make investments and also on the growing environmental awareness of forests and the change to a low carbon economy, which would pose more challenges for the pulp and paper industry.

Pulp and paper mills are categorized as a core sector industry and are the fifth largest contributor to industrial water pollution. Pulp and paper production has increased globally and will contribute to increase in the near future. For every tonne of paper produced, these mills generate 220-380 m3 of highly coloured and potentially toxic wastewater. The pulp and paper mill is a major industrial sector utilizing a huge amount of lignocellulosic materials and water during the manufacturing process, and releases chlorinated lignosulphonic acids, chlorinated resin acids, chlorinated phenols and chlorinated hydrocarbons in the effluent. About 500 different chlorinated organic compounds have been identified including chloroform, chlorate, resin acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, catechols, guaiacols, furans, dioxins, syringols, vanillins, etc. In wastewater these compounds are estimated collectively as “Adorbable Organic Halides” AOX. This paper is the state of the art review of the manufacturing process, treatability of the pulp and paper mill wastewater and performance of available treatment processes. A comparison of all treatment processes is presented emphasis being made on the treatability studies of AOX.

Water is particularly important substance in papermaking. It plays essential role in fibers transportation, equipment cleaning, lubrication, cooling and in development of a product quality. A tendency to reduce the fresh water consumption in paper production is economically and environmentally justifiable but it must be emphasized that strict closing of water system in paper mill has significant negative impact on several technological operations. High water temperature, as well as increased content of suspended and dissolved solids in water system of a paper machine is examples of major consequences of closing the water loop. As a result, serious problems may cause e.g. paper defects, loss of product quality and problems with run ability of a paper machine. Situation becomes even worse when recycled raw materials are used. Hence, methods of fresh water usage reduction in papermaking are very complex issues and usually depend on the degree of closure. Equilibrium between the advantages and the disadvantages relevant to water consumption restrictions should be established. The acceptable level of water loop closure will depend on the several factors e.g. paper quality required, raw materials used, chemical additives, equipment and staff education.

Fiber supply, waste reduction and pollution control have long been key challenges facing the pulp and paper industry in Taiwan. Water usage, energy consumption and capital effectiveness are also high on the list. An average of 5,213 hectares of plantation was established each year on the island in the past decade to provide a wood volume of approximately 26 thousand cubic meters annually. To complement the supply of increasingly expensive virgin fiber, the industry in 1997 re-utilized about 4 million tons of waste paper, of which nearly 70% was collected domestically. This secondary fiber input for paper and board production eliminated both the construction of ten incinerators and 3.65 million tons of C02 emission.

Biotechnology generates tools: enzymes and microorganisms that permit one (i) to reduce pollution, chemical and energy requirements, and (ii) to obtain biodegradable and less toxic side products. This is mainly related to the high specificity of enzymes which hydrolyse lignocellulosic materials. Enzymes can be used to prevent or minimise pollution in the process, and microorganisms for the elimination of pollution.

The European paper and board industry has currently to pursue an important investment effort in order to improve its competitiveness and to meet the challenge of an increasing product demand both in quantity and quality.

In the fall of 1987 the senior management of International Paper Company initiated a project referred to as the Productivity Improvement Process (PIP). The purpose was to transform an existing operating facility (the Cincinnati folding carton plant), into a leader in its industry. The original objective of the project was “to make the Cincinnati plant (CP) the “best” Folding Carton organization in the industry and to have it serve as a model for other International Paper plants.” It was understood at the time that CP was a mediocre performer by most accepted measures (productivity, profitability, quality, safety, receptivity to innovation). At the same time the management and work force had shown consistent improvement and a “can do” attitude towards change. Senior Management turned to the Corporate Technology Organization and chartered the Operations Analysis/Industrial Engineering (OA/IE) group to play a key role in organizing and energizing PEP. The OA/IE group would also serve as the conduit to the entire corporate Technology organization and its staff of more than 500 scientists and engineers. The OA/IE group would have a partnership role with the plant and business group management team in providing leadership and management for the Project. From the outset the project was seen as a prototype effort that would serve as a model to be refined and applied selectively to many of the other 64 converting facilities owned by the company.

Jaklin Kornfilt’s contribution to this volume touches on a key problem in syntax—the question of what sorts of devices the theory of grammar should have at its disposal for explaining the fairly frequent instances in natural language in which typically local grammatical processes give the appearance of operating at a distance (as, for example, when a characteristically clause-bounded rule applies in a domain consisting of two clauses). The particular case she considers—the IDP construction of Turkish—results to be only an apparent, not a real instance of non-local application of NP movement, under the analysis she advances: the occurrence of passive morphology in both the main and the subordinate clause is not the result of any particular linkage between the INFL nodes of the two clauses (though she does explore an alternative possible analysis, under which the two are linked by head-raising). Rather, passive morphology in the main clause is simply forced when the embedded clause is passive by the fact that the failure of the passivized object to get case by moving to matrix subject position would result in ill-formedness. The analysis requires no special assumptions about locality conditions, aside from the claim that try-type verbs can in some languages exceptionally govern but not case-mark the subjects of their complements. In particular, a satisfactory account of IDP’s does not require the assumption of restructuring/reanalysis, and the consequent weakening of the Projection Principle.

By stressing results, or program outcomes, evaluation research has turned against itself. And by posing the same question that evaluation has traditionally put to Intervention programs onto evaluation’s own “results”, we tend to receive the same “no demonstrable effect” answer. This chapter focuses not on what decision-makers do with evaluation data, but on what evaluation does to them, and why. Decision-makers do not always show indifference toward social research; occasionally what evaluation says or might say does seem to matter. By gauging the power of evaluation through looking at the energy devoted to influencing its findings, or to curtailing its potential influence, we get a more balanced picture than by concentrating on the “uses” of evaluation alone. The question then is: Howcome it is that (certain) evaluation data matter? Discussing the evaluation of Project Renewal (and, in brief, the evaluation of primary education in Israel) as an example of an evaluation that mattered, my attempt will be to explain its “power” with the help of papermoney as a metaphor.

It is a great pleasure for me to have the opportunity of speaking to you within this seminar on “Wood as a renewable raw material”.

The term paper work here is attributed to the work connected with preparation and handling of an application for registration of a radiopharmaceutical product. The material to be presented derives from applications for registrations submitted in Denmark since 1976 with the exception of applications later withdrawn. It is considered of general interest since the registration material in most cases seems to be identical to that submitted to registration authorities in other countries. At the start of the Danish registration system for radiopharmaceuticals (January 1 1976) a grandfather clause was granted for products, which were well known and well established and had been in regular use for several years. For these products registration could take place without full documentation with respect to the pharmacological, toxico1ogical and clinical developing work. With respect to these points such products of course too are excluded from the present study of quality of the applications. The questions raised by the registration authority according to the first review are considered to represent the most open defects and errors and thus form the basis of most of the presented material.

The traditional essay question paper is the most underrated part of the MRCGP examination, although it carries marks equal to the other papers. All postgraduate doctors, from their medical student days, are familiar with the TEQ and perhaps this familiarity means that not enough attention is devoted to this one part of the examination where ‘spotting’ is possible. The TEQ contains three essay questions all of which have to be answered in the course of 1 1/2 hours. The object of the TEQ is to allow the candidate the opportunity to show his knowledge of the subject and how he can construct an answer that is well set out, logical, practical and to the point. Topics may be administrative (health centres, Court report), clinical (carcinoma of the cervix, hypertension) or a mixture of physical and psychosocial (enuresis, alcoholism). Usually, but by no means invariably, there is one question from each of these broad groupings in the paper. Often the questions are related to current debate or ‘talking points’ or to an important report or committee, and candidates who are not au fait with the topical issues have only themselves to blame if they find a question they can answer only in the vaguest terms.

[Section I–III. Reasons for the paper and background. Some months ago a complaint was made to the magistrate at Angouleme against an individual who allegedly had exacted usurious interest rates in credit transactions. This complaint has caused a great deal of consternation as well as further complaints against lenders, and has thrown the whole credit structure of the area into confusion. Because credit has been so widely interrupted, bankruptcies are rapidly increasing. This financial crisis is of such importance, that the Royal Council should be informed. This paper has been written to provide the Council with a resume of events, and a solution to the problem.

It is always with some trepidation that I agree to participate on panels dealing with the elusive subject, ‘Soviet Military Doctrine’. One never knows if the papers at hand will address the subject in the Soviet context or approach the subject from a Western perspective; that is, address the question of HOW war will be conducted on the battlefield. Thus, it was with some pleasure that I found that Professor Griffiths focused on the Soviet definition of ‘Doctrine’ as a mix of political and military-technical postulates that describe the nature of contemporary war, the interrelationship of national political considerations with military requirements — in sum, the national security policy of the State.1

When I first read Franklyn Griffiths paper I was somewhat surprised. I really did not expect to find such a wide ranging and thought-provoking discussion of topics under the heading of Soviet military doctrine. Analysis of Soviet military doctrine is, in itself, a daunting and formidable task especially when attempting to distinguish between declaratory public statements and the doctrine actually in place. But when, as Franklyn Griffiths has done, one adds many complex national security policy issues on top of military doctrine, a great deal has indeed been accomplished.

For several years I have been a silent spectator of the political conduct of a particular faction in this province; I have observ’d how they have ruled in most public transactions; have handled the public money, and disposed of our lives and fortunes at pleasure : I have seen this very faction raise the hue and cry about liberty, while they were stealing the poor remains of liberty from the miserable inhabitants of the province : And I have now observ’d, that while the injur’d and distressed are crying for redress, they are endeavouring to plunge us into new schemes, in order to amuse us ; tho’ the wound is still bleeding of which we have complain’d. In such a situation, silence would no longer become a friend of liberty and his country. And as our representatives are gone home to consult with their constituents, what is to be done in this conjuncture, I think we are now in a particular manner call’d upon to speak out, and tell what we take to be the origin of all our troubles, and what is the best way to cure them. For my part, I am clearly persuaded that Quaker politicks, and a Quaker faction, have involv’d this province into almost all the contentions, and all the miseries under which we have so long struggled.

The author inappropriately charges the writers whom he attacks with considering the net product of the soil only, that is, the revenue as wealth.2 All that the earth produces is wealth. But these writers maintain correctly that the total of the renascent wealth of a State is confined to the total annual output of the soil. This output is divided into two parts, one of which is destined for the subsistence and the satisfaction of the wants of the cultivator, for the interest on and the replacement of the advances, in short, for all that is necessary, directly and indirectly, for the reproduction of the following year. But once this part is deducted, the surplus, which the cultivator gives to the proprietor of the soil forms the latter’s revenue, which not being in any way necessary for the reproduction of the following year, is completely free, disposable, and susceptible to division among the titular owner, the recipient of the tithe, the seigneur censier,3 the State, etc.

The Soviets will be compelled to develop and apply the information technologies on a large scale to support their own aspirations and to contend with foreign pressures [Good86g]. Much of this will be concerned with the preservation and enhancement of political and economic control and military power, and with economic modernization through both blue- and white-collar applications. It is also important for them to present the image of a progressive society to the world and to their own population, if only to maintain military credibility, proclaim ideological superiority, and to contend with Western influence and internal expectations.

In this paper we explore quarantining as a more ethical method for delimiting the spread of Hate Speech via online social media platforms. Currently, companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google generally respond reactively to such material: offensive messages that have already been posted are reviewed by human moderators if complaints from users are received. The offensive posts are only subsequently removed if the complaints are upheld; therefore, they still cause the recipients psychological harm. In addition, this approach has frequently been criticised for delimiting freedom of expression, since it requires the service providers to elaborate and implement censorship regimes. In the last few years, an emerging generation of automatic Hate Speech detection systems has started to offer new strategies for dealing with this particular kind of offensive online material. Anticipating the future efficacy of such systems, the present article advocates an approach to online Hate Speech detection that is analogous to the quarantining of malicious computer software. If a given post is automatically classified as being harmful in a reliable manner, then it can be temporarily quarantined, and the direct recipients can receive an alert, which protects them from the harmful content in the first instance. The quarantining framework is an example of more ethical online safety technology that can be extended to the handling of Hate Speech. Crucially, it provides flexible options for obtaining a more justifiable balance between freedom of expression and appropriate censorship.

Modern papermaking has come a long way from the original handicraft. The early making of paper sheets by hand had little in common with today’s highly computer-controlled processes and equipment. Large-scale paper production today takes place on machines producing more than 30 tonnes of paper each hour. The market and market demands have also developed considerably. Often the paper is produced, printed with four colours, read and thrown away within 24 h, which is comparable with the time it originally took to form, press, dry and cut handmade sheets.

The incorporation of fillers in paper has been common practice for many years. Though the term ‘filler’ is somewhat uncomplimentary, this group of predominately inorganic materials has become a very essential component of many grades of paper. The original purpose of adding filler to the paper matrix was to lower furnish costs with the amount of filler limited only by strength considerations. Today the principal need for fillers is to impart specific quality improvements to the sheet. Depending on the performance characteristics of the fillers and the amount added to the paper, these products can improve the optical, physical, and aesthetic properties of the finished sheet. Today the practice of utilizing fillers is based on choosing materials which will provide both cost and quality improvements. The conversion to alkaline papermaking in North America has emphasized this approach, where fillers designed to add value to the paper are routinely used. This trend has been confirmed by the rapid growth in the tonnage of valued-added speciality fillers purchased by paper mills.

At a minimum, contemporary school leaders are required to be Janus-faced: acutely sensitive to the ecology of the school community, while simultaneously attuned to the external educational landscape. Such leadership requirements are more redolent of Daedalus than Icarus: it is necessary to occupy the swampy lowlands, indicate the future by being able to soar above, yet extremely mindful of the policy thermals that can cause instant instability. Leadership in such turbulent and unstable circumstances is more akin to paragliding than being the ‘company man’. It requires being intimate with local circumstance, yet capable also of ‘reading’ the national and international panorama—the macro, meso and micro policy environments of school leadership. This chapter sets out to indicate these three layers while seeking also to signal the manner in which these distinct spaces of practice are colonised—with particular reference to how the language, logic and attendant accountability technologies of NPM have been progressively insinuated into National policy rhetorics; a process of policy tessellation where one is over-shadowed and shaped by the other. This approach also becomes instrumental in indicating the significance of the potential of the Irish ‘case’ to inform and illuminate international discourses on leadership.

The National Health System (NHS) in the UK has evolved to become one of the largest healthcare systems in the world. In 2010 the UK government in its 2010 White Paper “Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS” has announced a strategy on how it will “create a more responsive, patient-centred NHS which achieves outcomes that are among the best in the world”. Here we present an overview of the UK healthcare system as it stands at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, with emphasis on established and emerging Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (PPPM) elements.

There has been a growing need among governments and a wide variety of policymakers and managers at all levels for a comparative risk framework. Needed in particular is a framework that integrates the cumulative knowledge on the analytic domain of risk research with the policy and regulatory domain of risk management and with the democratic processes of informed citizen choices. The momentum of globalising processes has accelerated this need. The inevitable risks accompanying global processes rapidly expand in variety, scale, and in disrespect for national borders. Expanding daily are concerns about global terrorism, the expansion of nuclear weapons, the emergence and spread of new diseases, the potential threats of new technologies, such as nanotechnology, and others. The International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) has responded to this need with its first White Paper, Risk Governance: Toward an Integrative Approach (IRGC 2005), principally authored by IRGC Scientific and Technology Council member Ortwin Renn. There is little doubt that this tome is a scholarly and practical landmark that markedly advances

Two important UK Government environmental initiatives have come to fruition in recent years: in September 1990 a major White Paper on the environment (This Common Inheritance) was published and in November 1990 the Environment Protection Bill went on to the statute book. From industry’s perspective the most important issue in the latter was the new system of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (as set out in DOE, IPC-A Practical Guide, DOE 1991). IPC is meant to be a multimedia approach to pollution control, such that in cases where substances are released to more than one environmental medium, the Best Practicable Environmental Option should be selected by the polluter. It still, however, retains the conventional technology-based approach to pollution control, based on the core concept of Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost (BATNEEC).

This chapter describes the case of customer driven production in the work-flow-oriented industry. More particularly, the factory described here produces sheets of fine paper in different quality levels, weights and packaging specifications, and in almost any size the customer might wish. The factory is of a make-to-order type because the size of the sheets and the packaging requirements are customer-specific.

The paper presents application of the protein indication method to studies of pollution of Lake Ladoga in the area affected by effluent discharge of the Pitkaranta pulp mill.

An accelerated pace of change is an obvious feature of university systems, putting questions of leadership and management of universities on the agenda. Change has also characterised the Norwegian higher education system since the 1980s. This trend will continue in the years to come as the higher education system in Norway faces a new comprehensive reform. A White Paper published in the spring of 2001 announced quality reform for higher education. The Ministry of Education and Research launched a number of major structural measures aimed at enhancing the ability and will to restructure higher education institutions. In order to secure and develop the quality of education and research and to increase control within educational institutions, the Ministry has proposed to strengthen academic leadership at the departmental level. The Ministry has recommended that heads of department should be appointed for a fixed term, and wants to give more power and instruments to the head of department. The intention is to give the head sufficient means to promote excellence in research. Consequently, the traditional leadership model, where the head of department is elected by and among academic staff and academic leadership is a temporary part-time job, is under pressure. However, the Ministry states that the adoption of this system should be voluntary. Since the new reform introduces a differentiated system of academic governance and management, the existing system (where the department head is elected) can carry on side-by-side with appointed leaders. If higher education institutions do choose the new system, this will mean a move from a collegial election system to appointed leaders approved at the institutional level. This is a development in line with international trends. The Netherlands, Sweden, Great Britain and Australia are examples of higher education systems that have moved from election to appointment of heads of department (Gulddahl Rasmussen 2002; Harman 2002; Henkel 2002).

Agricultural and agrofood industries such as the breeding, dairy or sugar industries produce large quantities of effluents. As these waste waters may be important sources of pollution of the environment, notably of natural water resources (Muller and Heil 1998; Martinez and Le Bozec 2000), they cannot be released into the environment without treatment. They must be collected, stored and eventually treated to comply with chemical, physical, and microbial standards before being released into public streams.

Continual changes in technology, organisational renewal, optimisation of the quality of production (efficiency, flexibility, product quality) and orientation to changing consumer demands require higher standards of skills and flexibility in the work force. In order to meet these standards it is necessary to deliver more training to the work force and define training in terms of investment rather than costs. Training of employees in general, and learning in the workplace in particular, can be regarded as a major challenge for Human Resources Development. In a recent White Paper on Lifelong Learning (OCW, 1998) the Dutch government stressed the importance of learning at work as an essential contribution to lifelong learning. Apart from opening up better possibilities for the recognition and accreditation of prior learning, however, there were no specific policies proposed to enhance this kind of learning processes. So a lot is expected from companies themselves in this respect.

Pundits are forecasting the emergence of an ‘information’ society. The European Commission has stated that the ‘dawning of multi-media world (sound — text — image) represents a radical change comparable with first industrial revolution’ (EC White Paper: Growth, Competitiveness, Employment; 1994). Increasingly companies from all sectors of industry and business are becoming profoundly aware that the way in which they handle their corporate information will be crucial to their survival and future prosperity.

From having been seen as an implicit element in university learning and teaching, and thus also a natural part of academics’ responsibilities, the quality issue emerged in the 1990s as a topic of concern for politicians, institutional leaders, and a variety of other stakeholders. This concern emerged from a ‘package’ of simultaneous changes affecting higher education, such as the devolution of authority, new public sector management, restrictions on funding, expansion of student numbers and the like; these all were manifested in claims for external quality monitoring. The chapter gives an overview of different purposes of quality monitoring and also different forms of monitoring procedures. The question of the impact of external quality monitoring is also raised and discussed. The authors suggest that the catalytic function of monitoring for internal improvements within institutions ought to be emphasised.

This observation, which was made by the Director of the Victorian Environment Protection Authority, suggests that there is a need for better responses to the problem of land contamination in Australia. Although the problem now is widely regarded as a matter of serious environmental concern, effective legal responses are still being developed. The Federal constitutional system in Australia, under which environmental management functions are performed primarily by State and Territory governments (Chapter 14), has produced a variety of approaches to the management of contaminated land. The role of the Commonwealth government has been limited to a contribution to the production of National Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites and a Position Paper on Financial Liability for Contaminated Site Remediation. Only three States (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland) have developed legislation which is directed specifically at the subject of contaminated land. For the other States and Territories, the problem is addressed to varying degrees through their general environment protection legislation.

In suggesting a programme of action to create a single, integrated internal market within the European Community, the European Commission’s 1985 White Paper has paved the way for far-reaching changes in the structure and rates of indirect taxation (value added tax and excise duties on alcohol, tobacco and mineral oils) of EEC member states. These would include, for example, adoption of a two-rate system of VAT, extension of the VAT base to cover the currently zero-rated items as well as large and unprecedented changes in excise duties.1

It is impossible to cover to our theme in detail in this short paper. We must be satisfied with presenting general considerations as to the following three points: the temporal composition of the literary work of art (a novel), the various temporal qualities of the process, and the aesthetic temporality of the reader.

Work teams can be called an interesting method of organizational development. With “Work Simplification” Allan Mogensen became a forerunner of organizational development by building a bridge from Taylorism to organizational development, including work teams, for over 50 years. He found what topics can better be covered by worker and work teams than bosses, and what managerial rather than technological innovation is their precondition, i.e., the managers’ trust of subordinates’ capability to be creative, professional, serious, and reliable. His influence over my work in Slovenia (and other areas of Yugoslavia, then) regarding work teams and innovation helped produce very substantial savings, and even change the Slovene (but not Yugoslav) Constitution before Slovenia became a country of its own, toward support for innovation. Mogensen is hence worth calling a celebrity and a pre-pioneer of organizational development and work teams.

Part 1 Raw materials, A. Spiess: basic surfactants mild anionic surfactants amphoteric surfactants non-ionic surfactants shampoo additives cationic surfactants oil components waxes silicon oils cream bases oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifiers water-in-oil (W/O) emulsifiers humectants aerosol propelants. Part 2 Hair-care products, J.J. Shipp: hair - structure and chemistry shampoos conditioners styling aids setting lotions other styling aids in spray form hair gels styling creams and glazes hair oils/brilliantines/pomades/styling waxes hair creams permanent waving bleaches hair dyes product evaluation and testing. Part 3 Skin-care products, W.H. Schmitt: anatomy and physiology of the skin test methods formulation skin cleansers moisturizers anti-ageing products sunscreen products acne products. Part 4 Colour cosmetics, J. Cunningham: lip colour nail polish face make-up eye make-up colour coating general considerations. Part 5 Baby care, J. Knowlton: specific requirements for baby products product types and their presentation raw materials for baby products developmental pathways product evaluation product safety requirement product preservation product stability manufacture and quality control. Part 6 Afro-Caribbean products, F.L. Chester: hair structures skin characteristics hair products skin products general practical considerations. Part 7 Dental products, M. Pader: the human dentition and its environment oral accretions and conditions the toothbrush and other mechanical aids active agents dentifrices oral rinses speciality products. Part 8 Perfumery, A. Dallimore: fragrance - a definition role of fragrance perfumery raw materials development of a fragrance the current market in fine fragrance odour types technical performance of perfumes stability testing compounding quality control special additives glossary of odour descriptors. Part 9 Personal hygiene products, M.J. Wilcox: soap and other solid bathing products liquid bathing and showering products antipersperants and deodorants. Part 10 Quality, safety and legislation, J. Dopuis and W. Dupuy: definition of quality inspection prevention total quality the new thinking quality standards and guides legislation general considerations.

It would be an impossible task to give in a short paper an adequate summary of what the colloquium papers call “the Revell Report”.1 What I must do instead is to pick out certain salient points that will be useful in the discussion that is to take place around the Report. I also want to indicate some change of emphasis in certain areas to which I have been led by discussion and my own research into one banking system, that of Spain, since the final text was agreed over a year ago.

Creativity professionals are to a high degree concerned with the communication performance of organisations, whether this applies to internal or external communication behaviour. A major theoretical -and practical-issue in this respect is to discover criteria for the evaluation of communication performance. This short paper describes a modelling technique I have developed for evaluating and subsequently modelling firms as communicators with foreign business environments (1). The technique evolved from extensive investigations into the marketing behaviour-‘marketing is above all a communication activity’ (2)- of five UK industrial firms vis-a-vis three contrasting markets: France, the USSR and Japan. A pilot study had showed that firms interviewed found that in each of these markets relationship-building was markedly constrained by the following factors: (a) language problems; (b) cultural differences; (c) style of business; (d) agent control and selection; (e) political problems; (f) lack of market responsiveness; (g) undertanding decision-making procedures.

Seasonal and regional variations in the speciation, sediment-water partitioning, and dynamics of mercury (Hg) were studied at selected sites along the Hg-polluted Wabigoon River, and at unpolluted headwater and tributary sites, during April–September, 1979. ‘Dissolved’ and ‘particulate’ forms of Hg in the water were separated by continuous-flow centrifugation in the field. The Hg and other pollutants such as wood chips and salt had been discharged from a chlor-alkali plant and paper mill at Dryden, Ontario.

We wish to conclude this study with two brief observations de lege ferenda regarding our proposed concept of “functional jurisdiction”. We also wish to include certain statements which may be found in the White Paper on A Domestic Satellite Communication System for Canada of 28 March 1968, and two preceding reports prepared by the Science Council of Canada and the Science Secretariat in February and July 1967 respectively. As will be seen, these documents bear out the possibility that the proposed concept may one day become a practical instrument in the hands of a government to pave the way towards the accommodation of a commensurate claim to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over certain zones of outer space, and by analogy over certain designated areas on celestial bodies for a functionally determined purpose.

The Department of Microbiology at the Agricultural University of Norway has since 1971 carried out tests of biological toilets for use both in all-year houses and cabins. Most biological toilets on the Scandinavian market have been laboratory tested in order to determine capacity, care, maintenance, etc. The tests have provided guidance for the users of the toilets and stimulated further development (Guttormsen et al., 1975; Guttormsen et al., 1978; Guttormsen & Pedersen, 1978).

Industrial scale production of β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of various flavours and fragrances is planned. Considering that these products will be utilized by food industry and catering, strict health-authority regulations have to be considered. Quality requirements and appropriate analytical methods have been elaborated for quality control of these products.

Research papers are more than impartial presentations of objective knowledge. They possess a social significance that aims to persuade the reader of the validity of claims. Three linguistic devices are common in research papers to support the rhetorical aim. The appropriate level of claim is achieved by various strategies of modulation. Passive sentence structures focus attention on the scientific actions and processes rather than on the scientist. Complex noun structures permit a great deal of information to be communicated with few words, allowing the expert reader to grasp ideas quickly.

Collaborations in research and writing-up that research are now the norm in science. The number of papers authored by teams and number of authors per paper is increasing. Team-authored papers are cited more frequently, indicating greater influence in the discipline. Teams provide advantage to the lower-ranked institution in cross-border and cross-ranking collaborations. Formal team relationships differ from informal network relationships. Informal networks often prove successful for scientists outside Anglophone countries when they seek to publish their work.

The modern papermaking process is very sensitive to disturbances. The formation of deposits is one of the most important factors limiting the productivity on a paper machine today. Further, paper defects such as breaks, holes and spots very often caused by deposits represent one of the most common complaints of a user/buyer of paper. The origin and mechanism of deposit formation and how these deposits affect quality and productivity are reviewed in this chapter. The most commonly used methods to eliminate or reduce deposition are summarised for each type of deposit. The guidelines are intended to give pragmatic advice for the realist working to maximise productivity and quality in real-life situations. This chapter reviews the source and control of paper machine deposits and the alternative methods of application of chemicals to minimise/eliminate these troublesome deposits. It is intended to give pragmatic guidelines for the realist working to maximise productivity and quality in real-life situations.

This paper looks into Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive on cookies and more specifically, on the practical effect of its 2009 amendment which changed the legal approach towards the use of cookies to opt-in. The new rule had minor practical effect as except that notice about cookie use has overall been improved, behavioural advertising, which is the privacy-invasive commercial practice that the recent amendment of the rule mainly intended to tackle, is still conducted without prior real user consent. The paper inquires into the reasons behind the failure of the rule and finds them in the logical, yet unfounded, business resistance, the rule’s negative publicity as well as in the (misguided) scepticism of EU officials and a lack of enthusiasm or determination at national level. The latter is translated into relaxed national implementations and absence of official guidance for compliance ‘moments’ before the rule was to enter into force. The final blow to the rule was given by a change in the approach of the UK ICO, which essentially aligned the law to the practice of implied consent adopted by many online businesses and by the reaction of the DPWP, which, far from strongly opposing this ‘back off’, confusingly moved closer to the updated stance of the UK ICO. The paper finally suggests that if they really want to, data protection authorities can restore a strict opt-in approach towards behavioural advertising and insist in business compliance with it.

In this paper we deal with the situation that in certain contexts vendors have no incentive to implement anonymous payments or that existing regulation prevents complete customer anonymity. While the paper discusses the problem also in a general fashion, we use the recharging of electric vehicles using public charging infrastructure as a working example. Here, customers leave rather detailed movement trails, as they authenticate to charge and the whole process is post-paid, i.e., are billed after consumption. In an attempt to enforce transparency and give customers the information necessary to dispute a bill they deem inaccurate, Germany and other European countries require to retain the ID of the energy meter used in each charging process. Similar information is also retained in other applications, where Point of Sales terminals are used. While this happens in the customers’ best interest, this information is a location bound token, which compromises customers’ locational privacy and thus allows for the creation of rather detailed movement profiles. We adapt a carefully chosen group signature scheme to match these legal requirements and show how modern cryptographic methods can reunite the, in this case, conflicting requirements of transparency on the one hand and locational privacy on the other. In our solution, the user’s identity is explicitly known during a transaction, yet the user’s location is concealed, effectively hindering the creation of a movement profile based on financial transactions.