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Part of the Managing Forest Ecosystems book series (MAFE, volume 38), Only a handful of bird species can be considered specialists of Mediterranean pine forests; however, many forest birds occupy pine and mixed forest, due to the biogeographic history of Mediterranean forest birds. Nevertheless, pine forest bird communities show clear-cut responses to changes in forest distribution, structure and composition at both local and landscape scales. Both forest management (especially plantation and harvesting strategies, forest fragmentation and landscape distribution of pine stands) and climate change may have strong effects on bird communities, and potential interactions between these two drivers may mitigate, or amplify, negative effects, depending on management strategies. Relationships are non-linear, with saturation points at which biodiversity increases no further (and may even decrease). Furthermore, relationships vary geographically and temporally due to interactions with climate and landscape-scale land uses. Bird diversity provides direct regulating ecosystem services of pest control and seed dispersal, cultural services, and even provisioning services in the case of game birds. Knowledge of the variable relationships between bird diversity, societal attitudes and the effects of global change drivers on pine forests is essential for designing realistic, regionally adapted management strategies aimed at enhancing the multifunctional role of forests beyond the market., This paper is a contribution to the projects RTA2013-00048-C03-01 and RTI2018-096348-R-C21, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; BiodivERsA 3-2015-180, funded by the Spanish National Research Agency, the Bulgarian Science Fund, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the European Commission within the ERA-Net BiodivERsA Co-Fund scheme; and to the thematic network REMEDINAL3-CM (S2013/MAE-2719).