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Planning for death is not a process in which everyone participates. Yet a lack of planning can severely impact a patient’s well-being, the well-being of her family, and the medical community as a whole. Advance Care Planning (ACP) has been a field in the United States for a half-century, and often using short surveys or questionnaires to help patients consider future end of life (EOL) care decisions. Recent web-based tools promise to increase ACP participation rates; modern techniques from artificial intelligence (AI) could further improve and personalize these tools. We discuss two hypothetical AI-based apps and their potential implications. We hope that this paper will encourage thought about appropriate applications of AI in ACP as well as implementation of AI to ensure patient intentions are honored.

Advance care planning, which includes clarifying and documenting goals of care and preferences for future care, is essential for achieving end-of-life care that is consistent with the preferences of dying patients and their families. Physicians document their communication about these preferences as unstructured free text in clinical notes; as a result, routine assessment of this quality indicator is time consuming and costly. In this study, we trained and validated a deep neural network to detect documentation of advanced care planning conversations in clinical notes from electronic health records. We assessed its performance against rigorous manual chart review and rule-based regular expressions. For detecting documentation of patient care preferences at the note level, the algorithm had high performance; F1-score of 92.0 (95% CI, 89.1–95.1), sensitivity of 93.5% (95% CI, 90.0%–98.0%), positive predictive value of 90.5% (95% CI, 86.4%–95.1%) and specificity of 91.0% (95% CI, 86.4%–95.3%) and consistently outperformed regular expression. Deep learning methods offer an efficient and scalable way to improve the visibility of documented serious illness conversations within electronic health record data, helping to better quality of care.