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This chapter concentrates on England during and immediately following the time of Geoffrey Chaucer. It is well known that Chaucer himself dealt extensively with the sacrament of penance in his Parson's Tale. The chapter focuses on the works of John Burgh and William Lyndwood and concludes with a brief review of their connection to Chaucer's works. Both men were writing for an English audience, but they were abreast of the latest Continental commentators. For an understanding of their ideas of penance, it will be useful first to review the authorities upon which they drew. The chapter then looks at a sequence of important works from the mid-12th century and early 13th century that treated penance and confession and that acquired significant glosses. Keywords: fifteenth century; Geoffrey Chaucer; John Burgh; penitential theology; William Lyndwood

This chapter demonstrates the continuing importance of speech and thought presentation in the stylistic analysis of prose fi ction. It focuses in particular on the category of free indirect thought, which has historically been of great interest to narratologists and literary critics. Recent attacks on the usefulness of the speech and thought presentation categories, for example by adherents of a ‘theory of mind’ approach, have singled out free indirect thought as being unrepresentative of the variety of mental functioning to be found in prose fi ction. While supporting many of this group’s insights concerning the importance of ‘intermental thought’ and ‘the intermental mind’ in the novel, this chapter argues that this does not mean that the traditional categories of speech and thought presentation should be disregarded altogether. With particular attention to one recent experimental novel, David Foster Wallace’s posthumously-published The Pale King (2011), the chapter suggests that free indirect thought remains widespread in twenty-fi rst century fi ction, albeit in a different form to the most commonly studied examples of the style in the nineteenth-and twentieth-century novel. It demonstrates that free indirect thought can do more than represent a solitary individual consciousness in isolation, and that it is in fact ideally suited to the contemporary novel’s depiction of the confl ict between the individual and the vast impersonal and institutional forces of our current age.

Introduction Chan Sin-wai Acknowledgement Part 1: General Issues of Translation Technology * The Development of Translation Technology: 1967-2013 Chan Sin-wai * Computer-aided Translation: Major Concepts Chan Sin-wai * Computer-aided Translation Systems Ignacio Garcia * Computer-Aided Translation: Translator Training Lynne Bowker * Machine Translation: General Liu Qun and Zhang Xiaojun * Machine Translation: History of Research and Applications W. John Hutchins * Example-based Machine Translation Billy Wong Tak-ming and Jonathan Webster * Open-Source Machine Translation Technology Mikel L. Forcada * Pragmatics-based Machine Translation David Farwell and Stephen Helmreich * Rule-based Machine Translation Yu Shiwen and Bai Xiaojing * Statistical Machine Translation Liu Yang and Zhang Min * Evaluation in Machine Translation and Computer-aided Translaton Kit Chunyu and Wong Tak-ming * The Teaching of Machine Translation: The Chinese University of Hong Kong as a Case Study Cecilia Wong Suk Man Part 2: The National / Regional Developments of Translation Technology * Translation Technology in China Qian Duoxiu * Translation Technology in Canada Elliott Macklovitch * Translation Technology in France Sylviane Cardey * Translation Technology in Hong Kong Chan Sin-wai, Ian Chow and Wong Tak-ming * Translation Technology in Japan Hitoshi Isahara * Translation Technology in South Africa Gerhard van Huyssteen and Marissa Griesel * Translation Technology in Taiwan: Track and Trend Shih Chung-ling * Translation Technology in the Netherlands and Belgium Leonoor van der Beek and Antal van den Bosch * Translation Technology in the United Kingdom Christophe Declercq * A History of Translation Technology in the United States of America Jost Zetzsche and Jennifer DeCamp Part 3: Specific Topics in Translation Technology * Alignment Lars Ahrenberg * Bitext Alan K. Melby, Arle Lommel, and Lucia Morado Vazquez * Computational Lexicography Zhang Yihua * Concordancing Federico Zanettin * Controlled Language Rolf Schwitter * Corpus Li Lan * Editing in Translation Technology Christophe Declercq * Information Retrieval and Text Mining Kit Chunyu and Nie Jian-Yun * Language Codes and Language Tags Sue Ellen Wright * Localization Keiran Dunne * Natural Language Processing Olivia Kwong * Online Translation Federico Gaspari * Part of Speech Tagging Felipe Sanchez-Martinez * Segmentation Freddy Y. Y. Choi * Speech Translation Tan Lee * Subtitling and Technology Jorge Dias-Cintas * Terminology Management Kara Warburton * Translation Memory Alan K. Melby and Sue Ellen Wright * Translation Management Systems Mark Shuttlewort

This article explores one of the largest property transfers in modern European history: the confiscation of real estate and movables left behind by up to 12 million Germans who fled or were expelle...

This article addresses the ways in which education systems responded to the aftermath of World War I with respect to education for nationalism and internationalism. It does so by drawing on theories of internationalism and through an analysis of the writings of Daniel Prescott, an American scholar who toured European schools in the middle of the 1920s. Influenced by his experience of frontline warfare as a volunteer driver in France in 1917, Prescott travelled in Austria, Czechoslovakia, England, France, Germany and Switzerland from September 1926 to June 1927 hoping to see education systems being more internationalist and less chauvinist. He interviewed prominent educationists and observed and interviewed teachers in schools, sending regular reports by letter to his sponsors and then publishing a book Education and International Relations. A Study of the Social Forces That Determine the Influence of Education, in 1930. The analysis of his account of his observations demonstrates that Prescott collected evidence of a growing internationalist approach to education particularly among elementary school teachers. The analysis also relates this to the contemporaneous concern to develop internationalism as a response to the nationalism at the heart of WWI.

IN I44I ANTAO GONCALVES, the young captain of a small vessel dispatched by the infante Dom Henrique of Portugal to take on a cargo of seal skins and oil, put ashore a landing party on the coast of northern Mauretania for the express purpose of capturing blacks. After light skirmishing one black male and one black female were taken prisoner. Shortly afterwards, Goncalves was joined by Nuno Tristao, a knight of the infante's household, who had been commissioned to sail his armed caravel as far as possible down the coast of West Africa and take captives. The two captains combined their forces to assault coastal villages by night and succeeded in taking ten more captives. On their return to Portugal they paraded their trophies before an appreciative Dom Henrique.' Initial Portuguese reaction was cool, but entrepreneurial and commercial instincts were soon fanned by the arrival in the Algarve of further consignments of blacks from the sub-Saharan region. Lancarote da Ilha, collector of royal taxes (almoxarife) in the port of Lagos, gained the infante's permission to organize a trading expedition to Mauretania. Six caravels under Lancarote's general command left Lagos with no other objective than the capture of what were described as "black Moors. " On August 8, 1444 some 235 blacks were unloaded at Lagos.2 This event heralded a new era in the social, economic, and ideological history of Portugal, and its legacy was to survive the separation in I822 of Portugal's largest and richest colonyBrazil. The arrival of this cargo of black slaves was hardly the first encounter of the Portuguese with the institution of slavery. Slavery had declined in the Iberian peninsula after the Visigothic era, only to increase in the ninth century with

ITH its waters connecting the continents of Europe, Africa, North America, and South America, the Atlantic Ocean has facilitated a sustained movement and interaction among the peoples of these disparate lands. The appellation "Atlantic world" is not only a geographic expression but also a metaphor for the organic and human linkages that characterize it. This majestic ocean has been traversed by intrepid explorers, voluntary and involuntary immigrants, persons in quest of fortunes, and people in chains. Its history is fraught with examples of human daring, conquest of new horizons, and realization of dreams. But it is also a chronicle of violence, suffering, and death. My main concern here is not the many faces, voices, and roles of the Atlantic, but rather the human and cultural contacts between Africa and the Americas that its waters facilitated in the century and a half that followed Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas. The crucial role of the Atlantic in the shaping of the Americas is often taken for granted; we seldom recognize that it was a significant agency in the peopling of the societies and in the cross-fertilization of the cul tures and ideas in the lands that it bathes. The history of the African slave trade is increasingly well known and hardly bears any repeating here. The "middle passage," as the terrifying voyage across the Atlantic to the Americas came to be called, remains the most horrible and enduring symbol of the human traffic. In time, the Atlantic Ocean came to be identified with black captivity, debasement, and suffering. Contemporaries and historians have recounted the confinement of the Africans, the ravages of dis

This chapter discusses the different categories of cultural events and festivals and explores key management issues for these types of events. It analyses the challenges involved in marketing cultural events and festivals and also discusses the ways in which cultural events and festivals can contribute to cultural and social change. Cultural events are hugely diverse in nature, from a Justin Bieber tour to the Sundance Film Festival and celebrations of identity and nationality. Festivals are both a particular kind of cultural event, each with its own history and tradition, and a specific celebratory form, with structural elements that can be used within a range of cultural traditions. X. Castaner and L. Campos identify the factors involved in the programming decision-making process that event managers go through when designing a programme of cultural events. These can be divided into environmental and cultural factors that impact upon an organiser's ability to develop innovative programmes within a specified form.

In the course of the 20th century, Thai political elites fashioned a religiopolitical settlement that has a great deal in common with covenantal pluralism. They did so, furthermore, by rediscovering a historic precedent in the Indian emperor Asoka, and reinterpreting the image of this paragon of Buddhist kingship so as to emphasize theological humility and a benevolent embrace of religious pluralism. Since the fall of the absolute monarchy in 1932, this Asokan ideal has been reflected in the Buddhist Thai king’s constitutionally defined role as upholder of religions – in the plural. However, recent developments in Thailand highlight the difficulties associated with sustaining a tolerant and robustly pluralistic policy regime over time, and the inescapable normative trade-offs that this involves.

1. Britons, Celts, and Romans, c. 4,000 BC-410 AD 2. Saxons, Danes, and Normans, 410-1154 3. Late Medieval Struggles: Within the British Isles and on the Continent, 1154-1485 4. Renaissance - Reconnaissance - Reformation - Revolution, 1485-1688/89 5. Towards Internal Stability and External Expansion, 1689-1789 6. Political Reforms, Industrial Revolution, Imperial Rule, 1789-1914 7. The Twentieth Century: Devastation and Decline, Reconstruction and Reorientation, 1914-1999 8. Twenty-First Century Perspectives

Over the course of the twentieth century, a broad array of parties as organizations of a new type took over state functions and replaced state institutions on the territories of the former Ottoman, Qing, Russian, and Habsburg Empires. In the context of roughly simultaneous imperial and postimperial transformations, organizations such as the Committee for Union and Progress (CUP) in the Ottoman Empire (one-party regime since 1913), the Anfu Club in China (parliamentary majority since 1918), and the Bolshevik Party in Russia (in control of parts of the former empire since 1918), not only took over government power but merged with government itself. Disillusioned with the outcomes of previous constitutional and parliamentary reforms, these parties justified their takeovers with slogans and programs of controlled or supervised economic and social development. Inheriting the previous imperial diversities, they furthermore took over the role of mediators between the various social and ethnic groups inhabiting the respective territories. In this respect, the parties appropriated some of the functions which dynastic and then constitutional and parliamentary regimes had ostensibly failed to perform. In a significant counter-example, in spite of prominent aspirations, no one-party regime emerged in Japan, for there the constitutional monarchy had survived the empire's transformation to a major industrialized imperialist power. One-party regimes thrived on both sides of the Cold War and in some of the non-aligned states. Whereas several state socialist one-party regimes collapsed in 1989–1991, some of the communist parties have continued to rule, and new parties managed to monopolize political power in different Eurasian contexts.

The long eighteenth century was a good time for history and historians. This article considers one of its most original genres, conjectural history, and of one of conjectural history’s most interesting subjects, woman. What made the conjectural history of woman most interesting was not only that it brought together all the elements that were themselves the subjects of theoretical histories, such as language, the arts and sciences, society, religion, and man, but continued to matter politically well into the nineteenth century. Indeed, one might argue that it continues to shape understandings of what it means to be civilized to this day. Following some observations on some of the challenges such a history presented to its practitioners, the essay turns to Engels’s The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: in the Light of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan and his contestation of the eighteenth-century view of the history of woman. It ends with some reflections on the importance of revisiting such histories. Keywords: historiography; conjectural history; women’s history; long eighteenth century; Friedrich Engels; August Bebel

This chapter explores how the American mountaineer and geographer Walter Abbott Wood built a personal and institutional legacy in the St Elias Mountains between Yukon and Alaska. After his early experience as part of the “golden age” of United States mountaineering in Alaska, Wood participated in cold-weather warfare research during World War II, followed by a research program in glaciology (Operation Snow Cornice) under the auspices of the Arctic Institute of North America (AINA). Wood’s personal connections to the region only deepened with the 1951 death of his wife and daughter in the mountains, and they took their most concrete form in the Icefield Ranges Research Programme, co-sponsored by AINA, which grew during the 1960s and early 1970s from a glacier-focused venture to a study of the total environment of the region from a base camp at Kluane Lake. The chapter examines how Wood’s personal attachment to the region mapped onto contemporary military imperatives, particularly for knowledge of human physiological reactions at high altitudes, and why this prompted speculation in Canada about connections to US military plans in south and east Asia. The creation of the Kluane Lake National Park in 1972 coincided with a shift toward research focused more on life than earth sciences and with Wood’s own retirement from active involvement at the site. A strand that runs throughout the chapter is the nature of Wood’s inscription of his own ambitions on to the mountains - and how that facilitated, and perhaps even necessitated, an erasure of the First Nations wholived in and around the Kluane Lake region. While the continuing AINA presence at Kluane Lake no longer ignores First Nations, the chapter concludes that reflecting on how legacies are made and personal connections inscribed on landscapes must involve consideration of structural visibility and invisibility. QC 20230614 ERC StG 716211

This article responds to the statistically established finding in democratisation studies that British rule seems to have been good for the survival of democracy in its former empire, and that the longer a nation spent under British rule, the likelier it is to have sustained democracy since independence. This is a finding which puzzles political scientists because they think of democracy and empire as opposites. The article considers the uses made of democratic innovation by the British and the responses anti-colonial nationalists made to the offer to ‘lead them to democracy’. It places democracy and empire in a different, more complex relationship. It also considers the contribution of anti-colonial protest to the working of democracy.

Political violence was a fact of Irish life in the early twentieth century, exacerbated by the sacrificial and martial cultures that grew out of nationalist and unionist politics. The Irish women’s movement developed in this context, adjusting to the demands made on activists by these particular circumstances, and playing a vital role in all the major political movements of the era. Buoyed by the achievement of partial women’s enfranchisement in 1918, Irish women prepared to play an enhanced role in the formal life of the country. However, they quickly found that the rights they believed they had won were less than secure, and they turned to new and existing strategies in their efforts to adjust to the reality of independent Ireland.