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Background The 16-item Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) is widely used to assess concerns-about-falling. Variants include 7-item Short FES-I, 30-item Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale (Icon FES) and 10-item short Icon FES. No comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis has been conducted to synthesise evidence regarding the measurement properties of these tools. Objectives To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the measurement properties of four FES-I variants. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched systematically and articles were assessed for eligibility independently. The methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed using COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist. The quality of measurement properties was assessed using COSMIN criteria for good measurement properties. Where possible, meta-analysis was conducted; otherwise, narrative synthesis was performed. Overall certainty of evidence was rated using a modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system approach. Results The review included 58 studies investigating measurement properties of the four instruments. There was high-quality evidence to support internal consistency, reliability and construct validity of all instruments. Moderate- to high-certainty evidence suggests one-factor structure of FES-I with two underlying dimensions, one-factor structure of Short FES-I and two-factor structure of Icon FES. There was high-certainty evidence to support the responsiveness of FES-I, with further research needed for the other instruments. Conclusion There is evidence for excellent measurement properties of all four instruments. We recommend the use of these tools with healthy older people and people at a greater risk of falls due to conditions that might affect mobility and balance.

Although evaluations of members of parliaments’ (MPs) parliamentary work have gained increasing public popularity, the academic literature on the concept and measurement of parliamentary performance is surprisingly scarce. Most studies analysing (aspects of) MPs’ parliamentary performance focus on quantitative parliamentary activity indicators only, thereby neglecting the quality and effectiveness of parliamentary work, and the importance of less visible parliamentary activities. This article introduces a conceptual framework of parliamentary performance as well as a more encompassing measurement approach, and provides a first empirical test of theoretically expected underlying dimensions on 325 Belgian MPs. This study proposes an innovative method relying on the collective expertise of MPs through peer assessment while controlling for potential rater effects. I demonstrate that parliamentary performance cannot be captured by parliamentary activity indicators alone. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses show that apart from three factors of parliamentary activity, two more qualitative factors (content and policy-making effectiveness) can be identified. The results suggest that future evaluations of MPs’ parliamentary work may need to include more qualitative elements.

Introduction In a sample of dual users of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; e-cigarettes), we evaluated psychometric properties of ENDS versions of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS), the brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM), and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Using the NDSS, we tested the hypothesis that there would be one common underlying factor of dependence across the cigarette and ENDS scales and other product-specific factors. Aims and Methods Adult dual users (N = 404) completed baseline cigarette and ENDS versions of the NDSS, WISDM, and FTND, and biweekly surveys of their smoking and vaping. Analyses included bifactor modeling, which helps to identify both a general and product-specific factor for each item, and exploratory factor analyses of the combined cigarette and ENDS NDSS items and examinations of concurrent and predictive validity. Results The bifactor model was not a good fit, suggesting the lack of one common underlying dependence factor. Factor analyses revealed separate, similar factors for both products, with only one factor (priority) showing overlap of cigarette and ENDS items. ENDS scales significantly predicted ENDS use over time, but not cigarette use. Cigarette scales did not predict ENDS use over time. Conclusions Although the cigarette and ENDS NDSS versions showed similar factor structure, there was not a primary common underlying factor reflecting drive or tolerance, but rather product-specific factors. The cigarette scales were not valid for predicting ENDS use. These results highlight the importance of separately assessing dependence for cigarettes and ENDS in dual users. Implications Although underlying dimensions of nicotine dependence may be similar for ENDS and cigarettes, separate, product-specific measures may be needed to understand differences in product-specific dependency and predict changes in use of each product over time.

Objective This presentation reports on a rapid realist review of participatory co-design approaches to developing assistive technologies with older adults. It provides an evidence synthesis of the key mechanisms, contexts and outcomes that drive success and failure in the use of participatory co-design in this field. This KISSS-AT sub-project, was undertaken to help inform stakeholder partners and the wider gerontechnological community of the key challenges and opportunities, that participatory co-design offers the field. Methods We conducted a rapid realist review (Saul et al., 2013). We identified 1060 citations from databases (AgeLine, BSC, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PycINFO, Sociological Abstracts and Web of Science), and 936 from hand journal searches (Ageing and Society, CSCW, Gerontechnology). We screened 311 full-text articles, with 19 articles for extraction. We extracted an additional 9 articles in order to capture post-search publications and a few articles identified through additional snowball citation searches. We analyzed the data for context-mechanism-outcome configurations (Pawson, 2015; Wong et al., 2013) that we found were relevant to our initial program theory, and used analytical induction to test emerging themes with our data set. Results We identified two key theoretical dimensions (1. Epistemological 2. Ethico-political) of participatory co-design with older adults, as part of our program theory, along with several C-M-O-Cs related to each dimension. Conclusions We found that paying attention to the underlying dimensions of participatory co-design, and the key mechanisms and contexts that support its successful implementation is fundamental to realizing the promise of this approach to gerontechnology development and implementation.

Driver behavior will continue to play a critical role in driving safety for the foreseeable future. Utilizing behavior change theory appropriately presents opportunities to improve the effectiveness of risky driving countermeasures that have been under-utilized to date. Older drivers should not be excluded from consideration of risky behaviors. Forty-six drivers (33% age 65+) completed surveys, then drove for three weeks with data collection during all trips. The Theory of Planned Behavior guided a two-phased regression analysis approach: 1) behavioral intentions were predicted using attitudes about behaviors and demographics; 2) observed risky behavior was predicted using behavioral intentions, theory constructs, personality/psychosocial characteristics, demographics, and driving exposure. Results were synthesized and the emergent themes were used to formulate guidelines for developing theory-based education and communication risky driving countermeasures. Guidelines focused on four risky driving behaviors observed in a large proportion of participants (72% - 96%): holding/using a cellphone; eating/drinking; speeding; and tailgating. Twenty-six guidelines were developed across four categories: 1) relationships among risky behaviors; 2) characteristics or underlying dimensions of risky driving (e.g., time, location, emotion); 3) behavior change theory constructs; 4) audience and message factors. While older drivers self-reported low frequencies of risky behaviors, low intentions for future risky behaviors, and less favorable attitudes toward risky behaviors than younger drivers they were regularly observed engaging in risky behaviors: distracted behaviors in 79% of trips and 2.1 speeding events per trip. Risky driving countermeasures are appropriate for older drivers and the emergent guidelines will be presented with recommended variations for older drivers.

Background ‘One Health’ recognizes the interconnectivity of humans with their production and companion animals, and the environment. Emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within and between these compartments is a recognized global threat that requires further understanding to design interventions protecting both human and animal health. In this study we identified resistance gene targets and clonotypes of Escherichia coli recovered from human, canine and bovine hosts and applied non-linear dimensionality reduction and visualization techniques to identify genetic relationships that may otherwise be unobservable within the data. Methods Non-duplicative E. coli isolates (N=3398; see Figure captions) were collected from humans, canines, bovines from the Midwest USA. We identified beta-lactamase gene targets for third-generation cephem multidrug resistant isolates and performed clonotype analysis on each. Uniform Manifold Approximation (UMAP) was used to create a two-dimensional “map” of the high dimensional space of the genetic results to identify similarities between both infecting and colonizing isolates, and between susceptible and resistant isolates in humans and animals in the study region (see Figure captions). Results The resulting “map” highlights similarities in: 1) genetic patterns of AMR among animals and humans, and 2) links between isolates that are infecting and colonizing in humans and canines (Figures 1-2). Our results suggest that there is strong genetic overlap linking human and animal patterns of AMR. UMAP also identified genetic segments that are unique to humans, distinct outliers, and suggest limited exchange among the neighboring counties (Figure 3). Figure 1. Distribution of infection and surveillance isolates shows distinct clusters and distribution within host species in the UMAP space. Each panel of the figure shows the same UMAP space with the labeled species in color and the other points in grey as a reference. The UMAP space is a non-linear two-dimensional representation of the genetic information contained in the clonotype analysis. UMAP is a dimensionality reduction technique similar to principal component analysis (PCA), except that it uses a non-linear combination of the underlying dimensions, which highlights the local structure and grouping of the cases. For more details see: Diaz-Papkovich, A., Anderson-Trocmé, L., & Gravel, S. (2021). A review of UMAP in population genetics. Journal of Human Genetics, 66(1), 85–91. Infection isolates: no bovine isolates tested, canine n=190, human n=115. Surveillance isolates: bovine n=175, canine n=747, human n=2171. Figure 2. Distribution of resistant and susceptible isolates shows the resistant cases are distributed in small clusters surrounding a large cluster of predominantly susceptible cases. This figure plots the same cases on the same UMAP space as Figure 1. The only difference is the color that distinguishes between resistant and susceptible cases. Resistant isolates: bovine n=91, canine n=300; human n=238. Susceptible isolates: bovine n=84. canine=637, human n=2048. Figure 3. The proportion of cases from each cluster in four adjoining counties varies considerably. The dark bars show the proportion of cases falling into each cluster for each county. The light bars provide a reference point for interpreting the dark bars by showing the proportion of cases falling into each cluster across all four counties. When the dark bars exceed the light bars it indicates that the proportion of cases in that cluster exceeds that of the neighboring counties, such as Cluster 2 for Taylor county and Cluster 3 for Marathon county. All counties shown include a population of at least 20,000. These stipulations are in compliance with federal (HIPAA) guidelines. Conclusion The results support that UMAP is a valuable tool for visualizing genetic AMR links across species. Human-animal transmission is likely for disparate and common clonotypes. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

The authors examine how the construct social capital is explicated and measured by communicationscholarsincontemporaryresearchandarguethatlinkagesbetweenconcepts and measures are not always clear and operationalizations of social capital are far from uniform in empirical studies. The authors also note that the measures of social capital fall along 2 dimensions: a static–dynamic continuum and an informal–formal path, which are largely ignored. The authors challenge communication scholars to reexamine the theoretical underpinnings of social capital research articulated by Pierre Bourdieu and James S. Coleman and to reconsider how the role and functions of communication might drive social capital. We explore the construct social capital with particular attention to the way communication scholars have explicated and measured the concept. Researchers in our field have, on balance, concentrated on social ties as indicators of social capital, attending to the strength, amount, and frequency of ties that are best described as ‘‘social relationships.’’ Our examination, therefore, focuses on how such social relationships have been conceptualized and measured. We found that social relationships reveal underlying dimensions that allow us to offer a typology of ties, thus clarifying how variables are constructed. We then consider how such measures both illuminate and ignore social capital as conceptualized by scholars who introduced the term and how communication researchers have added to the body of knowledge on social capital.

Background: It was recently hypothesized by Lake (Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008; 34: 109-117) that Formal Thought Disorder (FTD) can be accounted for by a single disorder that is currently diagnosed as bipolar disorder. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the underlying dimensions of FTD and to examine to what extent FTD factors can be accounted for by clinical distractibility, attentional impairment, severity of mania, and familial liability of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Methods: Six hundred and sixty inpatients were assessed using a semistructured interview, and FTDs were assessed with the Thought, Language, and Communication scale. “Inattentiveness during Mental Status Testing” item of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms scale and a composite mania score were used. The Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria was used. Results: FTD is a multidimensional construct comprised at least 5 dimensions: disorganization, verbosity, poverty of speech, idiosyncratic thinking, and blocking. Clinical distractibility loadings split in 2 factors, disorganization and blocking, but it did not load on the mania-related (verbosity) factor. Attentional disturbance was significantly associated with each FTD factor except for idiosyncratic thinking, and these associations were largely independent from the severity of mania. The associations of FTDs with mania and attentional disturbances were independent from each other. FTD factors were not significantly associated with familial liability to bipolar or to schizophrenia. Conclusions: Disorganization was the main FTD component. Distractibility was a core feature of FTD factors but it was not specifically accounted for by mania-related attentional impairment. The hypothesis of mutual interdependence between mania and attentional disturbance leading to FTDs could not be confirmed.

The research examines viewers' actual responses to four televised fund-raising drives by a public television station over a 2-year period. The 584 pledge breaks we studied contain 4,868 individual appeals that were decomposed into two underlying dimensions based on the empathy-helping hypothesis: the appeal beneficiary (self versus other) and emotional valence (positive versus negative). We find that the most effective fund-raising appeals communicate the benefits to others rather than to the self and evoke negative rather than positive emotions. Appeals that emphasize benefits to the self significantly reduce the number of calls to the station, particularly when they have a positive emotional valence.

This study examines preferences and differences in preference among forest professionals and other forest stakeholders. Specifically, the study explores the underlying dimensions of preference and the stated rationale behind those preferences. Preferences were assessed for six different silvicultural treatments, including clearcutting, two-age cut, patch cut, group selection, commercial thin, and an unmodified control stand. Study participants were selected from six stakeholder groups: forest professionals, urban public, rural public, recreationists, environmentalists, and educators (n=210). Results show that people's preferences tend to follow the same general trend across all groups, with higher preference for less intense harvests. Foresters tended to show significantly greater preference than most other groups for treatments where tree removal left moderate to large openings; this difference was most striking with respect to clearcuts. Analysis of people's stated rationale behind the preference ratings suggests that differences in preference are a function of differences in how people interpret the scene. Foresters were more likely to see the management depicted in a scene and to interpret these signs of management in a favorable light; other groups were more likely to respond to the aesthetics of the scene or to processes perceived to be damaging to the landscape. Implications for these differences in preference and perception are discussed.

Background and Purpose. This study examined the content validity, internal consistency, and underlying dimensions of the Professional Role Behaviors Survey (PROBES) for its use in future research. Methods. Using the 26-item PROBES, 253 clinical managers reported on the direction and magnitude of change in the role behaviors of physical therapists following hospital restructuring. Results. Descriptive and correlational statistics of the responses indicated that the nature of the role behavior changes was consistent with those identified in the literature and that the survey instrument had good internal consistency. A principal component factor analysis yielded 5 underlying role behavior dimensions: “evaluating and planning,” “productivity,” “inter-acting,” “information sharing,” and “administration/clinical.” This factor structure was found to provide a good fit with role classification schemes and a clear differentiation of physical therapist role behaviors. In addition, the finding supports viewing the professional role behaviors as a single construct rather than as multiple constructs. Discussion and Conclusion. The PROBES was found to have good content validity and internal consistency. It provides a useful tool for the study of the changing roles of professional practitioners and a link in the study of the effect of organizational change on organizational outcomes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

Individualizing care for older persons depends on knowing about a care recipient's psychosocial preferences. Currently, however, no comprehensive, empirically derived instruments exist to assess these preferences. As part of an effort to develop such an instrument, this pilot study examined the content and structure of psychosocial preferences in older adults using the statistical technique known as concept mapping. Results suggest two underlying dimensions to psychosocial preferences (Enrichment-Self-Maintenance and Extrapersonal-Intrapersonal) and six distinct content domains (Social Contact, Growth Activities, Leisure Activities, Self-Dominion, Support Aids, and Caregivers and Care). Both the dimensions and the content domains provide valuable information for the construction of psychosocial preference instruments. They also might assist formal and informal caregivers in tailoring their interventions to provide individualized care that enhances quality of life for older adults.

U.S. military forces are increasingly involved in a variety of multinational peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance missions. How well combat-trained units and soldiers adapt to these new roles will determine U.S. success in such operations, as well as the future health and readiness of the force. In preparing soldiers for such missions, it is critical that leaders and health care providers have a clear understanding of the nature of the stressors they are likely to encounter. This report summarizes findings from a longitudinal, descriptive case study of a U.S. Army medical unit performing a peacekeeping mission in the former Yugoslavia. The goal of the investigation was to identify key sources of stress and to delineate the effect of these stressors on the health, morale, and mental readiness of soldiers. Findings suggest a range of psychological stressors that varies somewhat across operational phases of a peacekeeping mission. Furthermore, the degree of stress experienced in various areas correlates significantly with depression, psychiatric symptoms, and low reported morale. The range of stressors is reduced and summarized in a conceptually derived model of five underlying dimensions of psychological stress salient to soldier adaptation in peacekeeping operations: isolation, ambiguity, powerlessness, boredom, and danger/threat. This model provides a useful heuristic for organizing thinking about stress in peacekeeping operations and leads to several recommendations for "countermeasures" that organizational leaders can take to maintain soldier psychological readiness during peacekeeping operations.

In Australia, purchases of cough and cold products have been found to involve pharmacists' recommendation more frequently than other minor health problems, but little information exists to explain pharmacists' preferences for cough and cold products. This report undertakes the preliminary step of identifying the underlying dimensions of preferences of this product group, using principal factor analysis of a range of potential influences on preference. Qualitative methods and review of the literature were used to develop a list of 42 influences on pharmacists' preferences for these products. A mail survey of 1,200 community pharmacists followed (response 66 per cent). Factor analysis reduced the 42 influences to seven factors, namely, advertising (variance explained, 13.65 per cent), non-scientific [product] (6.96 per cent), non-scientific [social] (4.70 per cent), financial (3.31 per cent), experience/economics (2.86 per cent), clinical (2.15 per cent) and restriction/ingredients (1.61 per cent) influences. These factors indicate the dimensions of preference and may be further analysed using multiple regression to determine their relative influence in explaining preference for specific products, enabling assessment of the appropriateness of product selection and the development of marketing strategies.

Research in primary health care is increasingly relying on questionnaires and surveys to address relevant research questions. In many cases, a variety of items are assessed representing attitude sets or multidimensional constructs. Factor analysis is an effective and efficient method for identifying underlying dimensions in a group of variables. In addition, factor analysis allows the investigator to reduce a large set of original variables to a smaller set of new composite factors for use in future investigations, with a minimum loss of information. The issues and methods of factor analysis are described and illustrated with data from an investigation of a medical school's attitudes toward gifts from industry.

Two studies are reported on intimate play in same-sex friendships and in opposite-sex romantic relationships. In Study 1, a typology of eight play forms was derived: private verbal coding, role-playing, teasing, prosocial physical play, antisocial physical play, games, gossiping, and public performances. Study 1 also modified the Betcher PQII paper-and-pencil measure of perceived playfulness for use in nonmarital relationships, finding playfulness a strong correlate of relationship closeness. Study 2 examined the multidimensional structure of the play typology, finding three underlying dimensions for the play forms: verbal versus nonverbal, antisocial versus prosocial, and assumed-identity versus self-identity. Study 2 also examined perceptions of the functions performed by the types of play, finding differences among the eight play forms on the functions of indexing intimacy, lessening interpersonal risk, distancing self from the interaction, and conflict management.

Communication plays an important role in eliciting and shaping people's emotions. Yet surprisingly little empirical or conceptual work has explored how social interaction encourages or discourages various emotions. This article summarizes a series of four studies which examined how people, in conversations, go about generating one emotion—that of guilt—in others. In the first study, a typology of 12 guilt moves was inductively devised. The most common ways of making another feel guilty were: reminding the other of his or her obligation to a relationship, listing sacrifices one has made for the other, reminding the other of his or her role responsibilities, comparing the other to someone else, and questioning the other. The primary reason for using guilt in conversations was persuasion. In the second study, the typology's generalizability was confirmed. Findings also revealed that the likelihood of using guilt in conversations increases with greater relationship intimacy and that people believe others are more likely to use guilt than themselves. The 12 techniques for guilt elicitation were examined in the third study for their independence and dimensionality via multidimensional scaling. The results suggest three underlying dimensions (self-nonself, acquiescence-restrictiveness, and commission-omission) and six potential clusters. The final study conceptualized guilt elicitation and sensitivity as individual differences. A brief, multifactor scale of individuals’ tendency to use guilt, to use it with ease, and to be susceptible to guilt moves was developed. The three dimensions correlated significantly with a number of communication-focused personality variables.

Through an analysis of a feedback session among members of a small task-oriented group, the multifaceted nature of feedback was explored. Dynamism, trust, clarity, mood, and criticism emerged as important underlying dimensions of peer feedback. Additionally, this study explored the communicator style in giving feedback. Significant communicative differences across group members were found in their manner of giving feedback. Effectiveness of feedback was significantly related to the feedback's dynamism and with a verbally assertive style. This study appears to demonstrate that both feedback content and form influence judgments of feedback effectiveness.

This study investigates the underlying dimensions of figurativeness and literalness in descriptive language. While theoretic models argue for a continuous relationship between figurative and literal language, empirical research tends to treat these categories as dichotomous. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering analyses were applied to data provided by a free sort task. Results suggest that the figurative/literal dimension of language is not dichotomous; rather, the dimension appears to be continuous as theoretic models suggest. Further, the literal/figurative dimension does not appear to be a salient dimension in terms of decoders' processes for handling a variety of descriptive terms.