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To preserve the integrity of forensic evidence, it must be packaged, sealed, and labeled correctly. Crime scene investigators (CSI), carry, in their vehicle, supplies of paper bags (Kraft bags), polyethylene bags, brown paper, flat-pack cardboard boxes, weapon tubes, envelopes, and plain unused paper for this purpose. In addition, they also carry nylon bags and various metal containers of the designs used to contain paint stripper and other volatile liquids. Many bags and boxes are supplied with evidence vouchers, chain of custody forms preprinted. Others may require the voucher to be attached. While the methods of packaging exhibits and transport employed in different countries are broadly the same these can vary considerably in some respects, reflecting different operating environments and legal requirements. It is only possible to give general guidelines and it is advisable to check local protocols and laboratory packaging guidelines. Many US state and county crime labs publish their guidelines on the Internet. Keywords: packaging; storage; transport; bags; boxes

Background The inequitable distribution of health professionals, within countries, poses an important obstacle to the optimal functioning of health services. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing the proportion of health professionals working in rural and other underserved areas. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, including specialised register of the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group; March 2014), MEDLINE (1966 to March 2014), EMBASE (1988 to March 2014), CINAHL (1982 to March 2014), LILACS (February 2014), Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index (up to April 2014), Global Health (March 2014) and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (June 2013). We also searched reference lists of all papers and relevant reviews identified, and contacted authors of relevant papers regarding any further published or unpublished work. Selection criteria Randomised trials, non-randomised trials, controlled before-and-after studies and interrupted time series studies evaluating the effects of various interventions (e.g. educational, financial, regulatory or support strategies) on the recruitment or retention, or both, of health professionals in underserved areas. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts and assessed full texts of potentially relevant studies for eligibility. Two review authors independently extracted data from eligible studies. Main results For this first update of the original review, we screened 8945 records for eligibility. We retrieved and assessed the full text of 125 studies. Only one study met the inclusion criteria of the review. This interrupted time series study, conducted in Taiwan, found that the implementation of a National Health Insurance scheme in 1995 was associated with improved equity in the geographic distribution of physicians and dentists. We judged the certainty of the evidence provided by this one study very low. Authors' conclusions There is currently limited reliable evidence regarding the effects of interventions aimed at addressing the inequitable distribution of health professionals. Well-designed studies are needed to confirm or refute findings of observational studies of educational, financial, regulatory and supportive interventions that might influence healthcare professionals' decisions to practice in underserved areas. Governments and medical schools should ensure that when interventions are implemented, their impacts are evaluated using scientifically rigorous methods to establish the true effects of these measures on healthcare professional recruitment and retention in rural and other underserved settings.

Background This is an update of a review previously published in 2009. Chronic angina and advanced forms of coronary disease are increasingly more frequent. In spite of the improvement in the efficacy of available revascularization treatments, a subgroup of patients continue suffering from refractory angina. Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) has been proposed to improve the clinical situation of these patients. Objectives To assess the effects (both benefits and harms) of TMLR versus optimal medical treatment in people with refractory angina who are not candidates for percutaneous coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft, in alleviating angina severity, reducing mortality and improving ejection fraction. Search methods We searched the following resources up to June 2014: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, the metaRegister of Controlled Trials database, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry. We applied no languages restrictions. We also checked reference lists of relevant papers. Selection criteria We selected studies if they fulfilled the following criteria: randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TMLR, by thoracotomy, in patients with Canadian Cardiovascular Society or New York Heart Association angina grade III-IV who were excluded from other revascularization procedures. Data collection and analysis Three authors independently extracted data for each trial about the population and interventions compared and assessed the risk of bias of the studies, evaluating randomisation sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding (of participants, personnel and outcome assessors), incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other potential sources of bias. Main results From a total of 502 references, we retrieved 47 papers for more detailed evaluation. We selected 20 papers, reporting data from seven studies, which included 1137 participants, of which 559 were randomized to TMLR. Participants and professionals were not blinded, which suggests high risk of performance bias. Overall, 43.8% of participants in the treatment group decreased two angina classes, as compared with 14.8% in the control group: odds ratio (OR) 4.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.43 to 6.25), and heterogeneity was present. Mortality by intention-to-treat analysis was similar in both groups at 30 days (4.0% in the TMLR group and 3.5% in the control group), and one year (12.2% in the TMLR group and 11.9% in the control group). However, the 30-day mortality as-treated was 6.8% in the TMLR group and 0.8% in the control group (pooled OR was 3.76, 95% CI 1.63 to 8.66), mainly due to a higher mortality in participants crossing from standard treatment to TMLR. The assessment of subjective outcomes, such as improvement in angina, was affected by a high risk of bias and this may explain the differences found. Other adverse events such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmias or heart failure, were not considered in this review, as they were not predefined outcomes in trials design and they show a high inconsistency across studies. No new trials on transmyocardial laser revascularization have been published in the last ten years and it is very unlikely that new research will be undertaken in this field. Authors' conclusions This review shows that risks associated with TMLR outweigh the potential clinical benefits. Subjective outcomes are subject to high risk of bias and no differences were found in survival, but a significant increase in postoperative mortality and other safety outcomes suggests that the procedure may pose unacceptable risks.

The biological limitations to cardiac regenerative growth create a clinical need to promote more efficient cardiac repair. Experimental studies and early-phase clinical trials indicate that progenitor cells may be useful as a therapeutic tool to improve heart function after myocardial ischaemia. This paper will summarize experimental studies to determine (1) the mechanisms underlying progenitor cell homing to ischaemic tissue and (2) to define transcription factors involved in endothelial maturation of progenitor cells. Homing seems to be assisted by a proteolytic enzyme, cathepsin L, which degrades the extracellular matrix. In an in vitro assay, a cathepsin inhibitor prevented different progenitor cell populations from passing through a matrigel layer. In vivo, progenitor cells lacking cathepsin L had an impaired capacity to promote neovascularization in ischaemic mouse limbs compared with normal, wild-type cells. Differentiation of progenitor cells towards the endothelial phenotype involves a member of the homeobox gene family, HoxA9. HoxA9 regulates endothelial gene expression (eNOS, KDR, VE-cadherin). Moreover, HoxA9-deficient mice have a severe impairment of neovascularization capacity after ischaemia. In the second part of the paper, we describe clinical studies using bone marrow or the peripheral blood-derived cells for functional recovery of patients with acute and chronic heart failure (TOPCARE-AMI, TOPCARE-CHF). Whereas blood-derived and bone marrow-derived progenitor cells were equally effective in patients with acute myocardial infarction, bone marrow-derived cells were significantly better than blood-derived progenitor cells in patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease.

Many traits in many species have evolved through sexual selection specifically to function as 'fitness indicators' that reveal good genes and good health. Sexually selected fitness indicators typically show (1) higher coefficients of phenotypic and genetic variation than survival traits, (2) at least moderate genetic heritabilities and (3) positive correlations with many aspects of an animal's general condition, including body size, body symmetry, parasite resistance, longevity and freedom from deleterious mutations. These diagnostic criteria also appear to describe human intelligence (the g factor). This paper argues that during human evolution, mate choice by both sexes focused increasingly on intelligence as a major heritable component of biological fitness. Many human-specific behaviours (such as conversation, music production, artistic ability and humour) may have evolved principally to advertise intelligence during courtship. Though these mental adaptations may be modular at the level of psychological functioning, their efficiencies may be tightly intercorrelated because they still tap into common genetic and neurophysiological variables associated with fitness itself. Although the g factor (like the superordinate factor of fitness itself) probably exists in all animal species, humans evolved an unusually high degree of interest in assessing each other's intelligence during courtship and other social interactions--and, consequently, a unique suite of highly g-loaded mental adaptations for advertising their intelligence to one another through linguistic and cultural interaction. This paper includes nine novel, testable predictions about human intelligence derived from sexual selection theory.

Identifying and understanding security risks for information system design or evaluation is very challenging. Making decisions about accepting or mitigating these risks through a rational, traceable, and understandable process is even harder. Quantitative risk analysis techniques can help stakeholders understand and communicate risk-informed design decisions even when the stakeholders have conflicting objectives. Quantitative risk analysis also helps stakeholders understand security, cost, and functionality trade-off decisions in repeatable process. This paper discusses the roles of stakeholders in risk analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative risk analysis, basic cyber risk decision support concepts and processes, and the mathematical definitions of risk for information systems. This paper recommends the use of properly constructed quantitative risk analysis models and discourages the use of semiquantitative risk analysis models. Keywords: risk; risk analysis; risk assessment; risk management; decision analysis; computer security; information systems

BACKGROUND: Printed educational materials are widely used passive dissemination strategies to improve the quality of clinical practice and patient outcomes. Traditionally they are presented in paper formats such as monographs, publication in peer‐reviewed journals and clinical guidelines. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of printed educational materials on the practice of healthcare professionals and patient health outcomes. To explore the influence of some of the characteristics of the printed educational materials (e.g. source, content, format) on their effect on professional practice and patient outcomes. SEARCH METHODS: For this update, search strategies were rewritten and substantially changed from those published in the original review in order to refocus the search from published material to printed material and to expand terminology describing printed materials. Given the significant changes, all databases were searched from start date to June 2011. We searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), HealthStar, CINAHL, ERIC, CAB Abstracts, Global Health, and the EPOC Register. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐randomised trials, controlled before and after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) analyses that evaluated the impact of printed educational materials (PEMs) on healthcare professionals' practice or patient outcomes, or both. We included three types of comparisons: (1) PEM versus no intervention, (2) PEM versus single intervention, (3) multifaceted intervention where PEM is included versus multifaceted intervention without PEM. There was no language restriction. Any objective measure of professional practice (e.g. number of tests ordered, prescriptions for a particular drug), or patient health outcomes (e.g. blood pressure) were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors undertook data extraction independently, and any disagreement was resolved by discussion among the review authors. For analyses, the included studies were grouped according to study design, type of outcome (professional practice or patient outcome, continuous or dichotomous) and type of comparison. For controlled trials, we reported the median effect size for each outcome within each study, the median effect size across outcomes for each study and the median of these effect sizes across studies. Where the data were available, we re‐analysed the ITS studies and reported median differences in slope and in level for each outcome, across outcomes for each study, and then across studies. We categorised each PEM according to potential effects modifiers related to the source of the PEMs, the channel used for their delivery, their content, and their format. MAIN RESULTS: The review includes 45 studies: 14 RCTs and 31 ITS studies. Almost all the included studies (44/45) compared the effectiveness of PEM to no intervention. One single study compared paper‐based PEM to the same document delivered on CD‐ROM. Based on seven RCTs and 54 outcomes, the median absolute risk difference in categorical practice outcomes was 0.02 when PEMs were compared to no intervention (range from 0 to +0.11). Based on three RCTs and eight outcomes, the median improvement in standardised mean difference for continuous profession practice outcomes was 0.13 when PEMs were compared to no intervention (range from ‐0.16 to +0.36). Only two RCTs and two ITS studies reported patient outcomes. In addition, we re‐analysed 54 outcomes from 25 ITS studies, using time series regression and observed statistically significant improvement in level or in slope in 27 outcomes. From the ITS studies, we calculated improvements in professional practice outcomes across studies after PEM dissemination (standardised median change in level = 1.69). From the data gathered, we could not comment on which PEM characteristic influenced their effectiveness. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review suggest that when used alone and compared to no intervention, PEMs may have a small beneficial effect on professional practice outcomes. There is insufficient information to reliably estimate the effect of PEMs on patient outcomes, and clinical significance of the observed effect sizes is not known. The effectiveness of PEMs compared to other interventions, or of PEMs as part of a multifaceted intervention, is uncertain.

Background Occlusal interventions may be used in adults with periodontitis. At present there is little consensus regarding the indications and effectiveness of occlusal interventions in periodontal patients. Objectives To identify and analyse the evidence for the effect of occlusal interventions on adults who have periodontitis in relation to tooth loss, probing depths, clinical attachment level, adverse effects and patient-centred outcomes. Search methods The search was last conducted in April 2008. We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 30th April 2008); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 1); MEDLINE (1966 to 30th April 2008); and EMBASE (1980 to 30th April 2008). There were no language restrictions. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing occlusal interventions in patients with periodontitis with a follow up of at least 3 months. Data collection and analysis Screening of eligible studies, assessment of the methodological quality of the trials and data extraction were conducted in duplicate and independently by two review authors. Any disagreements between the review authors were resolved by discussion. The main investigator of the included trial was contacted to obtain missing information. The Cochrane Collaboration statistical guidelines were to be followed for data synthesis. Main results Abstracts of 54 papers were identified by the search. One paper was eligible for inclusion. This paper studied the effect of occlusal adjustment against no occlusal adjustment in patients who were treated with non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. Methodological quality assessment of the included paper revealed that randomisation of the patients into the treatment groups was adequate. Allocation concealment, masking of patients and clinicians were not reported and no response to author contact was received.Mean change in attachment level and mean pocket depth were reported in the included trial. Mean difference in clinical attachment level between occlusal intervention and control in the non-surgical group amounted to 0.38 mm (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.72) favouring the occlusal intervention group and was statistically significant. In the surgical group the mean difference in clinical attachment level between occlusal intervention and control amounted to 0.40 mm (95% CI 0.05 to 0.75) favouring the occlusal intervention group and was also statistically significant. The difference in mean pocket depth reduction between the occlusal intervention and control in both the surgical and non-surgical groups was less than 0.1 mm and was not statistically significant. Tooth loss, patient-centred affects and adverse effects were not reported. Meta-analysis was not possible due to the inclusion of only one study. Authors' conclusions There is only one randomised trial that has addressed this question. The data from this study are inconclusive. We therefore conclude there is no evidence for or against the use of occlusal interventions in clinical practice. This question can only be addressed by adequately powered bias-protected randomised controlled trials.

The mobile broadband wireless industry is in the midst of a significant transition in terms of capabilities and means of delivering multimedia IP services anytime, anywhere. This paper describes the network architecture for mobile WiMAX, a next-generation OFDMA-based broadband wireless technology developed and published by the IEEE as 802.16e-2005. The all-IP mobile network specification is being defined by the Network Working Group (NWG) in the WiMAX Forum. The adoption of all-IP functional architecture tenets and IETF-standardized protocols enables mobile WiMAX to deliver a wider selection of IP services while lowering capital and operational expenditures with a much faster time to market realization. This paper presents some of the inherent technical challenges and proposed solutions in developing the mobile WiMAX network architecture including support for both low-latency applications and non-real-time applications. We offer the details for some of the key functions realized in the network including handover and low-power idle mode operation. A sequel to this paper will address remaining key functions including network discovery and selection, radio resource management, QoS management and security that are integral to the initial network specification and more advanced IP services that will be supported in the next revision of the specification

Sensitivity analysis provides users of mathematical and simulation models with tools to appreciate the dependency of the model output from model input and to investigate how important is each model input in determining its output. All application areas are concerned, from theoretical physics to engineering and socio-economics. This introductory paper provides the sensitivity analysis aims and objectives in order to explain the composition of the overall “Sensitivity Analysis” chapter of the Springer Handbook. It also describes the basic principles of sensitivity analysis, some classification grids to understand the application B. Iooss ( ) Industrial Risk Management Department, EDF RD biooss@yahoo.fr A. Saltelli Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities (SVT), University of Bergen (UIB), Bergen, Norway Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain e-mail: andrea.saltelli@svt.uib.no; andrea.saltelli@jrc.ec.europa.eu © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 R. Ghanem et al. (eds.), Handbook of Uncertainty Quantification, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11259-6_31-1 1 2 B. Iooss and A. Saltelli ranges of each method, a useful software package, and the notations used in the chapter papers. This section also offers a succinct description of sensitivity auditing, a new discipline that tests the entire inferential chain including model development, implicit assumptions, and normative issues and which is recommended when the inference provided by the model needs to feed into a regulatory or policy process. For the “Sensitivity Analysis” chapter, in addition to this introduction, eight papers have been written by around twenty practitioners from different fields of application. They cover the most widely used methods for this subject: the deterministic methods as the local sensitivity analysis, the experimental design strategies, the sampling-based and variance-based methods developed from the 1980s, and the new importance measures and metamodelbased techniques established and studied since the 2000s. In each paper, toy examples or industrial applications illustrate their relevance and usefulness.

Background Viral epidemics or pandemics such as of influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pose a significant threat. Antiviral drugs and vaccination may not be adequate to prevent catastrophe in such an event. Objectives To systematically review the evidence of effectiveness of interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (excluding vaccines and antiviral drugs, which have been previously reviewed). Search strategy We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 4); MEDLINE (1966 to November 2006); OLDMEDLINE (1950 to 1965); EMBASE (1990 to November 2006); and CINAHL (1982 to November 2006). Selection criteria We scanned 2300 titles, excluded 2162 and retrieved the full papers of 138 trials, including 49 papers of 51 studies. The quality of three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was poor; as were most cluster RCTs. The observational studies were of mixed quality. We were only able to meta-analyse case-control data. We searched for any interventions to prevent viral transmission of respiratory viruses (isolation, quarantine, social distancing, barriers, personal protection and hygiene). Study design included RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-over studies, before-after, and time series studies. Data collection and analysis We scanned the titles, abstracts and full text articles using a standardised form to assess eligibility. RCTs were assessed according to randomisation method, allocation generation, concealment, blinding, and follow up. Non-RCTs were assessed for the presence of potential confounders and classified as low, medium, and high risk of bias. Main results The highest quality cluster RCTs suggest respiratory virus spread can be prevented by hygienic measures around younger children. Additional benefit from reduced transmission from children to other household members is broadly supported in results of other study designs, where the potential for confounding is greater. The six case-control studies suggested that implementing barriers to transmission, isolation, and hygienic measures are effective at containing respiratory virus epidemics. We found limited evidence that the more uncomfortable and expensive N95 masks were superior to simple surgical masks. The incremental effect of adding virucidals or antiseptics to normal handwashing to decrease respiratory disease remains uncertain. The lack of proper evaluation of global measures such as screening at entry ports and social distancing prevent firm conclusions about these measures. Authors' conclusions Many simple and probably low-cost interventions would be useful for reducing the transmission of epidemic respiratory viruses. Routine long-term implementation of some of the measures assessed might be difficult without the threat of a looming epidemic.

Portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometers are becoming very popular in many fields for the on-site analysis of elements. This is mainly because EDXRF is a nondestructive, multielemental technique that is extremely well suited for the analysis of any material. An EDXRF spectrometer mainly consists of an X- or γ-ray excitation source, an X-ray detector with electronics, and a pulse height analyzer. Recent technological developments have resulted in small, low-power, dedicated X-ray tubes, thermoelectrically cooled semiconductor detectors, and small pulse height analyzers. Therefore, completely portable EDXRF spectrometers are available that can be assembled on-site, having the size of a book and a weight ranging from as light as 500 g (using a radioactive source) to a few kilograms (using an X-ray tube). These spectrometers can be employed for on-site analysis in various fields, such as works of art, alloys, soil, environmental samples, forensic medicine, paper, waster materials, mineral ores and their products, or anywhere a portable apparatus would be required. This paper reviews the present status of the development and application of EDXRF portable systems. The various components of a portable system are described: the radiation source, i.e. small, low-power, dedicated X-ray tubes or alternatively radioactive sources that emit X-rays or low-energy γ-rays; and X-ray detectors, i.e. scintillators, proportional gas counters and semiconductor detectors, with special emphasis on the recent thermoelectrically cooled X-ray detectors: Si-PIN (silicon positive–intrinsic– negative), Si-strip and CZT (cadmium–zinc–telluride). Commercial systems are considered, and finally the most common and significant applications are described.

Most broadly defined, computer-based tests (CBTs) include not just tests administered on computers or workstations but also exams delivered via telephones, PDAs, and other electronic devices. There have been three main reasons for test developers to move beyond conventional paper and pencil administration. The first is to change the nature of what is being measured. The second is to improve measurement precision or efficiency. The third is to make test administration more convenient for examinees, test sponsors, or both. This entry details some of the advantages of CBTs relative to conventional paper and pencil tests, and describes some of the methods used for test administration and scoring. Keywords: computer-based testing; tailored testing

Methods of optimal experimental design potentially are very useful tool in research practice. There exists, unfortunately, some distance between mathematicians who investigating models of biological processes and practical researchers who do experiments. The beautiful, efficient and potentially very useful mathematical results are often not available for the wide range of experimental researchers which each time face the same problems. The purpose of this paper is to review applications of optimal experimental design in microbiology and to introduce those methods in such a way as to be accessible for scientists who making experimental research with no deep mathematical background. Examples in this paper are taken from microbiology but it should be also interesting for the wide group of researchers in biomedical sciences, such as biophysicists, pharmacologists, plant physiologists or for anyone facing the problem of identifying parameters of non-linear biological models. The mathematical methods of optimal experimental design for non-linear models have been developed very intensively since 1960 when the basic theorems by Kiefer and Wolfowitz were published

Background Various methods of sedation and analgesia have been used for pain relief during oocyte recovery in IVF/ICSI procedures. The choice of agents has also been influenced by quality of analgesia as well as by concern about possible detrimental effects on reproductive outcome. Objectives To assess the efficacy of conscious sedation and analgesia versus alternative methods on pregnancy outcomes and pain relief in patients undergoing transvaginal oocyte retrieval. Search strategy We searched the Specialised Register of the Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group, The Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) , MEDLINE (1966 to present), EMBASE (1980 to present), CINAHL (1982 to present), the National Research Register, and Current Controlled Trials. There was no language restriction. All references in the identified trials and background papers were checked and authors contacted to identify relevant published and unpublished data. Selection criteria Only randomised controlled trials comparing conscious sedation and analgesia versus alternative methods for pain relief during oocyte recovery were included. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently scanned abstracts of the reports identified by electronic searching to identify relevant papers, extracted data and assessed trial quality. Interventions were classified and analysed under broad categories/strategies of pain relief comparing conscious sedation/analgesia with alternative methods and administration protocols. Main results Our search strategy identified 390 potentially eligible reports and 12 papers met our inclusion criteria. There were no significant differences in clinical pregnancy rates per woman and patient satisfaction between the methods compared. Women's perception of pain showed conflicting results. Due to considerable heterogeneity, in terms of types and dosages of sedation or analgesia used, and tools used to assess the principal outcomes of pain and satisfaction, a meta-analysis of all the studies was not attempted. Of the three trials which compared the effect of conventional medical analgesia plus paracervical block versus electro-acupuncture plus paracervical block, there was no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rates per woman in the two groups (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.73 to 1.4). For intra-operative pain score as measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), there was a significant difference (WMD -4.95; 95% CI -7.84 to -2.07), favouring conventional medical analgesia plus paracervical block . There was also a significant difference in intra-operative pain by VAS between patient-controlled sedation and physician-administered sedation (WMD 5.98; 95% CI 1.63 to 10.33), favouring physician -administered sedation. However, as different types and dosages of sedative and analgesic agents were used in these trials, these data should be interpreted with caution. For the rest of the trials, a descriptive summary of the outcomes was presented. Authors' conclusions There is insufficient evidence to determine the effect of different methods of pain relief when compared with conscious sedation and analgesia used during oocyte recovery. In this review, no one particular pain relief method or delivery system appeared to be better than the other. In future, greater consensus is needed to determine both the tools used to evaluate pain and the timing of pain evaluation during and after the procedure. Pain assessment using both subjective and objective measures may merit consideration. In addition, future trials should include intra- and post-operative adverse respiratory and cardiovascular events as outcomes.

Background NSAIDs are widely applied to treat cancer pain and are frequently combined with opioids in combination preparations for this purpose. However, it is unclear which agent is most clinically efficacious for relieving cancer-related pain, or even what may be the additional benefit of combining an NSAID with an opioid in this setting. Objectives To assess the effects of NSAIDs, alone or combined with opioids, for the treatment of cancer pain. Search methods CENTRAL (Issue 2, 2002), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2003), EMBASE (January 1980 to December 2001), LILACS (January 1984 to December 2001) were searched. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials that compared NSAID versus placebo; NSAID versus NSAID; NSAID versus NSAID plus opioid; opioid versus opioid plus NSAID; or NSAID versus opioid. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information. Adverse event information was collected from trials. Where there was disagreement between reviewers, the opinion of an additional reviewer was sought to resolve the issue. Main results Forty-two trials involving 3084 patients were included. Clinical heterogeneity of study methods and outcomes precluded meta-analyses and only supported a qualitative systematic review. Seven of eight papers that compared NSAID with placebo demonstrated superior efficacy of NSAID with no difference in side effects. Thirteen papers compared one NSAID with another; four reported increased efficacy of one NSAID over another. Four different studies found that one NSAID had fewer side effects than one or more others. Twenty-three studies compared NSAIDs and opioids in combination or alone with NSAID/opioid combinations. Thirteen out of 14 studies found no difference, or low clinical difference, when combining an NSAID plus an opioid versus either drug alone. Comparisons between various NSAID/opioid combinations were inconclusive. Nine studies assessed the association between dose and efficacy and safety. Four papers demonstrated increased efficacy with increased dose, but no dose-dependent increase in side effects within the dose ranges studied. Study duration ranged from single dose studies performed over six hours to crossover studies lasting six weeks; however, the majority of studies were of less than seven days duration. Authors' conclusions Based upon limited data, NSAIDs appear to be more effective than placebo for cancer pain; clear evidence to support superior safety or efficacy of one NSAID over another is lacking; and trials of combinations of an NSAID with an opioid have disclosed either no difference (4 out of 14 papers), a statistically insignificant trend towards superiority (1 out of 14 papers), or at most a slight but statistically significant advantage (9 out of 14 papers), compared with either single entity. The short duration of studies undermines generalization of their findings on efficacy and safety of NSAIDs for cancer pain.

Consider for a moment the spatial and chromatic dimensions of your visual experience. Suppose that as you gaze about the room you see a table, some books, and papers. Ignore for now the fact that you immediately recognize these objects to be a table with books and papers on it. Concentrate on how the table looks to you: its top spreads out in front of you, stopping at edges beyond which lies unfilled space, leading to more or less distant chairs, shelves, or expanses of floor. The books and paper on the table top create shaped visual boundaries between areas of different color, within which there may be further variation of color or visual texture. Propelled by a slight breeze, a sheet of paper slides across the table, and you experience its smooth motion before it floats out of sight. The aspects of visual perception to which I’ve drawn your attention are objects of study in contemporary perceptual psychology, which considers the perception of size, shape, distance, motion, and color. These phenomenal aspects of vision are sometimes contrasted with other, more typically cognitive aspects of perception, including our recognition that the objects in front of us include the table, books, and paper, our seeing that the table is old and well crafted, and our identifying the sheets of paper as the draft of an article in progress. All of these elements of our visual experience, whether characterized here as phenomenal or cognitive,1 seem to arise effortlessly as we direct our gaze here and there. Yet we know that the cognitive aspects must depend on previously attained knowledge. We are not born recognizing books and tables, but we learn to categorize these artifacts and to determine at a glance that a table is an old one of good quality. What about the phenomenal aspects? A persistent theme in the history of visual theory has been that the phenomenal aspects of visual perception are produced by inferences or judgments, which are

This paper is intended as a guide to simulation of risk processes. A typical model for insurance risk, the so-called collective risk model, treats the aggregate loss as having a compound distribution with two main components: one characterizing the arrival of claims and another describing the severity (or size) of loss resulting from the occurrence of a claim. The collective risk model is often used in health insurance and in general insurance, whenever the main risk components are the number of insurance claims and the amount of the claims. It can also be used for modeling other non-insurance product risks, such as credit and operational risk. In this paper we present efficient simulation algorithms for several classes of claim arrival processes.

The Wilkie stochastic investment model, developed by Professor Wilkie, is described fully in two papers; the original version was published in 1986 and the model was reviewed, updated, and extended in 1995. In addition, the latter paper includes much detail on the process of fitting the model and estimating the parameters. It is an excellent exposition, both comprehensive and readable. It is highly recommended for any reader who wishes to implement the Wilkie model for themselves, or to develop and fit their own model. The Wilkie model is commonly used to simulate the joint distribution of inflation rates, bond yields, and returns on equities. The 1995 paper also extends the model to incorporate wage inflation, property yields, and exchange rates. The model has proved to be an invaluable tool for actuaries, particularly in the context of measuring and managing financial risk. In this article, we will describe fully the inflation, equity, and bond processes of the model. Before doing so, it is worth considering the historical circumstances that led to the development of the model. Keywords: Wilkie model; simulation; time series

Background The improvement of renal allograft survival by pre-transplantation transfusions alerted the medical community to the potential detrimental effect of transfusions in patients being treated for cancer. Objectives The present meta-analysis aims to evaluate the role of perioperative blood transfusions (PBT) on colorectal cancer recurrence. This is accomplished by validating the results of a previously published meta-analysis (Amato 1998); and by updating it to December 2004. Search strategy Published papers were retrieved using Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, controlled trials web-based registries, or the CCG Trial Database. The search strategy used was: {colon OR rectal OR colorectal} WITH {cancer OR tumor OR neoplasm} AND transfusion. The tendency not to publish negative trials was balanced by inspecting the proceedings of international congresses. Selection criteria Patients undergoing curative resection of colorectal cancer (classified either as Dukes stages A-C, Astler-Coller stages A-C2, or TNM stages T1-3a/N0-1/M0) were included if they had received any amount of blood products within one month of surgery. Excluded were patients with distant metastases at surgery, and studies with short follow-up or with no data. Data collection and analysis A specific form was developed for data collection. Data extraction was cross-checked, using the most recent publication in case of repetitive ones. Papers' quality was ranked using the method by Evans and Pollock. Odds ratios (OR, with 95% confidence intervals) were computed for each study, and pooled estimates were generated by RevMan (version 4.2). When available, data were stratified for risk factors of cancer recurrence. Main results The findings of the 1998 meta-analysis were confirmed, with small variations in some estimates. Updating it through December 2004 led to the identification of 237 references. Two-hundred and one of them were excluded because they analyzed survival (n=22), were repetitive (n=26), letters/reviews (n=66) or had no data (n=87). Thirty-six studies on 12,127 patients were included: 23 showed a detrimental effect of PBT; 22 used also multivariable analyses, and 14 found PBT to be an independent prognostic factor. Pooled estimates of PBT effect on colorectal cancer recurrence yielded overall OR of 1.42 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.67) against transfused patients in randomized controlled studies. Stratified meta-analyses confirmed these findings, also when stratifying patients by site and stage of disease. The PBT effect was observed regardless of timing, type, and in a dose-related fashion, although heterogeneity was detected. Data on surgical techniques was not available for further analysis. Authors' conclusions This updated meta-analysis confirms the previous findings. All analyses support the hypothesis that PBT have a detrimental effect on the recurrence of curable colorectal cancers. However, since heterogeneity was detected and conclusions on the effect of surgical technique could not be drawn, a causal relationship cannot still be claimed. Carefully restricted indications for PBT seems necessary.

This paper previews the imminent flood of scientific data expected from the next generation of experiments, simulations, sensors and satellites. In order to be exploited by search engines and data mining software tools, such experimental data needs to be annotated with relevant metadata giving information as to provenance, content, conditions and so on. The case for automating the process of going from raw data to information to knowledge is briefly discussed. The paper argues the case for creating new types of digital libraries for scientific data with the same sort of management services as conventional digital libraries in addition to other data-specific services. Some likely implications of both the Open Archives Initiative and e-Science data for the future role for university libraries are briefly mentioned. A substantial subset of this e-Science data needs to archived and curated for long-term preservation. Some of the issues involved in the digital preservation of both scientific data and of the programs needed to interpret the data are reviewed. Finally, the implications of this wealth of e-Science data for the Grid middleware infrastructure are highlighted. * Postal address: EPSRC, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1 ET, UK + On secondment from the Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

This paper describes an implementation of a Grid Application Factory Service that is based on a component architecture that utilizes the emerging Web Services standards. The factory service is used by Grid clients to authenticate and authorize a user to configure and launch an instance of a distributed application. This helps us solve the problem of building reliable, scalable Grid applications, by separating the process of deployment and hosting from application execution. The paper also describes how these componentbased applications can be made compatible with the Open Grid Service Architecture(OGSA) and how OGSA concepts enhance the usability of the component framework.

This chapter outlines the Bayesian approach to statistical inference for finite population surveys (Ericson, 1969, 1988; Basu, 1971; Scott, 1977b; Binder, 1982; Rubin, 1983, 1987; Ghosh and Meeden, 1997). Chapter 18 in this volume applies this perspective to the analysis of survey data subject to unit and item nonresponse. In the context of this conference honoring the retirement of Fred Smith, it is a pleasure to note his many important contributions to the model-based approach to survey inference over the years. His landmark paper with Scott was the first to describe random effects models for the analysis of clustered data (Scott and Smith, 1969). His paper with Holt (Holt and Smith, 1979) revealed the difficulties with the randomization-based approach to post-stratification, and his early assessment of the historical development of survey inference favored a model-based approach (Smith, 1976). The difficulties of formulating realistic models for human populations, and more recent work by Smith and his colleagues on effects of model misspecification (for example, see Holt, Smith and Winter, 1980; Pfeffermann and Holmes, 1985), have led Smith to a pragmatic approach that recognizes the strengths of the randomization approach for problems of descriptive inference while favoring models for analytic survey inference (Smith, 1994). My own view is that careful model specification, sensitive to the survey design, can address the concerns with model misspecification, and that Bayesian statistics provide a coherent and unified treatment of descriptive and analytic survey inference. Three main approaches to finite population inference can be distinguished (Little and Rubin, 1983)

This paper addresses preliminary system engineering for a disposable, remote, chemical-sensing network. This network could interconnect a satellite hub, low-earth orbiting (LEO) satellites, remote sensors, and a fiber optic (OF) interface that interlinks remote chemical sensors, situated underground in aquifers or directly beneath hazardous chemical/waste sites, with remote transmitter/receivers on the earth's surface. Some critical technical factors: orbital analysis, telemetry, data rates, data structures, digital modulation techniques, antennae selection, remote power considerations, satellite transponder access, and other hardware tradeoffs, are examined in an effort qualitatively to optimize the configuration of a wide area network (WAN). This paper demonstrates the viability of the proposed network, which is suited to the detection of hazardous chemicals in the atmosphere or underground.

In the present work, we define a new anomaly, Ψ, termed semifocal anomaly. It is determined by the mean between the true anomaly, f', and the antifocal anomaly, f'; Fukushima defined f' as the angle between the periapsis and the secondary around the empty focus. In this first part of the paper, we take an approach to the study of the semifocal anomaly in the hyperbolic motion and in the limit case corresponding to the parabolic movement. From here, we find a relation between the semifocal anomaly and the true anomaly that holds independently of the movement type. We focus on the study of the two-body problem when this new anomaly is used as the temporal variable. In the second part, we show the use of this anomaly—combined with numerical integration methods—to improve integration errors in one revolution. Finally, we analyze the errors committed in the integration process—depending on several values of the eccentricity—for the elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic cases in the apsidal region. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I

As Life Expectancy Increases, It Has Become More Necessary To Find Ways To Support Healthy Ageing. A Number Of Active Ageing Initiatives Are Being Developed Nowadays To Foster Healthy Habits In The Population. This Paper Presents Our Contribution To These Initiatives In The Form Of A Multimodal Conversational Coach That Acts As A Coach For Physical Activities. The Agent Can Be Developed As An Android App Running On Smartphones And Coupled With Cheap Widely Available Sport Sensors In Order To Provide Meaningful Coaching. It Can Be Employed To Prepare Exercise Sessions, Provide Feedback During The Sessions, And Discuss The Results After The Exercise. It Incorporates An Affective Component That Informs Dynamic User Models To Produce Adaptive Interaction Strategies. Spanish project, Grant/Award Number:TEC2017-88048-C2-2-R and TRA2016-78886-C3-1-R

Polymer‐derived ceramics (PDCs) represent a class of ceramics that are preparatively accessible from inorganic polymers (also called preceramic polymers). The synthesis and processing of PDCs from polymeric precursors have been shown within the past four decades to be an excellent way to design ceramics, which provides unique tools to control and tune structural features and consequently properties in PDCs. Thus, the molecular architecture and the chemistry of the preceramic polymers strongly correlate to the polymer‐to‐ceramic transformation characteristics as well as the structural features of the resulting PDC materials. By carefully designing the preceramic polymer, fine‐tuning of the chemical and phase composition of the resulting ceramics is possible, which results in unique microstructures and behavior thereof. The present article aims to give a brief introduction to the field of PDCs. Typically, an introduction of preparative tools to access PDCs from tailored inorganic polymers will be done. In addition, a critical consideration of the main structural features of PDCs will be given, with emphasis on the strong correlation between the nano/microstructure of the PDCs and the molecular architecture of their polymeric precursors. Also, various technologies being used to process PDCs in the form of porous materials, coatings, fibers, complex‐shaped monolithic parts, and so on will be introduced and discussed. Finally, some selected structural and functional properties (e.g., high‐temperature behavior, electrical properties, optical properties, and bioactivity) of PDCs will be highlighted and some emerging application fields in which PDCs may be highly suitable material candidates will be introduced. The present article does not intend to provide an exhaustive review of the activities from the past three to four decades in the field of PDCs, but rather to give a short overview of the particularities and the potential of this technology. The article refers in the section “Related Papers” to some excellent reviews and book chapters from the past 20 years, which address and summarize various aspects related to PDCs.

The sub-surface section of the Middle Ordovician Sueve Formation of the Cantabrian Zone, studied during the construction of a tunnel in the A-8 free highway of northern Spain, provided abundant fossiliferous horizons rich in trilobites of Darriwilian age. Fine-grained mudstones of the Cofiño Member delicately preserves a number of early stages of the calymenacean trilobite Prionocheilus mendax (Van¿k), from protaspides to meraspid degree 2, including in situ exuviae with disarticulated librigenae. From the upper part of the Bayo Member small clusters of pyrite spheres of ca. 0.5 mm in diameter are recorded, and may represent eggs of trilobites, being associated to the pliomerid Placoparia (Coplacoparia) tournemini (Rouault) in the same beds. The sphaeroids may represent the pyrite infilling of the internal cavity of possible eggs, and the covering is replaced by phyllosilicates. Differences in shape and size with presumed olenid eggs may be caused by the particular environmental adaptations of the latter group. The relatively large size of both the calymenid larvae and the pyritised ?eggs suggest a lecithothrophy development related with higher latitudes and/or with scarce or stationed organic matter., the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, project numbers CGL2013-48877-P and CGL2017-87631-P. This is also a scientific contribution to the project IGCP 653 (IUGS-UNESCO). Jorge Esteve was funded by a Juan de la Cierva Grant (FPDI26 2013-17337). Lukáš Laibl was financially supported by Research Plan RVO 67985831 of the Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences

The thick Late Ordovician (Katian) succession on the Taimyr Peninsula, Arctic Russia is divided into three regions showing a transition from a southern carbonate dominated facies, a central transit ...

A polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) is a type of liquid membrane in which the liquid phase is held within the polymeric network of a base‐polymer. Research on PIMs has increased exponentially over the past decade with a focus on their application in hydrometallurgy and in analytical chemistry and this chapter describes the variety of ways in which PIMs can be used. In separation science, PIMs are used as the extraction, preconcentration and phase transfer medium for numerous cations and anions. In chemical sensing, PIMs have found important uses as the active sensing membranes in electrochemical (Ion Selective Electrodes) and optical sensors (Optodes and Paper‐Based Devices). In addition, PIMs have been adapted for use in on‐line flow analysis systems and as the accumulation medium in passive samplers for monitoring environmental pollutants.

Introduction The Northern Indian Margin is known since the end of the 19th century as a classical region for the study of Early Triassic ammonoid faunas. In a companion work (Ware et al. 2018), Dienerian ammonoids of the Salt Range (Pakistan) were thoroughly revised. A new high resolution biostratigraphical scheme was proposed for the Salt Range and correlation with other recently established biozonations (Tozer 1994 for Arctic Canada; Dagys & Ermakova 1996 for northern Siberia; Shigeta & Zakharov 2009 for Primorye, Russia) was discussed. The Spiti region (Himachal Pradesh, India) is a classical area for studying Early Triassic ammonoids of the Northern Indian Margin. Ammonites were described in two monographs first by Diener (1897) followed by von Krafft & Diener (1909). These two pioneering works unfortunately lack a detailed stratigraphic context, and many new species are only indicated as coming from the ‘lower division of the lower Trias’, a very vague indication, which does not provide the basis for an accurate and precise biozonation. Until very recently, no other papers concerning Early Triassic ammonoids from Spiti have been published. In the mid-1990s, Leopold Krystyn started the investigation of various sections in Spiti, which led him to propose a section near Mud as a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) candidate for the Induan–Olenekian boundary (equivalent to the Dienerian–Smithian boundary; Krystyn et al. 2007a, b). Only a few ammonoids were illustrated and described in these studies, as the focus was on the boundary interval. After the work in India by Krystyn et al. (2007a,b) the research group at the University of Z€urich conducted two intensive seasons of fieldwork in 2008 and 2009. This lead to the discovery of typical Smithian ammonoids below the boundary (Br€uhwiler et al. 2010) proposed by Krystyn et al. (2007a,b), thus questioning the proposed definition of the Induan–Olenekian boundary (see the foreword, Ware & Bucher 2018a for details). Recently, Br€uhwiler et al. (2012) revised and described the middle and upper Smithian ammonoids from Spiti district. The present work focuses on the abundant and fairly well preserved ammonoid faunas from a detailed bedrock controlled sampling in the Mud, Guling and Lalung areas of the Spiti District. The great similarity with the Salt Range, Pakistan, allows the authors to establish a detailed and laterally reproducible but informal biozonation for the Dienerian of the Northern Indian Margin. Based on these results, a formal biozonation for the Northern Indian Margin was constructed by Ware et al (2015).

Intellectualism encompasses a range of positions which all share a commitment to the view that all know how can be rendered as know that. Despite the recent growth of work in this tradition (such as Bengson and Moffett 2012) know how remains relatively under theorised. Luntley’s work on the non-conceptual character of know how in general and skill in particular importantly contributes to this strand of the intellectualist literature. His position has been developed in a series of papers which foreground the role which deixis plays in know how and its manifestation in expert performance.

Background Panic disorder is characterised by repeated, unexpected panic attacks, which represent a discrete period of fear or anxiety that has a rapid onset, reaches a peak within 10 minutes, and in which at least four of 13 characteristic symptoms are experienced, including racing heart, chest pain, sweating, shaking, dizziness, flushing, stomach churning, faintness and breathlessness. It is common in the general population with a lifetime prevalence of 1% to 4%. The treatment of panic disorder includes psychological and pharmacological interventions. Amongst pharmacological agents, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the British Association for Psychopharmacology consider antidepressants, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as the first-line treatment for panic disorder, due to their more favourable adverse effect profile over monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Several classes of antidepressants have been studied and compared, but it is still unclear which antidepressants have a more or less favourable profile in terms of effectiveness and acceptability in the treatment of this condition. Objectives To assess the effects of antidepressants for panic disorder in adults, specifically: 1. to determine the efficacy of antidepressants in alleviating symptoms of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, in comparison to placebo; 2. to review the acceptability of antidepressants in panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, in comparison with placebo; and 3. to investigate the adverse effects of antidepressants in panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, including the general prevalence of adverse effects, compared to placebo. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders' (CCMD) Specialised Register, and CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO up to May 2017. We handsearched reference lists of relevant papers and previous systematic reviews. Selection criteria All double-blind, randomised, controlled trials (RCTs) allocating adults with panic disorder to antidepressants or placebo. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently checked eligibility and extracted data using a standard form. We entered data into Review Manager 5 using a double-check procedure. Information extracted included study characteristics, participant characteristics, intervention details and settings. Primary outcomes included failure to respond, measured by a range of response scales, and treatment acceptability, measured by total number of dropouts for any reason. Secondary outcomes included failure to remit, panic symptom scales, frequency of panic attacks, agoraphobia, general anxiety, depression, social functioning, quality of life and patient satisfaction, measured by various scales as defined in individual studies. We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence for each outcome Main results Forty-one unique RCTs including 9377 participants overall, of whom we included 8252 in the 49 placebo-controlled arms of interest (antidepressant as monotherapy and placebo alone) in this review. The majority of studies were of moderate to low quality due to inconsistency, imprecision and unclear risk of selection and performance bias. We found low-quality evidence that revealed a benefit for antidepressants as a group in comparison with placebo in terms of efficacy measured as failure to respond (risk ratio (RR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.79; participants = 6500; studies = 30). The magnitude of effect corresponds to a number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) of 7 (95% CI 6 to 9): that means seven people would need to be treated with antidepressants in order for one to benefit. We observed the same finding when classes of antidepressants were compared with placebo. Moderate-quality evidence suggested a benefit for antidepressants compared to placebo when looking at number of dropouts due to any cause (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.97; participants = 7850; studies = 30). The magnitude of effect corresponds to a NNTB of 27 (95% CI 17 to 105); treating 27 people will result in one person fewer dropping out. Considering antidepressant classes, TCAs showed a benefit over placebo, while for SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs) we observed no difference. When looking at dropouts due to adverse effects, which can be considered as a measure of tolerability, we found moderate-quality evidence showing that antidepressants as a whole are less well tolerated than placebo. In particular, TCAs and SSRIs produced more dropouts due to adverse effects in comparison with placebo, while the confidence interval for SNRI, noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors (NRI) and other antidepressants were wide and included the possibility of no difference. Authors' conclusions The identified studies comprehensively address the objectives of the present review. Based on these results, antidepressants may be more effective than placebo in treating panic disorder. Efficacy can be quantified as a NNTB of 7, implying that seven people need to be treated with antidepressants in order for one to benefit. Antidepressants may also have benefit in comparison with placebo in terms of number of dropouts, but a less favourable profile in terms of dropout due to adverse effects. However, the tolerability profile varied between different classes of antidepressants. The choice of whether antidepressants should be prescribed in clinical practice cannot be made on the basis of this review. Limitations in results include funding of some studies by pharmaceutical companies, and only assessing short-term outcomes. Data from the present review will be included in a network meta-analysis of psychopharmacological treatment in panic disorder, which will hopefully provide further useful information on this issue.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The paper presents a survey of Post Keynesian (PK) agent-based (AB) models and AB models with PK features. It is argued that AB modeling is fully consistent with the PK approach and that the cross-fertilization can benefit both areas of research. The survey focuses on how the various models have faced the issues implied by adopting a bottom–up approach in a traditionally aggregative structure and highlights the additional insights coming from this modeling strategy. Particular attention is devoted to stock-flow consistent AB models for theivvr potential in defining a new benchmark for this type of research.

Projective mapping and sorting tasks—often called “Holistic” Methods—are methods that directly obtain similarity measurements between products by asking participants (who could be novices, trained assessors, or experts, adults or children) to provide a global evaluation of a set of products of interest. In projective mapping, each participant is asked to place products on a sheet of paper in such a way that the positions of the products express the products’ similarity structure. In the sorting task, each participant is asked to sort the products in groups such that similar products are sorted together. For both projective mapping and sorting—in order to derive a better understanding of the similarity structure between the products—participants are also sometimes asked to verbally describe products or groups of products. The statistical analysis of projective mapping and sorting tasks used well know techniques such as: (multiple and simple) correspondence analysis, multiple factor analysis, principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, and DISTATIS.

The discontinuous Galerkin methods are locally conservative, high-order accurate, and robust methods that can easily handle elements of arbitrary shapes, irregular triangulations with hanging nodes, and polynomial approximations of different degrees in different elements. These properties, which render them ideal for hp-adaptivity in domains of complex geometry, have brought them to the main stream of computational fluid dynamics. In this paper, we study the properties of the DG methods as applied to a wide variety of problems, including linear, symmetric hyperbolic systems, the Euler equations of gas dynamics, purely elliptic problems, and the incompressible and compressible Navier–Stokes equations. In each instance, we discuss the main properties of the methods, display the mechanisms that make them work so well, and present numerical experiments showing their performance. Keywords: computational fluid dynamics; discontinuous finite elements

This paper borrows heavily from my Public Choice II (Mueller 1989). To save space, I have limited reference to who said what drastically. The reader should consult the book for more complete bibliographical references. My thanks go to Cambridge University Press for allowing me to reprint material from that book. Thanks also go to the Thyssen Foundation for financial support.

This survey summarizes the research on the applications and security challenges of network coding in wireless networks and cyber‐physical systems. Network coding technique generalizes the store‐and‐forward routing by mixing the received packets at the intermediate nodes to a single packet before forwarding them. Network coding has received a lot of attention from the community, and researchers have widely studied its application in increasing the throughput and transmissions reliability of networks and cyber‐physical systems. Applying network coding can be a challenge to the security of the networks. However, network coding can also provide a natural way to conceal the transmitted data from eavesdroppers. As a result of mixing the received packets at the intermediate nodes, the transmission protocols in network coding are more vulnerable against some attacks, such as pollution and Byzantine attacks. A single polluted packet can easily pollute many packets. Also, because of encoding at the intermediate nodes, the security mechanisms that are proposed for the traditional transmission protocols might not be appropriate for the protocols with network coding. On the other hand, since the transmitted packets are encoded, an eavesdropper cannot get meaningful data by overhearing a single encoded packet, which makes the transmissions more robust against eavesdropping attack. In this survey, in addition to discussing the security challenges in network coding protocols, we explain the applications of network coding in providing security. Our main focus in this paper is on the applications of network coding in providing security.

In this chapter, it is explained that not only the magnetically coupled inductors but also all inductive power transfer systems (IPTSs) inherently have the nature of a gyrator. Widely known characteristics of IPTSs such as impedance inversion and source‐type conversion are proved to be the nature of the gyrator. A graphical approach that utilizes the gyrator is explained for the modeling of IPTSs in general. The proposed graphical technique enables manipulations on the circuit diagram instead of on the circuit equations, which are difficult to handle when the system order is higher than 4. Hence, the equivalent model can be obtained almost by inspection conveniently, giving fruitful physical insights that are limitedly achieved with equation manipulations. Steady‐state analyses at any frequency are possible and equivalent series resistances can also be included in the proposed model. Five selected electrical characteristics, that is, source‐to‐load gain, load‐independent output voltage/current characteristics, power factor at the source, sign of the source phase angle, and allowances of open/short loads are evaluated for three widely used IPTS topologies. Also, this technique is extended to the mistuned case for verifying the general use of the approach. An experiment for the voltage‐source‐type inductor–capacitor–inductor secondary‐parallel (V‐LCL‐P) topology is demonstrated for the cases of both perfectly tuned and mistuned situations at 85 W and 100 kHz.This chapter is based on the paper by Y.H. Son, B.H. Choi, G.‐H. Cho, and Chun T. Rim, “Gyrator‐based analysis of resonant circuits in inductive power transfer systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics , vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 6824–6843, October 2016.

As discussed in the previous chapter, large tolerance is one of the best characteristics of a static electric vehicle (EV) charger, but only if no severe penalty for the larger tolerance is found. In this chapter, an explanation is given of asymmetric coil sets for wireless stationary EV chargers, which have a significantly larger lateral tolerance than any others in the world.The pick‐up coil set is much smaller than the power supply coil set, thereby allowing large lateral and longitudinal displacements as well as robustness to airgap displacement. EMF is reasonably reduced by arranging magnetic poles along the EV's moving direction so that alternating magnetic flux through adjacent poles cancel each other. A dominant field analysis (DoFA) useful for complex vector magnetic flux simulation is used, which was introduced in Chapter 15 and is applicable to any resonating coils of inductive power transfer systems (IPTSs). Furthermore, a hysteresis loss model is suggested, which appropriately reflects the partial core saturation in a system analysis.A prototype IPTS including the proposed coil sets were designed and successfully verified by experiments. In the quick charging mode, maximum output power of 15 kW, large lateral displacement of 40 cm, longitudinal displacement of 20 cm, and an airgap of 15 cm were achieved, and low EMF of 6.1 μT at 20 kHz was achieved in the normal charging mode of 5 kW.This chapter is written based on the paper by S.Y. Choi, B.W. Gu, J. Huh, W.Y. Lee, J.G. Cho, and C.T. Rim, “Asymmetric coil sets for wireless stationary EV chargers with large lateral tolerance by dominant field analysis,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics , vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6406–6420, December 2014.

Very often the dynamics of AC circuits such as AC power converters, AC power circuits (filters, power lines, etc.), AC motors, and inductive power transfer (IPT) systems should be identified to design the main circuit and controller. In this chapter, phasor transformation theory applied to the static analysis of linear AC converters is extended to the dynamic analysis of linear AC converters. A complex Laplace transformation is adopted for the dynamic analysis of phasor transformed AC converters. It is rigorously verified by mathematics and simulations that any linear AC converter dynamics can be completely explored by the proposed complex Laplace transformation together with the conventional phasor transformation. This ???unified general dynamic phasor??? is a good analytical tool for IPT dynamics study.This chapter is based on the paper by C.B. Park, S.W. Lee, and C.T. Rim, ???Static and dynamic analyses of three???phase rectifier with LC input filter by Laplace phasor transformation,??? in IEEE ECCE 2012 , September 2012, pp. 1570???1577.

As an extended work of a previous chapter, a dipole‐coil‐based extremely loosely coupled inductive power transfer system (IPTS) for wireless sensors over a wide range is explained in this chapter. The overall superiority of dipole coils for a long‐distance power delivery over loop coils with an identical configuration of a square core is verified by comparing the magnetizing inductance between primary and secondary coils. Series–parallel resonant circuits were used to achieve a higher load voltage than that of the series–series scheme. Contrary to conventional IPTSs or coupled magnetic resonance systems, the quality factor Q was set as low as 100, guaranteeing a frequency tolerance of 1%, where a prototype of narrow dipole coils with a length of 2 m was used to deliver 10.3 W of power up to 7 m away at a low frequency of 20 kHz. The powering capabilities of the proposed IPTS were experimentally compared inside and outside of a metal container 8 m × 4 m × 2.5 m in size at different frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 150 kHz, where the proposed IPTS is highly likely to be surrounded by arbitrary distributed conductors in most wireless sensor usage environments. The coupling coefficient κ between the primary and secondary coils was measured over a long distance from 2 m to 12 m for different secondary coil positions, where κ is mostly much less than 0.01. A comparative analysis of the maximum amounts of load power among different core materials, that is, two ferrite cores and an amorphous core, was conducted in relation to the design of a secondary coil. The results were verified by experiments at a given switching frequency of 20 kHz.This chapter is based on the paper by B.H. Choi, E.S. Lee, J.H. Kim, S.J. Yoo, and C.T. Rim, “Dipole‐coil‐based wide‐range inductive power transfer systems for wireless ensors,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics , vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 3158–3167, May 2016.

In this chapter, the well???known coupled magnetic resonance system (CMRS) is explained, stating that it is nothing but new and is a sort of conventional inductive power transfer system (IPTS). There are three major magnetic couplings between coils in CMRS: source???transmitter (Tx), Tx???receiver (Rx), and Rx???load couplings, respectively. Except for Tx???Rx coupling, other couplings do not directly contribute to wireless power transfer. Hence, this miscellaneous coupling can be replaced with a lumped transformer with a ferrite core. Because there is only a Tx???Rx coupling, the CMRS becomes compact in size and robust to ambient changes. Moreover, the design of CMRS is drastically simplified without complicated multiresonance tunings due to a small magnetic flux linkage from the source coil or the load coil.Coreless coils are used for Tx and Rx coils to examine the characteristics of CMRS with lumped transformers. A detailed static analysis on the explicit circuit model of the proposed CMRS and design procedures are fully established. Experiments for 1 W and 10 W prototype CMRSs with a class???E inverter at the switching frequency of 500 kHz, where the quality factors are less than 100, verified the usefulness of the proposed model, achieving 80% of the maximum Tx coil???to???load efficiency. It is concluded that the conventional CMRS, in general, is just a special form of IPTS where the quality factor is extremely high with coreless Tx and Rx coils.This chapter is based on two papers, one by B.H. Choi, E.S. Lee, J. Huh, and C.T. Rim, ???Lumped impedance transformers for compact and robust coupled magnetic resonance systems,??? IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics , vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 6046???6056, November 2015 and the other by J. Huh, W.Y. Lee, S.Y. Choi, G.H. Cho, and C.T. Rim, ???Frequency???domain circuit model and analysis of coupled magnetic resonance systems,??? Journal of Power El ectronics , vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 275???286, March 2013.

As an improved solution to the I‐type power supply rail, as explained in the previous chapter, a dq I‐type power supply rail is introduced in this chapter. The single‐phase I‐type power supply rail for on‐line electric vehicles (OLEVs) has a very narrow power supply rail with 10 cm width and exposes pedestrians to a very low electromagnetic field due to its alternatively arranged magnetic poles along the driving direction of electric vehicles; however, it has a major drawback: sinusoidal variation of the induced pick‐up voltage depending on pick‐up positions on the power supply rail along the driving direction. To overcome this disadvantage, a dq‐power supply rail fed by two high‐frequency AC currents of the d‐phase and q‐phase is introduced in this chapter. The d‐phase and q‐phase magnetic poles are alternatively arranged in a line; hence, the induced voltage of a pick‐up becomes spatially uniform. The power invariant characteristic of the proposed scheme has been verified by analysis, simulations, and experiments. A practical winding method is suggested as well.This chapter is based on the paper by C. Park, S. Lee, S.‐Y. Jeong, G.H. Cho, and C.T. Rim, “Uniform power I‐type inductive power transfer system with DQ‐power supply rails for on‐line electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics , vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 6446–6455, November 2015. Readers should gain much insight from the dq‐power supply rail.

In this chapter, an advanced version of on‐line electric vehicles (OLEVs) is introduced as an introductory example of road‐powered electric vehicles (RPEVs). Because the author is heavily involved in the development of OLEVs, this chapter will guide readers to how practical problems are dealt with. This chapter is based on the paper by J. Huh, S.W. Lee, W.Y. Lee, G.H. Cho, and C.T. Rim, “Narrow‐width inductive power transfer system for on‐line electrical vehicles,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics , vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 3666–3679, December 2011.The inductive power transfer system (IPTS) with a narrow rail width, a small pick‐up size, and a large airgap is explained, as an extension of previous research on OLEVs, in this chapter. By introducing a new core structure, the orientation of the magnetic flux alternates along with the road; hence, an inductive power transfer system with a narrow rail width of 10 cm, a large airgap of 20 cm, and a large lateral displacement of about 24 cm was implemented. The resonant circuit of the inductive power transfer system, driven by a current source, was fully characterized. The experimental results showed that the maximum output power was 35 kW and that the maximum efficiency was 74% at 27 kW.