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This article is based on surveys in 1988 among representative samples totalling 4,247 16‐19 year olds from four areas (Kirkcaldy, Liverpool, Sheffield and Swindon), of whom 1,562 had some experience of Youth Training (YT). The young people's likelihood of entering YT depended primarily on their educational qualifications and where they lived. Trainees’ chances of being kept on by the firms where they were trained depended mainly on their types of schemes and their performances during training, indicated by whether or not they earned any additional qualifications. The chances of those not retained moving immediately to jobs with other firms were more dependent on their school‐leaving qualifications and where they lived. The authors interpret their evidence to argue that employers’ uses of YT in the late‐1980s were creating increasingly clear divisions between sponsorship, contest and warehousing sectors. ∗ This paper is based on evidence from the Economic and Social Research Council's 16‐19 Initiative

The paper re-assesses South Korean unification narratives in the context of territory and critical approaches to territory. From this, the paper identifies a set of underlying assumptions and expec...

SUMMARY In this paper we describe the syndrome known as “accusatory suffering” as a dynamic in the treatment of marital infidelity. We also provide diagnostic criteria and a description of the effects of accusatory suffering in the course of therapy. A sample case is presented to explore therapeutic approaches. Recommendations are made for possible therapeutic initiatives that may enable couples to move beyond the impasse created by this type of defensive reaction.

Anion effluxes are amongst the earliest reactions of plant cells to elicitors of defence responses. However, their properties and their role in disease resistance remain almost unknown. We previously demonstrated that cryptogein, an elicitor of tobacco defence responses, induces a nitrate (NO(3) (-)) efflux. This efflux is an early prerequisite to the cryptogein-triggered hypersensitive response (HR). Here, we analyzed the electrophysiological properties of the elicitor-mediated NO(3) (-) efflux and clarified the mechanisms through which it contributes to cell death. Application of the discontinuous single electrode voltage-clamp technique in tobacco cells elicited with cryptogein enabled us to record the activation of slow-type deactivating anion channel currents. Cryptogein-induced plasma membrane depolarization and Ca(2+) influx, an essential component of elicitor signalling for HR cell death, were prevented by inhibiting the NO(3) (-) efflux. Similarly, pharmacological blocking of the anion efflux suppressed vacuolar collapse, a hallmark of cell death. The role of NO(3) (-) efflux in mediating proteases activation was further assessed. It is shown that cryptogein induced the activation of three proteases with apparent molecular masses of 95, 190 and 240 kDa. Their activation occurred independently on the anion efflux and, together with cell death, was strongly reduced by cycloheximide and the protease inhibitor PMSF. In contrast, the NO(3) (-) efflux was shown to promote the accumulation of transcripts encoding vacuolar processing enzymes, a family of proteases previously reported to contribute to the disruption of vacuole integrity observed during the HR. Collectively, our data indicate that anion efflux is an early prerequisite to morphological and biochemical events participating to cell death.

The purpose of this paper is to establish some new weak majorizations concerning the singular values of the powers of a matrix, which generalize previous related results of Bapat [Majorization and ...

(1799). VIII. Experiments made to ascertain the composition of the Swedish stone paper or artificial slate. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 158-164.

(1800). III. On the origin and progress of the manufacture of pig-iron with pit-coal; and comparison of the value and effects of pit-coal, wood, and peat-char. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 7, No. 25, pp. 35-46.

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The simplest Poisson disorder problem has as its solution a stopping rule which prescribes the best time to check for a change in the parameter of a Poisson process using only observations of the process. For additive costs of early and late checks, an optimal rule is the solution of an optimal stopping problem, and it has the form : check for a change when the conditional probability of one, given the observations, exceeds some constant level. When the parameter change is from one large value to another, our previous technique for finding the optimal level breaks down because of numerical difficulties. This paper describes an application of singular perturbation theory and a renewal argument to the avoidance of those difficulties and the derivation of a perturbation approximation to the optimal stopping level.

(1809). XLV. Observations on a late paper by Dr. Wm. Richardson, respecting the basaltic district in the north of Ireland, and on the geological facts thence deducible; in conjunction with others observable in Derbyshire and other english counties: with the application of these facts to the explanation of some of the most difficult points in the natural history of the globe. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 33, No. 132, pp. 257-263.

(1811). LXII. Method of procuring turpentine and other products from the scotch fir. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 37, No. 157, pp. 360-367.

(1814). XXXIV. On the simplification of mathematical analyses:— a paper read to the Liverpool Philosophical Society. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 43, No. 191, pp. 177-181.

(1814). LVI. On alcohol or spirituous liquors, and on the changes which they undergo on being rectified with alkaline, saline, earthy, and other substances; to which is subjoined a simple process for obtaining highly dephlegmated spirits of wine without injury to its constituent principles. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 43, No. 192, pp. 272-280.

(1815). V. Second reply to Mr. De Luc's observations on a paper entitled “reflections on the inadequacy of the principal hypotheses to explain the phaenomena of electricity.”. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 46, No. 207, pp. 13-14.

(1818). LXXVII. Process practised in the establishment of syoise sur seine to extract vinegar or acetic acid from wood. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 51, No. 242, pp. 439-442.

(1819). XLI. Remarks on Mr. Meikle's paper on finding the longitude by lunar observations. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 54, No. 258, pp. 241-252.

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