Search

Cationic cellulose, despite its long history, has yet to find a place in the paper industry. However, recent research is evaluating the potential of its nanoscale forms. Likewise, the processes of Western manufacturers are optimized for wood pulps, relegating non-wood crops to specific products that, as also proposed by current research, could include nanocellulose. We combined these trends with the existing knowledge of the strong adsorption of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC) on cellulosic fibers, which can be deemed a non-covalent kind of cationization. For that, polyDADMAC was first anchored to refined hemp pulps, under conditions that allowed the deprotonation of the primary hydroxyl groups of cellulose. The fiber surface remained positively-charged even after thoroughly washing the samples, owing not only to the small proportions of acidic hemicelluloses and lignin, but also to stable ion-dipole interactions. This non-covalent cationization was found to follow pseudo-second order kinetics, indicating that diffusion through the fiber was the rate-controlling step. PolyDADMAC-containing fibers were then fibrillated by high-pressure homogenization. The surface charge of cationic nanocellulose was greater than that of the starting fibers, as the specific surface area increased. Nonetheless, polyDADMAC caused agglomeration of fibrils to a certain extent. As a drawback, when applied in papermaking, cationic nanocellulose lowered air permeability to a lesser extent than non-cationized nanofibers. As an advantage, the tensile index increased by up to 57% in the absence of any retention agent Authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the Project CON-FUTURO-ES (PID2020-113850RB-C22). Marc Delgado-Aguilar and Quim Tarrés are Serra Húnter Fellows Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Elsevier

This chapter mainly focuses on the recent developments made in rapid detection of cancer cells using novel paper-based analytical devices (PADs). Due to their simplicity, portability and biocompatibility, PADs have gained great attention in recent years for rapid detection of biomarkers. Since cancer has become an increasing worldwide concern, there stands an imminent requirement for minimally invasive detection and monitoring techniques. The progress made in paper-based detection of cancer biomarkers has proven to hold great potential for the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices for early detection of tumor cells. In this chapter, after an introduction on paper diagnosis, we will provide a brief explanation on the fabrication methods used for PADs. Then recently developed sensors based on colorimetric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence (CL), electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques will be elaborated. In the end, current limitations and problems hindering the commercialization of paper-based sensors will be pointed out.

[EN] Nowadays, miniaturization and portability are crucial characteristics that need to be considered for the development of water monitoring systems. In particular, the use of handheld technology, including microfluidics, is exponentially expanding due to its versatility, reduction of reagents and minimization of waste, fast analysis times and portability. Here, a hybrid handheld miniaturized polymer platform with a paper-based microfluidic device was developed for the simultaneous detection of nitrite and nitrate in real samples from both, fresh and seawaters. The platform contains an ionogel-based colorimetric sensor for nitrite detection and a paper-based microfluidic device for the in situ conversion of nitrate to nitrite. The platform was fully characterized in terms of its viability as a portable, cheap and quick pollutant detector at the point of need. The calibration was carried out by multivariate analysis of the color of the sensing areas obtained from a taken picture of the device. The limits of detection and quantification, for nitrite were 0.47 and 0.68mgL-1, while for nitrate were 2.3 and 3.4mgL-1, found to be within the limits allowed by the environmental authorities, for these two pollutants. Finally, the platform was validated with real water samples, demonstrating its potential to monitor nitrite and nitrate concentrations on-site as a first surveillance step before performing extensive analysis. This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration under grant agreement no. 604241. The funding support from Gobierno de España, Ministerio de Ciencia y Educación de España” under grant PID2020-120313 GB-I00/AIE/10.13039/501100011033, and Gobierno Vasco Dpto. Educación for the consolidation of the research groups (IT1271-19) are also acknowledged. RC-C acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 778001. Special thanks to (SGIker) of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). FB-L and LB-D acknowledge the “Red de Microfluídica Española” RED2018-102829-T.

Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) are receiving increasing attention in recent years, overcoming the publication number of colorimetric paper-based analytical devices in the literature. This chapter covers recent advances in the manufacturing of ePADs for chemical analysis. Initially, an introduction about its beginning in the literature and mainly practical theoretical principles are discussed. The following sections present how the devices are being fabricated and used in the literature, exploring their advantages and limitations and describing electrochemical sensing detection and future outlooks.

This chapter presents and discusses the most usual methodologies for colorimetric detection on paper-based analytical devices (PADs). State of the art associated with pioneering, popularity, physical aspect, surface modifications, instrumental and instrumental-free colorimetric measurements are carefully presented. Moreover, a side-by-side comparison among the most usual colorimetric detection modes on PADs was performed using a well-known complexometric reaction model. The pros and cons were discussed to show their advantages for chemical analysis.

Fluorescent paper-based analytical devices (FL PADs) are receiving increasing attention in recent years, owing to the development of new technologies for the fabrication of brighter fluorophores and phosphors, especially nanomaterials. This chapter covers recent advances in the construction of FL PADs for qualitative and quantitative assays. It commences by introducing the most often used fluorescent probes, including organic dyes, quantum dots, carbon dots, upconversion nanoparticles, and their use as reporters. The second part presents the fluorescence response produced by the PADs, which can be either brightness-based (“turn-on” and “turn-off”) or color-based (ratiometric fluorescence). We approach the different signal responses by presenting recent examples of developed FL PADs, exploring their advantages and limitations, and describing their fabrication technologies and sensing mechanisms.

This chapter describes the concept of paper space. Covered are the primary reasons for using paper space, how to get in/out of paper space, and how to set up title blocks (layouts), viewports and their properties, viewport scale assignments, controlling what is visible in viewports, setting up text and dim styles in viewports, and the annotative concept.

The number of citations a peer-reviewed article receives is often used as a measure of its importance and scientific impact. This paper identifies, describes and categorizes the highly cited papers in addiction research on cannabis, heroin, cocaine and psychostimulants. Highly cited papers were identified in the Web of Science Core Collection database. Several bibliometric indicators were calculated. Social network analysis was applied to draw groups of authors and institutions with the greatest number of collaborations and co-words. The number of citations for the top 100 cited articles ranged from 649 to 4,672. The articles were published in 40 journals. The subject category Substance Abuse included 10 papers. The United States was the most productive country (79 papers), followed by the United Kingdom (9). The main funding institutions were the National Institutes of Health in the United States. The network of collaboration between authors distributes the 352 researchers into 53 groups. The three most cited works address the neural basis of drug craving as an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, the clinical and research uses of the Addiction Severity Index, and the neurocircuitry of addiction. Scientific literature on addictions is widely dispersed both in multidisciplinary and specific journals of neurology, psychiatry and addictions, with relatively few publications providing most of the citations. An ongoing challenge for this field is the concentration of highly cited papers coming from a select number of countries, with the United States being the research hub of the world, with the highest volume of publications and total citations., This work have been funding by Servicio de Drogodependencias (PMD/UPCCA-València). Concejalía de Sanidad y Consumo. Ajuntament de València.

India is a vast country with around 850 large paper industries. It is ranked 17 in the highest polluting industries in India, approximately 190–200 m3 of water is needed to produce a ton of paper. Around 240–250 chemicals have been identified in effluents, which are produced at different stages of papermaking in paper industry. The pulp and paper industry is typically associated with pollution problems related to color, suspended solids, high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic halogens lignin and its derivatives, dioxin, furan, and chlorinated compounds. These compounds are highly toxic in nature causing strong mutagenic effects, physiological impairment, and they are ecoestrogens. Although numerous studies have looked at methods for the treatment of color, COD, BOD, etc. of pulp and paper effluents, the problem still persists. Biological treatment uses a number of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes to degrade the xenobiotic compounds present in pulp and paper industry effluent. The need for cleaner production programs has been felt in recent times by the paper industry by way of a resource and waste minimization concept. In India efforts have been going on for years to improve housekeeping, optimize process parameters, increase recycling, and adopt improved technology. This chapter aims at highlighting the processes used during the manufacture, sources, and types of waste generated and treatment options available for improving the quality of waste to be discharged.

The discharged wastes from the pulp paper industry contain ligninocellosic material along with other co-pollutants even after secondary treatment. Moreover, the effluent contains a high amount of pH, total suspended solid, total dissolved solid, total solid, biological oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand along with heavy metals above the permissible limits. Several studies have concluded that white-rot fungi produced extracellular phenol oxidases which can effectively decompose lignin and other organic pollutants from the contaminated site. Furthermore, various types of persistent organic pollutants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals i.e. nonacosane; heptacosane; pentadecanoic acid, 2-benzisoxazole; hexadecanoic acid and octadecenoic acid are also present in pulp paper industry effluent that can cause aquatic toxicity and hormonal disturbance in the environment. The ligninolytic enzymes of white-rot fungi get a wide substrate particularity and have been involved in the transformation and mineralization of organic pollutants to systemic similarities to lignin. Moreover, continuous widespread land and groundwater pollution as well as surface water have brought this issue to the forefront, and cleaning up of such pollution is still a severe economic challenge for the society. The use of indigenous white-rot fungi for remediation of wastes from the disposal site of the pulp paper industry gives a very relatively novel economic solution for many of our risky environment challenges.

Enzyme use has provided boost to the technoeconomics of many industrial processes. In this chapter, we summarize different cellulase-based industrial processes for preparation of paper, pulp, brewing products, and different foods. This review presents a brief chemistry and mechanism of cellulose degradation by the cellulase enzyme. Also, cellulase production abilities of many microbial species have been addressed in this chapter. Cellulase plays a major role in production of good-quality paper and pulp. It’s used to debark the biomass and to remove lignocellulosic part. This enzyme also has application in recycling of used paper by deinking and biobleaching. Cellulase enhances freeness and drainage ability of the fibers without compromising the brightness of the fibers. In brewing industry, cellulase in combination of other enzymes is used to extract the more sugar for better-quality alcohol production. Cellulases have a wide range of potential applications in food and beverage processing, production of fruit and vegetable juices, and improvement of methods for extraction, clarification, and stabilization.

In this paper, we report the performance of paper pulp as an innovative viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) for cement composites. Two different levels of fineness were obtained by mechanical milling of the same source of paper pulp. Their effects on viscosity modification, hydration kinetics, autogenous shrinkage, and compressive strength of cement grouts were measured, and their structural integrity at high pH was assessed. A new parameter was proposed to quantify nonlinearity induced by VMAs. Results showed that the hierarchical structure of paper pulp makes it possible to activate bridging flocculation and swelling mechanisms of hydrophile paper pulp fibers at different levels to produce versatile VMAs. The coarser milled paper pulp fibers mainly influences the plastic viscosity. By contrast, the milled paper pulp consisting of ultra-fine fibers significantly modifies both plastic viscosity and dynamic yield stress, induces more nonlinearity in the mixtures, and increases compressive strength of mortars at low dosages.

This study's focus was to develop a potential pathway for recycling of the paper mill sludge compost (PMSC) in brick making. Composting reduces the paper mill sludge (PMS) moisture content considerably and shredding becomes easier. The addition of PMSC leads to an increase of porosities in bricks and makes them lighter, besides delivering energy to the firing process from burning organics. Lighter construction materials help minimize construction outlay by reducing labour and transportation costs and lesser expense on foundation construction. The variability in the experimental data and the brick properties were investigated for two types of soils, typical in the brick industry of India (alluvial and laterite soil), blended with PMSC in five mix ratios (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The samples of oven-dried bricks were fired at two different temperatures (850 and 900 ˚C) in an electrically operated muffle furnace representing typical conditions of a brick kiln. Various properties of bricks were analyzed which included linear shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption and compressive strength. Conclusions were drawn based on these properties. It was found that the addition of PMSC to the alluvial and laterite soil by up to 10% weight yield mechanical properties of fired bricks compliant with the relevant Indian and ASTM codes. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests showed that PMSC incorporated fired bricks are safe to use in regular applications as non-load-bearing and infill walls. This study is timely in light of the European Green Deal putting focus on circular economy. Besides, it fulfills the objective of UN sustainable development goals (SDG).

A simple cellulosic (C6H10O5)n substance, paper has many applications in addition to its use in writing, painting, and packaging. Papers have long been used in analytical chemistry; however, recently, their use in the development of cheaper portable sensors and energy storage devices has been explored. These paper-based environmental sensing devices are providing faster and simpler contaminant detection, along with the removal of sample storage and transportation. In addition to chemical pollutant detectors, the paper-based sensors are also being developed for the gases and volatile compounds. Such paper-based sensors will be very useful in rapid detection of toxic gases during any emergency. . These easy and cheap paper-based devices will be very useful for the developing countries, where environmental pollution concentration is very high and the sophisticated analytical laboratories are not easily accessible. Along with the exponentially increasing in pollution level, our energy demands have also increased by the same pace. Modern-day electronic devices and electric vehicles need robust energy storage devices, and our conventional batteries are not efficient for it. Therefore the supercapacitor has emerged as a solution to this problem; it is a rechargeable, high energy density and quick-release energy storage device, and the use of paper in its development let it to be used in deformable electronic devices.