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Company profiles of major pulp and paper chemical suppliers such as Kemira, Akzo Nobel NV, Eka Chemicals AB, Ashland, Inc., BASF, Buckman Laboratories International, Inc., Clariant, and Nalco Chemicals are presented. Major and niche enzyme suppliers—Novozymes, Enzymatic Deinking Technologies, Genencor, AB enzymes, DSM (Netherlands), Diversa (USA), Kao (Japan), and Tritex etc.—are also presented.

Nowadays, the paper industry is moving toward more sustainable or environmentally friendly processes. As a result, most modern paper mills are operating a closed loop process water system that operates under neutral or alkaline conditions with an increased consumption of recycled fibers as raw material. Currently more than 50% of the produced paper and board is derived from recycled fibers. These changes have resulted in an increasing number of problems resulting from slime deposits caused by an increase in microbiological activity. The paper machine loops and general aspects of paper making are presented.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie in the Indo-Pacific region, an area of rich marine biodiversity with unique environmental systems arising chiefly from the contribution of coral reefs. The chapter deals with a record of the brown paper nautilus Argonauta hians belonging to the Family Argonautidae, Class Cephalopoda from Inglis Island, Ritchie’s Archipelago, South Andaman.

During the last few decades, recovered paper and board has become the principal raw material of the paper industry, and 57% of all paper produced worldwide today is based on recovered paper. In addition to the fibrous raw material, recovered paper also contains other substances that are introduced by the paper product itself (printing inks, stickies, mineral particles) or during its use and subsequent collection (scraps and leftovers, sand, glass, etc.). Hence, when producing new paper from recovered paper, the pulp has to be cleaned intensely. In the stock preparation systems of paper mills, different processes like pulping, screening or flotation are used for cleaning.

The process to be applied to recovered paper to meet the quality requirements of recycled pulp is determined by the grade of the recovered paper and the demands of the final product. Roughly half of the total recovered papers are recycled for the production of case materials, mainly from old corrugated carton (OCC). Besides these brown recovered paper grades, white recovered paper grades, and some high-quality grades, are reused in newsprint, tissue and other graphic paper grades and in whip top layers of packaging papers, so these have to be deinked. Mixed recovered paper grades are used with OCC and for grey solid board layers and thus are not deinked. Deinking lines are more complex than OCC recycling lines. This is because in addition to the re-pulping and contaminant removal process steps, the pulp has to be deinked, and optionally bleached to achieve high brightness. Removing inks that are difficult to deink, like flexo prints and some digital prints, and ‘stickies’ from pressure-sensitive adhesives, are currently the main challenges in the field of deinking. Some examples of typical recycling and deinking lines for different applications – newsprint, fine paper, tissue, market pulp and packaging paper – are presented in this chapter.

Recycled fibre is becoming a globally traded commodity with countries that are rich in it developing important export businesses around its trade. The main drivers for the use of recycled fibre continue to be availability at an economic price, legislative and voluntary agreements based on environmental pressure, and continuously improving technologies for deinking and other recovered fibre processing. Despite this increasing role as a raw material for the paper industry, issues such as price volatility of recovered paper, quality factors, food contact proposals and ever-increasing environmental pressures and considerations may cause a rethink in some sectors. This is resulting in some companies opting for virgin fibre, which greatly reduces issues related to quality and food contact. Quality and price issues can, to a certain extent, be influenced by the industry and its supply chain. Environmental considerations and any new proposals relating to food contact will require effective lobbying to ensure the overall industry is not disadvantaged. The future of paper recycling is discussed in this chapter.

Disturbance Management is a major issue in process industries like the pulp and paper (P&P) case and is mostly performed in the execution/control level. That approach is confined to the amendment of plans sent by upper levels and can thus be problematic. This paper moves towards the integration of planning and control, starting from the planning’s point of view. The application of Simulation-Optimization (S-O) allows considering uncertainty, but keeping a deterministic tractable optimization model. Indeed, it is the simulation model that incorporates more complex elements such as stochastic variables, as well as integrates (with more or less detail) the execution/control behaviour. In this work, we present a case study of a P&P mill, focusing on the two most critical production resources (the digester and the paper machine). The feedback obtained by simulating their interaction is used to adjust the slacks introduced in the intermediate tank. In this way, we are able to generate plans that are not only optimized concerning company’s indicators, but also robust against disturbances.

The coagulation-flocculation method has been used to treat pulp and paper mill wastewater. Single-coagulant, single-flocculant, and coagulant–flocculant processes have been investigated. Treatment efficiency was studied taking into consideration various effects such as pH, type and dosage of coagulant and flocculant, settling characteristics, and water recovery. Alum and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were used as coagulants. Nine cationic and anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs) of various molecular weights and charge densities were chosen as flocculants. For the single coagulant, both alum of dosage 1000 mg/l and PACl of dosage 500 mg/l achieved higher than 90% treatment efficiency in turbidity reduction, TSS removal, and COD reduction. From the nine PAM flocculants studied, 5 mg/l of the cationic polyacrylamide, Organopol 5415, with high molecular weight and low-charge density produced the best flocculation efficiency: 95% turbidity reduction, 98% TSS removal, and 93% COD reduction. The sludge volume index (SVI) was 14 ml/g. For the coagulation–flocculation process, alum showed better treatment efficiency than PACl when combined with Organopol 5415. The results showed 99.7% turbidity reduction, 99.5% TSS removal, and 95.6% COD reduction, with an SVI of 37 ml/g and a settling time of 12 seconds. A pilot scale study gave very similar results. The water recovery from the process was 96.3%.

The use of secondary fibre in virgin fibre affects the papermaking process in many ways. Machine runnability is negatively affected unless proper measures are taken to address potential problems. Sheet properties, appearance and performance may also be affected. The presence of secondary fibres can increase the dirt count, the number of holes in the sheet and cause picking on the lump-breaker, breaker stacks and calendar depending on the efficiency of the cleaning and screening systems. Recycled fibre sheets also tend to be weaker than virgin fibre paper. Brightness, colour and opacity may also be affected. With proper consideration of the recycled fibre quality and the capabilities of the paper machine, the transition to recycled fibre can be a smooth one, with little negative impact on paper machine runnability.

The objective of this research was to develop lightweight cement mortars with good thermal-insulation properties by incorporating expanded polystyrene (EPS) and paper sludge ash (PSA), both of which are problematic waste materials. The mortars formed had low thermal conductivity and low bulk density compared to control samples. Ground EPS produced lower thermal conductivity samples than powdered EPS. Resource efficient mortars containing up to 20% PSA, and 60% of EPS are considered suitable for use in rendering and plastering applications. The authors wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and European Union (FEDER) for project funding (BIA2007-61170), and the FPI scholarship (BES-2009-012166) award to Verónica Ferrándiz Mas which allowed her to develop her doctoral thesis. This research was carried out in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at Imperial College London, with funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (EEBB-I-12-0574) to support Verónica Ferrándiz Mas.

This paper provides tutorial introductions to Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and the concept of hardware compilation - the translation of a high-level programming language directly into a hardware design. As an illustration, a simple stepper motor control program is presented. The research aims of the sensor validation programme are described, and the benefits of using hardware compilation techniques are presented. This leads on in the conclusion of the paper to a more general discussion of the interaction between research and technology, and in particular the influence of information technology upon control engineering.

Paper is made from a congregation of cellulose fibers that are joined to each other by hydrogen bonds. Mechanical and physical properties play a significant role in its runnability and printability, while optical properties play an important role in determining image quality of the print. Print quality can be evaluated objectively through print quality analysis and subjectively using panel or visual ranking of print attributes. Objective print quality analysis uses instruments to determine print characteristics and attributes, which have an impact on perception of print quality. On the other hand, subjective visual assessment allows print quality to be ranked on human perception of print quality. In this article, the runnability, printability and current techniques to evaluate printed image are presented. Recently developed test methods to characterize paper properties, along with more sophisticated image analysis equipment and algorithms, will allow better prediction of print quality.

A simple method for interlocking glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase in a network of cellulose fibers coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-exfoliated graphene (biographene) is reported here. The resulting paper reactor is inexpensive and stable. Biographene is expected to function as an electron shuttle, making the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate more efficient, and this hypothesis is examined here. The BSA used to separate the sheets of graphene provides extra carboxylic acid groups and primary amines to help interlock the enzymes and the graphene in between the fibers. The decrease in entropy associated with interlocking the enzymes on a solid support is likely responsible for the increase in enzymatic stability/activity observed. Each cellulose disk contained 5.2 mg of enzyme per gram of paper and 93% of the enzyme is retained after washing for 0.5–2 h. This simple methodology provides a low cost, effective approach for achieving high enzymatic activity and good loadings on a benign, versatile support.

There are several different types of paper and paperboard. Strength, appearance, and many other properties can be varied depending on the several parameters. Paperboard contains a greater proportion of long fiber than paper and does not normally contain fillers. This distinguishes paperboard compared with paper. Paper over 225 g/m2 is defined by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) as paperboard, board, or cardboard. This chapter discusses general grades and specific type of papers.

There is a significant opportunity now for investors to build, own, and operate biorefineries at existing pulp and paper sites that will work synergistically and economically for the pulp and paper mill owner and the biorefinery owner. The pulp and paper industry is the world’s largest nonfood biomass collection system. The pulp and paper industry is a mature industry producing low-margin commodity products. But it has the ideal infrastructure, experience, and resources to capitalize on the strategic interest in renewable fuels via the biorefinery. Industry leaders, investors, policy-makers, and others are now beginning to better understand the vital role to be played by biorefineries as we move from a fossil fuel-based energy economy toward a bio-based one. When properly located and operated, the potential of an integrated forest biorefinery is expected to be huge: a very attractive and synergistic business opportunity for both the colocated pulp and paper mill and the biorefinery itself. Biorefineries are a key pathway to our biofuture, displacing fossil fuels and supplying clean, renewable, and carbon neutral energy. Biorefineries fit very well at pulp and paper mills because of their inherent ability to gather and process biomass and create energy from biomass.

This chapter describes the mass and energy requirements of pulp and paper processes in general, and specifically the Kraft process, which is the dominant pulping process as well as the most intensive steam user. The strong interactions between water and heat networks in pulp and paper mills are discussed. Water in pulp and paper processes is used for dilution, washing, cooling and heating, and is the main heat transporter and dissipator in pulp and paper processes. Approaches to increasing energy efficiency in existing mills are presented. Results show that there is a heat-savings potential of approximately 15–30% in typical existing mills. Finally, trends in Process Integration techniques in the pulp and paper industry are presented.

A systematic review into the literature surrounding industrial carbon capture has been performed, with a particular focus on costs per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The authors have reviewed 250 research articles in order to extract data regarding industrial CCS, focusing on four main carbon-emitting industries; the iron and steel industry, the refining industry, the pulp and paper industry and the cement industry. Only 25 costs were returned as part of the search, and across the four industries they suggested that the cost of carbon capture on industries after conversion to 2013 US Dollars is $20-140 per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The highest costs were found using amine scrubbing, the most mature technology, with other less mature technologies reporting lower costs, for example, calcium looping applied to the cement industry was reported to have costs of in the range of $20-75 per tonne avoided, with the only lower costs reported being in the pulp and paper industry reported between $16 and $35. However, the paucity of costing data increases the uncertainty surrounding industrial CCS, meaning that more economic data are required before any conclusive decisions can be made.

Low-cost easy-to-use paper testing devices such as strips for pH, pregnancy, or diabetes testing have been commercially available for years. Recently, using advances from microfluidics, researchers have enhanced these tools and developed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD). These ‘lab-on-paper’ devices are capable of achieving complex and precise qualitative and quantitative measurements of a wider array of biochemicals inexpensively. This chapter explores the current methods for low-cost assays in paper-based microfluidic devices. It summarizes device fabrication, performance, and reliability, as well as the techniques and progress achieved in detection with examples of applications to explain how they represent a promising platform for biochemical sensing. Finally, it presents the current limitations and a few perspectival trends.

Individual recognition is often considered a cognitively challenging form of recognition because it requires flexible learning and memory. Because Polistes paper wasps are one of the few invertebrates known to have individual recognition, they provide a good model for exploring how individual recognition shapes cognitive evolution. Here, we review previous work on individual recognition in paper wasps with a particular focus on learning and memory. In this review, we (1) explore the evolution of individual recognition in paper wasps, including the selective pressures thought to shape the origin and maintenance of individual recognition; (2) discuss the extent of memory for specific individuals during paper wasp social interactions; (3) describe a negative reinforcement training method that can be used for comparative learning research in wasps and other invertebrates; and (4) explain how individual recognition has shaped the evolution of specialized visual learning in paper wasps.

This paper presents for the first time the influence of mixing different thermally activated paper sludges (APS) and fly ash (FA) on the pozzolanic reaction kinetics in APS–FA–Ca(OH)2 systems as a previous step to manufacture the future commercial ternary blended cements. In this study, two paper sludge wastes from different origins and activation conditions (laboratory (LS) and industrial (IS) scale) have been investigated, once mixed with fly ash at a ratio of 1:1 by weight. The results indicated that binary blends of pozzolans exhibited a high pozzolanic activity, showing that the hydrated phases produced during the pozzolanic reaction depend on the origin and activation conditions of clay wastes. At all times of reaction, the predominant phase turn out to be the LDH structures when LS pozzolan was used; meanwhile for the IS pozzolan the C4ACH12 along with the LDH were the main phases during the first 28 days.

Critiques of the papers by Michael Huemer, William Fish, Eva, Pierre Le Morvan and Fred Adams et al. are given by Robert French, David McGraw, Ernie Kent, and Stephen Lehar.

Disposal of industrial wastewaters is a critical issue for the preservation and conservation of the environment. In this framework, electrochemical methods such as electrocoagulation, electro-floatation, anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton, and photoelectro-Fenton exhibit improved performance over traditional processes and offer interesting practicability for the treatment of many industrial effluents. This chapter presents a general overview of the development, design, and applications of electrochemical technologies for the treatment of diversified actual wastewaters. Particular focus is given to remediation of wastewaters from fine chemical, pulp and paper, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. The remediation of each wastewater is assessed separately, including many features such as wastewater composition, applied electrochemical process, configuration of an electrochemical reactor, and operational parameters.

This paper presents an optimization strategy for pulp/water flow management in a paper production system. The problem is formulated at two levels - the upper/design level concerning optimal volumes of the pulp/water tower and the lower/operational level concerning how to control the system optimally with given tower volumes. At both levels of there are multiple and conflicting objectives.

The paper and pulp industry manufactures pulp and paper from wood or recycled fiber. This chapter identifies the chemicals involved in the process of production and provides general guidance on hazardous waste mitigation. This industry is the largest industrial process water user in the United States. Its manufacturing activities result in the release of many toxic substances into the surrounding communities that pollute air, water, and land, mainly in the pulping and bleaching stages. The process of pulping consists of initial processing, washing, and bleaching. Pulping is classified as chemical, mechanical, or semi-chemical, and of the chemical pulping methods, the kraft and sulfite processes are the most widely used. Bleaching is accomplished through elemental chlorine, elemental chlorine free, or totally chlorine free bleaching. The waste stream from bleaching contains chlorine compounds and organics that result in the formation of dioxins, furans, and chlorinated organics. This waste stream of toxic air and water pollutants does not get treated at water treatment plants, accumulating in the discharge body of water. The paper and pulp sector is subject to the same environmental regulations as other industry sectors, but the most significant recent rule-making activities affecting the pulp and paper sector are referred to collectively as the Cluster Rules, a set of air and water rules that were issued simultaneously.

This chapter focuses on pollution prevention (P2) and cleaner production. In terms of cleaner production it is necessary to define gasification as a technology that affords pulp and paper mills an important infrastructure investment into green power and overall reduction in the environmental footprint for the industry. Gasification technologies are now at the stage where they may be implemented at mills for black liquor gasification. Integrated plants capable of producing biofuels are perhaps only a few years away from commercialization, but interim investments into the basic building blocks are currently available. This chapter elaborates the general P2 practices and cleaner production. P2 practices define that pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose fibers, generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues. The main steps in pulp and paper manufacturing discussed are: raw material preparation, such as wood debarking and chip making, pulp manufacturing, pulp bleaching, paper manufacturing, and fiber recycling.

No water – no paper. This statement still holds true today. On the other hand, freshwater is a scarce resource that entails high costs. The pulp and paper industry has managed to use water efficiently in the past few decades. Nevertheless, the challenge of a zero effluent system has not been satisfactorily tackled up to now. Optimization of existing water circuits and the development of new treatment concepts are currently the principal tasks motivated by the pressure to minimize costs, increase productivity, and ensure product quality requirements.

A model is described in which large numbers of simple agents organize into groups that empirically resemble U.S. firms. The agents work in team production environments, regularly adjust their work effort, and periodically seek better jobs or start new teams when it is in their self-interest. Nash equilibria of the team formation game exist but are unstable. Dynamics are studied using agent computing at full-scale with the U.S. private sector (120 million agents). Stationary distributions of firm sizes, ages, growth rates, wages, job tenure and so on arise at the aggregate level despite perpetual adaptation at the agent level. Such agent adjustments occur for microeconomic reasons without the need for external shocks.

Food spoilage and poisoning are two main problems in food industry area that are caused by contamination of bacteria. The process of contamination of food by bacteria usually occurs in food processing, packaging, and distribution handling. In spite of food preservation techniques such as drying, freezing, heating, fermentation, and salting that can extend the shelf life, recontamination still may occur in the food products. Process packaging as the final process in food production system is key process to protect food product from bacteria contamination and prolong their shelf life. In the past few years, many researchers investigated and developed antibacterial system to preserve food, fruit, vegetable, and beverage. This chapter highlights the development of antibacterial coating as a new method of food preservation system. It also provides the release mechanism of bioactive compound to food system in antibacterial coating. In addition, this review also shows the release effect of bioactive compound to the bacterial activity.

The challenge of income inequality is widely recognized as the burning issue of our times, and its political consequences are dramatically highlighted recently by Brexit and the victory of Donald Trump in the US election. Depending on how this challenge is understood, however, the solutions could vary dramatically. At one end of the spectrum, the market economy is perceived as having failed to spread equitably the fruits of economic growth, hence more aggressive government interventions, including income redistribution, are needed. At the opposite end, inept governments, counter-productive and anti-market public policies are to be blamed, and it follows that unshackling market forces will lead to improving income equality.

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the major sources of pollution, the chemicals of concern largely from an air pollution standpoint, and methods to estimate some of the releases through the application of emission factors. Most of the environmental impact from this industry sector is associated with the manufacturing process (particularly with pulping), with the environmental fate of the product representing a secondary, but still significant concern. Paper products constitute the largest single fraction of municipal solid waste. The production and use of paper is an enormous industry. The paper industry is an energy-consuming giant. Worldwide, the paper industry is the fifth largest consumer of energy, accounting for 4% of total global energy use. It also creates waste on a very large scale. In order to achieve sustainability, paper companies are implementing techniques to control waste and emissions. These techniques vary from reducing the overall use of energy to using new technologies to help control emissions.

The three dimensional (3D) forming of paperboard fills a niche in the fabrication of packaging which needs to meet strong demands on visual quality, strength, stiffness and shape diversity. In the recent past, capabilities of package-making from paperboard through 3D-forming have seen remarkable process development and an expansion of forming limits. This article aims to provide an overview of known and new or modified 3D-forming technologies, and the basic geometrical and physical relations enabling the forming of paper and board within these technological approaches. The emerging new limits in geometrical and functional design of packaging made of paperboard are provided as a guideline in paper packaging.

We reviewed the 80 most outstanding papers ever presented and hence rewarded with awards at “IFSCC,” the one and only international conference/congress specializing in multiply combined scientific disciplines from which cosmetics are born, in an attempt to extract any correlations between such papers and cosmetic R&D trends over more than 40 years of time frame that gave birth to these papers. The 80 award-winning papers were categorized as either “Skin biology,” “Formulation technologies and new materials,” or “Hair and scalp,” and technological advancements were assembled chronologically based on their research contents. It is meaningful to look back at past technical trends in order to gain insights into new areas of research interests and/or product development.

Many blood tests require the separation of blood cells from plasma. This chapter describes an experiment for the fabrication of a paper microfluidic device that can be later used for blood-plasma separation. The chapter starts with describing the importance of blood-plasma separation in clinical diagnostic procedures. General information on paper microfluidics and protein determination is also provided in the background section. The next sections cover topics related to the design of a paper microfluidic device, the chemicals and materials required, and hazards associated with this experiment. The experimental section includes a step-by-step procedure for device fabrication, separation techniques, and colorimetric determination of blood plasma. Additional notes that may help instructors and students are also highlighted. The included assessment questions can help judge students’ knowledge of the experiment. References at the end of the chapter may be helpful for further reading.

Tea is the most popular manufactured drink consumed globally. Among the many chemicals present in tea extract are amino acids. This chapter describes a simple method to determine the amount of total free amino acids in tea leaves. The method is based on the ninhydrin test on a paper microfluidic device. The chapter starts with background information on the ninhydrin method and smartphone-based determination of the signal. Subsequent sections cover topics related to the design of a paper microfluidic device, the chemicals and materials required, and the hazards associated with this experiment. The experimental section includes a step-by-step procedure for device fabrication using wax pen and colorimetric determination of amino acids. Additional notes for instructors and students are also highlighted as well as assessment questions. References at the end of the chapter may be helpful for further reading.

Nitrite ion is hazardous to human health. It is present in water bodies such as drinking water, stream water, and lake water. Thus it is essential to determine the amount of this contaminant in our water bodies on regular basis. This chapter describes an easy experiment for the determination of nitrite ions on a paper microfluidics platform. Background information and the importance of nitrite determination using Griess test is provided. The following sections cover topics related to the design of the paper microfluidic device, the chemicals and materials required, and the hazards of this experiment. The experimental section includes a step-by-step procedure for device fabrication using a permanent marker pen and colorimetric determination of nitrite. Additional notes that may help instructors and students are highlighted as well as assessment questions references for further reading.