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Chloramphenicol resistance has been reported in individual strains of Salmonella typhi since 1950, but there had been no accounts of epidemics caused by resistant strains of the organism until 1972, when one occurred in Mexico. Two British patients have been infected in that country, and the organism isolated from them corresponds in all respects with the description of the Mexican epidemic strain of S. typhi: it is a degraded Vi strain resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracyclines. It owes its resistance to an R factor which can be transferred to Escherichia coli and thence to drugsensitive S. typhi. Although there is a negligible risk of dissemination of this strain in Britain the incident is a reminder of the need to restrict the use of drugs such as chloramphenicol to the serious diseases for which they are virtually specific.

URBAN children, because of their more localized environment and less frequent exposure, appear to be more suitable subjects than rural children for studies of the acquisition of infection with Histoplasma capsulatum.1 , 2 In these papers two sources of infection among urban children were reported: visits to farms or prior rural residence and exposure in urban structures contaminated with bird droppings. Kier et al.3 have reported a third source — importation of contaminated farm soil or manure as fertilizer. In the present paper we wish to call attention to a fourth source of infection among urban children — namely, infection in wooded, . . .

This paper describes and evaluates a two-year parent education program designed to involve whole families. The program begins when the child is a year old, and includes in-home training of the mother, plus several weekend sessions for the entire family. In its second year, mother and child participate in a nursery school setting, and father is involved in evening meetings. Bilingual training is emphasized. Significant achievements on the part of both program children and program mothers, as compared to controls, are reported on a number of measures.

In this paper traditional medical beliefs and practices in a Mexican village are described and interpreted. The analysis focuses on the notion that health is a balance of hot and cold within the body. Several lines of evidence are used to reveal the metaphorical meanings of hot and cold, and these meanings are then seen to be related to structural features of peasant society.

The ovary and trophotaeniae of "Characodon" eiseni Rutter are described. The median septum of the ovary is variable in structure; the septum may be a single, continuous sheet or it may be divided into dorsal and ventral halves. Ovigerous tissue is confined primarily to the anterior region of the ovary but mostly to the ovarian wall. There are four trophotaeniae (processes), two lateral and two median, one anterior and one posterior to the anus. The processes are further described as sheathed. The above facts are not in agreement with previously published descriptions of Xenotoca variata with which this species has been synonymized. The above facts are further contradictory with each other in assigning "Characodon" eiseni to a particular evolutionary line within the family Goodeidae. The paper shows that the goodeid taxonomic criteria based on ovarian and trophotaenial structure are not discriminatory when applied to "Characodon" eiseni.

The Tarahumara Indians of Northwestern Mexico have long been famous as endurance runners. These capabilities are best displayed in the traditional Tarahumara sport of kick-ball racing. Participants in such races may cover up to 100 miles in 24 hours and races lasting 48 hours are not uncommon. This paper presents findings of a preliminary study of Tarahumara endurance capabilities. The data indicate that experienced kick-ball racers are capable of energy expenditures of more than 10,000 Kcal/24 hour-a figure which is generally considered to repre-sent the upper limits of human voluntary work effort. The aerobic work capacity of Tarahumara boys, who had attended a Mission boarding school for several years, was not significantly different from that of their Mestizo classmates. Unacculturated Tarahumara boys excelled both of these latter groups in physical performance.

Among primitive peoples dental attrition appears to be a natural phenomenon. Often the degrees and kinds of tooth wear vary from population to population. This variability is possibly related to certain material aspects of culture such as diet, food preparation techniques and tool usage. In order to learn more about these relationships, extensive cross cultural comparisons must be made. This paper reports on a study of dental attrition among skeletal remains of North American Indians from three areas: California, the Southwest and the Valley of Mexico. A method of comparing worn teeth of these populations was devised so several characteristics of the teeth and supporting bone could be examined by population. This study showed significant differences in type and degree of wear among the three groups as well as differences between sexes within each population. A positive correlation between tooth wear and cultural factors was found. Dietary specialization and division of labor appear to be responsible for the degree and type of wear found in this sample. Further studies of this type are planned to expand the sample size and, if the new data support these correlations, valuable information about human–environmental relationships can be gained.

ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS was first described by Pollitzer in 1891 as a symmetrical eruption usually involving the axillae, neck, and knuckles and characterized by hyperpigmented, soft, verrucous folds of skin. Winkelmann1stated that acanthosis nigricans occurs in patients with endocrine diseases in whom obesity is not a constant factor. To the knowledge of the present author, the association of acanthosis with lupoid hepatitis has not been reported. This papers reports the apparent combination of these diseases. Report of a Case A 17-year-old female Mexican student was first seen at the Los Angeles County Hospital in January, 1963. She had entered the United States six months previously and since that time had developed jaundice, malaise, and oligomenorrhea. She also had frontal headaches associated with dizziness. One year earlier she had an episode of arthritis of the right knee. There was no history of fever, polyarthritis, alopecia, Raynaud's phenomenon, or pleurisy. Upon

The paper describes a study carried out at the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development to discover a few of the conditions that in six developing countries affected the linkage between certain social levels or “inputs,” such as the level of education and health and educational and health services, on the one hand, and economic growth, on the other. The conditions that were found to be important, to various degrees, and that should be considered in subsequent analysis (and policy making) of the relationships of levels of living to economic growth include the structure of production, selected aspects of the social structure, and the nature and distribution of the social characteristics themselves.

The authors, staff members at a community mental health center serving a large Spanish-speaking population, began using a group approach with such patients after individual treatment proved unsatisfactory. This paper describes the approach and the characteristics of 30 patients who entered the group consecutively. It also discusses the special needs of ethnic groups and their implications for therapists and community mental health programs.

Book reviewed in this article: This paper presents a definition of the Chicano movement, with emphasis on those aspects of the movement that relate to the sociology and anthropology of Mexican-Americans. Some theoretical points of overlap and common interest between the Chicano movement and the community mental health movement are described, and some aspects of the Chicano movement that have implications for clinical practice are discussed.

This paper deals with some of the questions that arise from the deviant character of those who cross the U.S.-Mexico border without inspection, and the process of interaction through which the label "wetback" is "created" and used. The historical context of immigration to the United States as related to cheap labor demands is described, and the emergence of the label "wetback" is discussed. The roles of the persons involved in the violation of the immigration law and some of the socioeconomic implications of those roles are analyzed through labeling theory. The process of interaction in which those roles become visible is discussed in terms of the interests, power, and consequences of each role with respect to those of the other roles in the process. The concept of "antilaw entrepreneur" is introduced, and its explanatory potential is indicated.

THIS PAPER reports the results of a sociocultural and clinical investigation that was conducted on a sample of working class Mexican psychiatric outpatients. There is such social scientific and psychiatric interest in the mental health of the different social status groupings, but most of the work reported deals with American findings. 1-5 One of the aims of this study was to obtain in some detail demographic, cultural, and clinical characteristics of a sample of working class patients living in a different cultural setting. Although there are few formal psychiatric studies dealing with Mexico, there does exist considerable behavioral science data that touch on population and sociocultural characteristics of Mexicans. 6-15 Attempts at comparing in depth and with considerable rigor personality development in different nations (including Mexico and the United States) are currently underway. 16-19 There does exist, then, a body of background information that

Editorial comment on 4 papers concerned with the geographical variation in the rate of mortality from cerebrovascular disease is presented. The variation in official mortality statistics was investigated to determine if there were regional differences in medical practice in the U.S. More generally the epidemiology and etiology of cerebrovascular diseases were investigated. Compared to the U.S. mortality rates for cerebrovascular disease were considerably higher in Japan and considerably lower in Mexico. A correlation between hypertension and death from stroke was confirmed by the studies. Regional variations in stroke-related mortality between Georgians and residents of Western states are discussed. As no 1 single factor can explain the differences in the incidence or mortality of stroke it is recommended that distinguishing characteristics of hypertensives who develop stroke and those who do not should be investigated.

One area of the community to which professionals must address themselves is the low-income group and anti-poverty agencies. This paper describes one process by which a nurse effectively and usefully established a role for herself in an antipoverty program, Following a description of the agency and details of the process, implications for nursing are discussed. Many issues are raised for Community Mental Health nursing to consider. The implication is that if they are truly to be participants in community mental health, nurses must begin to see themselves in new roles and prepare to move in new directions using untried methods.

In view of the economic and operational importance in malaria eradication campaigns of correctly measuring the insecticides used, tests have been made in Mexico to compare the accuracy of two manual procedures, one volumetric and the other gravimetric. For volumetric measurement a calibrated, metal measuring-can of sheet metal is used, and for gravimetric measurement a specially designed Roman balance. Altogether 1022 volumetric and 1411 gravimetric tests were made. The results, given in this paper, show that the volumetric measurement entails too great a margin of error to be acceptable, but that the Roman balance is both sufficiently accurate and practical and economical.