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Bamboo is an important raw material for manufacture of paper pulp in areas where it is abundant, especially in India, Pakistan, Taiwan (Formosa), and mainland China. In most instances it is reduced to pulp by chemical treatment under pressure at high temperature. An exception is the manufacture of bamboo mechanical pulp in Taiwan. This pulp is combined with a small amount of ricestraw chemical pulp for manufacture of a product used to prepare the so-called "joss paper" employed in Chinese religious and funeral ceremonies. "Joss" is a pidgin English word that is derived from the Portuguese deos or deus, god, and is used to refer to a Chinese household divinity or to a cult image. Joss paper consists of sheets of crude paper of various sizes, mostly 2'2 by 3 inches, to 10 by 11 inches, usually almost completely or partially covered with a piece of tin foil. A golden metallic effect is created, according to Hunter,2 by brushing the foil with seaweed extract contain

River water polluted by the wastes of two sulphate paper mills-the one T. Mill situated on the River Sin and the other 0. Mill on the River Syonai-was examined chemically and biologically. In the case of T. Mill, the harmful effect of the waste on the fishery in the Sin was considerable, but in the case of O. Mill, it was not so much, because the Syonai gets enough affluent water to dilute the waste. Yet in the latter, we could clearly recognize differences of chemical properties of the river water before and after the mill came into operation. According to our examination the pollution by the sulphate paper mill waste may be detrimental to fish life in foilowing ways ; (1) by depleting the dissolved oxygen and suffocating fish, (2) by direct poisoning or killing of fish by toxic substances. The polluted river water brought forth a very bad taste and odour to the fish in the large area and made them of no use for human food. This ill-effect was the most serious, among others, for fishery. To get rid of those ill-effects, we consider that sedimentation and filtration of sulphate soap and other suspending matters, and oxidizing of the waste may be effective.

The White Paper on Palestine, issued by the British Government in May 1939, adumbrated future British policy in Palestine at a time when all members of the Cabinet, including Chamberlain, had accepted the inevitability of war. Yet, while they were concerting measures for war on a global scale, the Middle Eastern theatre was of low military priority, and appeasement remained the order of the day, with the White Paper as its principal instrument. The White Paper severely restricted Jewish immigration into Palestine for the next five years and amde further, subsequent immigration dependent upon Arab consent. Britain also promised to set up an independent Palestinian State within the next ten years, if this should prove feasible.

From their experience of this market and using a combination of trend projection, correlation analysis and market research, Messrs. Clark and Cockram forecast that consumption of printing and writing paper in Western Europe will increase from 8.9 million tonnes in 1972 to 13.3 million tonnes in 1977: an average increase of 8% per annum over a five year period. Recovery from the recent recession will lead to a very rapid increase of consumption in 1973 ( 16% higher than 1972) and in 1974 ( 10% higher than 1973) followed by two years of below average growth. Consumption of coated paper will continue to grow at a faster rate than uncoated, averaging 12% a year. 1973 will be a year of very rapid growth (25%) followed by two years of more moderate growth (13% and 9% respectively) and in 1976 a year of very little growth (2%). By 1977, coated paper will account for 35% of total printing and writing consumption compared with 30% in 1972. The growth in demand for uncoated paper will be less dramatic and also less variable than the growth of coated paper. Between 1972 and 1977 consumption is forecast to increase at an average rate of 7%. Again, 1973 will see the fastest growth ( 12%) while the lowest growth (3%) is expected to be in the years 1975 and 1976. Indeed, there is some danger that a period of stagnation or even another recession could affect paper consumption by 1976.

This paper is a report of 1) comparative fluoride levels accumulated by lime-treated filter papers exposed in duplicate shelters, 2) the statistical relationship at each of 20 exposure sites between the average monthly filter paper fluoride level for the growing season and the total fluoride level accumulated in heterogeneous ground cover vegetation at each site during the growing season, and 3) the reliability of the lime-treated filter paper technique in measuring the relative intensity of fluoric pollution from one year to another.

During a period of high pollution in December 1962 smoke samples were taken on Whatman cellulose fibre paper and on glass fibre paper, and the weight collected on the latter was used to derive a calibration curve for the standard filter-paper method of estimation of smoke. While the samples from which the calibration was derived were being collected the nature of the pollution changed very little, but qualitative changes in pollution may result from altered weather conditions and the errors which this introduces are considered. The effects which the texture of the paper and the colour and overlapping of the particles may have on the measured reflectance are also discussed.

Printed records of safety efforts in the paper industry began with the formation of the Paper and Pulp Section of the National Safety Council at Philadelphia, in 1915. Safety activities of commendable sort had been carried on for years in several forward-looking mills, but prior to 1915 there were no organized efforts. To S. F. Shattuck, treasurer of the Kimberly-Clark Company, eminent for his success in industrial relations, goes the credit for yeoman service that started the present vital movement in the industry. He found backing in a few kindred souls, notably G. E. Williamson, of the Strathmore Paper Company, and R. B. Robertson, of the Champion Fibre Company, and a meeting was called in connection with the National Safety Congress with Mr. Robertson drafted as chairman. That gentleman, however, seems to have led a good-natured stampede for Shattuck, who was placed at the head of the new section. Mr. Robertson was elected vice-chairman, and E. P. Gleason, of NekoosaEdwards Paper Company, secretary. The meetings of the section were but thinly attended at first and the going was heavy. However, dynamic interest was forthcoming with other safety men who allied themselves with the new body. In fact, among the early few who gave their best to the section were representatives of paper mills who had helped to organize the National Safety Council some four years before they were ready to effect an organization of the "Paper Manufacturers' Sectional Meeting." The first meeting brought together thirtyone delegates, representing fifteen paper mills and as many friendly or allied

February 14, 1968 Revenue — Selective employment tax — Qualifying activities — Waste paper sorted, graded, baled and sold to paper and board mills — Whether part of process of “manufacturing” — Whether “manufacture” — Waste paper merchants — Whether “dealers in waste paper” — Selective Employment Payments Act, 1966 (c32) s.1(2)(a) — Standard Industrial Classification Orders XV, XVI, XX.

The Panel on the Laboratory in Biology was formed by the Commission on Undergraduate Education in the Biological Sciences (CUEBS) with the charge of clarifying the function of the laboratory in the changing biology curriculum. This paper, the first product of our deliberations, seeks to make a single point which we feel is of such great importance to the future of undergraduate biology that all other considerations in laboratory instruction must be deemed inconsequential beside it. Stated simply, the point is that the best use of the laboratory in undergraduate instruction is to engage the student in the process of active investigation. This paper will be devoted, therefore, to the development and support of the concept of such a laboratory program, which we will refer to as an "investigative laboratory." Additional papers, describing specific investigative laboratory programs in which three of the authors of this paper have participated, will appear separately.

The MANUFACTURE OF PAPER is an art as old as civilisation. Until comparatively lately in the world's history, demand for paper could be satisfied by hand manufacture; however, the invention of printing, allied with a steady growth in literacy have necessitated the development of mechanical means of paper‐making.

FARADAY's paper "On Argument" was read in August 1818 to a semiphilosophical, semi-social group of young members of the Royal Institution to which he belonged. It was entered by his hand into a kind of record book containing the proceedings of the group. This book was in the private possession of one of the members of the group who left London, and was later, in 1890, presented to the Royal Institution, according to his will. This explains why "On Argument" was not even mentioned in H. Bence-Jones's Life of Faraday of 1870. It is not for me to explain how such an interesting paper escaped publication before now. I am most grateful to the Royal Institution for the permission to publish it, and especially to their Librarian, Mr. K. D. C. Vernon, who drew my attention to it. In this paper Faraday speaks of attributing foolish or improper opinions to, and of making unwarrantable assertions about one's opponent; and he stresses that he has in mind definite experiences of his own. It may therefore be relevant to mention an example, and I therefore decided also to publish, by way of preamble to the paper, a remarkable though yet unpublished letter from G. Moll to Faraday dated 25 April 1831. This letter is in the possession of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, to which I am indebted for permission to publish it. G. Moll of Utrecht was a personal friend of Davy and of Faraday. He was famous as a chemist and as the (anonymous) author of the remarkable On the Alleged Decline of Science in England (which is a comment on C. Babbage's famous The Decline of Science in England and was edited and published by Faraday in 1831). Moll's letter accompanied the manuscript of that book. It contains a comment on Dr. J. A. Paris' Life of Davy, and a description of an attempt of a group of French philosophers to suppress Davy's criticism of Lavoisier. Moll protested against the lack of any reference to this incident in Paris' book. It is interesting to note that the silence still prevails. Only John Davy, in his Life of his brother, referred to this incident, though rather evasively; he discussed it in a little more detail in his Fragmentary Remains of Sir Humphrey Davy. But none of the later biographers of Davy or Faraday refer to this incident and Moll's letter was ignored until now. For my own part I see no reason for concealing the failings of the great men of the

THE predominant characteristic of life and of enterprise is change. The principal ingredient of growth itself is change, although change is not necessarily growth. It is axiomatic of course that change can be for the better or for worse. It follows then that of all futures for the paper industry, the single, predominant characteristic will be CHANGE directed change for the better or misdirected change for the worse. To initiate, lead and give direction to change is one of the prime responsibilities of industrial management. So it is with the management of our industry. With full awareness of its responsibilities, I am confident that the changes of the future will be for the better. Certainly our industry has before it, unparalleled opportunity for great gains. Over the past century the paper industry has undergone many changes. Principal among these has been a dramatic and continuing increase in tons of paper and paper board made and sold for an ever increasing demand based in large measure on new applications and new markets as well as explosive growth in traditional uses. In contrast, however, the paper industry during this same century has made very few basic changes in its processes. We have increased the speed of our processes; but there have been few innovations. While the "batch system" continues to be used largely in pulping and in most so-called "dry furnish" paper mills whose paper is made from purchased pulp, our industry is nevertheless in a real sense one of the oldest continuous process industries known. Yet our industry has done less about controlling the random variations in its process than have most of the other continuous process industries. One of the most far-reaching futures for our industry will be the emergence of modern process control systems. These will greatly reduce present day costs of operation. Stimulated by an enlightened self-interest, the pulp and paper industry has set an inspiring example of forest conservation and development. The number of tree farms and the total volume of growing timber crops is vastly greater than half a century ago, or for that matter even 25 years ago. So, while we are harvesting ever increasing volume of timber from which to extract the cellulose fibres out of which paper and paper board are made, there is much greater volume of growing and sustained available supply. The growth rate exceeds the harvesting rate. This has been a great achievement. However, we have not significantly changed or improved methods of harvesting or of bringing pulp wood to the initiation of the pulping process, particularly in the great Southern pine branch of our industry. Thus, we have neither basically changed the system of gathering wood for pulping nor the processes of manufacturing pulp and paper except in terms of speed, diversification of use and volume of products made and sold. The future will belong to us only if we deserve it. Unless we find simpler methods of pulping and paper making, so the required capital equipment can be obtained for lesser cost, and unless we can find the ways and means to produce greater volumes of high quality products at lower cost, we will fail to provide adequate defenses against attack from lower cost substitutes. All that will be required to bring about the encroachment of lower-priced substitutes is sufficient economic inducement. Unless our industry finds lower cost methods we will provide that inducement. We must secure the future by creating the capability of manufacturing our products by different methods and of selling at lower prices, while making an adequate margin on sales and a satisfactory return on capital investment. It is only in this manner that we can assure that the future will be one of dynamic activity for the enterprise in which we are engaged. And it is, of course, only in this way that in the future, as in the past, we will have the confidence of intending investors, shareholders, the financial community, our employees and our customers.

This study investigated effects of industrial wastes of a paper mill on fish. Chemical analyses were made of the effluent and of the river water before it entered the mill and at the effluent entry point. Static bioassay techniques were used to determine tolerances to the effluent of ten fish species which were abundant in the paper mill area. Fish were collected from the effluent entry point into the river. An abundant fish fauna was found. Charmin Paper Products Company, Cheboygan, Michigan, treats its waste products thoroughly and is an example of what an industry can do to reduce water pollution. The common shiner, Notropis cornutus , was found to be intolerant to even low concentrations of the effluent. Thus, its presence in an area would indicate a very low level of pollution of this type.

This subject-author index of over 500 papers is intended as a helpful reference tool for those who seek material on the writing, verbal presentation, and publication of technical information, and as a guide to people who have authored such material. Many of the papers listed - especially those given in local society meetings - have not been published. These were included bcause frustration is preferable to total ignorance. To track down an unpublished paper or an author when all else fails, contact the organization that sponsored the meeting at which the paper was given. This index is not necessarily 100% exhaustive; some titles may have been omitted, and some misclassified. Readers are invited to notify the Transactions on EWS of errors or omissions.

T HE preparation of a term paper is a frequent assignment in American colleges. Its common use suggests that many instructors look favorably upon it as a means of helping the student to attain certain values which should follow from a college education. Many claims for it-both the mastery of subjectmatter and the development of the student-are made. On the other hand, students and faculty members often protest that the task of writing, or reading, these papers consumes much time that can be spent to better advantage in other ways. To formulate an intelligent policy concerning the way in which term papers should be used it will be desirable to know more about the experience which other teachers have had with this type of assignment. The present report is the result of pooling such experience at Queens College. At a staff meeting, President Klapper, after discussing the weaknesses in the current use of term papers, proposed seven questions for the careful consideration of the staff. Four additional questions were suggested by members of the faculty. Each department was requested to study these questions and to prepare short but explicit answers which the chairman of the Committee on Evaluation would synthesize into a report. These replies constitute the basis of the proposals contained here. This report is concerned only with the preparation of a major term paper in a college course, not the kind of research work that is conducted in honors courses. Excluded, also, is all evaluation of minor written assignments. Term papers do not concern all divisions of the faculty. They are most frequently assigned in the Division of Social Sciences; they are used to a considerable extent in the Division of Language, Literature, and the Arts; and, except in Psychology, they are almost never used in the Division of Science and Mathematics. The replies to the specific questions showed considerable variation in the points of view of various departments. The objectives to be achieved through term papers most frequently cited were: to give able students an opportunity to do systematic, critical, or constructive work independently under the guidance of the instructor; to supplement the student's knowledge of the field by wider reading and thinking, and by greater practical handling of the material than is pos

The pulp and paper industry has fallen on evil days since 1929. It is still our largest manufacturing industry both in value of output and amount of payroll, and still ranks second only to wheat among the export staples on which our economic life is built: in the calendar year 1934, wheat provided just over 20 per cent, of the value of our exports; pulp and paper, 17¼ per cent, a gain of 4¼ per cent, since 1930. Unhappily it is also second only to wheat in the calamities which have overtaken it. In 1933, its salary payments were barely 68 per cent, of the pre-depression figure, its wage bill not quite 50 per cent., its bond and debenture interest payments less than 15 per cent., its dividends about 9 per cent. Mr. C. P. Fell, in his valuable chapter in The Canadian Economy and its Problems, says that “mills having 58 per cent, of the total Canadian [newsprint] capacity are in bankruptcy or receivership, or are passing, or have recently passed through, some form of reorganization; … they include five out of eight of the larger newsprint manufacturers in North America.”The general decline in prices and consumption will explain only a small part of the disaster. It is tempting to dismiss the rest as no more than an instance of the common plight of all export industries; especially as the only section of the pulp and paper industry in a reasonably satisfactory financial position is the small group of firms producing fine paper and specialty goods for the protected home market. But this explanation also is hardly adequate. The Canadian wheat grower has had to contend against the vagaries of nature, against foreign tariffs, quotas, and other such restrictions, against a considerable expansion of home production in his chief markets, and against the formidable competition of exporters from countries with depreciated exchanges. The Canadian newsprint manufacturer, on the other hand, faces no such obstacles. On the contrary, he has free entry into the United States market, and, until the worst of the depression was past, enjoyed the advantages of a depreciated exchange, netting him at times as much as $8.00 a ton, and an average of $3.00 in 1933. It is necessary, therefore, to look deeper to discover why the industry has suffered such exceptionally severe losses.

This paper tells about a computer application in the control and supervision of paper manufacture. The operating system and the control program modules as well as the opportunities of the process operator to interact with the execution of the programs are described in addition to the computer equipment. Control objects are the basis weight, humidity, machine speed and headbox level and pressure. Their essential features are described together with a description of the supervision, which consists of quality and production reports.

In the case of metal complexes the effects of the ligands upon the R F values obtained in paper chrornatography are shown The replacement ability of the different ligands has been illustrated Chromatographie studies involving complexes were divided into homogeneous and non-homogeneous types and the experimental results explained accordingly

'he White Paper on United States relations with China/ released by the State Department on August 5, is the product of many factors. The two most im? portant are the recent debacle of American policy in China, and the conflict between the Department and a critical segment of Congressional, press, and other opinion?largely Republican?as to where the respon? sibility for the debacle lies and what the United States should do next.

"There is hardly a question more laden with myths than the recent history of Palestine. This is true not only of the post-World War II era, but even more of the inter-war years. However, the opening to public perusal of the British government's records of the 1930's has enabled students to examine the facts and to attempt to expose certain false notions about British policy in Palestine. The creation of notions and myths is a simple matter; their refutation involves painstaking and detailed study of people, actions and policies." - Introductory paragraph. Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield (Lord Passfield) served as Secretary of State for the Colonies in the Labour Government from 7 June 1929 to 24 August 1931. Between 23 and 29 August 1929 there were riots in Palestine, by then a British Protectorate, resulting in serious loss of life. As Colonial Secretary he issued the Passfield White Paper which revised the government's policy in Palestine.

Three types of wiring systems in common use in the pulp and paper industry are evaluated and compared in terms of such important criteria as reliability, safety, installed cost, adaptability, weight, and installation time.

A high speed paper tape reader with a maximum speed of 1000 characters per second is described. Relevant principles of construction as well as operating characteristics are given in some detail.

It has been established that many substances can bring about a change in position of pigments in crustacean chromatophores (Florey, 1951). The extracts of certain animal tissues (pituitary, crustacean sinus-gland and post-commissure organs, insect brain and corpora cardiaca) are especially active (Brown, 1940; Knowles, 1953; Dupont-Raabe, 1952; Thomsen, 1943); there is evidence that these tissues intervene in the normal colour change of the animals which possess them and that their products may properly be considered as hormones. On the other hand, many species which do not themselves possess chromatophores (oligochaetes, molluscs, and many insects) have nevertheless been shown to contain substances in their tissues which will, after injection into crustaceans, initiate pigment movements (Scharrer, 1954). It has not yet been ascertained whether these pigment-activating substances chemically resemble normal colour-change hormones or whether the pigment movements they produce are pharmacodynamic effects irrelevant in the study of colour physiology.

This report challenges the status quo in student teaching and outlines a program of joint responsibility by the college and the public school.

Continental systems generally permit a possessor to acquire rights against the signatories of a bill or note despite a forged indorsement, it being sufficient that the sequence of indorsement on the instrument leads to the possessor. On general principles, the Anglo-American law differs in this respect. As early as the eighteenth century, it was held, in Mead v. Young (1790) that the possessor of a bill to order containing a forged indorsement has no right to the bill and is not entitled to demand payment from the parties whose signatures preceded the forgery. This approach was followed by the English Act and the N.I.L. The U.C.C. follows this principle in laying down that a forged signature is inoperative as that of the person whose name is signed. A person who acquires a bill to order on which there is a forged indorsement is therefore not a holder of the bill nor in legal possession of it, nor an owner. He consequently has no right under the bill against parties whose signatures preceded the forgery.

SUMMARY Radiography using a stabilization paper and a stabilization processor is available and could be valuable in large animal practice. The processor is easily transported and can be used in any dark area where a 115 volt power supply is available. A finished positive radiographic print can be produced in 10 seconds. Good image quality was obtained in pilot studies. It was possible to demonstrate small fracture fragments, vascular channels in the third phalanx and navicular bone, and bone trabeculae. The high contrast and low sensitivity of the stabilization paper necessitated separate exposures for evaluation of soft tissues and bones, and an exposure 7.5 times that used for conventional radiographic film. RESUME La radiographie avec emploi d'un papier fixateur et d'un dispositif fixateur est possible et parait devoir etre utile chez les grands animaux. Le dispositif de developpement est facilement transporte et peut etre utilise dans n'importe quelle zone obscure ou un courant de 115 Volts est accessible. Une radiographie positive definitive est obtenue en 10 secondes. De bonnes images furent obtenues. Il fut possible de mettre en evidence de petits fragments osseux, les canaux vasculaires de la troisieme phalange et les trabecules osseuses. L'image tres contrastee et la faible sensibilite de l'emulsion employee exige des temps d'exposition differents pour l'appreciation des tissu mous et des os, et une exposition durant un temps sept fois et demi superieur a celui necessaire avec les films conventionnels. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine radiographiche Technik, die ein Stabilisationspapier und einem Stabilisationsverarbeiter einsetzt, konnte in der Grosstierpraxis nutzlich sein. Der Verarbeiter kann leicht transportiert und in jeder dunklen Umgebung verwendet werden, wo ein Anschluss an ein 115 Volt-Netz vorhanden ist. Ein fertiges positives Rontgenbild kann innert 10 Sekunden hergestellt werden. Die ersten Untersuchungen ergaben eine gute Bildqualitat. Es war moglich, kleine Frakturfragmente, Gefasskanale in Hufbein und Strahlbein und Knochentrabeculae zu demonstrieren. Der gute Kontrast und die Unempfindlichkeit des Stabilisationspapiers erforderten verschiedene Belichtungen fur Weichgewebe und Knochen und eine 7,5 mal hohere Belichtungszeit als bei konventionellen Rontgenfilmen.

The fact that the pollution of waste water from paper manufacturing plant, especially that of sulfite pulp waste liquor, in natural water streams causes rapid foaming is utilized for a proposed method of rapid estimation of the polution of waters. Approximately 50cc sample water in an oxygen bottle, s shaken and the duration of time for disappearance of the risen foam is measured to make possible for semiquantitative determination to the extent of dilution of 10ppm of the waste liquor. The sensitivity for estimation is higher by using the sample water with lower temperature, also there are some differences between fresh water and sea water, but no remarkable difference is observed when the sea water is diluted to one-half. Since there is some difference in the stability of foam depending upon the kinds of waste waters, it is necessary to make previous test on the relation of duration and stability of foam for a particular water to be tested. By use of this technique, it is possible to estimate the degree of pollution by measuring the durability of foam without measuring the consumption of KMnO4.

(1973). A COMMENT ON THE WHITE PAPER. The Slow Learning Child: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 170-172.

Pollution preventive measures should be built into the process when a new mill is designed; corrective measures must be taken on existing mills. For air pollution control, these measures consist essentially of enclosing all vessels that contain the black liquor from which the tall oil is recovered. Hoods are placed over storage tanks, sumps, heat exchangers, and other liquor-containing vessels. The hoods must be vented to a ductwork system that brings the off-gases to a central point for disposition. Typical devices to remove the offensive odors and particulate matter in the off-gases are wet scrubbers and incinerators. Evaporation can be used to concentrate liquids containing small amounts of contaminants to much smaller volumes and to concentrations that permit incineration. The lime kiln and recovery boiler of the typical Kraft mill commonly are used to burn the odorous gases, thus destroying the odors completely. Sometimes a separate incinerator is required. Water pollution is best prevented by careful design and operation of the various tall oil removal equipment, such as soap skimmers, level controls, and valving systems. In spite of great care in design and operation, some tall oil will enter the wastewater stream. The effluent treatment plant must be designed to take care of this residual biochemical oxygen demand load and, in some cases, provide for color reduction in the treated effluent.

A paper partition chromatographic procedure is described for the separation and identification of aryldiamines, aminophenols and polyhydric phenols used as colouring agents of oxidation-type hair dyes. Twenty-nine compounds were chromatographed on Whatman No. 3 MM paper using, as developing solvent, the top layer of a mixture of 500 ml n-butanol, 100 ml ethanol, 400 ml water, 100 ml acetic acid and 10 g sodium sulphite. Good separations of most combination of compounds were achieved. Where resolutions could not be accomplished, positive identifications could be made through the use of several detecting reagents. The application of this procedure to the analysis of colouring agents of hair dye preparations is described.

A simple paper chromatographic method for separation and quantitative determination of tetracycline in pharmaceutical preparations was developed. The method is based on the complexation of the antibiotic with a mixture of urea and disodium edetate on a chromatographic paper at pH 7.4. Spots of tetracycline and its degradation products were located under UV light, and their respective Rf values were calculated. The method can be used to determine tetracycline phosphate, even in the presence of oleandomycin. The developed method proved satisfactory in monitoring the stability of the antibiotic base and its hydrochloride.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of a number of studies that have been carried out at the Research Department of The Graphic College of Denmark and are relevant to the complicated processes involved in the absorption of printing ink into and its drying on paper. The studies have been made particularly on coated paper so as to discover the influence of the paper properties on the change of hue of colored printing inks and on phenomena like chalking and ghosting. The report is in three parts: (1) studies of the absorption of inks into paper, (2) studies of the change of hue of printing inks as a function of various paper properties, and (3) studies of the drying of printing inks on coated paper in relation to chalking and ghosting. Many experiments failed to establish a generally valid relationship between laboratory measurements of ink properties and practical printings because the properties of the ink change with time after printing, and in a way depending on the properties of the paper and their printing conditions.

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a survey of techniques that help one to understand the principles on which electrophoretic separation on paper is based, enables one to appreciate the possibilities, and makes one aware of the limits and errors of the method. In this survey, both the 1D and the 2D methods are reviewed. The unidimensional type of paper electrophoresis is an extension of free boundary electrophoresis. There are several differences between the two systems. These differences simplify the qualitative and quantitative appraisal of separation after the run on paper. These two methods are described and for each of them a description of the available apparatus with special regard to its structure in promoting and controlling the key function of migration is followed by a study of the anticonvectional medium, the buffer, and the electrical field. The quantitation of results is surveyed. Finally, the chapter considers the new possibilities to describe the trend of electrophoretic methods and indicates their probable development in the future. The chapter concludes that if the electrophoretic tool is called upon to bring a definite advance to medical science, only accurate techniques and reproducible results under standardized conditions can warrant an important future.