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Photogrammetry is presently being used in the location and design of highways to achieve a saving in time, manpower, and cost. Considerable interest has been expressed in extending the use of photogrammetry to achieve a similar savings in the measurement of highway final pay quantities. This paper reports the results of an attempt to apply photogrammetric methods to the determination of several final pay quantities and to evaluate the accuracy obtained by comparison with quantities determined by normal field procedures. The final pay quantities concerned were earthwork, concrete pavement and appurtenances, paved side ditch, sodding, curbing, guard rail, and guide posts.

The purpose of the Research was to examine current highway construction techniques which would reduce pavement costs without sacrificing pavement quality. It was believed that an investigation into the presently used methods for slipform paving and for installing reinforcing steel for continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) would help in satisfying the stated objective.

New oil loading and unloading terminal, under construction in Rio de Janeiro, designed to accommodate tankers from 2000 to 105,000 dw ton capacity.

The authors deal with the development of the Birmingham Inner Ring Road from its conception in 1917 to its completion as a traffic route in 1971. The detailed design of the road together with estimates was prepared in the early 1940s and parliamentary powers to carry out the land acquisition and the construction of the road were obtained in 1945-46. Work started on site in 1957 and the paper deals with the changes that were made to the original design consequent on new projections of traffic growth. These primarily consisted of the introduction of grade separation at the junctions. These changes, however, did not alter the original concept of the road as an all-purpose dual carriageway with frontage development. One of the changes was to introduce a 600 M long tunnel and the paper gives details of the design of this together with information on the ventilation methods used. The paper, in addition to giving details of the specifications and construction methods used, deals with the problems associated with carrying out a major civil engineering work in a highly developed city centre area with the consequent disruption to existing mains services and to pedestrian and vehicular traffic movement. Information is given on traffic design capacities of the various sections of the road together with some details of the actual flows on completion. Finally the authors give their opinion on the effect of the construction of the inner ring road on the development of the city centre and conclude with some thoughts on the possible future development of the city centre area as affected by the ring road. /Author/TRRL/

Major environmental factors involved in planning coastal flood barrier systems along the Texas coast are presented in this paper. The intent is to illuminate important environmental aspects to be considered in the planning of a protective system. This paper is not a treatise on the complexities of design and construction of such a system. For this paper “environmental aspects” are categorized: (1) ecological—man’s habitat; (2) cultural—man’s heritage; and (3)) esthetic—man’s sensory perception of the environment.

THE APPROACH Conventional embankment design practice calls for a factor of safety against base failure higher than 1, usually of the order of 1.5. Such factor of safety would exclude the construction of embankments in projects where no practical alternative exists. Moreover, as marine embankments are often less costly than structures on piles, there is considerable economic advantage in constructing them to the maximum possible extent. The approach used in the design and follow-up of construction of the embankments described in this paper differs from the conventional approach. In the four cases presented the design was not based on some fixed value of the factor of safety. The location of expected failure along the embankment axis was estimated, and as embankment construction came near this location, measurements were taken to obtain early warning of failure. As embankment construction proceeded beyond the location of the first appearance of failure, the extent and consequences of the failure were followed quantitatively. Construction was discontinued when the consequences of base failure exceeded a certain tolerable limit. This approach, allowing construction under a condition of a factor of safety less than 1, has been found satisfactory in the marine embankments discussed in this paper. In these projects,the soft clay supporting the embankment was of low sensitivity,a base failure could not cause damage to any adjoining structures,there was no construction alternative of a comparable cost andthe owner had been advised of the expected base failure. APPROXIMATE STABILITY EQUATION A stability equation based on simplifying assumptions is as follows (derivation is presented in Appendix, A):(Mathematical Equation available in fullpaper) where c is the average cohesion (equal to the shear strength) of the soft clay supporting the embankment; h1 and h2 are the heights of the embankment above and below water level, respectively, when failure is just starting; r1 and r2 are the unit weights of the embankment material above and below water level, respectively; s is the cotangent of the angle of the embankment slope with the horizontal; and d is the depth of the soft clay layer supporting the embankment. Simplifying assumptions are as follows:base failure develops along a single cylindical surface,axis of cylindrical Simplifying assumptions are as follows:base failure develops along a single cylindical surface,axis of cylindrical surface of failure passes through the toe of the slope of the embankment,radius of cylindrical surface is equal to the depth d of the soft layer,strength of soft clay is equal to cohesion (angle of internal friction is zero),embankment material offers no shear resistance andd ? (hl + h2) s. Assumption 1 is commonly accepted in stability problems involving sliding.

This paper examines the current trends in engineering education towards a first degree in the engineering sciences, and professional training similar to Law and Medicine. In particular this paper looks at the needs of the construction industry in view of these trends in education. It is concluded that with the establishment of an organized job training program the construction industry can greatly benefit from such a program, in that future engineers will be well versed in the basic sciences, and will be able to bring these achievements to the industry, unhampered by preconceived notions of construction hardware.

This paper describes a construction method for driving of pipes below ground surface by jacking and boring. The method described is an adaptation of well drilling equipment to horizontal boring. The paper also treats of design problems involved with this type of construction.

Structural members, panels, and decks cold-formed from sheet or strip steel have gained wide acceptance in building construction. The paper reviews some of the peculiarities of the design of light-gage construction. Methods for such design are given in the pertinent Specification of the American Iron and Steel Institute, based largely on research carried out at Cornell University. Performance of thin-walled steel structures is illustrated by selected examples from this research. Current fabrication methods are briefly mentioned and the second part of the paper contains illustrated examples which describe the present range of useage of cold-formed, light-gage steel construction.

The most significant factor affecting water resources planning is the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. The paper includes a description of the Jacksonville Harbor project in northeast Florida, existing environmental problems, and preauthorization environmental planning and coordination. By the time construction started, NEPA had been enacted and an environmental impact statement (EIS) was required. The paper summarizes the five points from the EIS: environmental impact; unavoidable adverse environmental effect; alternatives; relationship between local short-term users of man’s environment and maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity; and irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources. As a result of environmental studies, disposal sites will be located on upland areas. The overall implications of NEPA are that while study costs and coordination requirements will increase sharply, the quality of federal public works projects, and, in turn, the quality of man’s environment, will improve.

THIS PAPER IS IN KEEPING WITH DR TERZAGHI'S OFTEN REPEATED PLEA FOR THE PUBLICATION OF GOOD CASE HISTORIES FROM FOUNDATION PRACTICE. THE LONG-STANDING REPUTATION OF THE CHICAGO-WELL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING FOUNDATIONS TO BEDROCK AT MODERATE DEPTHS BENEATH THE SURFACE , AND ITS WIDE USE IN OTHER AREAS, LENDS SPECIAL VALUE TO THE PAPER. IT IS FORTUNATE THAT THE AUTHORS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SHARE SOME OF THE WIDE EXPERIENCE OF THEIR ORGANIZATIONS. SOME OF THE TERMINOLOGY IN THE PAPER IS, HOWEVER, A LITTLE PUZZLING. HARDPAN IS A TERM WHICH, ONE THOUGHT, HAD HAD BEEN ELIMINATED FROM THE SOIL MECHANICS LITERATURE FOR MANY YEARS, DESPITE ITS REPEATED USE BY NONTECHNICAL WORKERS. MANY WRITERS HAVE POINTED OUT ITS LIMITATIONS. THE WRITER IS CONCERNED WITH THE REPEATED USE OF THE EXPRESSION POURING CONCRETE INSTEAD OF PLACING CONCRETE. IF THE CONCRETE USED FOR CAISSON CONSTRUCTION IN CHICAGO IS REALLY POURED, THEN IT IS NATURAL THAT SOME TROUBLES HAVE BEEN EXPERIENCED. AND IF IT IS REALLY POURED WITH A FREE FALL AND PLACED ON SURFACES WITH STANDING WATER THEREON, THEN THE CONCRETE INDUSTRY'S WORTHWHILE CAMPAIGN TO ENCOURAGE BETTER CONCRETING PRACTICES WOULD APPEAR TO HAVE A GREAT DEAL OF PROGRESS TO MAKE. EVEN MORE SURPRISING IS THE STATEMENT THAT "ONE CAUSE OF DEFECTIVE CAISSONS IS BAD CONCRETE DELIVERED TO THE SITE." THIS IS A DISTURBING STATEMENT. LENGTHY REFLECTION ON THE PAPER SUGGESTS A FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION ABOUT THE PHILOSOPHY OF DESIGN THAT THE AUTHORS MIGHT BE WILLING TO DISCUSS. THE PAPER APPEARS TO BE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT FAILURES WITH CAISSON FOUNDATIONS IN CHICAGO ARE INEVITABLE. SINCE THE USUAL DIAMETER OF FOUNDATION CAISSONS IN CHICAGO PERMITS VISUAL INSPECTION BEFORE CONCRETING AND REASONABLE INSPECTION DURING CONCRETING---CERTAINLY MORE THAN CAN BE GIVEN TO THE CONCRETING OF A HEAVILY REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN ABOVE GROUND---WHY SHOULD THIS ANTICIPATION OF FAILURE BE SO OBVIOUSLY A GOVERNING FEATURE OF DESIGN? ONE HAS YET TO HEAR OF CORE BORINGS BEING USED TO CHECK THE SOUNDNESS OF MAJOR COLUMNS OF REINFORED CONCRETE BUILDINGS. WHAT IS IT THAT MAKES THIS SO ACCEPTED A PRACTICE WITH CAISSONS IN CHICAGO? SURELY A BASIC PRECEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IS THAT DESIGN SHOULD PRODUCE A STRUCTURE, OR COMPONENT, THAT WILL SAFELY AND ECONOMICALLY CARRY ALL DESIGNED LOADS WITH NO POSSIBILITY OF FAILURE OTHER THAN THAT CAUSED BY A MAJOR CATASTROPHE? IF THE AUTHORS COULD GIVE STATISTICS AS TO THE NUMBER OF SUCH FAILURES AS THEY DESCRIBE IN DISCUSSING THIS BASIC QUESTION, THE OVERALL PICTURE MIGHT THEN BE SOMEWHAT CLEARER. /DISCUSSER/

In the United States masonry contractors, who typically employ seven persons but together have gross receipts of about $2 billion annually, frequently neglect good business practices of planning, organization, management, appraisal, and control detailed in this paper. Cited mason productivity research results from more than 200 investigators are summarized, which can increase mason productivity 50%. The cost of nearly 7,000 masonry construction accidents is $40,000,000 annually. Since union apprenticeship programs have never met mason manpower needs, vocational education in public high schools offers the best available alternative. Prefabricated masonry is well developed and internationally available. Many advantages claimed for prefabricated masonry as listed, with several counter problem areas.

The paper presents the construction management engineer in the first line of defense in preventing environmental pollution and degradation during construction. Damage can be reduced through knowledge about the environment and the project. The major construction activities that cause pollution and its magnitude are examined. The engineer is in a position to influence the outcome if he is aware of the problems associated with construction and their magnitude.

This paper examines the classification and composition of construction solid waste and debris. The components of solid waste management systems are reviewed with emphasis on disposal procedures. Incineration, burial, and recycling options are evaluated for application to construction wastes. A strategy designed for the construction management engineer is presented.

The paper stresses an interdisciplinary approach, highlights the necessary background knowledge, expounds basic principles in the selection of construction materials, appraisal of loads, forces, and deformations, seasonal and on-site construction management, prefabrication for rapid on-site erection, subsurface tunnel and chamber construction, and closes with overall concluding remarks specifically directed to cold region, subarctic, arctic, and antarctic engineering construction.

The purpose of this paper is to examine into the feasibility and desirability of the application of the management sciences to the management of construction. The rapid development of the use of scientific methods, techniques and tools in the solution of complex industrial management problems raises the question as to whether or not the scientific disciplines can be employed to improve construction management, perhaps the most diverse, ruggedly individualistic of our major enterprises. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.

This paper deals with the design, construction, and performance of a drydock in the St. Lawrence River enclosed by a till dyke dumped in water. Alternative designs and methods of selecting a suitable till are discussed. Construction procedures are described along with the installation of a two-stage wellpoint system to intercept seepage through the riverbed beneath the dyke. Particular emphasis is placed upon the methods of control and observations taken both during and after construction.It is concluded that a till dyke dumped in water can form as table and impermeable mass; however, care must be taken to apply any surcharge slowly to allow time for the dissipation of pore pressures in the underwater till.

This paper describes a set of techniques developed to assist in planning the operations of a commuter railroad and similar types of public transportation systems. Computer models are used for generating information and processing data with the planner making the value judgment decisions regarding the degree to which the various objectives are achieved. The method attempts to balance the objectives of the user (travel time and comfort), the system operator (operating cost), and the owner-financier (capital investment). The first portion of the method deals with schedule planning, in which the overall trade offs between quality of service and costs are addressed, and the general plan of operations (such as whether or not to include express service) is developed. Once the general plan has been (tentatively) set, then the detailed construction of a specific timetable, including equipment and crew assignments, is addressed.

The use of steel poles to support overhead transmission lines of voltages 345 kV and higher is relatively new. This has resulted in a review of existing design and fabrication processes. This paper examines some of the problems that have occurred involving design technology, material defects, fabrication, including cold forming, welding, and galvanizing. Emphasis is placed on the need for a quality control program in the fabricating shop. Embrittlement and its causes are analyzed. Guidelines for performing a full scale proof test on the pole are presented. Field construction of poles and foundations are also considered.

In the administration of construction contracts, there is usually a provision for dealing with changed conditions. Ten elements that should be included in a changed condition clause are recommended. Some widely used changed conditions clauses are analyzed, and their strengths and deficiencies are noted. A model clause for use in construction contracts is then drafted. This clause contains all the ideal elements of a changed condition clause. It is based, in part, on the recommended clause of the Committee on Contract Administration, ASCE, and, in part, on the papers presented in the 1963 seminar on Who Pays for the Unexpected in Construction, held by the Metropolitan Section, ASCE, in New York, N. Y.

Because of the lack of rapid transit construction within this country during the last quarter century, little experience has been gained in the various aspects of surveying which are involved. This paper presents a correlation of facts, events, and figures relating to the surveying requirements for the construction of a new rapid transit line. The areas of planning, design, and construction are explored with the conclusion being drawn that surveying techniques have a marked impact on the overall project.

An outline of the survey work necessary for the construction of a large tunnel project such as the San Francisco Bay area Rapid Transit System is presented. In the second part of the paper, a method for shield or tunneling machine control by laser and double target is described. This method has proven successful during the driving of the tunnels of the BART system both by hand and machine methods.

Summary Geology is an important determinant affecting the planning, design and construction of a road tunnel. A road tunnel has to satisfy certain geometrical criteria and the achievement of the best economic route for a tunnel may be a complex operation, where the related geology offers any considerable choice. In this paper examples are given of the principal characteristics of three recent road tunnels in Britain, explaining the degree to which the wide variations in tunnelling cost depends upon the nature of the ground. It has generally been assumed that, where topography so allows, a road may be set underground by cut-and-cover construction at less cost than in a bored tunnel. In ground particularly favourable for economic tunnelling this is no longer necessarily true on direct engineering costs and, in an urban setting, other indirect costs tend to favour the case for a bored tunnel. Reference is made to the pattern of variations of cost with depth below surface for each of these types of tunnel. The site investigations for a tunnel should be designed to determine the properties of the ground relevant to the selection of tunnelling method and the estimation of constructional difficulties. A highly mechanised system of tunnelling is particularly sensitive to geological variation and calls for an appropriate effort to eliminate, within reasonable limits, the risk of encountering an insuperable or disproportionately costly difficulty. The problem of tunnel design relates directly to the competence of the ground. The concept of a competence factor is introduced in this respect. In soft ground, a principal problem is one of the adequacy of immediate support. In somewhat more competent ground, the extent of the need for immediate support depends on the knowledge of the stress/strain characteristics of the ground. For competent rock, the main problem concerns the means for determining the behaviour of the ground en masse. The method of excavation is also a factor affecting the behaviour of the rock around a tunnel. Over the last 15 years or so there has been considerable experience in the use of rock bolts and shotcrete in providing support to the rock as an alternative to more traditional methods. The behaviour of such expedients is discussed in relation to the nature of the rock and of its discontinuities. In soft ground, surface settlement may be important in determining the scheme for an urban tunnel. Settlement is not only largely dependent on the system of tunnelling but also upon the use of special expedients in relation to tunnelling in poor ground.

A GROUP OF EQUATIONS IS DEVELOPED IN THIS PAPER TO STIMULATE THE COSTS OF OWNING, MAINTAINING, AND OPERATING CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. BY MANIPULATING THE VARIABLES IN THESE EQUATIONS, THE DECISION-MAKER IS ABLE TO CONFIRM QUANTITATIVELY THE DECISIONS HE MUST MAKE WHICH INVOLVE THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF HIS EQUIPMENT. THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF A PIECE OF EQUIPMENT IS DEFINED AS THAT LIFE WHICH MAXIMIZES THE RETURN TO THE OWNER DURING THE LIFE OF HIS ENTERPRISE. IN MAKING DESICIONS ABOUT EQUIPMENT POLICY, MODERN ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT DICTATES A CONSIDERATION OF AT LEAST THE FOLLOWING BASIC CONCEPTS: (1) TIME VALUE OF MONEY; (2) TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN EQUIPMENT (OBSOLESCENCE); (3) EFFECT OF TAXES (DEPRECIATION TECHNIQUES); (4) INFLUENCE OF INFLATION; (5) INCREASED COST OF BORROWING MONEY; (6) CONTINUING REPLACEMENTS IN THE FUTURE; AND (7) INCREASED COST OF FUTURE MACHINES. ALL OF THESE CONCEPTS ARE INCLUDED IN THE MODEL WHICH IS DESCRIBED. /AUTHOR/

This paper describes the design and construction of a 30,000 DWT to 60,000 DWT capacity tanker loading facility constructed in Cook Inlet, Alaska for year-round operations. Particular emphasis is placed on the environmental conditions and resulting design criteria which led to the conception of the unique structure. Large diameter steel tubes, supported by underwater bracing, were used as the main structural members which extended through the ice zone. A movable fender system was designed to remain a few feet above the water level and thus provide a uniform fendering capability at all tidal levels without exposure to ice damage. The dock components were prefabricated in large units to reduce on-site work to a minimum.

ESSENTIAL LOGICAL DETAILS ARE EXPLAINED FOR A PROCEDURE THAT INTEGRATES TWO IMPORTANT NETWORK-BASED PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES: (1) RESOURCE ALLOCATION; AND (2) TIME-COST TRADE-OFF ANALYSIS. IN THE RESEARCH PROJECT UPON WHICH THE PAPER IS BASED, THESE TECHNIQUES WERE ALSO INTEGRATED WITH BASIC CRITICAL PATH NETWORKING, RESOURCE LEVELING, AND CASH FLOW ANALYSIS. ALL WERE DEVELOPED IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INTERACTIVE MAN-COMPUTER SYSTEM. THE PROEDURE RETAINS PROPERTIES OF NETWORKS ANALOGOUS TO THE "CRITICAL PATH" AND "FLOAT" WHILE OPERATING WITHIN RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS. A NEW "INTERVAL APPROACH" TO TIME-COST TRADE-OFF ANALYSIS ALSO OVERCOMES MANY THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF EARLIER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES. HUMAN INPUT FORMS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SYSTEM AS A SOURCE OF MANAGEMENT INSIGHT, JUDGEMENT, INTUITION, QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS, AND PRACTICAL EVALUATION. A STEP-BY-STEP EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATES THE BASIC CONCEPTS. /ASCE/

The Churchill Falls Power Project is now at a peak stage of construction. The paper gives a brief history of the development and a general description of the design of the principal elements. The scope of engineering assignments is given.

The construction industry has particular problems in its handling of general and project documentation, arising largely from the separation of the design and construction functions, and the large number of firms involved. The Department of the Environment has issued a report proposing improvements in the total information system which suggests that classification is the key factor in any programme of work. In this paper a general account is given of the problems, the work of the DoE, the existing schemes; and proposals are put forward for the compilation of a ‘metasystem’ which would be used to control or steer the conventions used for information handling.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the relation between multiobjective planning of public investment programs and the use of budget constraints, because this important matter is normally not considered in governmental proposals of new planning methods. The multiobjective approach to planning includes: (1) identification of the several objectives of the public organization for which the plans are being made; (2) for each objective development of metrics of its benefits and costs; and (3) design of alternative programs that emphasize alternative combinations of objectives as a means of showing how governmental and private actions can contribute to objectives. In a formal sense a budget constraint is a limit on the total expenditure that can be made for a project or program; and if the constraint is binding, it affects the design of the project or program.

The expanding complexity of technology in buildings, increased design sophistication, and need for total project responsibility is demanding more comprehensive and professional construction management services to control quality, cost, and time and to be more responsive to society's needs. This paper explains the specialized aspects of the construction service and compares the principal characteristics of professionalism with the qualifications and conduct of the constructor person. The criteria for professionalism including expert knowledge, autonomy and freedom to communicate, authority, an altruistic or public-service motivation, a learned technical society and a code of ethics, licensing and registration requirements, client orientation, the colleague community and peer control, public recognition and trust, collective identity, and other similar considerations were particularly studied in the context of the new technologies and today's social, economic, and political changes.

Features of design of Pittsburgh’s thirty miles of tunnel sewers now under construction by the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority and proposed procedure for operation of the system under controlled submergence are described in this paper.

In order to establish the unit price estimate for the earthmoving phase of a project, a selection of the equipment fleet and the management policy decisions governing it, must be made. In order to make a rational selection between the available alternatives the productivity consequences associated with each alternative must be known in advance. A method of computer simulation of an earthmoving operation, based on the GPSS language, is presented. An example project is analyzed, to illustrate how an estimator might determine the productivity consequences with a computer simulation. The computer simulation technique is a powerful management tool, which will assume greater significance in the estimating and planning of projects in the future. It is the objective of this paper to create an interst in this topic within the construction industry.

This paper discussed various methods of converting filmed construction operations from data in the form of motion pictures into useful management statistics and charts. The time-lapse filming technique as a means of collecting data is explained. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the various ways time-lapse films taken of construction operations can be converted into man and machine charts, crew balance charts, work flow charts and effectiveness ratings.

Brian Locke, Head of the Planning Department, the National Research and Development Corporation, during a Faculty of Building Dinner Discourse at the Royal Society, London, made some comments which have significance for industrial managers concerned with the market provided by the Construction Industry. Since it is well known that NRDC will try to find a suitable way to assist an innovation, or development, which would benefit industry and is held up by shortage of resources this condensation of Mr. Locke’s speech of the 9th February 1973 should interest readers of IMM. Some of the innovation situations in the construction industry, with which NRDC have been concerned, are listed in this paper.

This paper describes the existing construction industry as a total system whose flow chart of operations moves from land accumulation through land development to actual construction and ultimate sale to the consumer. Based in part on the author's past experiences as a general building contractor, it focuses upon the historical evolution of the builder as the central figure in today's building processes and demonstrates by examples the complexity, strength, and weaknesses of present housing methods.

The presentation is the combined efforts of all of the members of the Construction Committee of the United States Committee on Large Dams of the International Commission on Large Dams. Large dam construction to a very substantial degree is performed under fixed price contracts. The Engineer provides the technical know-how and he represents the Owner in the contractual and administrative functions during the execution of the work. The contracting industry is basically the source and reservoir of trained and knowledgeable construction personnel, and the provider of the plant, equipment, facilities and management for the actual construction. The purpose of this paper is to promote a better mutual understanding and appreciation of the positions, functions, and obligations of the various parties involved, and to accentuate those trouble spots that continue to occur in contractual relationship so that they can be overcome or avoided.

Upward pile movement or "pile heave" commonly occurs whenever large numbers of closely spaced piles are driven. Pile heave is generally attributed to displacement of the foundation soils during subsequent driving of adjacent piles. The majority of engineers appear to be of the opinion that all heaved piles must be redriven. Very few documented case histories dealing with this problem are available in the engineering literature. This paper presents detailed field data with analyses pertaining to pile-heave problems that developed during construction of end-bearing pile foundations for a large industrial pant. Two individual areas within the plantsite are selected for detailed study.

This paper proposes the use of computerized heuristic games portraying social, economic, and technological decisions for the education of engineers and planners who are engaged in works directly or indirectly related to the construction industry. It analyzes the validity of such games by examining the characteristics of the construction industry which can suitably be used as the environment for gaming. Included is an explanation of the selection of building construction planning and management as game models. The basic features in both construction planning games and construction management games are described.

THE FIRST PHASE OF THIS GIANT JET-AGE AIRPORT COMPLEX WAS DEDICATED ON SEPTEMBER 22, 1973. THE FOUR AIR TERMINAL BUILDINGS AND THEIR ADJACENT ELEVATED ROADWAYS AND PARKING FACILITIES MAKE EXTENSIVE USE OF PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, ALL EXPOSED BUFF-COLORED CONCRETE WITH A SANDBLASTED TEXTURED FINISH. OVER 12,000 PIECES OF PRECAST CONCRETE WERE USED IN THE BUILDINGS AND 8,000 PIECES IN THE ELEVATED ROADWAYS. THE TERMINAL BUILDINGS ARE SEMICIRCULAR IN PLAN BUT ARE DEVELOPED FROM RECTANGULAR TWO-STORY MODULES CONSISTING OF PRECAST COLUMNS, PRESTRESSED BEAMS, DOUBLE-TEE FLOORS, AND PRECAST WALL PANELS USING WELDED CONNECTIONS. THE MEMBERS ARE GIVEN ADDITIONAL STABILITY BY POST-TENSIONING. THE ELEVATED ROADWAYS FOLLOW THE CURVE OF THE BUILDINGS AND MATCH THEIR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN. CAST-IN-PLACE PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FRAMES AT 62-FT. CENTERS SUPPORT PRESTRESSED DOUBLE TEES, PRECAST FASCIAS, AND CAST-IN-PLACE POST-TENSIONED ROADWAY TOPPINGS. PHASE I CONSTRUCTION EXCEEDS $700 MILLION. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES USED IN ERECTING THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER, TERMINAL FACILITIES, ENPLANING AND DEPLANING TRAFFIC STRUCTURES, AND PARKING FACILITIES.

The various methods of analysis of folded plates, proposed to 1963, are reviewed and summarized. First consideration goes to the simple beam theories that neglect the effect of relative joint displacement, as in the original work by Ehlers and Craemer in Germany in the 1930's, that was subsequently introduced in the United States by Winter and Pei. This report then evaluates the more exact methods of analysis correcting for relative joint displacement subsequently developed by Gruber, Vlassov, Gaafar, Simpson, and Yitzhaki. Finally, the elasticity approach of Goldberg and Leve is considered. As a result of the study, the Committee recommends the use of the ordinary theory with correction for relative joint displacements. Methods in this acceptable category include those of Vlassov, Gaafar, Gaafar as modified by Simpson, Portland Cement Association Bulletin #3, and, finally, Yitzhaki. The report summarizes a method of analysis based on Gaafar's original paper and includes a numerical example for greater clarity. The Committee has also sponsored and recommends an article on folded plate analysis by Yitzhaki. A very complete Bibliography of the subject of folded plates both in English and other languages is included.

Paper describes design of 4-unit, high viscosity oil fueled steam electric station; design of foundations to cope with stiff clay, rock strata, and slag deposits; aspects of outdoor type construction, strengthening gantry crane, and ventilating louvres for turbogenerator housings; outdoor type of construction was found ideal for ventilation but had disadvantages during driving rains, therefore sides were enclosed with corrugated asbestos.

The paper reviews the problems and some of the means of solving fringe area sewerage problems. In the discussion the relative merits of septic tanks, package plants, and oxidation ponds are considered from the standpoint of construction and operation.

The object of this paper is to set forth the problems which the civil engineer meets and is called upon to solve to make possible the construction of an electric generating station involving the rather unusual conditions which occurred in the construction of the Linden Generating Station of Public Service Electric and Gas Company of New Jersey.

Problems encountered in expansion of electric power developments in Latin America; design and construction of Peixoto-Hydro-Electric Development, in Brazil; paper discusses special problems that have been experienced by utilities in those regions, describes number of specific plants illustrating problems and outlines some of background and planning.

Since 1949 the Tennessee Valley Authority has built seven large steam electric stations. Forty-one units are operating in these plants and seven more are under construction. Most of the stations have space for further expansion. The units range in capability from 125 mw to 500 mw. The station capacities for the units operating and under construction range from 800 mw to 1,600 mw, and ultimate capacity in at least one of the plants is about 2,500 mw. It is the intent of this paper to discuss certain features of civil engineering design, some encountered at several stations and some peculiar to a single station, which may be of general interest in the design of steam plants.

In this paper the author outlines the special problems of constructing airfield pavements on permafrost foundations. Particular attention is devoted to problems of construction in areas of discontinuous permafrost, the importance of non-frost-susceptibility soils is shown, and means of combating degradation of pavements are carefully explained. The effects of frost loosening on subgrade soil compaction are outlined.

Data automatic acquisition technology is a new information technology in construction management. The use of this technology is to track and locate the project object, real-time transmission of data information, and through computer processing and analysis of data information, and then to the site monitoring personnel to transfer the specific situation of the construction site, so the construction site for effective monitoring and management. Based on the goal of strengthening the construction site management of the building, this paper classifies the data automatic acquisition technology from the functional use, and then studies the application of the data acquisition technology in the construction site manage-ment, hoping to improve the construction site management level reference function.