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The paper chromatography of phenols (expecially phenolic acids), aglycones, glycosides and certain sugars is carried out with two new solvents. The authors have also examined these substances with the aid of paper electrophoresis and a borate buffer. A detection reagent for o -diphenols on paper is described.

Aliphatic monoamines, diamines, or polyamines have been separated by paper electrophoresis. The separation of a mixture of the bacterial growth factors putrescine, 1,3-propanediamine, spermidine, and spermine has been achieved by this same technique, while spermidine and spermine have also been separated and may be identified in tissue hydrolyzates by paper chromatographic and bioautographic procedures which are described.

An aqueous solution of sodium molybdate has been used as a specific reagent for the detection of phenolic compounds with o-dihydroxy groupings. The paper electrophoretic behaviour of phenolic compounds has been studied using a series of different buffers with pH values ranging from 5.2 to 10.0. o-Dihydroxy compounds can readily be detected by the use of ammonium molybdate buffer, and other structural features can be revealed by the choice of suitable electrolyte solutions. Paper partition chromatography of phenolic compounds using molybdate-treated paper in described.

The paper chromatography of vat and sulphur dyes, using reducing solvents at 80°, has been carried out, the dyes being separated as their leuco compounds. In both cases ascending paper chromatography was applied. The relation between dye constitution and chromatographic behaviour has been examined.

Under conditions in which insulin molecule has a maximal positive charge, comparison of paper chromatographic and paper electrophoretic behaviors was performed between fish and beef insulins. In 33 per cent acetic acid fish insulin migrates faster than beef insulin, whereas it shows lower Rf when is chromatographed using acetic acid-butanol-water (1:3:4) solvent.

A new solvent system was given for the chromatography of food preservatives; benzoic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and it's esters, p-chlorobenzoic acid, sorbic acid, resorcinol and β-naphtol with the ascending method on Toyo Roshi No. 50 paper at 20-25°. Cyclohexanol-ammonium carbonate buffer gave results in 30 hours. Spots were detected by absorption when the paper was examined in ultraviolet light and with color reagcnts of the methyl red or diazo spray reagent. Rf values for this solvent were listed for these substances. Each substance was separated except in the case of mixture of benzoic acid and sorbic acid. However in this case, these two substances were identified by measuring spectrophotometrically the alcohol solution extracted from the part containing the substances on paper chromatogram.Horizontal paper electrophoresis on Toyo Roshi No. 51 paper for 1.5-2 hours at 20V per cm with buffer consisted of dimethylformamide, pyridine, acetic acid and water (pH 5.6) or of butanol, ammonia, acetic acid and water (pH 5.0) was useful. MNC (the ratio of the migration of the substances of New Coccine) and colors given with the methyl red, FeCl3 and diazo spray reagents were tabulated adding dehydroacetic acid to above substances. Data was also given for citric acid and tartaric acid.Sake (Japanese wine), soy etc., was acidified with HCl, extracted with ether, purified as ammonium-salts and submitted to paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis with similar technique.

Paper chromatography of phenols on polyamide impregnated paper was devised. Fourteen phenols in seven different solvents were studied. The Rf values were tabulated. The relation between the structure of phenols and Rf values was discussed. This method was applied for the identification of phenolic constituents of Chamaecyparis formosensis Matum, in wich p-cresol, o-cresol and carvacrol were identified.

For the quantitative analysis of fatty acid composition of fatty oils, the application of paper-chromatography using hydrogenation on papers was examined, in addition to the usual reversed phase paperchromatography consisted of hydrocarbon as the stationary phase and acetonitril acetic acid as the mobil solvent. Complete hydrogenation on papers was achieved after 2 hr at 30, using palladium black as catalyst. By applying this analytical method, the composition of fatty acids of wheat germ oil and of skipper oil was determined as follows. Wheat germ oil : C16F0 : 12.3%, C18F0 : 3.7%, C18F1 : 20.6%, C18F2 : 45.6%, C18F3 : 12.3%, C20F0 : 5.4%. Skipper oil : C14F0 : 8.6%, C16F0 : 14.6%, C16F1 : 3.8%, C18F0 : 1.6%, C18F1 : 8.7%, C18F2, : 6.8%. C18F3 : 1.2%, C20F1 : 15.7%, C20F4, 5 : 7.1%, C22F1 : 17.2% C22F5, 6 : 14.7%

The process of preparation of urea melamine formaldehyde copolycondensates according to Wohnsiedler and others is improper when 70 mol% or more of urea are to be used, the resin colloidal solution coagulates in the case of such high ureacontent to soft white jellies or white insolubles precipitates in a short time. However, we have found that the maximum of urea can be raised to obout 8554, when the resin is produced under more suitable conditions. The resin solution is aged at 50, 4 by weight concentration, and at 70deg;C for 3 hours, using 1 mol of melamine, 5 mols of urea, 13 mols of formaldehyde and 0.7 mol of HC1. In order to preserve the solution for a long time, it must be diluted two times. This resin, when applied in the beater, is capable of imparting the wet strength to paper almost equal to melamine resin. The pH of paper stock is controlled by HC1 or Al2 (SO4) 3. As they do not show an appreciable difference in producing wet strength, the latter is more suitable than the former in mill application. The effect of the resin is more remarkable in the case of unbleached pulp than in the bleached one.The industrial production of the wet strength paper by this resin has been put in practice, and the satisfactory results have generally been obtained.

Thirty-seven paper and thin-layer chromatographic systems in general use for the analysis of basic drugs have been examined. Their discriminating powers were measured, both individually and when used in combination. The better systems were found to be thin-layer systems of silica gel sprayed with 0·1n NaOH, dried and run using one of the following solvents: (1) chloroform-methanol (90:10), (2) cyclohexane-toluene-diethylamine (75:15:10) and (3) acetone. A thin-layer cellulose system using n-butanol-water-citric acid (87:13: 0–48) was suitable if speed was not a requirement and a reversed phase paper system run with an aqueous buffer solution (pH 4·58) at 95† was the fastest system examined. Any of these five systems could be used in combination since their correlation coefficients were never higher than 0·61.

Modified paper chromatography procedures for the analysis of fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria are described. Both ethylamine and hydroxylamine derivatives of fatty acids were prepared from inoculated anaerobic culture broth. The derivatives were spotted on chromatography paper and developed with appropriate solvents. Paper chromatography is a valuable alternative to gas liquid chromatography as an ancillary procedure in the identification of anaerobic bacteria in the clinical bacteriology laboratory.

An ascending chromatographic method was used to identify acidic mucopolysaccharides. On silica-gel-treated glass papers, a displacement type of chromatography with ethanol-salt solutions separated seven mucopolysaccharides. The compounds were located by charring with sulfuric acid or different staining technics. The method is convenient, reproducible, and rapid and can be used to identify small quantities of mucopolysaccharides in mixtures. Certain difficulties as and identification procedure were observed, however, and are discussed. Observations on glass-fiber papers are useful in studying different reactions of mucopolysaccharides with various salts and stains.

1. (1) The binding of acid dyes by denatured protein on filter paper has been investigated with special reference to Light Green. 2. (2) The uptake of dye, measured by elution, has been shown to vary according to the method of denaturation, the nature of the dye solvent (particularly the salt and and ethanol concentration) and finally with the duration and temperature of the subsequent washing procedure. 3. (3) Albumin and globulin do not behave in the same manner with different denaturing agents so that different methods give different albumin/globulin dye uptake ratios. 4. (4) The stoichiometric relationship between dye and protein is consistently nonlinear even at lower concentrations of protein on the paper and the same pattern can be demonstrated with protein on cellulose acetate membrane. It is suggested that this non-linear relationship at low protein densities is due to interference by the cellulose supporting medium and other anions. 5. (5) Intrinsic constants and the number of binding sites at infinite dye concentration have been measured under standardized conditions for Light Green, Brom-Cresol Green and Lissamine Green. The results have been compared and differences discussed. 6. (6) In the quantitative measurement of protein based on dye uptake, the importance of restricting the protein density on the paper is stressed.

A convenient and relatively efficient technique was developed for the routine measurement of radioactivity distribution on one-dimensional paper chromatograms containing low amounts of H3- and C14-labeled compounds which are insoluble in the scintillation solvent toluene. A pilot strip, 2 cm wide, was cut out from the chromatogram and divided into 3 4 cm bands along the length of the chromatostrip. Each band was placed in a standard 20-ml screw-top glass vial. Methanol (0.2 ml) was added and the contents were shaken occasionally for 2 or 3 min. Both the methanol and filter paper band were flooded with 10 ml scintillation fluid and the contents were counted. This technique was found to be more satisfactory in terms of efficiency and reproducibility than several other methods tested.

The reaction on paper between reducing sugars and ammonia has been studied. The reaction products were separated by developing the paper chromatogram with an ammonia-containing solvent. In all cases there were obtained three ninhydrin-, as well as p-anisidine-, reactive spots, the relative intensities of which depended on the reaction time, on the concentration of ammonia, and on the presence or absence of catalysts. These spots are provisionally identified as hexose-ammonia, hexose-1-amine, and dihexosamine. The value of paper chromatography in study reactions involving labile intermediates is discussed.

Summary A paper chromatographic procedure is described for detecting dithioacetals of sugars. A 1% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate was used as the spraying reagent, by which the sugar dithioacetals were detected as the brown spots on paper chromatogram. A series of developing solvents was investigated, and some of them were found useful for separating 2-amino-2-deoxy- d -glucose diethyl dithioacetal from 2-amino-2-deoxy- d -galactose diethyl dithioacetal, and both the diethyl dithioacetals from uronic acid diethyl dithioacetals.

The term 'electrochromatography' is used to denote the specific cases where chromatography and ionophoresis operate simultaneously. The electric field may be applied either in the direction of flow of the solvent or at right angles to it. The filter paper is previously treated with the relevant buffer solution and the developing solvent too is saturated with it. Colloidal graphite painted on the two sides of the paper serves as electrodes. A detailed study has been made of a number of amino acids at different pH's with phenol-buffer as the developing solvent. On ordinary paper acidic amino acids move towards the anode, basic ones towards the cathode, neutral amino acids do not move at all. Using buffer-treated papers, however, the movement depends upon the pH of the buffer and the isoelectric points of the amino acids. By choice of suitable pH and application of electric field in proper direction amino acids having very close RF values (except isomers) can be separated from one another.

In order to effectively control slime production in paper plants and other major water consuming industries, the efficacy of selected chemical compounds as inhibitors of growth of Sphaerotilus natans was investigated. It was determined that a few products were effective against Sp. natans in paper mill process water (80°F). These are listed in the following order of decreasing effectiveness: chlorine, Busan 90, chlorine dioxide and Slimacide V-10. In vitro studies can suggest those chemicals which may be useful; however, the choice of inhibitors depends largely on the individual plant, i.e., the mill processes' capacity to tolerate the concentration, contact time or cost of the specific chemical.

1. 1. A method for the detection of Jaffe-positive substances in human blood serum using the technique of paper partition chromatography is described. 2. 2. A partial solution of the problem of apparent creatinine has been furnished by identification of pyruvate as a second Jaffe-positive compound beside creatinine in a water-soluble fraction of acetone-filtrate of sera; this finding was confirmed polarographically as well as spectrophotometrically . Up till now the quantitative significance of this substance has not been considered in connection with this problem. 3. 3. After a few preliminary experiments, paper chromatography of the insoluble residue of acetone-filtrate of serum has been left open for further investigation. It seems likely that the final solution of the problem of apparent creatinine will cover both possibilities which were discussed in the introduction, irrespectively of whether the chromatographic investigation of the insoluble fraction might show the presence of some new unknown Jaffe-positive component.

The effect of hemicellulose contents in pulp on beating rate and strength of paper made from it was studied.In this study two methods were used, one the adding method (adding isolated hemicellulose to the standard pulp) and the other the extracting method (removing hemicellulose stepwisely).In the former when the hemicellulose is isolated with drastic agents, chemical nature of hemicellulose is liable to change, so that it is impossible to say that the isolated hemicellulose will act in the same manner as it does in the original state. Therefore extracting method was employed in the present research.For the preparation of chlorite holocellulose, thin pieces of beech and aspen wood were treated with hot acidified sodium chlorite. These chlorite holocelluloses were treated with KOH solution under nitrogen gas, in order to minimize the oxidation of cellulose. For hemicellulose extraction, KOH solutions of various concentration (from 0.3 to 20%) were used in order to get a series of pulp in which the hemicellulose content was stepwisely arranged.The beating rate and the sheet strength of this series of pulp were examined. From the result of this study, it was concluded that there appeared to be the optimum hemicellulose content in pulp as for as the paper strength was concerned. Other observations were also made with regard to the result observed.

Consden, Gordon and Martin reported a very ingenious method for the separation of amino acids by filter paper chromatography in which phenol or some other appropriate organic solvent sweeps the applied amino acids along the filter paper, capillarity causing the organic solvent to move. The percentage of light intermission along the chromatogram is measured and this transmission has been plotted on semi-log graph paper against the distance along the filter paper strips, and the areas of the segments above the plotted curve measured with a planimeter. It has been found that the areas so determined are over a limited concentration range a simple function of the concentration of the amino acids. The various factors which influence the reliability of this method are reported.

The sandwich paper electrophoresis technique, such as that of Foster (1952b), was modified to permit routine examination of as many as 15 samples of materials such as bacterial cultures, simultaneously, and with greater rapidity than with paper chromatography techniques. By the use of borate buffer at pH 9.6 with aniline hydrogen oxalate for development, materials such as glucose, fructose, 2-ketogluconic acid, and 5-ketogluconic acid could be separated in three hours.

The conditions for the quantitative determination of melibiose (or raffinose after invertase hydrolysis) on paper chromatograms by either the use of “Genochrome” or N,N -diethyl- p -phenylenediamine as dip reagents were determined. The maximum density of the spots produced by the reaction of the chromogenic reagent with the sugar was measured by reflected light of 515 mμ wavelength. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the sugar concentration and the reflection density reading was observed with sugar concentrations between 20 and 75μg./5 μl. and, therefore, was the most favorable range in which to make the measurements. When the samples and the sugar standards are measured on the same paper chromatogram, the replicates agree within ±5%; between several chromatograms prepared the same day, replication values will be within ±10%.

Examination of urinary product of rabbits administered with MHB, by filter paper chromatography, indicated that ureide, 3-OH-MHB, 3-keto-MHB, 3-keto-nor-MHB, and unknown compounds (MHB-M (VI)) were excreted. An excellent method for the separation of these compounds is the use of a buffered filter paper and butanol saturated with borate-NaOH buffer (pH 11). For detection of the located metabolites, 1% solution of sodium periodate and 1% solution of potassium permanganate were used and ultraviolet spectrophotometry was adopted for the characterization of barbiturates.

A simplified method for the quantitative determination of keto-acids by means of paper chromatography of their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones is reported. 1. 1. The identification of these compounds on the filter paper is discussed, especially of those compounds which give more than one spot. 2. 2. The method is described in detail, espicially with regard to the pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acid content in biological material. The recovery of these two keto-acids, starting from known aqueous solutions, averages 94%; on the basis of these results a standard curve can be drawn. According to this curve, recovery from deproteinized extracts of liver and blood averages 91.6% for pyruvic acid and 96.7% for α-ketoglutaric acid. 3. 3. Using this method the pyruvic and ketoglutaric acid content of rat blood, muscle, liver and brain is estimated.

Coagulations of paper mill wastes were investigated by the use of polyelectrolytes. Nonionic polyacrylamide was the most effective for the purification of wastes. The suspension of pulp fiber was rather dispersed by the addition of anionic polyelectrolytes, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate. No remarkable effect of pH was seen for the coagulation of polyelectrolytes. The possibility to using polyelectrolytes for the purification of paper mill wastes was recognized in the case of the wastes suspending large fibrous colloid.

Filter paper moistened with solutions used in electro-chromatography was spotted with 0.5-1.0μl of solutions of mucopolysaccharides and allowed to air dry. Substances tested with respect to their staining reaction were as follows: (a) From commercial sources: hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, ovomucoid and gastric mucin, (b) From natural sources: blood serum, saliva, tears, vitreous filtrate and aqueous humor. Alcian blue was found to be a good general stain for mucopolysaccharides and for locating such material on filter paper, especially when more specific means were used subsequently for identifying the kind of mucopolysaccharide present. Staining by colloidal iron of materials on filter paper was similar to that by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. However, heparin and chondroitin sulfate were not stained by iron when on filter paper but were stained when placed on glass slides.

Food preservatives—sorbic, benzoic, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoates—have been extracted from foods directly on to chromatographic paper with ethyl ether. Paper chromatographic separation of the extracted compounds was effected on the same paper. Methyl, ethyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoates have been separated from each other during ether extraction and from the critical pair, the butyl and benzyl p-hydroxybenzoates, on a paper impregnated with sodium hydroxide. An examination was made of the reactions which distinguish sorbic and benzoic acids when both are present.

A technique has been developed by which complex mixtures of amines can be sepated by column chromatography on the ion exchange resins Amberlite CG-50 and Amberlite CG-120. Identification of amines is made on the basis of the speed of their elution from the resin column, as well as by subsequent paper chromatography of effluent fractions. The method can be applied to amines derived from various physiological fluids, and offers the possibility of isolating unidentified compounds for chemical characterization. Using the combined technique of ion exchange column chromatography followed by paper chromatography, 26 amines were identified in human urine. these were: methylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, β-hydroxypropylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, putrescine, cadaverine, 2,2'-dithiobis(ethylamine), histamine, N-acetylhistamine, i -methylhistamine, p -hydroxybenzylamine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylamine, p -tyramine, m -tyramine, octopamine, synephrine, 3-methoxytyramine, normetanephrine, metanephrine, tryptamine, serotonin, bufotenin, and kynuramine. An additional 20 unidentified bases, presumably amines, were found to be regularly excreted in urine. Evidence is presented supporting the identification of kynuramine, β-hydroxy-propylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, and 2,2'-dithiobis-(ethylamine). These 5 amines have not previously been considered to be constituents of normal human urine. It is suggested that study of the urinary excretion of amines may provide useful clues as to the mechanisms involved in various metabolic disorders, including those characterized by mental dysfunction.

Three products formed during the paper chromatography of glycine with water-saturated phenol as a solvent have been investigaetd. These unknowns were stable condensation products whose formation was dependent upon the presence of glycine ad formaldehyde. They were ninhydrin sensitive. Alkaline hydrolysis yielded glycine. For chromatographic practices, the amount of glycine or formaldehyde which may be converted into the condensation products will depend upon the amount of the other component in the mixture. Addition of 1% formaldehyde normally complexes all of the glycine. In usual chromatographic experiments part of the glycine may be complexed by residual formaldehyde present in chromatographic phenol. Glycine condensation may be minimized by redistilling the phenol solvent with aluminum turnings and sodium bicarbonate and by washing the filter paper with 1% oxalic acid.

A paper chromatographic system was developed for the resolution of mixtures of sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The effect of varying the ammonium formate buffer/isopropanol ratio in the developing solution on the RF values of heparin and chondroitin sulfate is presented. A complete separation of heparin from chondroitin sulfate was obtained with three solvent mixtures containing different proportions of buffer and isopropanol. One of these solvent mixtures, ammonium formate buffer-isopropanol (65:35) v/v, resolved commercial beef heparin into two principal components, on “fresh” paper. This system was used to compare beef heparin with mouse mast cell tumor heparin, rat heparin, sheep lung heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and β-heparin. A common metachromatic component with an RF of approximately 0.5 was0found in all of the heparin preparations chromatographed with this solvent mixture. “Aging” of the filter paper resulted in the loss of the ability of the buffer-isopropanol mixture (65:35) v/v to resolve the beef heparin. Increase of the buffer-isopropanol ratio to (70:30) v/v restored the resolution of the beef heparin on “aged” paper. Heparitin sulfate and α-heparin monosulfate were compared to beef heparin using the latter system.

A survey of various buffers as agents for the paper ionophoresis of hexose phosphate esters and inorganic phosphate has revealed 0.2 M borate buffer at pH 9.5 as the most suitable for separation of the phosphate compounds into four distinct groups. Variations in molarity and pH of the borate can be utilized to separate the three reducing aldohexoses not resolved by the above conditions. These procedures have been used to identify tentatively a previously unknown compound in potatoes as fructose 1-phosphate. The advantages of paper electrophoresis as well as correlation between movement and relative charge density are discussed.

A wide range of Δ 4 - and Δ 1 , 4 -3-ketosteroids, from weakly polar to strongly polar, may be chromatographed and detected on cellulose triaacetate paper, with benzene—methanol—water mixtures as developing solvents. Three systems have been worked out. In the first a one-phase mixture of benzene, methanol and water is used as the mobile phase and the paper is not accommodated. A “reversed phase” type of chromatogram is obtained, i.e. the more polar compounds have higher R F values than the less polar ones, as is usual for chromatography on acetylated paper. If, howerver, two-phase mixtures of benzene, methanol and water are used, as was the case in the other two methods, “reversed phases”, as well as “convetional” type chomatograms may be obtained. This depeds upon whether the lower or the upper layer is used as the mobile phase, the other layer being used for accommodation of the paper. Perhaps the first-mentioned method should, in contrast to the other two, be regarded as adsorption chromatography, rather than as partition chromatography. Well-reproducible R F values are obtained and, especially with the two-phase mixtures, compact spots are found. Detection methods and R F dta are given for various Δ 4 - and Δ 1 , 4 -3- ketosteroids, ranging from C 18 to C 27 compounds and including sex hormones and adrenoccortical hormones.

Paper chromatography with new solvents applied to some commercial samples of thiazine stains, especially azures, resulted in improved resolution which gave more spots than had been obtained with previously reported solvents. To a Whatman No. 1 filter paper strip, 50 cm in length, 0.08 ml of a 0.1% solution in water was spotted 18 cm from the edge of the strip. The solvent used in most cases was a mixture of t-butylalcohol, methylcellosolve and a 1% NH4Cl solution in distilled water (60:20:20, v/v) with the ascending technique. Several batches of thionin were found to have a high degree of purity (concerning their content of coloured components). One sample of thionin (Chroma) contained only one component (violet). The thionin-SO2 reagent showed a chromatogram with more spots than the thionin sample from which the reagent was prepared. Qualitatively a sample of azure A appeared to have practically the same composition as a sample of azure C. At least six spots were visible in the chromatogram of these azur...

In this paper we reported on the problem of petroleum resin emulsion sizing which was chiefly treated for the application in beater sizing. As the results of application in beater sizing it is obtained that the amount is 0.252% on pulp weight, as compared with rosin size showed slowly sizing effect, and increased paper stiffness.The required amount of aluminum sulphate are sufficient 1%.

Paper chromatography is an analytical method for the separation of the components of mixtures of substances. A droplet of such a mixture in solution is placed on a small area of a piece of prepared filter paper, and a solvent is allowed to seep slowly through the paper. The compounds are washed along the paper at differing rates and, ideally, the mixture is separated into a series of spots along the paper, each spot consisting of a single component of the mixture. The sort of mixture which can be separated by this technique ranges from writing inks to complex mixtures of drugs extracted from biological materials. This paper describes an improved paper chromatographic technique for separating for identification the intermediate- and short-acting barbiturate hypnotic drugs—butobarbitone ( soneryl), amylobarbitone ( amytal), pentobarbitone ( nembutal) and quinal-barbitone ( Seconal). It is pointed out that 76 per cent. of cases of barbiturate poisoning studied in the Department of Forensic Medicine of the London Hospital Medical College in 1960 involved intermediate- or short-acting barbiturates and that in 20 per cent. of the cases two or more of these occurred together. The necessity of being able to separate and identify these barbiturates is of considerable importance both for medico-legal and statistical reasons.

1. 1. Twenty-four substances were separated from a sample of cured Robinson's Medium Broadleaf Maryland tobacco by solvent extraction and paper chromatography. Even minute quantities of these substances give color with Amine-CNBr reagents. The evidence indicates that they are all pyridine alkaloids or derivatives thereof. 2. 2. By use of R f values, color tests with various indicator reagents, and ultraviolet absorption spectra, nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, oxynicotine, myosmine, 3-acetylpyridine, 2,3′-dipyridyl, and nicotinic acid have been identified. The possible presence of nicotinamide and anatabine is also indicated. 3. 3. The quantity of each of the identified substances in each solvent extracted fraction and in the original tobacco is estimated from the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the material extracted from the paper chromatogram. 4. 4. Two rapid chromatographic methods are suggested to be applied to large numbers of tobacco samples in order to obtain qualitative information as to their principal alkaloids.

A silicic acid paper chromatographic method for the separation of four major classes of cholesterol esters, namely saturated cholesterol esters, cholesterol oleate, cholesterol linoleate and cholesterol linolenate plus cholesterol arachidonate is described. This method uses a benzene-hexane solvent. The use of combined column and paper chromatography as well as gas chromatographic analysis is presented for definitive identification of the various spots. The predominance of cholesterol linoleate in human plasma, and cholesterol arachidonate in rat plasma is confirmed.

A paper chromatographic method for the identification and separation of stain components is proposed. Using an alkaline butanol-water solvent and the descending technic, a commercial product, known as “Triosin”, believed to consist of three (undetermined) dyes, has been separated into five components.Three of the components were apparently parts of a typical eosin Y commercial sample, and the other two were orange G and erythrosin B. By means of elution of the components from the paper, followed by spectrophotometric analysis, it was possible to reconstitute a mixture which appeared to be identical with Triosin in spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and histological properties.

The nature of the artifacts formed in the paper chromatography of solutions of catechol amines, histamine, and various tryptamine derivatives in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) has been considered. With TCA solutions of histamine the artifact is not the corresponding N-acyl derivative. It is suggested the production of these artifacts is assisted by the formation of molecular complexes between the above compounds, acting as electron donors, and the TCA acting as electron acceptor. A solvent is described which eliminates multiple spot formation when TCA solutions of the above type are subjected to paper chromatography

Tritium labelled compounds on paper chromatograms are detected, localized, and the ratios of their activities determined precisely with a windowless scanner. Filter paper strip is pulled, by a wheel driven by a synchronous motor, between two windowless, flow, Geiger-Muller counters. The flow of argon saturated with propanol vapor provides an air-lock. Pulses from the Geiger tubes are fed to a precision, linear ratemeter and recorder with chart speed equal to that of the filter paper strip. The efficiency of counting tritium is low. The sensitivity limit lies aroung 3 m mu c/cm/sup 2/ of Whatman No. 1 filter paper. (auth)

Paper chromatographic behavior of manganese in the solutions of condensed phosphates of short chain lengths has been studied in order to identify the form of soluble manganese.. Three series of sodium phosphate solutions, ortho-, pyro-, tripoly-, containing manganese ion were prepared as sample solutions. The developed paper chromatogram was devided vertically in two, one half being used to revelate manganese by para-formaldehyde method and an other being used to revelate phosphate by heteropoly blue method. The positions of both revelation zones are important in connection with their chemical forms.In the case of tripolyphosphate solutions containing manganese, a revelation zone of unknown phosphate appeared closely under the regular zone of tripolyphosphate and a zone of unknown manganese also appeared in the distant level from that of manganese (II) ion. From the fact that both unknown zones were developed in the same level on filter paper, the form of soluble manganese was estimated as a large complex ion coordinated tripolyphosphate. The complex ion was considerably stable in the solution of mole ratio (Mn2+P205) below 0.6 and its formula was estimated as [MnP3010]3- from Mn and P2O5 determinations of unknown revelation zones.The manganese (II) ion was unstable in pyro- and orthophosphate solutions and manganese salts precipitated. However, the slightly soluted manganese was identified as a complex coordinated pyrophosphate in the pyrophosphate solution and as a simple ion of manganese (II) in the orthophosphate solution by the use of paper chromatography.

A paper Chromatographic method for the analysis of phenylalanine in serum is described. The amino acids, including phenylalanine, are isolated from the deproteinised serum by means of a cation exchanger. The phenylalanine is then separated by paper chromatography at elevated temperature and estimated colorimetrically. Normal values are given. The excretion of phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid is correlated with the serum phenylalanine level. The method is specific and the reproducibility is good. Its application in a case of phenylketonuria is reported.

Thermotolerant fungi have been found in slimes at temperatures of 38 to 52 °C in paper mills in Eastern Canada. The growth of some of these isolates on malt agar plates maintained at temperatures of 10 to 65 °C has been examined. Optimum temperatures varied between 30 and 50 °C, depending upon the species. Thiamine deficiency was noted in Trichosporon capitatum and Mycelium sterilium. The requirement of T. capitatum for this vitamin could be met by incorporating the thiazole and pyrimidine moieties together in the medium.

This investigation was prompted by the observation that formation of the Zimmermann chromogen of 17-ketosteroids on paper chromatograms using the Epstein and Zak method, gave products which were not only colored but also fluorescent. The Zimmermann chromogen of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) was prepared. It showed no observable fluorescence in solution, weak fluorescence in the solid state and on thin layers of silica gel, but strong fluorescence in the dry state on filter paper. Other 17-ketosteroids behaved similarly on chromotograms, as did 3,20-diketopregnanes. Saturated and unsaturated 3-ketosteroids gave no fluorescence. These experiments lend support to the theory that fluorescence is sometimes induced by occlusion of potential fluorophors in the “dry” matrix of cellulose.

Unbleached kraft paper exhibiting a ten- to fifteenfold increase in wet-tensile strength accompanied by substantial increases in burst, dry-tensile strength and folding endurance was obtained from the use of hypochlorite-treated carbamoylethyl wheat flour as a wet-end additive. Results with bleached kraft pulps were less spectacular but still good. Such variables as pH of the carbamoylethyl wheat flour (CEWF) paste before hypochlorite treatment, pulp type and freeness, drying and curing temperature of the treated paper and the amount of CEWF influence strength properties of paper. A pH of 2 was optimum for treatment of aqueous CEWF pastes with hypochlorite. Unbleached kraft pulp having a Canadian Standard freeness (CSf) of about 500 ml produced paper exhibiting the best overall strength properties. Maximum wet- and dry-tensile strength was imparted to unbleached kraft handsheets dried at 105°C for 15 min. Strength properties increased as level of addition increased from 0.25 to 5%. Addition of CEWF at a 2% level to unbleached kraft furnishes gave handsheets exhibiting wet- and dry-tensile strength as high as 3340 and 10,510m, respectively, as compared with corresponding values of 240 and 6980 m for the control. Hypochlorite-treated CEWF was comparable to carbamoylethyl starch in imparting wet-strength properties to unbleached kraft paper.

A reliable method for the determination of the amylose and amylopectin fractions of starch has been developed using paper chromatography. Starch is separated into amylose and amylopectin fractions on a filter paper strip by descending paper chromatography in iodine vapor, using 40% HClO4 solution as the solvent. These fractions are collected separately by irrigating the strip with 40% HClO4 solution. After adding iodine and potassium iodide to the eluate, the iodine complexes of these components are collected by centrifugation and are treated to remove the iodine. The concentration in these iodine-free fractions is determined colorimetrically by the anthrone-sulfuric acid method. In this way, the anlylose and amylopectin contents of starch are determined without reference to authentic amylose and amylopectin preparations separated from the same starch specimen by the Schoch method. The values by this method represent more true starch contents than those obtained by the other current methods.

A study has been made of some of the fundamental factors involved in obtaining good separations and reproducible chromatograms, with the technique of contrifugally accelerated paper chromatography. A study was also made of variables which might influence R F values. Mixtures of bromphenol blue, methyl orange and methyl red were fractionated as well as solutions of lencine, methionine and glycine. For the separation of the dyes, Whatman No. 1 filter paper was used with a veronal buffer solution of ionic strength 0.05 and having a pH of 8.7. For this system, it was found that the R F values of the dyes were essentially unaffected by changes in rotational speed of the rotor from 300 to 925 r.p.m. It was found that the rate of addition of solvent was important in developing satisfactory chromatograms. A flow rate of 1.15 ml/min was found to be satisfactory at all rotational speeds above 250 r.p.m. The shape of the developed chromatogram was elliptical rather than circular, for all four types of paper which were studied. For Whatman No.1, the major axis of the ellipse was parallel to the machine direction of the paper. The R F values for the dye components were essentially the same for the following papers: Whatman No. 1, Eaton-Dikeman No. 613, and Cremer-Tiselius-Munktells. The amino-acid mixture was fractionated using Whatman-3MM paper and a solvent system of butanol-glacial acetic acid and water, in the volume ratio 40:10:10, respectively. The disk was rotated at 975 r.p.m. With a solvent flow rate of 1.2 to 2.1 ml/min, sharply defined zones were obtained. The time of development was 15 min for a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min and 7 min for a flow rate of 2.1 ml/min. The R F values obtained were 0.85 for lencine, 0.56 for methionine and 0.20 for glycine.

The results obtained in an investigation of rhodium(III) oxalates indicate that heating of pure rhodium(III) hydroxide with oxalic acid solution produces RhOx 3 −3 to a great extent, but that the reaction does not go to completion, other aquo-coordinated oxalato complexes of rhodium being formed in smaller quantities. Evidence is presented that in order to obtain complete conversion of rhodium(III) into potassium rhodiotrioxalate the chloride must be heated under reflux with four to five times its weight of potassium oxalate for at least 6 hours. The absorption spectrum, the stability to heating and aging at room temperature in solution, as well as the electrophoretic, paper- and ion-exchange chromatographic properties of the rhodiotrioxalate ion were studied. It was shown that the dextro - and laevo -forms of RhOx 3 −3 have identical electrophoretic mobilities.

The main components of polluted water discharged from paper mills are hemicellulose, fiber-fine and polyphenolic compounds, such as lignosulfonate and Kraft lignin.Beer mills discharge polluted water which contains protein. Thus the mixture of both polluted waters with addition of 1 % Alum produced successfully large amount of precipitant. By contrary, there was no precipitation without addition of Alum. However, the addition of the Alum alone did not contribute to the precipitation of paper mill effluent. This means that the combination with beer effluent is essential.In addition to this, the presence of clay colloid accelerated the settling time of pollutant. Furthermore, it can be suggested that the precipitant is useful for carrier of control release herbicide and also for filler of paper board.