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A method is described for the preparation of linearising cam. It is based upon the mathematical treatment of the response obtained from an initial scan using the stepwedge prepared from human serum protein on rules, siliconised paper. The form of the equation connecting protein concentration on the paper strip to the reflected light complied with the requirements of a rectangular hyperbola.

A few of the areas of paper making where automation has had a significant impact are reviewed, viz. in stock proportioning, consistency control, control of the drying of paper, continuous colouring of paper, basis-weight control, and the problem of trim. On-line computer control of the paper-making machine is briefly discussed.

Power take-off systems are necessary for most of today's trucks supplying the power to operate various truck-mounted equipment on tipping gear, garbage packers, fuel tankers, bulk cement tankers, refrigeration trucks, and many more applications. PTOs are gear-driven units that fit to, and obtain their power from, the truck gearbox and transmit the power through a drive shaft to the unit being driven, such as a pump or compressor. Other special PTOs are available which drive off the engine and main driveline. Many types of PTOs are described which cater for a wide range of horsepowers and speeds to suit truck users' needs; they are controlled from the driving cab by direct rods or remotely by flexible cables or air pressure. Giving the truck user the best and most economical PTO system is dependent upon the PTO transmission and truck manufacturer ensuring that a suitable PTO is available and that the transmission PTO mounting is available to accept the PTO and its drive. More automation on future trucks will make co-operation between these manufacturers increasingly essential, to maintain the continuing expansion of the trucking industry.

Progress made in reciprocating compressor control systems in recent years has been dramatic. Extensive use of sophisticated compressor control systems has taken place in the natural gas pipeline industry. Automated pipeline compressors in a dozen stations, totalling 100 000 hp or more, may be under the command of a single operator. Rapid developments, particularly in solid-state technology, will permit compressor controls to be more extensive and reliable. With a continuing trend towards more complex plants and processes, more control functions will be automated since manual surveillance alone will find it difficult to provide assured improvement in compressor safety and performance.

The paper outlines a operations in programme switching directly from the preparation of complete system under which nearly all the are controlled by a punched paper tape derived the programme schedule. Simplified manual control facilities are provided for non-schedule operation. The term ?Programmation? has been coined to describe this field.

A Digital Data Recorder (DDR) is described, which is used in the measurement and recording of the electrochemical and physical parameters involved in the study of the corrosion and cathodic protection of metals in flowing sea-water. The DDR produces punched paper tape as one form of output. Computer programs are described for converting the paper tape to magnetic tape and subsequent processing to give graphical presentation and statistical analyses of the data.

The removal of strontram-90 from milk by ion exchange resins has been programmed through the laboratory, pilot, and commercial scale plants. This paper presents the operation and results from an automated pilot plant, using ion exchange resins to remove strontium-90 from milk. The process involves adjusting the milk to 10 C, lowering the pH of the milk to 5.3 by in-line injection of an acid solution; passing the acidified milk through a filter and a properly charged (regenerated) ion exchange resin column for removal of the strontium-90; then readjusting the pH of the milk by in-line injection of a base solution. A series of 8-hr test runs was made with this automated pilot plant, using milk at environmental levels of strontium-90, to ascertain removal of strontium-90 and to evaluate the resin-treated milk for flavor. The removal of strontium-90 from the milk exceeded 90%. The treated milk compared favorably with the control when subjected to a panel for organoleptic evaluation. Available data from the commercial scale operation indicate compatibility with the pilot plant operation, and will be presented in a subsequent publication.

Automated control is an old story in the concentrate industry and is typified by the normal evaporator control systems, brix blenders, etc. that are installed in all of the concentrate plants. The phase of automation to be discussed here concerns the control of the rate of oranges being conveyed from the storage bins to and through the juicing operation. The purpose of this control system is to allow the extraction, finishing and pulp wash processes to take place at continuous uniform rates in direct and continued relationship to evaporator requirements. Paper published with permission.

As the leading edge of the continuing technological revolution, automation has had an enormous impact on production, communication and scientific investigation. How is it related to other parts of our technology, and how is technology in general related to the organization of society? These questions were discussed by scientists, engineers, educators and business executives at the University of Georgia at Athens in February. The occasion was the First Annual Symposium on Automation and Society, sponsored by the university and the Reliance Electric Co. of Cleveland, Ohio. This article is a condensed version of a position paper, “The Impact of Automation on the Organization of Society,” which served as a focus of discussion. Professor Bates is Chairman of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Georgia and a recognized expert on the sociology of occupations.

In this article is presented a brief review of the work in machine translation of languages, with the conclusion that much more research needs to be done and that it does not appear that human beings will ever be relieved of the necessity of learning languages and of knowing how to use these languages effectively.

A summary of the strategy and progress in devising a general system of biochemical analysis based on the direct photometry, or "scanning" of thin-media chromatograms is presented. Recent results suggest that the method is as precise and as accurate as other types of quantitative chromatography. It is capable of reasonably easy adoption by workers previously unfamiliar with the basic technic and apparatus. It has been subjected to more rigorous quality control by blind and double-blind trials concurrent with ordinary routine work than is usual, and has passed these tests adequately. Data processing by a small, relatively inexpensive digital computer is capable of handling the data produced by the central apparatus of the method. The sensitivity of newer instruments using well-established fluorescence reactions compares very favorably with that of flame-ionization detectors in gas-liquid chromatography but not with the electron-capture detector as yet.

An apparatus for growing plant cells in suspension culture is described; it may be used for continuous or batch culture, and is equipped with a valve for automatic collection of samples. Aeration is by continuous bubbling of air into the culture through fritted glass. Normal culture-duplication times are from 30 to 35 hours.

The requirements of equipment to extend the Technicon system of automated analysis to provide digital results for computation are discussed. A system of commercial modules, which permits peak values to be sensed, digitised and transmitted to either a computer or a paper tape punch, is described. Regression methods are used to fit calibration graphs for accurate interpolation of unknown samples. Further advantage is gained from the system if subsequent calculations are to be made on the computed concentrations.

An automated method for the analysis of phosphorus in meat, to be used simultaneously with the automated nitrogen determination described in Part I, was studied. This method included the proper connection to the nitrogen manifold, construction of a phosphate manifold, and the preparation of standards to give results comparable to those obtained by the AOAC gravimetric quinoline molybdate method. The method was found to be applicable for meats and meat products containing total phosphorus in the range of 0.05 to 0.4%.

The dimensional measurement of bars and billets is currently not a widespread practice; however, in the near future where increasing yields, faster mill set-up time and automation of rolling processes are essential to optimize mill performance, instruments to perform this function will be in considerable demand. This paper provides an overall general description of the aspects involved in such measurements While contacting and non-contacting methods of measurement are considered, emphasis is placed upon non-contacting methods since these are most suited to the specific applications considered. Various physical principles have been successfully applied, such as X- and γ-ray absorption, imaging techniques, microwaves, eddy currents, and optical methods, ranging from intensity comparisons to scanning systems of the flying spot and flying image types. One section of the paper deals with the adverse effects of varying geometry and mill environment on the accuracy of instruments and suggests methods of ...

An updated description of process control status using on-line computers at Martin Marietta Cement's Western Division plants at Tulsa, Okla, and Lyons, Colo., is presented. The company's approach to automation including training of plant personnel is briefly outlined. The Tulsa plant, which has had a General Electric GEPAC 4040 computer on-line since 1966, is discussed first. A brief summary of the computer hardware and software precedes a discussion on kiln control, cooler control, and raw mix proportioning control using the computer. The paper's coverage of the Leeds and Northrup 5200 computer installation at the Lyons plant is more extensive since it is of more recent vintage (late 1969 installation) and since it is used for direct digital control rather than used to drive the analog control set-points (DAC) as is the case at Tulsa. The hardware and software at Lyons is described in some detail. The DDC loops for the raw mill, the kiln, the cooler, and the finish mill are identified together with indication of the loop status and problems involved. Raw mix proportioning control is outlined briefly. The paper concludes with a discussion of the comparative advantages of DDC (versus DAC) and Martin Marietta's plans for future process control progress.

This paper summarises some of the points arising from a recent study of developments in mass production systems. The study conducted during 1972 and 1973, was concerned with engineering mass production, in particular the mass production of relatively complex discrete items such as domestic appliances, motor vehicles, etc. The emphasis was upon assembly work, the primary objectives being to identify and evaluate present developments in order to assess their significance and to speculate upon future developments in the UK. Two principal but not mutually exclusive dimensions of development were identified, i.e. (1) largely behaviourally orientated action or changes designed to improve the form and content of the manual jobs required in such production systems, and (2) the reduction of the amount of manual work required through increases in mechanisation and automation. This paper is concerned only with the former type of development.

The modern refinery is perhaps the test example of continuous flowprocessing in American industry. This paper shows how the concept of automatic data handling was applied in the design, construction, and instrumentation of one of the world's most modern refineries. Benefits made available through the integration of a modern automatic data handling system accrue not only from manpower savings, but from many other sources such as reduction in other instrument requirements, timeliness of information, etc. The primary concern of this paper is to show how the automatic data handling system is incorporated in the conceptual design of the plant, and how once installed, it is commissioned, and its data correlated with that of other information sources in such a plant. As a further point of interest, other potential applications for automatic physical data handling systems are suggested by the author.

This paper treats one aspect of the shipboard automation, namely an automated engine room for turbine driven ships. The automation system presented compromise the result of a Norwegian research and development project which started in 1970. The system is based on one standard type process control computer. The general goals of such an automated engine room system are stated. A description of the automation system is given, and the advantages of digital computer applications are pointed out. Special attention is made to on-line condition monitoring and trend analysis of steam turbine plants, and to the optimal Direct Digital Control (DDC) of the main boiler. The computer system has conventional back-up. A brief discussion on the back-up philosophy and the method of swtiching from computer mode to conventional mode is carried through. Complete computer system simulation testing of the automation system before entering the ship is very important and some space is devoted to this matter. The qualifications of the operating personnel is explained. The necessary training in addition to the basic education and experience of the engineers will be given. The paper concludes with a summary of the importance of the new developments which are implemented in this automation system.

This paper is the “invited” paper of Commission VII (Interpretation) presented at the meeting of the International Society of Photogrammetry held in July 1968 at Lausanne, Switzerland and concerns itself with the need for “automation in photo interpretation” and discusses the results of work that has been conducted on this subject in the last four years. Of particular interest are the studies by Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories with the pattern recognition computer and the development of equipment for automatic image registration and pass-point selection. The paper concludes that the problem of automation in photo interpretation is not fully understood and although efforts have been spent on automatic enhancement and pattern and target recognition, the results have not been very promising either from the viewpoint of the research or that of the user.

The various papers which have considered the subect of automation of engineering computations have shown that there are certain mathematical procedures, such as interpolation in tables and solution of equations, which occur with considerable frequency. In this paper an effort is made to give some more explicit information on a few of these procedures. It is not feasible to do more than indicate some of the methods which have been of value, but it is hoped that these may help to develop interest in a most fascinating and useful field. The way to further study is indicated by the references.

In this paper we describe the 40-channel magnetograph primarily as an example of the automated data system at the McMath Solar Telescope. The principles of the magnetograph itself have been recently given in paper I (Livingston and Harvey, 1970), while the reduction and interpretation of data is covered in paper II (Harvey and Livingston, 1970).

A previous paper, developing the idea of automated routing of vessels stated ‘the full scope of automated systems at sea is inconceivable in terms of compliance with the old (collision) Regulations. Only an entirely new code of manœuvre will give the dimensions and scope needed.’ Again, it was suggested that the Collisions Regulations would need to be completely re-thought and re-written in the light of present capabilities and possibilities. This paper, while not endeavouring completely to re-write the Collision Regulations, tries to outline the form the new Regulations should take without entering into too much detail, with particular relevance to the traffic separation schemes presently under consideration by Imco and leading to the future prospect of complete automation as envisaged in the article under reference.

An attempt has been made in this paper to describe automation, both as an industrial process involving flow and control and as an intellectual system involving planning and decision-making. General effects on education in the areas of curriculum and program of studies, administration, general education, organization for instruction, the necessity for teaching new patterns of thinking, vocational and technical education were discussed. The concept of the possibility of automatizing the instructional process itself was introduced, and the outlines of a new content for education as a discipline were suggested. The following paper will deal with the problem of automatizing instruction through audio-visual means, and the third and last paper in the series will consider the dangers and difficulties involved in such a process.

The recently announced IBM System/7 was developed for use in a broad range of data acquisition and control applications and provides the foundation for comprehensive plant automation applications. Its unique modular structure and broad spectrum of features satisfy the basic plant automation requirements described in the paper by Kinberg and Landeck in this issue. In the present paper the functional characteristics, important design features, and the basic architectural concepts of hardware and software are discussed. An example of the use of this new system in the automation of the System/7 manufacturing process itself is provided to illustrate its use in the testing of complex electronic assemblies as part of an integrated plant automation system.

This paper describes the interface used for online control of the Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator with a PDP-9. The paper is organized into four sections. The first section is concerned with the specifications for the equipment. The requirements are unique because of the cyclic nature of the synchrotron. Section two discusses various I/O techniques and the design compromises they require. The third section deals with the concept of an analog data break interface. The last section is a summary of existing and planned hardware.

The paper refers to the modernisation of existing plants by automation with particular reference to computers. The degree of automation which can be properly employed is discussed against the background of the differing individual design and operational limitations normally encountered in existing plants. The extent to which computers can be applied within an automation scheme is evaluated in relation to considerations of technical and economic viability and stages in the growth of computer systems are suggested. The paper describes not only the technical aspects but also the effect on plant staff in accepting and assimilating computer systems in the day to day operation of the process.

r r Wis paper is essentially a discussion of the studies of the catalog l which were made at the Library of Congress in relation to the automation survey in that library. This survey, supported by a grant of funds from the Council on Library Resources, initiated in the spring of 1961, and presently verging on completion, has as its pnmary focus the question: Is automation of the information system in a large research library technically feasible? After an initial exposure to the organization and operations of the Library of Congress and a few other large research libraries, the team of experts that pursued the survey focused on two apparently basic questions: (1) Can memory or machine store of sufficient size and with a sufficient rate of response to serve a large research library be developed? (2) Can there be the sophisticated interaction between a human user and the machine memory to permit the type of dialogue which is ever present in the process of using the bibliographic apparatus of the large research library? The expert members of the survey team agreed that technology was able to provide affirmative answers to both questions. There was a need, however, to develop some confidence with respect to the system that might emerge from the application of the equipment that would have to be developed, and a need to seek assurance that such a system would be economically defensible. They undertook, therefore, to describe an automated system, with certain assumptions as to its technical characteristics, in order to approximate the costs of developing and implementing the system over a period of perhaps ten years. Parallel to this effort, a study was made to determine costs of present operations in order to provide a base for comparison. In connection with these efforts, certain questions arose regarding characteristics of the dictionary catalog in the Library of Congress; they could be answered only by particular studies since no existing information applied to these questions. In each instance, the question that led to a particular study was conditioned by the projected automated system. In the absence of such consideration, the question would not have arisen and the study would not have been pursued. Because of a very small staff and limited time to devote to such studies, the study pattern consisted of small-sample investigations. Even so, as each sample study was being designed, it appeared possible to extend the inquiry for the sake of some additionally useful insights or to elaborate the tabulations of secured data in order to answer questions which arose during the course of compiling and analyzing data from the sample. This paper will try to describe the condition of the conjectured system which gave rise to a specific question, then to describe the study designed to satisfy this question, together with the actual results. No attempt will be made to formulate general results of the automation survey because this will be the task of the survey team.

This paper is concerned with communication between patient and perimetrist. The problem is considered in terms of information theory with the aim of finding criteria for the design of a largely automated system of perimetry for the acquisition and processing of data. The agreement of theoretical expectations and results obtained by patient simulation, as presented in a foregoing paper, is encouraging. It is shown that a memory of 8000 words is probably sufficient for a control computer in automated perimetry.

The paper describes briefly the cement manufacturing process and its i importance in today's world economy. It further sketches the successive steps of the introduction of process control to the operation of a cement plant. The optimization of the production process i s emphasized in the light of plant integration and automatization of its departments. Reduced process variability, lower production costs, increased power efficiency, and higher plant availability and production capacity are shown as results of plant automation. Some views are given on the influence of computer control on basic plant conception and on the standard of mechanical and electrical equipment suppliers. The paper elaborates somewhat on the impact of automation on plant operators and equipment suppliers as well as the role of the General Systems Designer and Consultant in applying modern technologies in designing sophisticated systems and in counseling the cement industry community.

The paper outlines the problems facing mine hoist engineers in the design and application of automatic hoist equipment. Duty cycle requirements, types of hoists, and the advantages of mine hoist automation are discussed. Particular mention is made of available a-c and d-c control systems. Overriding speed reference equipment and the safety features of modern automatic controls are described. A discussion on hoist brakes is also included, as these are an integral part of each hoist control design. It is the purpose of this paper, and its bibliography, to provide the designer with many references and with a detailed outline of existing thinking on the subject.

Recent progress in liquid chromatography has developed along two independent lines —thin-layer chromatography, in which the equipment is cheap, simple and easy to use; and the complex, expensive but more powerful technique of high-performance column chromatography, which has recently emerged as a logical extension of the theories and practices developed in gas chromatography. In this paper detailed comparison of the two lines is provided, with particular emphasis placed on cost of equipment, materials and analysis, resolving power, speed and simplicity of the techniqued, suitability for automation, accuracy, precision and sensitivity in quantitative analysis and effectiveness in qualitative analysis. It is concluded that the two techniques are comlplementary; there is a genuine need for both of them and the paper tries to define the areas in which each technique is particularly powerful.

Hot strip mills provided one of the earliest opportunities for the application of process control computers. The large investment, operating complexity - particularly in the multi-stand finishing train, the high product volume coupled with the demand for accurate and uniform product dimensions created favorable economic conditions for computer automation as early as 1961. Since then computer automation systems in hot strip mills have advanced from a highly developmental creation of engineering art to a mature, predictable and repeatable engineering product. Shorter design and implementation cycles, as well as full operator acceptance of computer control of the hot strip mill process, are evidence of the maturity these systems have achieved. The paper describes advances in the structuring of computer automation systems for hot strip mills, which have enhanced or will further enhance system maturity. The structure of a computer system largely determines its ability to perform in the intended environment. While technical discussions of computer automation systems generally concentrate on individual functional components such as a control algorithm or a process model, the greatest progress in terms of cost, performance, and installation time can often be made through careful design of system structure. Experiences of a major computer systems supplier for the metal industry are explored. The structure of recent systems is compared with that of older systems. Differences are noted and resulting benefits are analyzed. For example, present day systems use highly modularized software to minimize the impact of changing equipment configurations. This technique reduces design and programming effort for a new system and increases flexibility of an existing system. Another example is the emergence of test, diagnostic and evaluation features as integral parts of modern hot strip mill computer systems. The paper concludes with a review of system evolution during the first ten years of computer process control in hot strip mills.

A previous paper in this journal (Vol 1. pp. 127–139) described a computer programme for the planning of single-storey layouts and said it eas probable that future work would extend the programme to cover a considerable amount of the manual working-up of data then necessary. This paper describes that extension.

Abstract This paper presents a new mode of operations for monitoring and controlling five oil fields in Wyoming- the largest fully automated telemetering system of this type in the history of the petroleum industry. This is an integrated automated program which monitors or controls through a telemetering system, lease automatic custody transfer (LACT) units, automatic well test units, flow/ no-flow sensors for the individual wells, and lease alarm units. The paper reviews the general field automation program and discusses the components of the telemetering system. Introduction The five fields in Wyoming included in the field automation and telemetering system are the 92-well Frannie field and the 14-well South Elk Basin Tensleep unit, both north of Powell; the 23-well Bonanza field near Worland; the 39-well Gebo field near Thermopolis; and the 84-well Circle Ridge field west of Riverton. The five fields are within a radius of 60 miles and range from 50 to 100 miles apart. Total production of the five fields is currently 12,000 BOPD.The field automation program is divided into four systems:LACT units;AWT units;monitoring systems for determining whether a well is producing (which in this paper are referred to as flow/no-flow systems); andgeneral lease alarm systems. The operation of the fields is monitored and controlled by telemetering through a programmable central facility located in the district production office at Billings, Mont. The Billings district telemetering system consists of two major components- the programmable central facility, which is actually an on-line computer similar to those used in manufacturing facilities, and the remote field installation called the satellite. Both components are designed around transistorized solid-state circuitry. The two major components are linked together by a conventional telegraph- grade 0–15 cycle line. The pilot installation of automation and telemetering, including the monitoring and controlling of automatic well testing, the shipping of oil through LACT units, the reporting of individual well flow conditions and lease alarms, has been operating successfully in Gebo since June, 1962, and demonstrated the reliability of the system. The system was expanded to include the Frannie, South Elk Basin, Circle Ridge and Bonanza fields in Aug, 1963. Field Automation Systems The field automation program varies from field to field. Each field has individual LACT units and a general lease alarm system, but not all fields are equipped with automatic well test units or flow/no-flow sensors. Gebo, the pilot area, is equipped with all four systems. In this field, production is from the Tensleep and Embar reservoirs. Although the Gebo field is a unit, production from each reservoir is segregated and has its own treating system, LACT unit, automatic well test unit, general lease alarm system and flow/no-flow system. The LACT unit for each reservoir consists of one positive displacement meter, BS and W monitor, sampler and recirculating pump. Each system has its own bad oil tank. Production in this field is moved from the well through individual flow lines to headers at the battery location. The headers are eight-way electrically operated selector valves capable of handling the flow lines of seven wells. The header is designed so that production is normally routed through a common flow line to the lease treating unit, but one well at a time can be routed to its particular test treater. The system has a test treater for the Embar and one for the Tensleep production. Each test treater is equipped with PD oil and water meters. Each well is equipped with a mechanical flow/no-flow sensor located at the header. All pump units are equipped with vibration detectors for shutting down the pumping unit when a malfunction of the unit or down-hole equipment occurs. JPT P. 983ˆ

A realistic appraisal is made of present capacitordesign improvements, and of immediately-forseeable design trends. Three trends are discussed--those toward reliability, low voltage, and automation. In the area of reliability, accelerated-life and vibration test results are presented, covering 8950 "Hyrel Q" impregnated-paper capacitors. It is pointed out that as the demand for such capacitors increases, the cost differential relative to the garden-variety of sub-miniatures will become very small. It is emphasized that highreliability tantalum-electrolytic, metallized-paper, and ceramic capacitors will be available in the near future and that the developed processes will "rub off" on other types. The low-voltage trend is discussed in its relation to solidtantalum and other electrolytic types. The new Sprague 109D liquid-electrolyte porous-anode tantalum capacitor is described, and a 2- or 3-to-1 volume-efficiency advantage is shown over previous low-voltage types. Other performance, environmental, and reliability advantages are cited. Improved metallized-paper capacitors are placed in a new niche of reliability; and complex-film types are announced for replacing mica and ceramic types. Life-test data is presented showing a 44-to-1 improvement for one dielectric-film combination. The automation trend is pictured as toward the molded-paper capacitor, because of its better handling and tolerance qualities. Presently-available more-common types are listed, and some pending improvements are mentioned. Two molded automation types are described. A new monolythic multi-layer ceramic capacitor is announced which has approximately 70-times the capacity of previous ceramics using 20-mil disks. It is emphasized that the surface has only been · scratched in the development of new materials for capacitors. In conclusion, it is pointed out that greater standardization on the part of the electronics industry toward a reduction of' types and in stopping the usage of obsolete types will result in better capacitors, and at lower prices.

The progress of numerical control systems has been remarkable in many industries throughout the world, not least of all shipbuilding.Shipbuilders have long dreamt of ways of accomplishing complete automation in design and production and studies on numerical control systems are at last making this dream a reality.Hitachi Shipbuilding and Engineering Company have developed many types of softwares for use with numerical control systems, and have succeeded in organizing these for hull production design, thus with the aid of a digital computer are now able to fair ship lines, develop mould loft settings and prepare tapes as inputs for numerically controlled tools.Among softwares now in common use the most noteworthy is the auto programming system HIZAC (Hitachi-Zosen Auto Coding), which was developed for, and based upon the highly advanced shipbuilding techniques now used in Japan.This offers input paper tapes to the numercally controlled flamecutters and drafters by means of a digital computer from only a few design characteristics supplied by mould loftsmen, Details of numerical control systems and the software HIZAC are described in this paper, the lecture to be given at a meeting of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan.