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The penetration of liquid into a piece of filter paper hung vertically above a liquid is studied theoretically and experimentally. The height of the ascent of the liquid is proportional to the square root of the time at the initial stage of the penetration, but the proportionality does not hold in a wide range of time. The equation which describes this relationship between the height and time has been derived. The values of the parameters in the equation have been determined for acetone, benzene, water, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol. It is concluded that the capillary gap in the filter paper is about 6 μ in the half distance and the length of the gap is about 3 times larger than the length of the filter paper, if the gap is assumed to be two dimensional.

This is to illustrate our experience of developing mangrove for the use of coated paper and woodfree printing paper. Mangrove species harvested in South-east Asia are generally lager in wood density and have very thick fibrous membranes which deteriorate papermaking suitability, although they cause no problem in cooking and bleaching with sulphate pulping process. When paper is made from hardwood pulp only, which is the case with KANZAKI, papermaking suitability of mangrove pulp has to be more improved. We achieved this purpose through beating by the use of refier of stone bar.

Minimization of samples for infrared spectral measurement was attempted by the use of a Japanese folkcraft, hand-made paper, impregnated with liquid paraffin. By this method, it is possible to measure 0.1 mg. of a sample. This hand-made paper was also used for paper chromatography and the developed paper was submitted directly to infrared spectral measurement. Component of Penicillium islandicun and inorganic sulfate ion were determined by spectral measurement of their chromatogram.

Under conditions in which insulin molecule has a maximal positive charge, comparison of paper chromatographic and paper electrophoretic behaviors was performed between fish and beef insulins. In 33 per cent acetic acid fish insulin migrates faster than beef insulin, whereas it shows lower Rf when is chromatographed using acetic acid-butanol-water (1:3:4) solvent.

A new solvent system was given for the chromatography of food preservatives; benzoic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and it's esters, p-chlorobenzoic acid, sorbic acid, resorcinol and β-naphtol with the ascending method on Toyo Roshi No. 50 paper at 20-25°. Cyclohexanol-ammonium carbonate buffer gave results in 30 hours. Spots were detected by absorption when the paper was examined in ultraviolet light and with color reagcnts of the methyl red or diazo spray reagent. Rf values for this solvent were listed for these substances. Each substance was separated except in the case of mixture of benzoic acid and sorbic acid. However in this case, these two substances were identified by measuring spectrophotometrically the alcohol solution extracted from the part containing the substances on paper chromatogram.Horizontal paper electrophoresis on Toyo Roshi No. 51 paper for 1.5-2 hours at 20V per cm with buffer consisted of dimethylformamide, pyridine, acetic acid and water (pH 5.6) or of butanol, ammonia, acetic acid and water (pH 5.0) was useful. MNC (the ratio of the migration of the substances of New Coccine) and colors given with the methyl red, FeCl3 and diazo spray reagents were tabulated adding dehydroacetic acid to above substances. Data was also given for citric acid and tartaric acid.Sake (Japanese wine), soy etc., was acidified with HCl, extracted with ether, purified as ammonium-salts and submitted to paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis with similar technique.

After having given the causes and aspects of pitch trouble in various spots at Takasago mill of the Mitsubishi Seishi Co. the writer remarks that the extent of trouble may depend upon the kinds of pulp and paper made from, and suggests such curable methods as seen below : 1.Adding 24% of bleaching powder in beater and after treating for 2 hours, to make paper without washing.2.To blend both clay and size in beater after light beating.On judging from the results of his testing, he says that the chief cause of pitch troubles will lie rather in quality, but not in quantity, and it is judged by the degree of stickiness of pitches in pulp, for which test its tackiness ought to be measured.He suggests the following temporary methods as being effective for mill practices : 1.For the separation or isolated pitches washing out; dispersing and washing ;saponification ; salting out in beater ; Having on dandy roll sticked, etc.2.Hardening of soft pitches.3.Setting pitches on fiber.4.Co-operation with pulp makers.

Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. has developed a new form of binder, identified as a Gohsenol p-200, specifically designed for vinylon fibers.The effects of PVA powder as a bonding agent of vinylon paper have been mentioned in practice. The manufacture of vinylon paper on a pilot fourdrinier paper machine by using PVA powder as a bonding agent by the beater addition were studied.Physico-chemical properties of vinylon paper by using PVA powder is better than that of PVA fiber.PVA powder is convenient to handle and paper-making readily in the mill. For the most efficient results, care should be taken to select the preferred PVA powder for the specific need.

For the quantitative analysis of fatty acid composition of fatty oils, the application of paper-chromatography using hydrogenation on papers was examined, in addition to the usual reversed phase paperchromatography consisted of hydrocarbon as the stationary phase and acetonitril acetic acid as the mobil solvent. Complete hydrogenation on papers was achieved after 2 hr at 30, using palladium black as catalyst. By applying this analytical method, the composition of fatty acids of wheat germ oil and of skipper oil was determined as follows. Wheat germ oil : C16F0 : 12.3%, C18F0 : 3.7%, C18F1 : 20.6%, C18F2 : 45.6%, C18F3 : 12.3%, C20F0 : 5.4%. Skipper oil : C14F0 : 8.6%, C16F0 : 14.6%, C16F1 : 3.8%, C18F0 : 1.6%, C18F1 : 8.7%, C18F2, : 6.8%. C18F3 : 1.2%, C20F1 : 15.7%, C20F4, 5 : 7.1%, C22F1 : 17.2% C22F5, 6 : 14.7%

The process of preparation of urea melamine formaldehyde copolycondensates according to Wohnsiedler and others is improper when 70 mol% or more of urea are to be used, the resin colloidal solution coagulates in the case of such high ureacontent to soft white jellies or white insolubles precipitates in a short time. However, we have found that the maximum of urea can be raised to obout 8554, when the resin is produced under more suitable conditions. The resin solution is aged at 50, 4 by weight concentration, and at 70deg;C for 3 hours, using 1 mol of melamine, 5 mols of urea, 13 mols of formaldehyde and 0.7 mol of HC1. In order to preserve the solution for a long time, it must be diluted two times. This resin, when applied in the beater, is capable of imparting the wet strength to paper almost equal to melamine resin. The pH of paper stock is controlled by HC1 or Al2 (SO4) 3. As they do not show an appreciable difference in producing wet strength, the latter is more suitable than the former in mill application. The effect of the resin is more remarkable in the case of unbleached pulp than in the bleached one.The industrial production of the wet strength paper by this resin has been put in practice, and the satisfactory results have generally been obtained.

In this country, Bagasse was first used as raw materials for paper in 1881, in Shizuoka Prefecture. As to Japanese type paper, two kinds of Bagasse paper were made, one of which was made from Bagasse only. The other was white paper which was made from mixtureof Bagasse and Mitsumata. These products were displayed at the Second Industrial Exhibition.As to European paper, Bagasse was first used as raw materials in February, 1919, by Taiwan Sugar Manufacturing Company. This company made packing paper with 86 inch Fourdriniar paper machine. Several other companies followed this example, and the future of Bagasse paper in Japan was promising.

We studied on the manufacture of wet strength paper by mixing water soluble melamine resin solution to sulphite pulp and Edgeworthia papyrifera sieb stuff.When wet strength Japanese paper is made, wallpaper, filter paper, umbrella paper, bag paper etc whick are difficult to tear in wet stage are produced. Melamine resin solutions were aged as follows

Many paper products, including newspapers and paper goods used in packaging foods, contain lead. The lead content of newspapers, an important constituent of recycled paper, varies with color of ink, type of printing process, and source of newsprint. Recycled newsprint is richer in lead than virgin newsprint. Lead on or in food packages ranged from 2 to 10,000 ppm, and varied with the quantity of printing and color of ink. Printed packages contained more lead than unprinted material, although some unprinted ones contained up to 58 ppm. The potential for introducing lead into meat and milk by feeding waste paper to ruminants is explored. Negligible amounts of lead are introduced into soils and plants from news-paper mulch.

Thirty-seven paper and thin-layer chromatographic systems in general use for the analysis of basic drugs have been examined. Their discriminating powers were measured, both individually and when used in combination. The better systems were found to be thin-layer systems of silica gel sprayed with 0·1n NaOH, dried and run using one of the following solvents: (1) chloroform-methanol (90:10), (2) cyclohexane-toluene-diethylamine (75:15:10) and (3) acetone. A thin-layer cellulose system using n-butanol-water-citric acid (87:13: 0–48) was suitable if speed was not a requirement and a reversed phase paper system run with an aqueous buffer solution (pH 4·58) at 95† was the fastest system examined. Any of these five systems could be used in combination since their correlation coefficients were never higher than 0·61.

The body paper of hat was prepared from a 50/50 blend of SWP (synthetic pulp of polyethlene type, Mitsui Zellerbach K. K.) and NBKP, and was carried out beater coloring with organic pigments and alum experimentally. The vat-lined two ply paper was dry creped and worked upon and formed the sample into the summer millinery experimentally.According to an end user (milliner), the colored summer millinery well satisfactory an aethetic sense for practical usage. The physical properties of dry creped SWP two ply with pigments are shown in Table 2. Light fastness and waterbleed fastness or water-resistance are shown in Table 3.

Many Finnish paper mills have recently celebrated the centenary of their foundation, and all the mechanical pulp, board and paper mills established in the period 1866–1872 are still operating, which indicates how well paper manufacture based on wood was adapted to Finnish conditions. Finnish paper production has increased as follows since the beginning of the century:1

A simple linear model is constructed for production, use and recycling of various paper and related products. This model is used to estimate the maximum feasible recycling rate given the current state of pulp and paper technology. Parametric linear programming is used to investigate the effect of the efficiency of collecting, sorting and transporting waste paper on the fraction recycled.

Modified paper chromatography procedures for the analysis of fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria are described. Both ethylamine and hydroxylamine derivatives of fatty acids were prepared from inoculated anaerobic culture broth. The derivatives were spotted on chromatography paper and developed with appropriate solvents. Paper chromatography is a valuable alternative to gas liquid chromatography as an ancillary procedure in the identification of anaerobic bacteria in the clinical bacteriology laboratory.

It has been a most common practice at the paper mills that the method called the acidic fixation in lower PH (PH 4-4.5) was applied to size the paper, however, due to the excess of aluminum sulphate would decompose alkaline earth filler such as calcium and magnesium carbonates and destroys its sizing effect.After a long carefull studies and experiments were carried out we have finally succeeded in produce the neutral sizing agent which produced excellent sizing effect even in the nearly neutrality (near to PH 7.0).For the example, we mixed with about 10-40% of precipitated calcium carbonate into the pulp in the beater adding with the neutral sizing of about 1-4% and the aluminum sulphate of 1-3%, then we are able to observe the perfect sizing effect on the tissues and printing papers. In other words, the test result of Stoickigt method was indicated about 30-50 seconds (60g/m2).Also, it is known to manufat cure the high grade none-filled paper (such as writing, bond, name-card paper etc.) made with the process called the acidic sizings, in this connection the required amount of aluminum sulphate is to be limited approximately between 1/4-1/5 as to compare with previous method. Assuming as to obtain size of 2 per cent it only required between 0.4-0.5 percent of aluminum sulphate are sufficient.Many tests carried by actual operation at the various paper mills, we are convinced more from those data and results, this is more effective medium for paper sizing than any other sizing agents. In this field and many Japanese paper mills are to start using and adopting the neutral sizing for the purpose, therefore we are prepared to state the merit and advantages of this material as follows.1) In the past a most important filler for the papers are those of various clays, however to obtain with the whiteness (above 95 %) and perfect filling effect many paper mills are able to use of those calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate as the filler from now on.We recommend to use it for high grade tissue paper such as air mail and india paper which are required more translucent. It also can be used for a suitable common writing paper making because resistance against the Perker's fountain ink which consist of high degree of PH2) In the manufacturing Japaness paper by the cylinder paper machine, this neutral sizing agent will give much satisfaction for the reason of it's nature which will not destroy the fibre dispersing ability of mucilages (abelmoschus manihot) which will be able to adjust the uniform suspension of long fibres to coagulation in the acidic reaction of rosin and aluminum sulphate sizing.3) On account of the neutral nature in sizing, the durability and preservation of paper could be maintained and gain many other benefits by using it.4) It is known fact that a close relationship exists between the rate of dryness of paper and or printing ink and in this connection the expert on this subject recently recommended of the neutral slightly alkaline fixation for the sizing. (Ref. A. Voet : Ink and Paper, Part II pp 193 5) 5) This neutral sizing agent is a quite effective and ideal method and proceed with the method of neutral size, it will not only save a larger amount of aluminum sulphate but also save a big amount of fluorescent dye which intended to improve the whiteness of papers thus by using it themanufacturing cost will be sufficiently reduced. (In the case of the size produced under the acid condition will have a tendency of change of the red shade) 6) Due to the neutral nature of itself, this will definitely help to reduce the erosive action on the machine wire thus prolong the life of the wire.The neutral size is a sort of high-free rosin soap which is produced under a special saponification, process and it was prevented the coagulation of rosin particles by using the protective colloids.

(Research Institute of Oji Paper Co., Ltd., Tokyo) New pulping methods of hard wood have been studied eagerly in Japan, because soft wood has become scarce by overfelling.Characteristics of hard wood pulp depend on the properties of the fiber, that is, short and slender shape and rich content of pentosan.Blending the hard wood pulp in various papers, the printability of the papers are improved and such properties as formation, smoothness, opacities rise.(1) Bleached kraft pulp of hard wood are used in fine paper, and owing to blending, the printability of the paper is improved considerably. But viscous printing ink sometimes takes away the vessels from paper surface during offset printing.(2) Semichemical pulp and chemi-ground pulp are used in news print and photogravure paper.Properties of chemi-ground pulp are similar to ground wood of soft wood, but lower opacity.(3) Ground wood of hard wood has high opacity, and is used in news print.

The writer invented the improved Vat for a cylinder paper machine for making paper with high speed. The construction and the method is as follows : in front of the cylinder moved, a head-box is fitted higher, with a nozzle at the outlet over the width of cylinder face, whose lip is capable to adjust in opening. With a suitable high speed, made by the hydraulic head standing in the head-box, the stuff stream rushes into the stuff pool and agitates uniformly the stuff before the eylinder mould. And at the instant, the cylinder picks the fibres from the stuff on its surfaee, making good even paper web. (Pat, applied in Japan)

The effect of hemicellulose contents in pulp on beating rate and strength of paper made from it was studied.In this study two methods were used, one the adding method (adding isolated hemicellulose to the standard pulp) and the other the extracting method (removing hemicellulose stepwisely).In the former when the hemicellulose is isolated with drastic agents, chemical nature of hemicellulose is liable to change, so that it is impossible to say that the isolated hemicellulose will act in the same manner as it does in the original state. Therefore extracting method was employed in the present research.For the preparation of chlorite holocellulose, thin pieces of beech and aspen wood were treated with hot acidified sodium chlorite. These chlorite holocelluloses were treated with KOH solution under nitrogen gas, in order to minimize the oxidation of cellulose. For hemicellulose extraction, KOH solutions of various concentration (from 0.3 to 20%) were used in order to get a series of pulp in which the hemicellulose content was stepwisely arranged.The beating rate and the sheet strength of this series of pulp were examined. From the result of this study, it was concluded that there appeared to be the optimum hemicellulose content in pulp as for as the paper strength was concerned. Other observations were also made with regard to the result observed.

Paper chromatography is very helpful in the identification and comparison of antibiotics, but very few results from the application of this technique have been published so far. The awakening of interest in the search for antibiotics which are active against fungi pathogenic to plants and animals makes the investigator aware of the scant information that is available to help characterize such agents. A knowledge of the Rf values of the known antifungal agents would help advance the search for such therapeutic materials. Often these values, in conjunction with the biological inhibitory activities, are the only criteria by which one can determine whether the unknown agent appears to be a new material. When the Rf data are obtained for shake cultures, one can eliminate many previously described antibiotic-producing organisms from further study, thus allowing more research to be applied to antibiotics which are new and different. The studies reported in this paper should serve as a guide to the identification of some of the known antifungal antibiotics.

1 A new diagonal electrophoretic technique for determining the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides of a protein is described. The protein is converted into its trifluoracetyl derivative, digested enzymatically (or chemically), and the resulting peptides separated by paper electrophoresis. The paper is then treated with ammonia vapour, which re-exposes the ɛ-amino groups of the lysine residues, and submitted to a second electrophoresis at right angles to the first direction. Peptides containing lysine residues, together with the N-terminal peptide of the protein, are found to lie off a diagonal formed by all other peptides, whence they may be readily purified. A study of these peptides enables the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides in the protein to be deduced. 2 The technique has been successfully tested with insulin. 3 When the method was applied to porcine pepsin, the four tryptic peptides isolated were easily ordered and the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the protein shown to be Arg-Gln-Tyr-Tyr-Thr-Val-Phe-Asp-Arg-Ala-Asn-Asn-Lys-Val-Gly-Leu-Ala-Pro-Val-Ala. The three basic amino acid residues in the molecule are thus found clustering towards the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain. 4 A common ancestral gene for porcine pepsin and bovine (calf) rennin is suggested by the close homology between the C-terminal sequences of the two proteins.

The cleaning of the suction roll was some of the operating problems facing in every paper mill. Unless the clogged suction roll were cleaned, the suction efficiency might be deteriorated. And the suction roll has so many holes that cleaning was almost impossible.Machine tenders found that the high pressure jet water would spurt out the stock and other foreign matter, thereby cutting down the time and labour. As it happened, engineers at Asahi Iron Works Company in Osaka, has been thinking about the same problem. Last year, Asahi Iron Works had introduced to Honshu Paper Company and Seiko Isuzu Automobile Company, the “Paper Mill Washer”. Seiko Isuzu is manufacturing a new type high pressure water pump as car washer since for years before.Distinctive features of the pump are : two special modified elliptic gears which are arranged and combined properly in the casing, the increased out put considerably per revolution and the highest overall efficiency. Capacity of the pump is up to 10 gallons per minute at 330 r.p.m.. Derivery pressure is up to 250 pound per square inch.This pump is used as a main component in the washer. The portable type is extremely easy to handle and to move from place to place. And is very quiet but efficient operation. A cohered pulp is spurt out thoroughly by spraying or jetting. Also it is fitted in removal of strongly cohered pitch, dirty grease and machine oil. Therefore, it is applied to cleaning the machine frame, stock chest, flowbox, etc.

Examination of urinary product of rabbits administered with MHB, by filter paper chromatography, indicated that ureide, 3-OH-MHB, 3-keto-MHB, 3-keto-nor-MHB, and unknown compounds (MHB-M (VI)) were excreted. An excellent method for the separation of these compounds is the use of a buffered filter paper and butanol saturated with borate-NaOH buffer (pH 11). For detection of the located metabolites, 1% solution of sodium periodate and 1% solution of potassium permanganate were used and ultraviolet spectrophotometry was adopted for the characterization of barbiturates.

Bamboo is an important raw material for manufacture of paper pulp in areas where it is abundant, especially in India, Pakistan, Taiwan (Formosa), and mainland China. In most instances it is reduced to pulp by chemical treatment under pressure at high temperature. An exception is the manufacture of bamboo mechanical pulp in Taiwan. This pulp is combined with a small amount of ricestraw chemical pulp for manufacture of a product used to prepare the so-called "joss paper" employed in Chinese religious and funeral ceremonies. "Joss" is a pidgin English word that is derived from the Portuguese deos or deus, god, and is used to refer to a Chinese household divinity or to a cult image. Joss paper consists of sheets of crude paper of various sizes, mostly 2'2 by 3 inches, to 10 by 11 inches, usually almost completely or partially covered with a piece of tin foil. A golden metallic effect is created, according to Hunter,2 by brushing the foil with seaweed extract contain

Coagulations of paper mill wastes were investigated by the use of polyelectrolytes. Nonionic polyacrylamide was the most effective for the purification of wastes. The suspension of pulp fiber was rather dispersed by the addition of anionic polyelectrolytes, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate. No remarkable effect of pH was seen for the coagulation of polyelectrolytes. The possibility to using polyelectrolytes for the purification of paper mill wastes was recognized in the case of the wastes suspending large fibrous colloid.

In this paper we reported on the problem of petroleum resin emulsion sizing which was chiefly treated for the application in beater sizing. As the results of application in beater sizing it is obtained that the amount is 0.252% on pulp weight, as compared with rosin size showed slowly sizing effect, and increased paper stiffness.The required amount of aluminum sulphate are sufficient 1%.

The writer makes it clear that the difficulties Japan's paper industry is facing are in the shortage of raw materials, that Japan need not be worried about her equipments of production and that she can meet the demand of her own to some extent if she will make good and wise use of pulp and paper, investigate substitute raw materials and put the result into, practical use. The writer suggests that Japan should afforest rapid growing trees and utilize her rich production of rice and wheat straws.

Effects of fiber length on mechanical strength, chemical strength, chemical properties and hygroscopic characteristics were investigated. Mechanical strength especially was measured inthe normal condition (R.H. 65%) and dry condition. The dry condition was obtained by the folloNN ing ways ; the paper sample was dried at 105°C for 3hr, and was impregnated with water-free oil.1) Tensile strength for fraction pulp decreases with increasing average fiber length, and in case of the same average fiber length, the tensile strength for whole pulp is higher than that for fraction pulp.2) Folding endurance and tearing resistance for fraction pulp increase with increasing average fiber length. There is a straight-line relationship between the average fiber length and tearing resistance of paper.3) Pentosan content of pulp decreases with increasing average fiber length, but DP of pulp increases.4) Moisture regain, dimensional change, water of monolayer absorption and internal surface area of paper decrease with increasing average fiber length, but crystallinites of paper fiber increase.

Blending of staple fiber of viscose rayon and straw pulp was dispersed in water and handmade paper for calligraphy was made. The Indian ink absorptive quality of straw paper is improved by the blending of viscose rayon fiber. The adhesive capability of straw pulp to rayon fiber in the paper making is so much that it works effective so far as about 50% component of rayon fiber in the stuff without any other adhesive agent. Bearing of fineness of the rayon fiber on the paper making properties was discussed.

The nature of the artifacts formed in the paper chromatography of solutions of catechol amines, histamine, and various tryptamine derivatives in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) has been considered. With TCA solutions of histamine the artifact is not the corresponding N-acyl derivative. It is suggested the production of these artifacts is assisted by the formation of molecular complexes between the above compounds, acting as electron donors, and the TCA acting as electron acceptor. A solvent is described which eliminates multiple spot formation when TCA solutions of the above type are subjected to paper chromatography

In a previous paper (‘Philosophical Transactions,’ A, 1897, vol. 189, p. 137) we have drawn attention to the fact that the disturbance set up in a liquid by the impact of a rough sphere falling into it, differs in a very remarkable manner from that which follows the entry of a smooth sphere. In the present paper we describe further experiments, made with the object of ascertaining the reason of this difference, and give the conclusions reached. It appeared desirable, in the first place, to take instantaneous photographs of the disturbed liquid below the water-line. These were easily obtained by letting the splash take place in an approximately parallel-sided thin glass vessel (an inverted clock-shade) illuminated from behind. The liquid surface when undisturbed was about level with the middle of the camera-lens, which was focussed for the sphere when under water. The general arrangement of the optical apparatus will be suffi­ciently understood from the accompanying cut (fig. 1). The method of timing the illumination was that already described ( loc. cit. ).

Paper chromatographic behavior of manganese in the solutions of condensed phosphates of short chain lengths has been studied in order to identify the form of soluble manganese.. Three series of sodium phosphate solutions, ortho-, pyro-, tripoly-, containing manganese ion were prepared as sample solutions. The developed paper chromatogram was devided vertically in two, one half being used to revelate manganese by para-formaldehyde method and an other being used to revelate phosphate by heteropoly blue method. The positions of both revelation zones are important in connection with their chemical forms.In the case of tripolyphosphate solutions containing manganese, a revelation zone of unknown phosphate appeared closely under the regular zone of tripolyphosphate and a zone of unknown manganese also appeared in the distant level from that of manganese (II) ion. From the fact that both unknown zones were developed in the same level on filter paper, the form of soluble manganese was estimated as a large complex ion coordinated tripolyphosphate. The complex ion was considerably stable in the solution of mole ratio (Mn2+P205) below 0.6 and its formula was estimated as [MnP3010]3- from Mn and P2O5 determinations of unknown revelation zones.The manganese (II) ion was unstable in pyro- and orthophosphate solutions and manganese salts precipitated. However, the slightly soluted manganese was identified as a complex coordinated pyrophosphate in the pyrophosphate solution and as a simple ion of manganese (II) in the orthophosphate solution by the use of paper chromatography.

The Gakunan District lies on the southwestern foot of Mt. Fuji. It is the leading pulp and paper industry center with a production of over 16% of Japan's total, Silk, the leading product here in the former day, was replaced by pulp and paper. Of late, however, machineries are becoming important. Before 1880, agriculture, especially rice cultivation, was the dominant productive activity in the district, There were small rural industries such as brewery, silk, Japanese paper and others related to agriculture. All of them were ubiquitous all over. A mechanized silk manufacture sparked an incipient industrialization. A small silk mill, which was built at Omiya, a trade center, in 1886, was the first seat of mechanized industry in the district. The President of the Bank of Omiya was given a major credit for the establishment of this silk mill. It was ten years later, however, than the establishment of mills in the advanced silk production regions in Japan. The mill employed 75 women. An increase of number the of silk mills resulted in a rapid increase of employees, even up to 1200 in 1900, and the district could be said to have been specialized in silk. All silk mills were established by the natives of the district such as land owners or bankers. The distribution pattern of the mills was intimately related not only to sites where water power sufficed, but also to the distribution of enterprisers, in other words, land owners. The latter was presumably a primary cone emn in deciding the location of mills in an early stage of industrial development. More mechanized industrialization began with the establishment of the Fuji Paper Mill in 1890. The first pulp and paper integrated factory of the Mill was built on a river near Omiya. The factory emp-loyed 400 persons, mostly men. While the laborers were supplied from the surrounding rural communities, the shareholders were found in Tokyo. This paper factory was quite different from the traditional system of Japanese paper production. Many other paper mills were established by the natives, especially land owners, after 1910 when paper production was booming. It is characteristic that the mills established by the enterprisers of Tokyo were specialized in pulp and printing paper but the mills built by the local people produced many kinds of Japanese paper. There have been no mills that gained all their raw materials from the forests in and around the district. Much raw materials have been sent from Hokkaido and other parts of Japan. Most mills in the area have been oriented toward the foot of Mt. Fuji where water supply was suffi-cient. Establishment of those mills were based on the agricultural structure which provided cheap labor and, on the other hand, local land owners became enterprisers by opening several banks, which helped to promote the industrialization of the Gakunan District. The distribution pattern of above-mentioned two industries has changed through time sequence. The emerging electric power made possible the change of the location of pulp and paper industry that had been oriented to water power. Since silk manufacture was too small to utilize electric power, its distrimbution pattern did not change as pulp and paper industry did. Silk production was then restricted only to Omiya, one of the silk trading centers in Shizuoka Prefecture. As the silk industry in other parts of this district died out, its place was taken by the mechanized Japanese paper industry. The rise of pulp and paper spelled relative decline of silk. Hence, the manufacturing center moved southward from Gmiya. Fig. 2 shows this change (circles in black represent pulp and paper and double circles are for silk mills). But all the paper mills were not flourishing, finding themselves in severe financial straits during the depression following World War I. Concentration of production thus took place.

Cernik, A. A., and Sayers, M. H. P. (1971). Brit. J. industr. Med., 28, 392-398. Determination of lead in capillary blood using a paper punched disc atomic absorption technique. Application to the supervision of lead workers. The presence of lead in blood is the most incontrovertible evidence of absorption but hitherto the need for venepuncture has limited its determination in the supervision of industrial workers. Micro-methods using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) have, however, made possible the development of a sufficiently reliable test using a drop of blood obtainable by ear prick for use in the field for screening purposes. A micro-sampling method by AAS is compared with a routine polarographic procedure (POL) using venous blood (corr. coeff. = 0·990). The pipetting of microlitres of blood can be eliminated by spotting the blood onto filter paper, allowing it to dry in air, and then using a punched-out standard disc of dried blood for analysis instead. Correlation of this method (PD) with the micro-sampling technique (AAS) is good (r=0·981). The PD method using capillary blood also correlates acceptably with the micromethod using venous blood (r = 0·913). A pilot field study using capillary blood estimated by the PD technique showed that with this method blood can be collected by ear prick in factories for monitoring workers in the lead industry, thus eliminating the need for routine venepuncture.

〓 (R=2-サフトール-6, 8-ジスルホン酸, 2-ナフトール-3, 6-ジスルホン酸, 2-ナフトール-6-スルホン酸, 2-ナフトール-7-スルホン酸, 2-ナフトール-8-スルホン酸) についてスルホン酸基の置換位置または数と塩析効果の受けやすさとの関係を, 塩化カリウム水溶液または含アルコール, 塩水溶液を展開液とした塩析型ロ紙クロマトグラフィーのRf値等により検討した。さらにベンザルレブリン酸の3種の位置異性体をその2, 4-ジニトロフェニルヒドラゾンにしたものをロ紙電気泳動または塩析型ロ紙クロマトグラフィーにより明確に分離した。

Mayor Gamble has just spoken to you on water-supply from the standpoint of the health of citizens. May I discuss with you water from the standpoint of a chemist as it is required by industrial concerns as the most necessary feature of manufacturing operations, especially in the manufacture of pulp and paper, which promises to be the next great industrial development in this southeastern territory which is governed by your membership. A recent survey by the Federal Government has shown an enormous wealth of pine and semi-hardwood timber in this practically untouched region. The figures of this survey are now attracting nation-wide attention, especially since the spruce woods of the Great Lakes and Eastern States are practically exhausted and this makes necessary the importation annually of some two hundred million dollars worth of pulp and paper. About fifteen years ago when it was first proposed to manufacture kraft from southern pine it was loudly proclaimed that this was impossible, but during the intervening years there has been so rapid a growth of the kraft pulp and paper industries that the South now dominates the field with the manufacture of more than sixty percent of the national output. Now when it is proposed to use southern pine for white paper the same cry is heard about the unsuitability of southern pine. The work in the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the Industrial Committee of Savannah has completely disproved this contention. Erroneous ideas have been held regarding our pines: first, through the use of the name "yellow" pine, which applies only to the heart, while the sapwood gives a pulp actually lighter in color than spruce; and, second, the utilization of longleaf and slash pines for naval stores

Studies were made on the dust collection efficiency and the specific resistance of flat paper filter, which were very important factors for our measuring method of the dust concentration in the flowing gases. In these studies, it has been found that the true dust collection efficiency of the filter paper must be expressed by the value of η*=dW/dWs instead of η=ΣW/ΣWs and also the specific resistance expressed by the value of α*=dKd/dw instead of α=Kd/w. And then, the conception of the initial efficiency of the paper filter, the saturated dust quantity of 100% collection efficiency and the critical dust quantity of the specific resistance have been introduced. Results of both the collection and draft tests in consideration of the above, have revealed the following : (1) η* approached 100% in accordance mith piling of dust on the paper filter.(2) The mean values of the specific resistance α* gained from the preliminary experiments should be used as the constant values of the specific resistance.

Special studies and experiments have been carried out on the preparation of paper pulp from rice straw by using alkali agents such as NaOH, Na2 CO3, Na2 NO3 and CaO.It is observed that the reaction is most acting with NaOH, slightly less active with Na2 CO3, almost no reaction with Na2 SO3 alone but it becomes quite active with the addition of Na2 CO3 and no reaction with CaO. It is also further observed that the most suitable cooking agent for the preparation of rice straw pulp is Na2O or mixed agent of Na2 SO3 and Na2 CO3.The concentration of 8% in case of NaOH (against bone dry straw) or a mixed agent of 12% Na2 SO3 and 2% Na2 CO3 would produce sufficiently good color pulp of over 55% in whiteness.

A reliable method for the determination of the amylose and amylopectin fractions of starch has been developed using paper chromatography. Starch is separated into amylose and amylopectin fractions on a filter paper strip by descending paper chromatography in iodine vapor, using 40% HClO4 solution as the solvent. These fractions are collected separately by irrigating the strip with 40% HClO4 solution. After adding iodine and potassium iodide to the eluate, the iodine complexes of these components are collected by centrifugation and are treated to remove the iodine. The concentration in these iodine-free fractions is determined colorimetrically by the anthrone-sulfuric acid method. In this way, the anlylose and amylopectin contents of starch are determined without reference to authentic amylose and amylopectin preparations separated from the same starch specimen by the Schoch method. The values by this method represent more true starch contents than those obtained by the other current methods.

Paper used for Japanese umbrella is vat-paper as well as machine-paper and oiled these Japanese paper, which is chiefly made from paper-mulberry.This report shows the superiority of those oiled-papers of various kind which are practically used after having examined their physical and chemical characteristics, and concluded as follows.(1) Japanese paper, if colored, increases its intensity.(2) Colored paper, when oiled, is not generally intensified, but, in case of white paper, it increases intensity.(3) To speak of oil, perilla oil or the one mixed up with a small quantity of paulownia oil is recommended.(4) When oil is twice coated, intensity is increased, but inferior oil such as substitute oil may not be very much beneficial even if twice coated.(5) As oiling method, hand-appling with waste-silk available at present is not abtained good results, it should be improved.

River water polluted by the wastes of two sulphate paper mills-the one T. Mill situated on the River Sin and the other 0. Mill on the River Syonai-was examined chemically and biologically. In the case of T. Mill, the harmful effect of the waste on the fishery in the Sin was considerable, but in the case of O. Mill, it was not so much, because the Syonai gets enough affluent water to dilute the waste. Yet in the latter, we could clearly recognize differences of chemical properties of the river water before and after the mill came into operation. According to our examination the pollution by the sulphate paper mill waste may be detrimental to fish life in foilowing ways ; (1) by depleting the dissolved oxygen and suffocating fish, (2) by direct poisoning or killing of fish by toxic substances. The polluted river water brought forth a very bad taste and odour to the fish in the large area and made them of no use for human food. This ill-effect was the most serious, among others, for fishery. To get rid of those ill-effects, we consider that sedimentation and filtration of sulphate soap and other suspending matters, and oxidizing of the waste may be effective.

The main components of polluted water discharged from paper mills are hemicellulose, fiber-fine and polyphenolic compounds, such as lignosulfonate and Kraft lignin.Beer mills discharge polluted water which contains protein. Thus the mixture of both polluted waters with addition of 1 % Alum produced successfully large amount of precipitant. By contrary, there was no precipitation without addition of Alum. However, the addition of the Alum alone did not contribute to the precipitation of paper mill effluent. This means that the combination with beer effluent is essential.In addition to this, the presence of clay colloid accelerated the settling time of pollutant. Furthermore, it can be suggested that the precipitant is useful for carrier of control release herbicide and also for filler of paper board.

In view of the complexity and inaccuracy of densitometery now in use, we adopted a fractional elution method as a substitute for it and made basic studies on the same with the following results:1. Pigments are completely extracted from pieces of filter paper with 5-10cc of N/100 NaOH solution in 30 minutes at room temperature. The extinction of the extract and the amount of serum added show a linear relationship.2. The color tone of the extract, which in prepared by removing bromphenol blue (BPB) or Amidoschwarz 10B (AS) from filter paper with N/100 NaOH solution, fades away with the passage of time; this phenomenon is especially remarkable in the extract which is prepared by removing BPB from filter paper with the said solution. Since the tendency of the color tone to fade away is true of each fraction of serum protein, no significant differences take place at least for 5 hours when the percentage of protein in serum is calculated.3. The maximum resorption wavelengths of the extracts which are prepared by removing BPB and As from filter paper with N/100 NaOH solution are 570 and 620mμ.4. When measurement is made by only an individual according to this method, its reproductivity is considerably high in each serum of healthy subjects and cases of nephrosis and liver cirrhosis.5. Even when this method is performed on different individuals, it shows a reproductivity equal to that of the Tiselius method.6. By this method we followed great changes in serum protein in cases of nephrotic syndrome that were produced during a short time by a large dosage of predonine.

As a part of our fundamental studies on paper electrophoresis we here present our views regarding selection of the two methods of paper electrophoresis, the Grassmann and the Flynn method. The filter paper used was Whatman No. 1, the stain, Amido Black 10 B.Ten essentially normal human sera were used, and the results from both methods were almost identical, although differing in minor details. It is these minor differences that we wish to consider here.(1) With the electrophoretic time being the same for both methods, the length of the electrophoretic migration was longer for the Grassmann method than for the Flynn method. This may be due to the movement of the buffer toward the center of the paper, as a result of the evaporation from the surface of the paper.(2) The position of γ-globulin with the Flynn method was always on the negative side of the line of origin (electroosmosis), but with the Grassmann method it was consistently on the positive side. This, also, we consider is due to the flow of the buffer to compensate the evaporation loss.(3) The protein adsorbed at the line of origin was more marked for the Flynn method than for the Grassmann method. We are now considering a way to eliminate this defect in the Flynn method. In order to observe the tailing of the albumin, therefore, the Grassmann method is more convenient.(4) The reproducibility of both methods, as compared to free electrophoresis was not very good, owing to the evaporation from the paper and also to the sagging of the paper in the Grassmann method.(5) From the above it is concluded that although the Grassmann method is more popularly used, the Flynn method when properly handled is far from being inferior to the former method.