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Some stilbene derivatives have been identified by using paper chromatography in five different solvents systems, paper electrophoresis in two different electrolytes, and gas chromatography to detect cleavage products.

Bamboo is an important raw material for manufacture of paper pulp in areas where it is abundant, especially in India, Pakistan, Taiwan (Formosa), and mainland China. In most instances it is reduced to pulp by chemical treatment under pressure at high temperature. An exception is the manufacture of bamboo mechanical pulp in Taiwan. This pulp is combined with a small amount of ricestraw chemical pulp for manufacture of a product used to prepare the so-called "joss paper" employed in Chinese religious and funeral ceremonies. "Joss" is a pidgin English word that is derived from the Portuguese deos or deus, god, and is used to refer to a Chinese household divinity or to a cult image. Joss paper consists of sheets of crude paper of various sizes, mostly 2'2 by 3 inches, to 10 by 11 inches, usually almost completely or partially covered with a piece of tin foil. A golden metallic effect is created, according to Hunter,2 by brushing the foil with seaweed extract contain

This investigation was prompted by the observation that formation of the Zimmermann chromogen of 17-ketosteroids on paper chromatograms using the Epstein and Zak method, gave products which were not only colored but also fluorescent. The Zimmermann chromogen of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) was prepared. It showed no observable fluorescence in solution, weak fluorescence in the solid state and on thin layers of silica gel, but strong fluorescence in the dry state on filter paper. Other 17-ketosteroids behaved similarly on chromotograms, as did 3,20-diketopregnanes. Saturated and unsaturated 3-ketosteroids gave no fluorescence. These experiments lend support to the theory that fluorescence is sometimes induced by occlusion of potential fluorophors in the “dry” matrix of cellulose.

This paper documents vegetation injury caused by SO2 emissions from a sulphite pulp and paper mill located in Ontario. Acute vegetation injury caused by SO2 was correlated with increased levels of S within injured vegetation, meteorological data, and air sampling records of SO2 monitored by a continuous recorder located adjacent to the vegetation injury zone. The symptoms of injury observed on plants within the injury zone were described, and the relative sensitivity to SO2 was determined for 75 plant species in the area.

A study with filter paper strips partially impregnated with the precipitating agent with or without colloid as the fixing agent reveals that in the case of spotted strips run in aqueous alcoholic mixture as the solvent, uniform bands of the precipitate are formed. In these cases, chromatographic observations such as measurement of ‘S’ and ‘Rf’ values is possible. Rhythmic structures can also be obtained with these strips when the reactant solution is used as the solvent. In the absence of colloids rhythmic structures are obtained at a high concentration and the bands obtained have to be washed and repeatedly dipped in hot water in order to clear the structure of rings present underneath. In the presence of colloid, rhythmic vertical bands are obtained at a much lower concentration and the clear interspaces are visible even without washing. Thus an independent method for obtaining rhythmic structures on filter paper with a technique very similar to chromatography has been developed.

Papers have appeared in recent years on the application of special types of paper and board for the sterilization of air by filtration [1-3]. The properties of these materials depend on many factors: the type of fibers used, methods of physicochemical treatment, the presence of sizing agents, etc. The structure of a sheet for air purification is that of a fairly porous interweaving of fibers of various lengths The most dependable method of preparing filter paper and board of uniform structure is the multilayer pouring method [4], since on superimposing thin leaves one upon the other, possible defects in individual layers are covered. Sterile air is used in the process of manufacturing antibiotics and is obtained by filtration through a layer of fibrous filtration material. Sterile air, which is supplied for aeration in the fermentation process, must have a defined temperature and moisture content. In the event of a drop in air temperature below the dew point, moisture separation occurs which wets the filtration material and leads to a reduction in its mechanical strength. Moreover, as a result of the swelling of cellulose fibers the pore size and consequently the air penetrability is reduced [4, 5]. To prevent the phenomenon mentioned and to impart hydrophobicity and ~-et strength to the paper and board, various polymeric binders are introduced into the fibrous mass which after special treatment confer stiffness on the paper fibers. The filtration materials obtained in this way are sufficiently tough, stable to the action of moisture, and retain their previous values of specimen porosity thus guaranteeing a high moisture penetrability. At the present time basalt superfine fiber (BSFF) (fiber diameter 1 p) is used as a filtration material in filters for the fine purification of air [6]. This material answers the requirements set for a material for sterilization by the filtration method, viz. a high effectiveness in retaining particles of contaminants (99.999 % of 0.3 p particles), sufficient vapor and thermal stability, and an extended service life. The comparatively small mechanical strength is a shortcoming of the material. This shortcoming also caused a search for a filtration material based on BSFF and more sturdy and convenient in operation. Specimens of materials in form of paper and board based on BSFF have been developed in the Ukrainian Paper Research Institute [7]. Pulverized cellulose fibers and latex were added to increase the durability of materials in manufacture. An investigation has been carried out in the All-Union Scientific-Resea rch Institute of Antibioties on specimens of basalt paper and board with the aim of possibly using them for the sterilization of process air in antibiotic manufacture. It is known that materials for air purification are evaluated according to the drop in pressure and the size retention of particles entering with the air [8]. An increase in the drop in pressure is energetically unprofitable; however, simultaneously with the growth of this parameter the efficiency of retaining particles is raised, and consequently it is necessary to find the size of the optimal ratio of the values mentioned. An investigation to find the optimum has been carried out with the aim of elucidating the interrelationshi p of the properties of the paper and the sizes of the characteristics mentioned. Tests on specimens of paper and board were carried out at afiltration rate ofl cm/sectaldng the highly effective materials for testing [9] The effectiveness of a material was verified on a test bed with an oil spray [I0]. Averaged results of several measurements are presented in Tables 1 and 2. In column 2 of Tables 1 and 2 the labelling of the basaltic materials submitted by the manufacturer is given. For example

Bottom fauna surveys of the Lower Sabine River in the vicinity of Orange, Texas were performed from 1967 to 1969. During this time samples were taken before and after effluent from a black-liquor paper mill was discharge into the Sabine River. Species diversity indices were determined for each station (one station above the discharge canal and four below it). The results obtained indicated that the paper mill effluent was not disturbing the river to a degree that it would cause damage. However, the proximity of Sabine Lake (an estuary) and the very low flow often encountered on the Sabine River makes it imperative that high standards be imposed in treatment of the waste water and that qualified personnel make periodic studies on the river.

A device is presented for a simultaneous photometric scanning of paper electrophoresis and determination of radioactivity of the proteic spots. The stained papers are scanned by a photomultiplier and the curve transmitted light is directly recorded, then reconverted into an optical density curve. A rapid radioactivity scanning permits the determination of the total activity as well as the localization of the radioactive fractions in respect to their linkage to the serum proteins.

A method using ascending paper chromatography has been developed for determining radiochemical impurities, such as51Cr3+ and51CrO42−, in51Cr-DTPA and51Cr-EDTA (51CrY) complexes. The chromate concentration of the sample to be checked is increased to about 5·10−2M by adding inactive chromate as a carrier, then the sample is applied onto a chromatographic paper strip (Whatman No. 1), and the impurities are precipitated at the start line with sodium hydroxide and lead acetate solution. The chromatogram is developed for 3–4 hours using a solvent mixture consisting of 25% ethanol and 75% bidistilled water, adjusted topH=8 with ammonia; the impurities remain fixed in the start line and thus separated from the chromium complexes, which migrate with anR1-value of 0.8–0.9.

Filter mats for filtersticks, filter tubes, andGooch crucibles are easily prepared with the use of filter papers made of glass fibers or fibers of vitreous silica. The reliability of such filter mats for the purpose of quantitative micro analysis has been tested with silica fiber paper which is somewhat more difficult to use, but permits high ignition temperatures.

A Chromatographic method for the separation and detection of lead, silver, and mercury by extraction with organic solvent mixture on strips or sheets of filter paper, is described. Study of various physico-chemical factors responsible for the separation of cations has been made.

Il est montré par quelques exemples pris dans nos recherches de chromatographie quantitative, que le dosage des taches colorées des chromatogrammes sur papier est plus reproductible quand celui-ci a lieuaprès chromatographie. Ceci fait de la chromatographie quantitative sur papier une méthode microanalytique de choix., A few examples chosen from our quantitative paper chromatography researches show that the estimation of coloured spots may be achieved with greater reproducibility if carried outafter the spot has been chromatographed. Quantitative paper chromatography may therefor be accepted as a true quantitative micro analytical method., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

From a mixture of labelled proteins specific proteins can be isolated by immunological precipitation on chromatography paper disks and their radioactivity can be determined in liquid scintillation counting systems. Precipitation is completed within 2 hours. Analysis of double labelled proteins can also be performed on disks of chromatography paper. The counting efficiency for [14C]protein disks is 60%, for [3H]protein disks 8%. The statistical variation of the method (m.e.m. for n=10) is lower than 5%. Quenching, unspecific adsorption of aromatic ammoacids and immunological cross reactions are discussed. The method is especially useful when many samples are to be processed simultaneously.

The mechanism of peak broadening in paper chromatography was investigated by comparing the peak widths in paper chromatography with those caused only by diffusion in the paper for nine amino acids of widely differing Rf values.

A method for the quantitative determination of gibberellic acid in fermentation media, using descending paper chromatography in butylacetate-water is described. A sample is adjusted to pH 2.5–3.0, extracted with n-butanol, and 0.05 ml. organic layer is spotted on Chromatographic paper. After equilibration of the atmosphere in the jar, the chromatogram is developed in butylacetate saturated with water, for 7 hours, and the solvent is allowed to drip off the bottom of the sheet. Detection is carried out by spraying with a 3% solution of sulphuric acid in methanol and after drying the paper, spots with blue u.v. fluorescence are observed. The area of the spots is evaluated with the aid of a calibration curve, plotted from values of standards corresponding to 20, 60 and 120 μg. gibberellic acid. The error of estimation is ±10–15% when estimations are carried out carefully. The lowest limit of sensitivity is 5 μg.

A rapid method has been developed for the determination of phosphate by means of filter paper impregnated with lead iodide. A sample is added to the impregnated filter paper by means of a capillary, and after irrigation to cause migration of the ions a white spot is obtained as the lead iodide is converted into the phosphate. The weight of the spot is dependent on the pH and the quantity of phosphate present.

A paper Chromatographic technique on salt-buffered papers for separating the alkaloids of opium has been devised. The method has been used for determining the origin of opium samples by studying the pattern of theRf values of the alkaloids present and the effect on it produced by the presence of various adulterants.

Two methods are given for the determination of copper in very dilute solutions in water (1μg/ml). The sample is passed through filter paper impregnated with cadmium sulphide. Copper, lead, mercury, silver and bismuth ions at pH1.5–2 give an exchange reaction with the cadmium and are caught on the paper. When the paper is washed free from acid, dried, and treated with potassium cyanide, only the copper sulphide reacts. The excess of cyanide can be determined by its reaction with a filter impregnated with silver chloride, the size of the spot washed free from silver being a measure of the amount of cyanide. No other ions interfere with this method. If the other exchanging ions are absent, the copper can be estimated directly from the intensity of the copper sulphide stain on the cadmium sulphide paper, a standard series of stains being used for comparison. The range is 10–150μg of copper in 500–1000 ml the error being 3% for the cyanide method, and 7–8% for the standard series method.

A modified extraction method has been developed for the determination of the moisture content of insulating papers used in condensers and transformers. The water is extracted from the paper sample with methanol continuously titrated with Karl Fischer reagent by means of the special apparatus devised. The method can advantageously be used to measure the adsorption isotherms of paper samples containing 0.05–2 % water.

In few conditions is the electrophorogram of serum proteins capable alone of deciphering the diagnosis. In conjunction with the assembled clinical data and relevant applied pathological tests the definition of the disease is often clarified. The patterns as observed by the applied pathologist are serially discussed and the importance of the variations in different fractions presented. In several instances, exemplified by liver disease, the assistance rendered toward prognosis has been considerable. Perhaps the most clearcut diagnosis is possible in the agammaglobulinaemia syndrome which is immediately evident by the technique of paper electrophoresis. Current advances are mainly in the direction of estimating the protein-bound carbohydrate and lipid constituents which are believed to reflect the abnormalities in several infections and metabolic diseases. Utilisation of non-ionic detergents has also allowed separation of subfractions of the globulins into numerous new components, including lipo-proteins, some of which had been previously observed during the application of improved buffer systems designed to restrict interference of heavy metals and to facilitate accentuation of fractions having intermediate mobility.

The suitability of some developing solvent mixtures has been investigated for the paper-chromatographic separation of the anions fluoride, sulphate, phosphate, oxalate, citrate, selenate and molybdate, which form complexes with metals like thorium, zirconium etc. The solvent mixture acetone-ethanol-n-butanol-water-ammonia (40∶20∶10∶30∶2) proved effective in the separation of fluoride, sulphate, phosphate and selenate from a mixture. The blue thorium chelate of the dye β-SNADNS-6 has been used as a chromogenic spray for the detection of the anions on the paper, prominent pink spots appearing on a blue back ground. As little as 2 μg of fluoride, 10 μg of sulphate and phosphate, 15 μg oxalate and 25 μg of citrate, selenate and molybdate can be detected.

A method has been suggested for the determination of small amounts of copper and of mixtures of copper and silver using filter paper impregnated with silver chloride and sodium carbonate. The method depends on competition between copper and silver ions to form complexes with cyanide added to the paper. The area of the spot produced by conversion of AgCl into Ag(CN)2− is measured by weight, and is inversely proportional to the amount of copper present, since the Cu(CN)43− complex is preferentially formed. The silver present is determined separately, and the amount of copper calculated.

The effect of the ratio of toluene to isobutanol in the mobile phase on the R f values of alkaloids occurring in poppy pods is investigated. The optimum conditions for the Chromatographie separation of morphine and codeine from accompanying alkaloids are selected. This makes possible the quantitative determination of these two alkaloids in solution, in extracting alkaloids from poppy pod by an adsorption method. The necessity of using the ether-water solvent system for the quantitative determination of narcotine, papaverine, and tebaine by paper chromatography is confirmed.

1. The estimation of unsaturated fatty acids of three varieties of linseed oil is carried out by the paper chromatography technique using131I for saturating the acids. 2. The relationship between the total and individual unsaturated fatty acids content on one side, and the maximal spot activity on the other side, is linear and can be used as standard reference line. 3. Determination of the Rf values of the three occuring unsaturated fatty acids, depends mainly on the change of the specific activity of the iodinating mixture.

The effect of methylamine and methylamine hydrochloride has been systematically investigated in the paper chromatography of various metal ions. It has been found that methylamine hydrochloride like EDTA helps in preventing tailing. A new separation of Fe, Mn, Ni, and Co has been developed. The Rf-values are 0.97, 0.49, 0.08, 0.79 respectively and the solvent system used is ethylacetoacetate/methylamine hydrochloride/conc. hydrochloric acid (20∶2∶7). The values are equally spaced, the spots are compact and the separation is probably the best yet recorded.

A method is described for the separation and detection on filter paper of chromium and titanium, using thioglycollic acid and chromotropic acid as reagents. Fiveμg of chromium can be detected in the presence of 100μg of titanium, and 5μg of titanium in the presence of 1000μg of chromium.

A simple method is described for the identification of bovine growth hormone crude fractions using paper electrophoresis. The mobilities of the fractions are tabulated and shown on the extinction curves. The separation of the bands was carried out at room temperature using glycine buffer at pH 10 and Elphor Horizontal apparatus.

A PAPER Chromatographie study of urinary aminoacids has been carried out in 69 affected and 565 unaffected relatives from 64 families with various types of muscular dystrophy. Only a small proportion of subjects had either generalized or specific hyperaminoaciduria.

Limits of detection of some pollen flavonoids are recorded. The flavonoids were detected by aluminum, beryllium, and zirconium ions. Paper chromatography revealed dactylin and isoquercitrin to be present in extracts of orchard grass pollen. Only dactylin was found in timothy pollen extracts.

The separation by paper chromatography and identification of reducing sugars in urine is described.

A method is proposed for the determination of small amounts of CN− or of mixtures of CN− and [Ag(CN)2]−. The method is based on the use of filter paper impregnated with Ag2CrO4, AgCl or AgBr, and permits the determination of 8–80μg of CN− or of 20–200μg of [Ag(CN)2]− with an accuracy of 1.5%.

The author describes a method, for the determination of bacterial L-histidine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine, L-serine, L-phenyl-alanine, L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid decarboxylase by means of high voltage paper electrophoresis, using electrolytes of low ionic strength. For the group of test microorganisms (Enterobacteriaceae, Achromobacteriaceae andPseudomonas), L-histidine, L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine and L-glutamic acid decarboxylases were found to be of the greatest practical significance. The optimal conditions for maximum formation of these decarboxylases by some of the test strains ofEscherichia coli, Hafnia andProteus are discussed.

The paper chromatographic resolution potentiality of the solvent system chloroform-acetone-iso-amyl alcohol-11N HCl (1 ∶ 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 0.5v/v) for the metal cations has been tested. Successful results with various multiconstituent mixtures are presented andRf values of the common metal ions are tabulated.

A high speed paper tape reader with a maximum speed of 1000 characters per second is described. Relevant principles of construction as well as operating characteristics are given in some detail.

5,7-Dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline is recommended as reagent for the colorimetric determination of vanadium. The absorption is measured at 394 nm. Interfering ions are removed by paper chromatography with a collidine containing solvent. With amounts of 45–120 μg of vanadium an error of ± 1 μg has been obtained.

Complex formation in acetone-water systems has been investigated by studying solvent migration rate and chromatographic behaviour of hexacyanoferrate (II) and (III). The formation of mono-, tetra-, and decahydrates of acetone has been observed, of which the tetrahydrate, also observable by other physical properties of the solvent mixture, is the most stable.

Of the several uses that were described forC. juncea, its production as a bast fiber source and a green manure crop are the most important. Although limited usage in special rotational situations is possible, most of the envisioned acreage in the United States will be for new pulping raw-material. It appears promising for this purpose because (a) little or no nitrogen fertilization is required, (b) it grows on poor soils and is fairly drought-resistant (c) stalks dry out faster than other experimental species after a killing frost, (d) resistant strains can be grown in soils that are infested with root knot nematodes, and (e) a high macerate (pulp) yield is obtainable. However, stand inconsistency which contributes to weed competition and low yields, a tendency for lodging, and a sensitivity to cool temperatures may be listed as debits. Additional experimentation to determine more precisely the environmental and cultural requirements, proper harvesting and handling methods, production economics, and end-use applications is needed.

A radiochemical method for the identification of some steroids on electropherograms is described. A comparison between this method and another modified spectrophotometric method is given. The radiochemical method can be used for quantitative work; the relationship between the concentration of the hydrazones and the radioactivity gained by the steroids is linear. This technique is superior to any colorimetric one, it needs less reagents and is not time consuming. Application of the method to other steroids is continued.

A technique combining Chromatographic separation with radiometric precipitation is described in which nickel is determined at theμg to submicrogram range. An appropriate solvent completely isolates nickel from interference on a Chromatographic strip. Nickel is then precipitated as the35S labeled nickel sulfide. Quantitative yields are obtained using radioautography and radiometry.

312 male chronic alcoholists without clinical symptons of cirrhosis hepatis are inoculated with heat-killed typhus-paratyphus bacilli. The result of the inoculations is compared with the serum proteins of the patients. A connection between the O-antigens and the γ-globulins is established, and also between specific and unspecific H-antigens and the (α-) β-globulins.

The results of tissue section chromatography are given in comparison with histochemical section tests.

A description is presented on a nonrecording densitometer for photometry of electrophoregrams in passing light. The instrument may be easily made in any biochemical laboratory with the aid of available parts; the parts may be replaced by analogous ones without impairing the quality of the device. A method is presented for tracing the curve of the optic density and for calculation of the ratio of the fractions of the mixture studied.

THE formation of more than one zone containing phosphate when the sodium orthophosphates are chromatographed on paper suggests that these spots contain different molecular species originating in proton transfer equilibria of the kind: where B−n is a base1,2. The speed of proton transfers, for example, the half-life for the reaction of hydronium and hydroxyl ions is 10−8 sec3, argues against this as such equilibria yield multiple spots only if the transition time is comparable with the time required for the formation of the chromatogram4. It is natural to question next if the zones are actually of different species since discontinuities in either the immobile or mobile phases can also produce the result4. Chromatograms of orthophosphoric acid and of the primary, secondary, and tertiary sodium salts were formed on 55 cm × 2.8 cm strips of Whatman No. 1 filter paper, acid washed, which had also been washed in 2 M acetic acid followed by three successive rinsings in distilled water5. The chromatograms were formed either with pyridine/ethyl acetate/water (the faster solvent) or butanol/water. Fig. 1 is a photograph of 10 µl. of 0.01 M trisodium phosphate (No. 321) and 10 µl. of 0.01 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (No. 322) formed simultaneously with BuOH/15 per cent H2O. The origin was the vertical pencil line adjacent to the numbers. When revealed, the colour process was that employing ammonium molybdate and benzidine hydrochloride6. In certain select cases, the multiple spots were irradiated in the University's Triga reactor7,8. Both sodium and phosphorus undergo (n,γ)·reactions to form radioactive isotopes which decay as follows9,10