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The nationally embedded and relatively broad-based economies characteristic of developed industrial countries are usually seen as the incarnation of a modern economy. These economies are largely internally oriented and are based, to a relatively great extent, on production and services based on local and national needs. Their provenance is generally assumed to have been processes of development that began in the sixteenth century and that, in the nineteenth century, accelerated with the expansion of industrial production and the growth of global trade. This article challenges that assumption. It argues that today’s modern economies represent, not the culmination of long-term processes, but a recurring phenomenon within capitalism. It argues that, in the history of capitalism, there have been phases of nationally embedded and global free market capitalism – periods when capital is relatively more, and relatively less, free from the regulation of nation state. Today’s nationally embedded economies represent, not a further point along a unilinear developmental trajectory, but a return to features of the moral economies that characterized both European and non-European societies before the nineteenth century.

The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships including state and non-state actors on both the Chinese and Latin American sides. The chapter then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in LAC. It also addresses questions of Latin American agency and the interests of local actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations are then analysed econometrically.

In the context of China's economic growth, the economic situation of national new areas is particularly important, and it is of great significance to study its economic expansion factors. In this paper, the regression random forest algorithm (RF) is used and the economic panel data of Shanghai, China from 2011-2022 is selected for algorithm learning, which obtained algorithm with low error and high accuracy. After the algorithm was learned, the OOB coefficients of the influencing factors were obtained and analyzed to study their impact on regional economic inflation. The results show that the per capita disposable income and the ratio of the added value of the tertiary industry to the GDP play an important role in economic expansion. Finally, policy recommendations for regional economic development are offered, which can help address regional economic risks and contribute to regional economic improvement and growth. The research in this paper analyses the importance of factors influencing regional economic growth by using machine learning methods and quarterly and annual provincial panel data, making the conclusions drawn more innovative and robust.

The United Arab Emirates currently has the most successfully diversified economy out of the six countries that are members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection that exists between the financial sector and economic expansion in the UAE (commonly referred as the GCC). For the purposes of this discussion, the years 1975 through 2016 were considered. In light of the fact that this investigation is concerned with time series analysis, a number of methods pertaining to time series were utilized in order to investigate the connection between the financial sector and economic expansion. After determining whether or not the variables were stationary using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, the next step was to use the lag length criteria test to determine the best possible lag length before moving on to the cointegration test. In the end, the Vector Error Correction Model test (VECM) and the Granger Causality test were used to determine the relationship by employing domestic credit to the private sector, broad money (M2), and FDI as proxy variables to measure financial development, and GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$) as a proxy variable for measuring economic growth. These variables were used to determine the relationship by employing domestic credit to the private sector, broad money (M2), and FDI as proxy variables. The findings of the study showed that broad money and private sector credit play an important part in the growth of the financial sector in the UAE. These findings were obtained from the results that were obtained from the analysis.

This article examines whether or not an increase in the relative weight of tourism sector in overall economic activity can lower the unemployment rate and enhance the process of economic growth in the Baltic States. The analysis employs two alternative methodologies: Toda-Yamamoto causality testing and Impulse Responses. The most radical insight obtained from the empirical analysis is the idea that even though the causality test results have produced the evidence of the causal effect of such a change in the sectoral composition of GDP on unemployment and economic growth in all Baltic states, the results of impulse responses functions reveal that while Estonia and Latvia are likely to benefit favorably from such a change, both income growth and unemployment rates are adversely affected in Lithuania.

We present a small analytical framework, built in the Balance of Payments Constrained Growth (BPCG) tradition, tailored to identify how specific financial and structural vulnerabilities of emerging economies (EMEs) restrict their expansion. This framework is applied to shed light on the impact of global shocks and of major macro policy changes in developed countries on the growth path of six economies. As we show, this impact is conditioned by the vulnerabilities and dynamics of their insertion on international trade and capital markets and their exposure to policy changes in the developed centers. Our work shows that the BPCG-approach is a relevant, simple tool to identify EMEs´ challenges in the post-covid 19 era.

The land is deteriorating. Now we’ll look at the oceans. With the continued loss of terrestrial resources and the need for major economic gains, littoral states have increased their efforts to achieve a “blue economy.” Nigeria, as a country with a large number of littoral component states and long waterways, has not been left out in this pursuit, making the creation of a Nigerian blue economy a need for the country’s benefit. The pursuit of a blue economy, on the other hand, goes beyond national borders and takes on an international dimension. The blue economy, also known as the marine economic system, is an ecosystem of economic activities centered on commerce and action in and around huge bodies of water, such as oceans, that are continued to survive ecological responsibility. Fishing, wastewater treatment, tourism, seaside hotels and restaurants, power (wind energy and tidal power), and transportation are all part of the economy (ships, bargers, rigs, and other floating vessels). In value terms added and employment, the “Blue Economy” might outperform the world economy as a whole. Around the world, blue economy activities and ideas are showing to be varied, vibrant, and broad. As a result, this debate emerges, with the goal of determining how this ideal of a Nigerian blue economy may become a reality.

Non-ferrous metals are important basic raw material in the urbanization and industrialization process, the sustainable development of non-ferrous metal industry (NMI) is important for China's economy development. To clarify the decoupling status and its driving factors of China's 29 NMIs, this paper integrated Tapio index and a comprehensive decomposition approach to estimate the decoupling degree and further decompose the decoupling index of China's NMI. The results indicate that during 2004–2017, China's NMI experienced five different decoupling statuses (i.e., weak decoupling, expansive coupling, expansive negative decoupling, strong decoupling, and strong negative decoupling) and dominated by weak decoupling. View the whole study period, the decoupling relationship gradually towards to a lower decoupling level. Energy-saving technology progress was a dominant contributor facilitated decoupling process, while energy-saving technology gap change impeded the decoupling process in most industries except four manufacturing and rolling processing industries. Potential energy intensity also was an important factors facilitated decoupling process in most industries. Additionally, production technology change played a mild role in promoting decoupling process in most NMIs. Briefly, the decoupling process and its driving factors were distinctly various among 29 different NMIs, thus the decoupling policies should be established and implemented tailored to their characteristics.

Realizing the decoupling development between the economic expansion and carbon dioxide emissions of the transport sector is of great importance if the Yellow River basin is to achieve green and low-carbon development. In this paper, we adopt the Tapio decoupling index to examine the decoupling relationship within the transport sector in the Yellow River basin, and then introduce the standard deviational ellipse to dynamically analyze the spatial heterogeneity of carbon emissions and economic growth at the provincial level. Furthermore, based on the decoupling method, we expand the traditional logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition (LMDI) model to decompose the decoupling index into eight sub-indices, and we identify the impact of each factor on the decoupling relationship. The results indicate that the carbon emissions of the transport sector in the Yellow River basin show the non-equilibrium characteristics of “upstream region < midstream region < downstream region”. The decoupling state of the transport sector shows obvious spatial differences. The less-developed regions are more likely to present non-ideal decoupling states. The growth rate of carbon emissions in Sichuan, Qinghai, and Shandong provinces is relatively fast, and the azimuth of the transport sector’s carbon emissions shows a clockwise trend. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of urbanization on decoupling in the Yellow River basin are much greater than the non-urbanization factors. In addition to the effect of urbanization, the transport structure has a major negative effect on decoupling development in the upstream and midstream regions, while energy intensity and energy structure are key to realizing a decoupled status in the downstream region. Finally, we propose some differentiated policy recommendations.

The territorial dynamics of the frontier in the Brazilian Amazon region indicates that land and natural resources continue to be incorporated into the mechanisms of capital accumulation. This process has largely spread into Protected Areas (Conservation Areas and Indigenous Lands), reaching natural spaces and traditional territories inhabited by indigenous peoples and Amazonian communities. Thus, the expansion of the frontier in the south of the state of Amazonas is analyzed, in view of the pressures of the Government and extractive economies to convert Protected Areas into a space of capital. Such expansion is not supported solely by economic agents and society, but has the Government as the main inducing agent. The results indicate an increase in deforestation and disruption of the environmental policy, configuring the restructuring of the frontier.

Reducing energy intensity and coping with climate change are important policy issues that face all countries. This study examines the impact of business cycles (recessions and expansions) on energy intensity in sixteen emerging countries in 1990–2014. We find that during periods of economic expansion (recessions), business cycles reduce (increase) energy intensity. We also study the moderating effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) between business cycles and energy intensity and find that FDI lowers (raises) energy intensity in countries with high (low) level economic development. In addition, this study finds a nonlinear relationship between business cycles and energy intensity. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.

This paper explored the asymmetrical relationships between green and sustainable technology research and environmental sustainability among the BRICS states from 1990 to 2018. The data was analyzed by second- and third-generation economic techniques such as slope heterogeneity and cross-section independence test, unit root test, structural break unit root test, panel cointegration with structural breaks cointegration tests, cross-section autoregressive distributed lags technique, augmented mean group, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test. First, the results validated a long-run cointegration among variables. Second, the results showed that renewable energy consumption and positive shocks to green and sustainable technology research are proper to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions (short- and long-run). Third, gross domestic product, foreign direct investment, exports, and negative shocks to green and sustainable technology research increase carbon dioxide emissions. Fourth, the nexus between green and sustainable technology research and carbon dioxide emissions was counter-cyclical during economic expansion and contraction periods. Fifth, the impact of positive shocks to green and sustainable technology research on carbon dioxide emissions was more than the impact of negative shocks to green and sustainable technology research on carbon dioxide emissions.

I use Chinese panel data to estimate the exogenous effect of economic growth on individuals’ smoking behavior. By instrumenting the endogenous provincial GDP growth rate with a dummy variable indicating whether the province has a new leader, my results show that a higher economic growth rate reduces overall cigarette consumption, but does not reduce the overall smoking participation rate. In addition, a higher economic growth rate reduces cigarette consumption of male but not female. It reduces cigarette consumption of the lower-middle and senior age males, but does not significantly change consumption among the young males. Of these three groups, only the middle-aged males show a decrease in their smoking participation rate with higher economic growth. Overall, the Chinese data show that economic expansion reduces men’s smoking amount. But the overall adjustment is intensive, rather than extensive.

South Africa is one of Africa's most polluted countries, with rising CO2 emissions posing a threat. South Africa must discover ways of minimizing pollution and take necessary steps before it is too late in order to achieve sustainable growth. For this purpose, this research assesses the ecological consequences of globalization, nonrenewable energy use, economic growth and renewable energy consumption in South Africa. The study leverages on the non-linearity advantages of the novel quantile on quantile regression (QQR) method for a robust analysis as opposed to the use of conventional linear approaches, thereby overcoming conspicuous shortfalls in extant studies, while offering a detailed explanation of the overall dependency structure between CO2 emissions and globalization, nonrenewable energy use and renewable energy use using a dataset covering the period between 1970 and 2018. The outcomes suggest that nonrenewable energy use, globalization, and economic growth contribute to environmental degradation in the majority of the quantiles, while the effect of renewable energy use on CO2 is not strong at all quantiles. The study highlights that economic expansion, nonrenewable energy use and globalization play key roles in in mitigating environmental sustainability in South Africa, while renewable energy is not sufficient to meet environmental requirements.

This paper examines the predicament of educated youth belonging to socially marginalised groups in realising their aspirations in the city of Delhi. It critically foregrounds the potentials of education and urban location and analyses the educational and employment negotiations and outcomes of the urban youth living at the margins. It is based on a qualitative field study in a settlement predominantly inhabited by Dalits and other backward classes. The paper argues that the local aspirations amid neo-liberal economic expansion in a metropolitan city, alongside the long-cherished dream of respectable jobs, place an enormous hope on pursuing higher education and advanced skills. However, the nature and quality of education and skills that are accessible to these youths hardly enable them realise stable white-collar jobs. Armed with educational degrees, they join and shift between low-end precarious jobs while waiting for stable employment. Gender relations preclude some of these precarious possibilities for female youths who negotiate terms of patriarchal norms to gain economic autonomy. Overall, this paper identifies and elaborates on how urban structural conditions and individual negotiations combine to reproduce social inequalities through a process of socio-economic mobility which is adverse and rarely upwards.

Economic expansion gives rise to modern and energy-efficient technologies and, thus, contributes to a decline in energy usage. Developing countries, including Pakistan, require tremendous efforts to sustain economic growth. However, to attain economic growth, these countries have to cope with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other environmental problems. This research focuses primarily on the asymmetric impacts of energy consumption and economic growth on Pakistan's environmental quality. Accordingly, secondary data spanning from 1971 to 2018 was used, and carbon dioxide emission (CO2) was considered a target variable (a proxy for environmental quality), whereas energy consumption (E) and gross domestic product (GDP) as a proxy for economic growth, and trade accessibility (TR) and foreign direct investment (FDI) as control variables. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach is used to verify the asymmetric co-integration between the variables selected. Moreover, to examine data stationarity and nonlinearity, we used the Zivot-Andrews structural break unit root and BDS tests, respectively. The findings confirmed the asymmetric and symmetric co-integrations among the considered variables. In addition, the causality analysis reveals that only negative shocks to TR have an effect on CO2 emissions. Similarly, negative shocks to FDI asymmetrically cause CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, GDP symmetrically affects CO2 emissions. Finally, a neutral causal response was observed between E and CO2 emissions. These findings have policy implications in terms of environmental management and carbon neutrality, and they serve as a baseline for future research.

This work investigates the relationship of financial development with energy efficiency and economic growth. Due to the coexistence of economic expansion, trade openness, financial development, and urbanization in Indonesia and Turkey, these two countries are considered. Johansen cointegration, error correction, and Granger causality tests are applied to validate the predicted effects of economic activity on the environment. Results show a long-term relationship of Indonesia’s CO2 emissions with five out of six macroeconomic factors, except for urbanization, which has a detrimental effect on carbon emissions. On the other hand, no cointegration across variables is found in the case of Turkey. However, unidirectional causality is observed from energy consumption and economic growth to economic growth. Furthermore, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness have a two-way causal effect on financial development. This work encourages Turkish and Indonesian policymakers and regulators to strengthen environmental laws. It also encourages other economies and governments to conduct similar analyses and determine the best course of action.

The multi-dimensional pollutions in the earth zone due to the degradation of the environmental levels have been emerging as an urgent issue in the developing economies. The BRICS group of countries holds a unique position in the emerging economies, playing a leading role in reinforcing political power globally and domestically. This study examines the annual time series over the period of 1971-2017 for Brazil, India, China, and South Africa, and 1990-2017 for Russia, to explore the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth in correspondence with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis as well as the Decoupling Index (DI). The presence of an EKC strongly supports any of the individualistic environmental determinants effected in the long run by Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), building linkage with the approach of the co-integration and the DI, which brings about economic growth as well as CO2 emission and environmental degradation simultaneously. A short-run relationship and presence of the EKC hypothesis are observed in Brazil, Russia, and India with 92%, while China's (55%) and South Africa's (79%) have a slower speed of adjustment to long-run equilibrium. This study concludes that economic expansion and environmental degradation are interrelated in the long run. Environment degradation (CO2 emission) can be eradicated by continuous economic growth, management of energy demands and energy crises, implementation of environmentally sustainable policies, application of green technologies for the use of natural resources, and controllability of urban population growth with immediate and effective actions.

The US economic expansion which began in 2009 was unusually prolonged but relatively weak. Profitability and investment strengthened between 2010 and 2015 but then began to falter. After Trump took office in 2017 there was a minor recovery in investment but the proceeds of major tax cuts were overwhelmingly used to finance payouts to share owners. Unemployment fell steadily from 2010 but with a shift towards lower-paid jobs. Median wages increased from around 2014, but while those for women had risen steadily since the 1980s, those for men only recuperated to their 1980 level in 2018. By contrast, top incomes soared. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic was partly cushioned by huge government spending programmes, but unemployment among less-skilled workers increased strongly, while the massive monetary response led to an unprecedented bonanza for the rich. The Biden government's first major initiative extended unemployment benefits and promoted a national response to the health emergency, but failed to secure an increase in the national minimum wage to $15 an hour.

As a pathway to environmental sustainability, several approaches to sustainable agriculture practices have consistently been echoed through international government agencies such as the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations Development Programme. Given this perspective, this study examines the carbon emission effects of the categories of agricultural land utilization (this includes arable land, permanent cropland, meadows land, and forest land) for Turkey over the period 1988-2019. The study further explores the dimension of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emission from agricultural land use for sown crops, fruits and beverages, vineyards, and olives, in addition to the effect of economic expansion. By employing the autoregressive distributed lag empirical approach, the study finds that the use of agricultural land for arable farming, permanent plantation helps to reduce carbon emission, especially in the long-run while the impact of meadows is also desirable only in the short-run. Consequently, the study further shows that the use of farmland for fruits and beverages, and vineyard mitigates carbon emission, especially in the long-run. Whereas, the use of farmland for olives plantation and fallow exhibits a significant contribution of carbon emission, especially in the short-run with elasticities of 0.91 and 1.48 respectively. Moreover, economic expansion in Turkey causes significant harm to environmental quality in the long-run thereby truncating its short-run desirable environmental effect. In order to sustain the largely efficient agricultural practice in Turkey, the study offers two policy dimensions to the government and the country's stakeholders in the agricultural sector. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Objectives: 1) Analyze county level variation in T2DM-PH rates in Kentucky before ACA (2010-2013) and after the ACA (2014-2017). 2) Analyze the relationship between county level socioeconomic factors (income per capita, percentage of uninsured people, percent of urban population, primary care and general preventive offices, population aged 65 and above, median age, household income, percentage in poverty, and unemployment rate ) and county level T2DM-PH rates before (2010-2013) and after (2014-2017) ACA implementation in Kentucky. Method: This research was conducted in two phases: Phase one of this study estimated the county-level PH variation among T2DM patients across eight years (2010-2017), four years (2010-2013) before the Medicaid expansion and the next four years (2014-2017) after the implementation of Medicaid expansion to estimate the ACA impact on health outcomes among T2DM patients in Kentucky. The second phase focused on objective number two, to analyze and compare the socioeconomic factors association with T2DM-PH rates Previ and Post-Medicaid expansion. All county level socioeconomic factors and T2DM-PH rates were extracted from the AHRF data (2010-2017) and merged with Kentucky Hospital Inpatient Discharge Databases (KID) (2010-2017) to estimate and compare the correlations pre- and post-Medicaid expansion. Results: When the overall T2DM-PH rates Pre- and Post-ACA were assessed, a significant reduction (8.38%) in T2DM-PH discharges rates was found in the period of the postexpansion (P = 0.001). However, The spatial statistics analysis revealed significant spatial clustering of counties with similar high rates of T2DM-PH in the southeastern region before and after the expansion. These Counties with cluster type high-high (HH) had high positive z-score, positive Moran’s Index values and p-value2) of the variation in socioeconomic factors. PC1 loaded with wealth variables, whereas PC2 laded with poverty variables. While counties with high PC1 scores were in the northern region of the State, counties with high PC2 were mainly in the southeastern region Pre- and Post-ACA. The regression coefficients show that there is a positive association between PC2 and county level T2DMPH rates in Kentucky. The scaled slope (B) indicates the degree to which the T2DM-PH rate changes with a one-unit change in PC2 Pre-ACA (B=0.972, SE=0313, p=0.002) and Post- ACA (B=1.01, SE=0.218, p=0.001). Conclusion: The Medicaid expansion was associated with reduced T2DM-PH rates at county level in Kentucky. The Medicaid expansion affected the health coverage, but not the economic expansion. Extremely disadvantaged rural counties in southeast Kentucky scored highest on the socioeconomic deprivation profile component (PC2) and was significantly associated with high T2DM-PH rates (p

This chapter studies the evolution of the relationships between the US imperialism and Venezuela in the last 100 years. The main purpose is to insert the present form of these links in their historical perspective. The first section is about the implications of Venezuela’s integration into the world economy through oil exports. The second one discusses the effects on the Venezuelan economy of the post-WWII economic expansion. The third and fourth sections deal with the consequences of the world economy changes since the 1980s on Venezuelan society. The last three sections explain the contradictions generated by the development of the Chavista transition project within the local ruling classes and with the US imperialism itself.

This chapter discusses several major aspects of agricultural work in Scandinavian mixed farming: work in the field and meadow. It examines the late medieval economic expansion, with its increase in production and consumption, and to some extent, the following contraction after the Black Death. The chapter explores experimental archaeology as a neglected possibility. A compilation of pollen diagrams clearly states the changes in the medieval landscape, first colonization and expansion, then decline and abandonment. The life of people in the emerging, medieval state of Sweden can be divided into different units. In Scandinavia a major part of the population during the medieval era were farmers or dealt with farming products from cultivation and/or animal husbandry. The wooden parts of the implements could be manufactured at home and the wood was probably possible to acquire within the farming household. During the medieval expansion changes in the farming system brought larger arable areas, crop-rotation and trenches.

Multifaceted social processes have shaped long-term economic dynamics in Europe with apparent spatial outcomes. The construction sector has been one of the industries with the most evident (crisis-driven) change in Greece, likely the most affected country in Europe. With the aim at providing a comprehensive knowledge of short-term dynamics in real estate local markets, the present study investigates spatial variations in the value of new dwellings at 54 Greek prefectures over sequential economic downturns (2000–2014). Supplemented with contextual indicators, an exploratory framework based on non-parametric correlations, multivariate statistics, and spatial regressions, was run to identify geographical patterns in the average dwelling value characteristic of economic expansion (2000–2007) and recession (2007–2014). The average value of new dwellings per surface area increased in a spatially heterogeneous fashion across Greece, with significant differences between the two time intervals. With economic expansion, the highest values of new dwellings were more likely observed in dynamic districts with agglomeration economies, upper socioeconomic functions, and transport accessibility. With recession, the spatial distribution of dwelling values was more heterogeneous and decoupled from the socioeconomic profile of local contexts, with the highest growth rate recorded in accessible rural districts and coastal areas - including islands. Spatial changes in the average dwelling value reflect the (evolving) geography of economic performance and wealth accumulation in Greece. A comprehensive investigation of the role of economic downturns shaping dwelling values over space provides the appropriate background to inform post-crisis development measures.

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) such as access to clean energy (SDG-7), responsible energy consumption (SDG-12) and sustainable economic growth revolves around the subject of human development that resonates with (SDG-8), and among others. Based on these highlights, this study examines sustainable development for the panel of selected Sub-Sahara African countries that are largely plagued with huge energy deficit (energy poverty) and setback in technological innovation. This study leverages on panel econometrics strategies to explore the hypothesized relationship between the outlined indicators for the period 2000–2016 in Sub-Saharan African countries. Empirical results show that human development index (HDI), economic expansion, access to clean energy. and technological innovation exhibits long-run equilibrium relationship. Subsequently, the finding revealed that economic expansion, access to energy and technological innovation in the sampled countries spur higher HDI indices. That is, a 1% increase in economic growth increases HDI by 0.040% and 0.017% in the short and long run respectively. Thus, we can infer that enhanced sustainable economic growth leads to higher HDI indices which encompases higher literacy rate, better income level and increase life expectancy in both short and long run. In contrary, access to clean energy in the selected blocs dampens HDI index in the short run but the effect is statistically positive (desirable) in the long run.

The study investigates (i) the time-varying and directional connectedness of nine equity sectors through intra- and inter-sector volatility spillover periods and (ii) assesses the impact of state variables on aggregate volatility spillovers. The study finds about 76% of volatility linkage is associated with cross-sector volatility transmissions. Aggressive sectors, which are sensitive to macroeconomic risk, play the net volatility transmission role. Defensive sectors that are largely immune to macroeconomic risk play the net volatility receiving role. The intensity and direction of volatility transmissions among the sectors vary with economic expansion and recession periods. Over time, some sectors switching from net transmitting to net receiving role and vice versa. Macro and financial market uncertainty variables significantly impact volatility spillover at lower volatility spillover (economic expansion period) and higher volatility (economic recession periods) volatility spillover quantiles. Political signals are seemingly more imprecise and uninformative during economic expansion or low quantiles, intensifying volatility spillover. Overall, the causal effects of macro, financial, and policy uncertainty variables on aggregate volatility spillover are asymmetric, nonlinear, and time-varying. The study's result supports the cross-hedging and financial contagion views of volatility transmission across nine US equity sectors.

The triple components of energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic expansion are important to achieving sustained economic activity and sound ecological advancement. This study aims to estimate the impact of wide-ranging parameters on environmental circumstances in South Asian countries. This analysis required two approaches: 1)quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) as an econometric model, and 2) data envelopment analysis (DEA) non-parametric comparable composite index to examine concurrently South Asian nations' data for the 2000–2018 period. The underscored category of the parameters were grouped into four key indices, namely financial, fiscal, human, and energy. The DEA's mathematical composite findings reveal varied circumstances regarding environmental self-maintenance in South Asian nations. India and Pakistan are doing quite well; Afghanistan is abysmal. In addition, the QARDL approach findings reveal that energy use and fiscal indicators abate pollution. Furthermore, the correlation between fiscal decentralization and ecological attributes is strengthened by the excellent level of institutions and human capital progress. There is a unidirectional impact emanating from fiscal devolution, gross domestic product, human capital, eco-innovation, and institutional excellence on carbon dioxide pollution, although different from the other correlations obtained.

Ecological modernisation in the form of support to the notion of green growth remains the dominant discourse in environmental policy globally. Still, questions of limits to economic expansion and growth on a planet with finite natural resources have been at the core of environmental discourses at least since the 1970's. A recent effort by Stoknes and Rockstrom (2018) seeks to unite notions of ecological limits with the concept of green growth by proposing genuine green growth as denoting a situation when growth respects planetary boundaries. Focusing on recent trajectories in emissions intensity, they highlight Nordic countries including Denmark as examples of such genuine green growth. In this article, we demonstrate that the specific conceptualization of genuine green growth and resulting claims about the Nordic countries rest on particular assumptions, specifically concerning national-level carbon accounting frameworks and the size of the remaining global carbon budget. By opening up these assumptions for analysis we illustrate the partiality and potentially misleading nature of the conceptualization of GGG.

This study explores the applicability of conventional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) with an extension for the case of emerging industrialized economies, comprised of China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Indonesia, and Turkey, for annual time frequency from 1995 to 2016. This study is distinct from that already documented in the extant literature by extending the traditional EKC phenomenon by accounting for the combined impact of institutional quality and renewables in E7 blocs. The countries under review are known to be emerging and still at their scale stage of their growth path. As such, the need to explore the theme is pertinent for stakeholders. Empirical framework is built on second-generational panel econometrics strategies that consist of Augmented Mean Group, Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimator, Driscoll-Kraay and Dumitrescu and Hurlin Causality analysis, which is superior to first-generation methods. Our study validates the EKC phenomenon in E7, i.e., where emphasis is placed on economic expansion relative to the quality of the environment. The EKC phenomenon is validated by the deteriorating effect of fossil-fuel energy consumption in the bloc. However, renewables are seen as a panacea to reduce pollution emission as renewable energy exerts a negative and statistical relationship with CO2 emission over the sampled period. Additional results show that weak institution also dampens the quality of the environment in E7. These outcomes are suggestive to policy makers to reinforce their commitment to the quality of the environment in terms of growth and energy transition from fossil fuel to clean energy sources. Further policy prescriptions are presented in the concluding section.

Inclusive finance is one of the key topics of recent research. Researchers found that in the process of economic development, inclusive finance serves a crucial function. However, there is still no unified explanation for the role of inclusive finance’s disaggregated indexes (coverage breadth, usage depth and level of digitalization) in economic development. Therefore, by collecting panel data from 31 provinces and analyzing through quantile regression approach, this paper studies the relationship between the Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index of China (PKU-DFIIC) and each province’s economic development, and further investigates whether the disparity in regional economic development may be closed by the advancement of inclusive digital finance. It is discovered that the coverage breadth, usage depth and digitization level can promote economic growth. The largest contribution to closing the regional economic development gap can be made via coverage breadth, while the usage depth plays the greatest role in promoting economic expansion. The eastern area has less economic expansion than the regions of the center and west as a result of the advancement of inclusive digital finance, which may help to close the economic development disparity in the regions. Finally, this paper proposes that people should encourage the creation of equitable digital inclusive financing policies, following the strategy of expanding coverage first, then improving the usage depth in the regions of the center and west, and to balance the advancement of inclusive digital finance among regions, different actions should be taken in different areas with varied levels of economic growth.

This study assesses the connection between money supply and economic growth in developing countries. The study made use of time series data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Bank of Tanzania. The study was looked at using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The study demonstrates that overall, the money supply has a significant favorable effect on economic expansion. The results demonstrate that the money supply boosts economic growth in underdeveloped nations. The results of the study indicate that, on the whole, the money supply has a significantly favorable effect on economic expansion. According to the results, emerging nations' economies expand faster when there is more money available. In order to forecast the future value of economic growth, the study also recommended that future studies include exogenous variables in autoregressive integrated moving averages.

Today's economically developed nations are also among the most advanced in terms of energy production and consumption. In particular, the widespread implementation of renewable energy sources and the plethora of technological advancements supporting long-term prosperity stand out. The research aims to examine how carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, technological advancements, and the use of renewable energy sources affect economic expansion. Research and development (R&D) expenses are regarded as a proxy for technological progress. Using annual data for the G7 countries from 1996 through 2020, the analysis quantified the interplay between the factors. We examine the association between our variables using panel unit root tests, Pedroni cointegration tests, ARDL coefficient estimations, and Granger (Dumitrescu Hurlin) causality tests. The Pedroni cointegration test indicated that the variables are cointegrated. According to the ARDL method of computation, increasing levels of CO2 emissions are beneficial to long-term economic growth. However, improvements in renewable energy and technology dampen economic expansion. As a conclusion, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test shows that there is a unidirectional chain of events from CO2 emissions to technological improvements, from economic growth to use of renewable energy, and from consumption of renewable energy to technological advances. Expansion of the economy and increased emissions of carbon dioxide have a reciprocal relationship. Jel classification: O13, O32, O47, Q53

The goal of this research is to assess the impact of economic expansion as measured by GDP, industrial value added, and energy consumption. The error correction model (ECM) method is used in this work, which takes a quantitative approach. This research is necessary in order to address Indonesia's environmental issues. The findings of this study suggest that economic expansion has a favorable short- and long-term impact on CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The added value of the sector has an impact on both the short and long term rise in CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The energy consumption variable then has no influence on CO2 emissions in the short term but has a considerable positive effect on CO2 emissions over time. This demonstrates that increased energy or ecologically friendly technology utilization is still required. So that environmental damage, particularly CO2 emissions, can be considerably decreased.

This research examines the link between economic development and ecological sustainability, paying special attention to the detrimental effects that rapid economic expansion could have on the natural world. We used descriptive statistics, trend analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, hypothesis testing, sensitivity analysis, and robustness checks on cross-sectional data from a selection of countries to investigate the moderating role of environmental protection expenditure on the relationship between GDP per capita and carbon emissions per capita. We find that spending on environmental safeguards moderates the correlation between GDP per individual and carbon emissions. These results stress the significance of supporting environmentally sustainable development practices and increasing spending on environmental protection, especially in countries experiencing rapid economic expansion. For those working to support sustainable development and lessen the environmental costs of economic growth, our research offers crucial new information.

The question of how Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS countries) can substantially dissipate environmental pollution (EVP) remains unsolved. In this regard, this research explores the dynamic association between energy consumption (EGC), economic expansion (EXP), globalization (GLO), energy innovation (ENI), urbanization (URB), financial development (FID), and environmental pollution (EVP) using panel data from 1990 to 2020. This study integrated the augmented mean group (AMG), common correlated effect means group estimator (CC-MG), and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) model approach to estimate the long-run interaction among the series. The findings of this study reveal a positive and significant association between economic expansion, energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, and environmental pollution. In contrast, globalization and energy innovation extensively abate EVP in the BRICS economies. Moreover, the outcome of the Granger causality test indicates that energy consumption and energy innovation have a bidirectional association with EVP. The Granger causality test further revealed a unidirectional causality between globalization, urbanization, financial development, and environmental pollution. Finally, this research has implications for policymakers in the BRICS countries.

There are papers on association about natural resources, economic expansion, and their effect on the quality of the environment in Central Asia. However, no study has investigated the effect of human capital in this nexus concerning the Central Asian states. Thus this study investigates the link between natural resources, economic expansion, human capital, and CO2 in Central Asian states by employing Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (DH) causality tests from 1995 to 2018. The outcomes from the PMG model showed that human capital has an opposite and significant association with CO2 in the short and long run. Therefore, it is stated that local human capital with higher environmental awareness through education and training makes a positive impact on environmental quality. With the growth of the natural resources index and expansion of the economy, Central Asian emissions will rise. With a positive and substantial coefficient of the natural resources, the finding suggests that, even though Central Asian states have plenty of natural resources, they are unable to exploit them efficiently to reap good rent advantages to reduce the emissions. The outcomes of the causality test stated that the index of natural resources, economic expansion, and human capital have one-way causality with emissions. The important policies and recommendations for maintaining the economic and environmental sustainability of this country are provided at the end of this paper.

In the Meiji era until the beginning of Showa, Japan was faced with problems of poverty, population growth and industrialization problems. In order to overcome this, Japan carried out immigration policies for its citizen and efforts to carry out economic expansion to Brazil as a consequence of new industrialized country. The purpose of this research was to analyze the background of the immigration of Japanese citizen to Brazil, as well as various policies implemented as a form of economic expansion efforts in Brazil. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative. The results showed that although Japan turned into a new industrialized country, it was not accompanied by increasing of welfare, Japan was faced with the problem of urban and rural poverty. In addition, Japan was also faced with population growth, so that the level of competition in finding jobs was high, which results in increased unemployment. Facing this kind of situation, the private sector with the support of the government had implemented immigration policies for its citizens to Brazil. Through immigration, the Japanese private sector and government carried out economic expansion in order to fulfill raw materials, as well as the distribution of industrial products, through the establishment of colonies, purchase of land for settlements and plantations, economic missions, banking businesses and the establishment of various industries. Keywords: Economic expansion Immigration Japan-Brazil Abstrak Pada era Meiji hingga awal Showa, Jepang dihadapkan pada masalah kemiskinan, pertambahan penduduk dan masalah industrialisasi. Guna mengatasi hal ini Jepang melakukan kebijakan imigrasi bagi penduduknya dan usaha untuk melakukan ekspansi ekonomi ke Brasil sebagai konsekwensi negara industri baru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis latar belakang terjadinya imigrasi penduduk Jepang ke Brasil, serta berbagai kebijakan yang dilakukan sebagai wujud dari upaya ekspansi ekonomi di Brasil. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitaif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa walaupun Jepang berubah menjadi negara industri baru, tetapi tidak disertai dengan peningkatan kesejahteraan, Jepang dihadapkan kepada masalah kemiskinan perkotaan, dan pedesaan. Selain itu Jepang juga dihadapkan kepada pertambahan penduduk, sehingga tingkat kompetisi dalam mencari pekerjaanmenjadi tinggi, yang berakibat meningkatnya pengangguran. Menghadapi hal seperti ini, pihak swasta dengan dukungan pemerintah melakukan kebijakan imigrasi bagi penduduknya ke Brasil. Melalui imigrasi, pihak swasta dan pemerintah Jepang melakukan ekspansi ekonomi guna pemenuhan bahan baku, serta pendistribusian hasil industri, melalui pendirian koloni, pembelian lahan untuk pemukiman dan perkebunan, misi ekonomi, usaha perbankan dan pendirian berbagai industri. Kata kunci : Imigrasi, ekspansi ekonomi, Jepang, Brasil