Search

This updated report on image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is part of a series of consensus-based white papers previously published by the American Society for Radiation Oncology addressing patient safety. Since the first white papers were published, IGRT technology and procedures have progressed significantly such that these procedures are now more commonly used. The use of IGRT has now extended beyond high-precision treatments, such as stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy, and into routine clinical practice for many treatment techniques and anatomic sites. Therefore, quality and patient safety considerations for these techniques remain an important area of focus.The American Society for Radiation Oncology convened an interdisciplinary task force to assess the original IGRT white paper and update content where appropriate. Recommendations were created using a consensus-building methodology, and task force members indicated their level of agreement based on a 5-point Likert scale from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." A prespecified threshold of ≥75% of raters who selected "strongly agree" or "agree" indicated consensus.This IGRT white paper builds on the previous version and uses other guidance documents to primarily focus on processes related to quality and safety. IGRT requires an interdisciplinary team-based approach, staffed by appropriately trained specialists, as well as significant personnel resources, specialized technology, and implementation time. A thorough feasibility analysis of resources is required to achieve the clinical and technical goals and should be discussed with all personnel before undertaking new imaging techniques. A comprehensive quality-assurance program must be developed, using established guidance, to ensure IGRT is performed in a safe and effective manner. As IGRT technologies continue to improve or emerge, existing practice guidelines should be reviewed or updated regularly according to the latest American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group reports or guidelines. Patient safety in the application of IGRT is everyone's responsibility, and professional organizations, regulators, vendors, and end-users must demonstrate a clear commitment to working together to ensure the highest levels of safety.

This article is part of a series on methods for living guidelines, consolidating practical experiences from developing living guidelines. It focuses on methods for identification, selection, and prioritisation of clinical questions for a living approach to guideline development.Members of the Australian Living Evidence Consortium (ALEC), the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the US Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) Network, convened a working group. All members have expertise and practical experience in the development of living guidelines. We collated methods documents on prioritisation from each organisation's living guidelines, conducted interviews and held working group discussions. We consolidated these to form best-practice principles, which were then edited and agreed on by the working group members.We developed best-practice principles for 1) identification, 2) selection, and 3) prioritisation, of questions for a living approach to guideline development. Several different strategies for undertaking prioritising questions are explored.The paper provides guidance for prioritising questions in living guidelines. Subsequent papers in this series explore consumer involvement, search decisions, and methods decisions, that are appropriate for questions with different priority levels.

Since the early 2000s, Japan has been frequently noted as being the only country among about 20 major countries where the publication of academic papers has stagnated. During this period, there have been major changes especially with regards to the Japanese pharmacy schools, such as the shift to a six-year schooling system and the rapid increase in the number of private pharmacy schools. However, few studies have focused on academic productivity specifically among pharmacy schools. Therefore, this study analyzed the outputs associated with the publication of peer-reviewed scholarly articles in Scopus search engine per faculty member in pharmacy schools nationwide in 2020. Professors, associate professors, and lecturers were considered as faculty members. The average number of papers published per the faculty member was 3.13 for national and public universities and 1.15 for private universities, with a significant difference between these universities. Dividing the pharmacy schools of private universities into schools established after 2003 and schools established before that, the production coefficient of the former was 0.98 and that of the latter was 1.33. Newly established pharmacy schools were thus found to be slightly less productive in terms of published papers than traditional schools. The paper productivity of private university pharmacy schools is stagnant; the increase in the number of private schools that have adopted a six-year schooling system has contributed to large extent to the creation of clinically competent pharmacists, but it has also brought to light concerns related to the decline in basic research capabilities of Japanese pharmaceutical academia.

Background: The Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale (IPOS) validly and reliably measures symptoms and concerns of those receiving palliative care. Aim: To determine the equivalence of the paper version with an electronic version of the IPOS (eIPOS). Design: Multicentre randomised crossover trial (NCT03879668) with a within-subject comparison of the two modes (washout period 30 min). Setting/Participants: Convenience sample of specialist inpatient and palliative home care patients aged over 18 years with cancer and non-cancer conditions was recruited. Scores were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman plots and via a mixed-effects analysis of variance. Results: Fifty patients were randomised to complete paper-electronic ( n = 24) and electronic-paper ( n = 26) IPOS with median age 69 years (range 24–95), 56% male, 16% non-cancer. The ICCs showed very high concordance for the total score (ICC 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–1.00), lowest ICCs being observed for symptoms ‘Appetite loss’ and ‘Drowsiness’ (ICC 0.95, 95% CI 0.92–0.97). Nine of seventeen items had ICCs above 0.98, as did all subscales. No statistically significant mode, order, age, and interaction effects were observed for IPOS total score and subscales, except for ‘Communication’ ( Fmode = 5.9, p = 0.019). Fifty-eight percent preferred the electronic version. In the group 75+ years, 53% preferred the paper version. Only three entries in the free-text main problems differed between the versions. Conclusion: The very high equivalence in scores and free text between the IPOS and the eIPOS demonstrates that eIPOS is feasible and reliable in an older palliative population.

The paper examines actual problems concerning administrative responsibility for advertising services in the field of preparation and writing papers provided for by the state scientific certification system In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of organizations engaged in illegal preparation of term (year) papers and theses, research articles and Cand. Sci. dissertations. Unfortunately, as practice shows, territorial bodies of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation (FAS territorial bodies) do not always identify the elements of the crime in the activities of such organizations.FAS territorial bodies refer to the lack of a high level of experts in the field, difficulties associated with conducting linguistic forensic expertise mandatory for fixing and detecting hidden advertising, the lack of a well-developed mechanism for bringing to administrative responsibility. The authors propose measures necessary to eliminate these problems and improve the work of law enforcement agencies.In particular, the authors are convinced that in a separate letter, the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation should oblige its territorial authorities to identify elements of illegal advertising during their inspections aimed at checking compliance with the Federal Law on Advertising and to bring to administrative responsibility citizens, officials and legal entities advertising services for writing scientific papers. The police bodies, as well as the Federal Tax Service agencies should also be involved in this work, and they should be given the appropriate powers.It is advisable for the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation to instruct subordinate prosecutor’s offices of constituent entities, cities, districts to carry out monitoring regarding situations when antimonopoly authorities impose or fail to impose administrative responsibility on citizens, officials and legal entities for advertising services for writing papers provided for by the state system of scientific certification.To identify signs of veiled advertising, it is proposed to use clarifications of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, according to which courts can take into account information that consumers associate with goods in circulation. In relation to the problem of advertising services for the implementation and writing of scientific papers, antimonopoly authorities can use the data of sociological surveys of students and teachers and the conclusions of linguistic expertise.

Medical postgraduates are the new force of scientific research groups in China. However, the limitation of their English language ability restricts their publication of high-level Science Citation Index (SCI) papers to a large extent. Measures to improve students’ SCI language ability from macro, intermediate and micro aspects were discussed through flipped classroom teaching mode, such as students’ reading papers before class, students’ practicing paper writing after class, and teacher’s making comments in class. The feedback from the questionnaire showed that 96.65% of the students were satisfied with the teaching mode and 93.57% of them had improved their confidence in SCI writing. For the problems mentioned in the feedback, it was suggested that colleges and universities should formulate policies to encourage teachers to engage in medical English teaching, meanwhile teachers should constantly improve their professional quality, so as to help students improve their SCI language ability rapidly.

This study analyzes the characteristics of the top 100 most-cited papers related to tooth bleaching. A literature search was performed on the Web of Science up to March 2022. The number of citations was cross-matched with the citation count on Scopus and Google Scholar. The following data were collected: number and density of citations; authorship; year and journal of publication; study design and thematic; keywords; institution and country of origin. Spearman’s correlation and Poisson regression were used to determine associations between the number of citations and study characteristics. The VOSviewer software was used to generate collaborative network maps for the authors and keywords. The number of citations ranged from 66 to 450. Papers were published between 1981 and 2020. The most frequent study design and topic were laboratory-based studies and ‘interaction of the bleaching agent with dental tissues’, respectively. Cochran M, Loguercio AD, Matis B, Reis A, and Suliman M were the authors with the highest number of papers. The countries with the most papers were the United States of America (USA) (28%) and Brazil (20%). Indiana University and State University of Ponta Grossa were the institutions with the most papers (6% each). There was a very strong correlation among the number of citations of the three databases. The 100 most-cited papers related to tooth bleaching were mainly published by the USA and Brazil, with laboratory-based studies addressing topics related to the effects of bleaching agents on tooth structure being the most prevalent. Resumo Este estudo analisa as características dos 100 artigos mais citados relacionados ao clareamento dental. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada na Web of Science até março de 2022. O número de citações foi cruzado com a contagem de citações na Scopus e na Google Scholar. Foram coletados os seguintes dados: número e densidade de citações; autoria; ano e periódico de publicação; desenho do estudo e temática; palavras-chave; instituição e país de origem. A correlação de Spearman e a regressão de Poisson foram usadas para determinar associações entre o número de citações e as características do estudo. O software VOSviewer foi utilizado para gerar mapas de rede colaborativa para os autores e palavras-chave. O número de citações variou de 66 a 450. Os artigos foram publicados entre 1981 e 2020. O desenho e o tópico de estudo mais frequentes foram estudos laboratoriais e interação do agente clareador com tecidos dentários, respectivamente. Cochran M, Loguercio AD, Matis B, Reis A e Suliman M foram os autores com maior número de artigos. Os países com mais artigos foram os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) (28%) e o Brasil (20%). A Universidade de Indiana e a Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa foram as instituições com mais artigos (6% cada). Houve uma correlação muito forte entre o número de citações das três bases de dados. Os 100 artigos mais citados relacionados ao clareamento dentário foram publicados principalmente pelos EUA e Brasil, sendo os estudos laboratoriais que abordaram tópicos relacionados aos efeitos dos agentes clareadores na estrutura dentária os mais prevalentes.

PURPOSE: Consent processes are critical for clinical care and research and may benefit from incorporating digital strategies. We compared an electronic informed consent (eIC) option to paper consent across four outcomes: (1) technology burden, (2) protocol comprehension, (3) participant agency (ability to self-advocate), and (4) completion of required document fields. METHODS: We assessed participant experience with eIC processes compared with traditional paper-based consenting using surveys and compared completeness of required fields, over 3 years (2019-2021). Participants who consented to a clinical trial at a large academic cancer center via paper or eIC were invited to either pre-COVID-19 pandemic survey 1 (technology burden) or intrapandemic survey 2 (comprehension and agency). Consent document completeness was assessed via electronic health records. RESULTS: On survey 1, 83% of participants (n = 777) indicated eIC was easy or very easy to use; discomfort with technology overall was not correlated with discomfort using eIC. For survey 2, eIC (n = 262) and paper consenters (n = 193) had similar comprehension scores. All participants responded favorably to at least five of six agency statements; however, eIC generated a higher proportion of positive free-text comments ( P < .05), with themes such as thoroughness of the discussion and consenter professionalism. eIC use yielded no completeness errors across 235 consents versus 6.4% for paper ( P < .001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that eIC when compared with paper (1) did not increase technology burden, (2) supported comparable comprehension, (3) upheld key elements of participant agency, and (4) increased completion of mandatory consent fields. The results support a broader call for organizations to offer eIC for clinical research discussions to enhance the overall participant experience and increase the completeness of the consent process.

Background The screening of biological hazards, chemical contaminants and allergens in food products is a major concern of food industry since they can cause serious illnesses and even lead to death. Therefore, there is a significant interest in developing low-cost, robust, and rapid detection methods for food safety and quality analysis. Conventional methods provide accurate analytical characteristics, but require well-equipped laboratories, trained personnel, costly reagents, and complicated sample preparation procedures prior to the detection in order to obtain reliable results. Hence, they are not always ideal for on-site food surveillance. Scope and approach This paper discusses the fundamentals of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) and reviews the recent progress in their usage for screening biological hazards, harmful chemical residues, and allergens in food products to systematically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this technology. It then covers future trends and useful strategies that could be employed in μPADs design and fabrication procedures to address the critical challenges in equipment-free food analysis. Key findings and conclusions μPADs offer promising avenues to revolutionize food safety and quality analysis with merits of equipment-free sample preparation and detection at low-cost. Despite the advancement in the microfluidic technology, the manufacturing of user-friendly sample-to-answer μPADs still requires intensive research studies to be employed for robust and sensitive food safety and quality analysis.

This manuscript aimed to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and ignition properties of bagasse paper when coated with different coatings synthesized from hydroxyethyl cellulose, 1,3-di-p-toluidine-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane, Talc powder, NaHCO3, cellulose nanocrystal. The effect of these coatings on the mechanical properties was studied by measuring elongation, tensile strength, and burst strength. The stages of degradation and ash residue of the measuring specimens were determined using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), behind that, the ignition properties as the flame chamber (UL/94), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured according to standards. These tests proved that 1,3-di-p-toluidine-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane has a direct effect on improving the mechanical characteristics and enhancing the ignition properties of the coated specimens compared to uncoated. In this study the physical, mechanical, thermal, and ignition properties of the bagasse paper sheets were enhanced by easy and low-cost method via synthesis of new coatings based on commercially available chemicals in a reasonable cost.

The utilization of waste resulting from the pulp and paper industry as soil for technical and biological recultivation of disturbed lands, industrial waste discharges and other applications in line with their intended purpose use have been explored. Analysis of soil resulting from the frozen sediments of lignin settled sludge of JSC "BPPM" with the WAS resulting from the sewage treatment facilities have been carried out, chemical and agrochemical composition as well as toxicological properties have been studied. It is established that the resulting soil can intensify the recultivation succession of disturbed lands and contribute to plants growth and biomass increase, and their reproduction ability.

Bagasse sugarcane (BSC) has low fibre strength due to low cellulose content. Hence, by adding a strong secondary fibre that is high in cellulose such as pineapple leaf fibre (PALF), the fibre strength of the system can be improved. High portion of PALF decreased the composite paper performance because the high composition of PALF tends to produce flocs and agglomerates fibres. The arrangement of the fibres in composite paper should be improved so that this agglomerate’s effect could be overcome. A novel multilayer hybrid fibre composite was used. BSC/PALF with several hybrid ratios was studied in terms of the mechanical and moisture properties of the produced paper sheet and the results showed that multilayer hybrid composite paper produced higher in hybrid composite paper’s properties compared with random hybrid composite paper. The colour of multilayer hybrid fibre composite paper resembled the natural bright colour of BSC and the multilayer hybrid fibre composite paper also shown a slightly low weight loss percentage compared with the random hybrid fibre composite paper after 60 days of soil burial test. As a conclusion, multilayer hybrid fibre composite produced the stronger interfibre bonding and overcome the agglomerate’s effect between BSC/PALF compared with random hybrid fibre composite.

Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 28, 2, 10

The subject of the research is a paper for sanitary-hygienic purposes. The objects of the study are a pulper infeed system and a round grid perforated forming device. The purposes of the work are to identify sources and reduce fluctuations of 1 m2 of pulp for sanitaryhygienic paper, which decrease the structural irregularities of the paper web in longitudinal and transverse directions. The methodology of the study is to investigate the flow pulsation of the pulp, the fluctuations of the pulp web at the Yankee cylinder (without crepe), to verify the tensile strength of the paper web in longitudinal and transverse directions for identification of a correlation between the pulsation, the vibration of the pulp and the strength of the paper web. The trials were made during the production of sanitary-hygienic paper with the mass 17–18 g/m2 at a steady working speed of the machine 5 m/s. Pulsations of paper pulp in the low-frequency spectrum of 0.14–1.35 Hz prevail in the mass-intake device. The rectangular paper samples 432×230 mm2 were created for examination of structural irregularities of the paper web. The length 432 mm was taken in the longitudinal direction of paper movement in the machine. It was equal to 0.125 mm in the circumference of the round grid screen cylinder. The width of the paper web in the commodity bobbin was 230 mm. The samples were made from a single sheet of paper sequentially without intermediate cuts at 5 m/s speed of the machine. It was determined that the frequencies of fluctuations of the masses of sanitary paper samples coincide by 86 % with the pulsation frequencies of the pulp and depend on other factors by 14 %. The major frequency was 1.45 Hz. The amplitude of the deviation of the mass at this frequency from the arithmetic mean was 0.026 g. The tensile strength of the paper web in the machine direction was 5.6 times greater than in the transverse direction. It was caused by unregulated rotation frequency of the holey roll and clogging of its holes. The significant change of speed of the pulp flow on the short cylindrical part of the vacuum chambers initiated synchronically low frequency pulsation of the pulp and fluctuations of masses of the paper samples, therefor, the paper web in the machine. The irregularities of the structure of the paper web create the frequent paper breaks and reduced quality of the commodity products.

A fast approach for synthesizing gold nanoparticles over electrochemical paper-based devices is reported. The device was fabricated by paper laser pyrolysis carbonization followed by in situ laser synthesis of AuNPs.

The Nordic, particularly Swedish and Finnish, pulp and paper (P&P) companies are represented in earlier research as using specialized maritime transport systems – based on roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) vessels – in long-term collaborations with shipping companies after the Second World War. However, the strategic choices of the P&P companies that led to this development have not been researched. Based on studies of the Swedish P&P companies that developed specialized maritime transport systems during the period 1960–2015, this article sheds light on the reasons for these maritime transport systems. As well as the growth of exports, the expansion of P&P companies through mergers and acquisitions and the increased value of the exported goods, the study shows that the Swedish ro-ro trend, diversified and sensitive products, pressure from customers for frequent and speedy deliveries, and a fairly short distance to stable main markets, were additional factors.

Target-responsive nanomaterials attract growing interest in the application of drug delivery, bioimaging, and sensing due to the responsive releasing of guest molecules by the smart molecule gate. However, it remains a challenge to develop smart nanomaterials with simple assembly and low nonspecific leakage starting from encapsulation strategies, especially in the sensing field. Herein, Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) were first grown on porous carbon derived from ZIF-8 (PCZIF) to be employed as nanocarriers. By employing the Au NCs as linkers and aptamer (Apta) double-strand hybrids (target Apta and SH-complementary DNA) as capping units, we reported the novel target-responsive nanomaterials of Apta/Au NCs-PCZIF/hemin through Au-S binding encapsulation for sensing assays. The Au-S binding encapsulation strategy simplified the packaging procedure and reduced non-target responsive leakage. As a proof, ochratoxin A (OTA) as a model target participates in the double-strand hybrid competitive displacement reaction and triggered Apta conformation switches from a coil to a G-quadruplex structure accompanied by the dissociation of the gatekeeper. Simultaneously, the released hemin can initiate a self-assembly to form G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme. Interestingly, owing to DNAzyme providing electron transfer mediators and peroxidase-like activity, we proposed an electrochemical/colorimetric dual-mode paper-based analytical device (PAD) that provided self-verification to enhance reliability and accuracy, benefiting from independent signal conversion and transmission mechanism. As a consequence, the proposed dual-mode PAD could achieve sensitive electrochemical detection and visual prediction of OTA in the range of 1 pg/mL to 500 ng/mL and 50 pg/mL to 500 ng/mL, respectively. The electrochemical detection limit for OTA was as low as 0.347 pg/mL (

Point-of-care testing (POCT), as a portable and user-friendly technology, can obtain accurate test results immediately at the sampling point. Nowadays, microfluidic paper-based analysis devices (μPads) have attracted the eye of the public and accelerated the development of POCT. A variety of detection methods are combined with μPads to realize precise, rapid and sensitive POCT. This article mainly introduced the development of electrochemistry and optical detection methods on μPads for POCT and their applications on disease analysis, environmental monitoring and food control in the past 5 years. Finally, the challenges and future development prospects of μPads for POCT were discussed.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology featuring low-cost, high-efficiency and scalability has presented great advantages in micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) fabrication. However, the limited capacitance of LIG based MSCs is still hindering their further development. Herein, we introduce joule heating as a critical in-situ treatment merged with the assembly of laser-induced graphene paper based MSCs (LIGP-MSCs) toward capacitive enhancement. By increasing heating-treatment temperature from ∼20 to 500 °C, the number of nanopores in LIGP continuously increases, attributed to the gradual decomposition of amorphous carbon components. The resulting joule-heated LIGP (J-LIGP) with improved specific surface area (160.97–533.49 m2/g) and pore volume (0.179–0.553 cm3/g) as well as superhydrophilic surface is highly suitable to be employed as J-LIGP-MSCs microelectrodes. By investigating process dependent performance, the J-LIGP-MSCs heated at 500 °C for 60 min delivers a significantly improved specific areal capacitance (CA) of 13.71 mF/cm2 at 10 mV/s, which is approximately six-fold higher than that of unheated LIGP-MSCs. By further exploring and optimizing the process efficiency, J-LIGP-MSCs with a CA of 12.61 mF/cm2 has been achieved by 550 °C heating for only 5 min. Along with superior mechanical flexibility, cyclability and structural modularity, the proposed in-situ joule heating treatment is finally proved to be a universal approach for consistently enhancing the CA of LIG based MSCs processed under various chemical modifications.

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have made immense strides in optimizing antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral use in clinical settings. However, although ASPs are required institutionally by regulatory agencies in the United States and Canada, they are not mandated for transplant centers or programs specifically. Despite the fact that solid organ transplant recipients in particular are at increased risk of infections from multidrug-resistant organisms, due to host and donor factors and immunosuppressive therapy, there currently are little rigorous data regarding stewardship practices in solid organ transplant populations, and thus, no transplant-specific requirements currently exist. Further complicating matters, transplant patients have a wide range of variability regarding their susceptibility to infection, as factors such as surgery of transplant, intensity of immunosuppression, and presence of drains or catheters in situ may modify the risk of infection. As such, it is not feasible to have a “one-size-fits-all” style of stewardship for this patient population. The objective of this white paper is to identify opportunities, risk factors, and ASP strategies that should be assessed with solid organ transplant recipients to optimize antimicrobial use, while producing an overall improvement in patient outcomes. We hope it may serve as a springboard for development of future guidance and identification of research opportunities.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have attracted great attention as potential candidates for point-of-care testing (POCT). Nevertheless, only a limited number of μPADs expected to satisfy the standard of Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) waived tests as issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have been reported. This work introduces a "traffic light type μPAD", enabling highly intuitive semi-quantitative equipment-free naked-eye readout with no need for calibration, subjective interpretation or calculation. Assay results are displayed as traffic light colours reporting 5 analyte concentration levels (green/greenyellow/yellow/yellowred/red). The device has been designed to never display all three colours simultaneously, eliminating any risk for misinterpretation. The mechanism relies on the modulation of sample flow through a network of paperfluidic channels modified with a hydrophobic to hydrophilic phase-switching substance responsive to H

Mitigation of global warming, energy security and industrial competitiveness urge the energy-intensive pulp and paper industry (PPI) to transform energy use practices. This study investigates how the PPI has responded to the need for the energy transition in the 2000s. Finland and Sweden as forerunners of energy-efficient operation and decarbonization of the PPI are used as target countries. Understanding of changes in energy consumption is complemented using decomposition analysis (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Method) and the energy efficiency index approach. Analysis of companies’ investments in energy technologies is used for explaining changes in energy production. Evidence of significant development towards the more sustainable operation of the PPI was found. Energy consumption per produced unit has decreased, i.e., energy efficiency has improved. Fossil fuels have been partially replaced with bio-based alternatives. Thus, the CO2 intensity has decreased substantially. The generation of renewable electricity has increased in both countries. Examples of Finland and Sweden indicate that the PPI has great potential to contribute to CO2 emission reduction worldwide in the future as energy efficiency can be further improved, and the share of fossil fuels can be decreased increasing the use of biofuels and self-generated green electricity at least in kraft pulp mills.

The construction industry had approached a critical limit which led to the increase of cement production. The production of cement would cause a broader environmental implication. Cement production is a major source of carbon dioxide emission. Carbon dioxide gas contributes about 63.33% of global warming since the production of one ton of cement would emit about one ton of carbon dioxide to the environment. To mitigate this issue, the research community has investigated the use of waste materials that possess similar chemical properties with cement content as a material for partial cement replacement. The use of rice husk ash has shown to be a contending candidate in the literature. Therefore, this paper attempts at reviewing the performance of rice husk ash as partial cement replacement. It could be observed from the literature that concrete with 5% up to 15% of rice husk ash showed an equivalent performance to ordinary concrete in compressive, flexural, and tensile strength. Thus, rice husk ash can be used as a material replacement in concrete and reduces pollution that originates from cement production and open burning of rice husk.

Alstonia boonei, an abundant lesser utilized species within the West African Subregion, was evaluated as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. The basic density (BD), fibre characteristics [fibre length (FL), fibre diameter (FD), lumen diameter (LD) and wall thickness (WT)], derived anatomical indices [Flexibility Ratio (FR), Slenderness Ratio (SR), Rigidity Coefficient (RC), Luce’s Shape Factor (LSF), Solids Factor (SF) and Runkel Ratio (RR)] and chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose, 1% NaOH solubility and ash contents) of A. boonei were studied to evaluate variation along the trunk (base, middle and top portions) and ascertain its suitability for pulp and paper production. Significant variations were observed in the density and fibre characteristics along the trunk of the tree. Although the FD was large, the observed adequate FL, thin-wall and large LD implied easy beating of fibres and manufacture of dense, smooth and strong papers. The favourable SF, RR, FR, RC, and LSF values obtained for the fibres would produce papers with suitable burst and tearing strengths and folding endurance. Chemically the lower lignin (< 30%), ash and 1% NaOH solubility and the high holocellulose contents of A. boonei, will generate a higher pulp yield. A. boonei although a low-density species, will be desirable for pulp and paper production.

We present how harmful different wood extractives carried over to paper mill with unbleached softwood Kraft pulp are for the strength of packaging papers and boards. The investigations were done by simulating industrial papermaking conditions in laboratory-scale trials for handsheet production. It was found that fatty acids are the most relevant compounds in the carryover pitch extractives (CPEs), as they readily interfere in fiber–fiber bonding strength, control the properties of CPE micelles, and are furthermore the most abundant compounds. Addition of cationic starch improved strength and evened out the strength differences of handsheets with different CPE compounds. Oleic acid (unsaturated fatty acid) was an exception, as it was above average harmful for paper strength without cationic starch and also heavily impaired the functioning of cationic starch. As a whole, these findings demonstrate that fatty acids, especially unsaturated ones, are the most relevant CPE compounds contributing to the reduced efficiency of cationic starch and decreased strength of unbleached softwood Kraft paper. This makes the cleaning of process waters by precipitating CPEs on the pulp fibers harmful for paper strength.

Scaling biosynthesis of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) allowed samples of composite paper with an increased proportion of BNC to be obtained. This work aims to study BNC samples and bleached soft wood kraft pulp (BSKP) composite paper with a ratio of components varying across a wide range: 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 90:10. The method of paper manufacturing was chosen based on the determinations of strength and deformation properties of composite samples with the BNC:BSKP ratio of 20:80. Surface application of BNT on BSKP handsheet provided for an increase in the strength values (tear resistance – by 37%, burst index – by 17%) and deformation characteristics (tension stiffness – by 66%, fracture work – by 8%, breaking length – by 4%) compared to a reference sample. The formation of composites is confirmed in all samples. Scanning electron spectroscopy revealed that paper composites comprise interlaced micro BSKP and nano BNC fibres. As the proportion of BNC in composites elevated, densification of the structure was observed due to an increased fraction of cross-linked nanosized elements. IR spectroscopy indicated the resemblance of cellulose structure in all samples. It was found that an increase in the degree of polymerisation of composite paper is directly proportional to an increase in the BNC amount in the samples. The filtering ability of composite paper samples against microorganisms in the culture liquid of the Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 producer was studied. It should be noted that yeast retention is achieved with 70% BNC in the paper composite. The presented properties of the new material determine prospects for its use in filtering microorganisms.

Paper has been widely employed as cheap material for the development of a great number of sensors such as pregnancy tests, strips to measure blood sugar, and COVID-19 rapid tests. The need for new low-cost analytical devices is growing, and consequently the use of these platforms will be extended to different assays, both for the final consumer and within laboratories. This work describes a paper-based electrochemical sensing platform that uses a paper disc conveniently modified with recognition molecules and a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to achieve the detection of gluten in a deep eutectic solvent (DES). This is the first method coupling a paper biosensor based on aptamers and antibodies with the DES ethaline. Ethaline proved to be an excellent extraction medium allowing the determination of very low gluten concentrations. The biosensor is appropriate for the determination of gluten with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 mg L−1 of sample; it can detect gluten extracted in DES with a dynamic range between 0.2 and 20 mg L−1 and an intra-assay coefficient of 10.69%. This approach can be of great interest for highly gluten-sensitive people, who suffer from ingestion of gluten quantities well below the legal limit, which is 20 parts per million in foods labeled gluten-free and for which highly sensitive devices are essential. Graphical abstract

A novel paper-based analytical device (PAD) was prepared and applied to determine the xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts. First, polycaprolactone was 3D printed on filter paper and heated to form hydrophobic barriers. Then the modified paper was cut according to the specific design. Necessary reagents including XOD for the colorimetric assay were immobilized on two separate pieces of paper. By simply adding phosphate buffer, the reaction was performed on the double-layer PADs. Quantitative results were obtained by analyzing the color intensity with the specialized device system (including a smartphone, a detection box and sandwich plates). The 3D-printed detection box was small, with a size of 9.0 cm × 7.0 cm × 11.5 cm. Color component G performs well in terms of linearity and detection limits and thus was identified as the index. The reaction conditions were optimized using a definitive screening design. Moreover, a 10 % glycerol solution was found to be a suitable stabilizer. When the stabilizer was added, the activity of XOD could be maintained for at least 15 days under 4 °C or -20 °C storage conditions. The inhibitory activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts was investigated and compared to that of allopurinol. The results obtained with the PADs showed agreement with those obtained with the microplate method. In conclusion, the proposed PAD method is simple, accurate and has potential for point-of-care testing. It also holds promise for use in rapid quality testing of medicinal herbs, intermediate products, and preparations of traditional Chinese medicines.

The total/partial oil change treatment can affect the furfural partitioning in oil-paper-pressboard insulation, resulting in poor accuracy of furfural analysis. Moreover, due to the high cost of total oil change, partial oil change is more practical during transformer operation. This paper investigates the furfural partitioning in the oil-paper-pressboard insulation under partial oil change conditions. First, the initial furfural partitioning equation with non-oil change is proposed based on the obtained furfural content in oil, paper, and pressboard. Then, the modified furfural partitioning model under partial oil change condition is established by introducing a correction factor. Moreover, a preliminary correction scheme for the furfural partitioning model considering the influence of moisture and acid is provided. Finally, furfural content in oil-Kraft paper and oil-thermally upgraded Kraft (TUK) paper insulation are discussed, and results indicate that the proposed modified furfural partitioning model is not suitable for the oil-TUK paper insulation. This work can provide theoretical support for furfural analysis of oil-immersed transformers.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Organization and planning of reverse logistics networks make sustainable processes more efficient. Thus, an important sector for connecting the collection and waste paper recycling echelons is the intermediate center. In this study, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model, which is multi-objective, multi-product, multi-level and multi-period, was developed to optimize the waste paper logistics processes of intermediate centers. The formulation includes the following echelons: collection, considering vehicle routing with different capacities; inventory of non-baling materials; baling sorted waste and inventory of bales; selling bales; disposal of non-recyclable waste. The aims of the model include: maximizing the collected waste; minimizing distances; maximizing both the production and sale of bales, and minimizing costs. According to research carried out in the literature, the developed model is a new proposal and to implement it, the Weighted Goal Programming and Revised Multi-Choice Goal Programming approaches were used to deal with multiple objectives and incorporate uncertainty into the quantity of waste available for collection. To analyze the proposed model, computational tests were executed with instances based on real data from a Brazilian company in the sector. For all performed tests, General Algebraic Modeling System 23.6.5 modeling language and CPLEX 12.2.0.2 solver were used for modeling and optimization. The results show that this study presents formulation and technological approaches that represent real situations and provide competitive solutions to the problem. Sáo Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” [Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho] School of Engineering of Guaratinguetá [Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá] Production Department, Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333, Portal das Colinas Agulhas Negras Military Academy [Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras] Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 306, s/n Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército Avenida Papa Pio XII 350 Jardim Chapadão Campinas - SP Brazil, Avenida Papa Pio XII, 350, Jardim Chapadão, Campinas - SP Sáo Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” [Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho] School of Engineering of Guaratinguetá [Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá] Production Department, Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333, Portal das Colinas

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using whey powder (different concentrations and treatment repetitions) as a probiotic agent on the quantitative and qualitative properties of stored bagasse intended for use in the pulp and paper industry. For this purpose, whey powder was added in three concentrations and the treatment was applied once or twice. After that, soda pulp was prepared under conventional conditions. Then, handsheets (80 g/m2) were made and tested in terms of paper properties, and the results were compared. The findings revealed that increasing the concentration of whey powder and the number of treatments significantly improved the pulp and paper characteristics, thus, using the treatment with 2% whey powder twice and 0.4% whey powder once led to the best results for bagasse protection in terms of quality of the raw material, pulp and handsheets.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to reveal the usability of waste paper sludge on the production of composite materials and the printability of their surfaces were investigated. Design/methodology/approach First, composite plates were produced by using dried and milled waste sludge together with polyester resin and epoxy. Screen printing using water, solvent and UV-based inks were carried out. Findings It was determined that UV and solvent-based inks in both resin groups were permanently attached to the surface of composite plates produced using paper mill waste sludge, while it was found that the adhesion was not achieved sufficiently in cardboard factory waste sludge. Originality/value The unique aspect of this study is obtained the composite plates from paper mill and cardboard mill waste sludge and improved the printability of them.

An innovative consolidation strategy for degraded paper is presented based on the reversible application of cellulose nanocrystals as sustainable fillers to reinforce mechanical properties and resistance to further degradation. The compatibility and efficacy of the proposed consolidation treatment are assessed first on pure cellulose paper, used as a model, by reliable techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, tensile tests, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, evidencing the influence of the surface functionalization of nanocellulose on the consolidation and protection effects. Then, the consolidation technique is applied to real aged paper samples from Breviarium romanum ad usum Fratrum Minorum S.P. (1738), demonstrating the promising potential of the suggested approach. Amperometric measurements, carried out with a smart electrochemical tool developed in our laboratory, demonstrate the reversibility of the proposed treatment by removal of the nanocrystalline cellulose from the paper surface with a suitable cleaning hydrogel. This completely new feature of the consolidation treatment proposed here satisfies a pivotal requisite in cultural heritage conservation because the methodological requirement for the ″reversibility″ of any conservation measure is a fundamental goal for restorers. A paper artifact, in fact, is subject to a number of natural and man-made hazards, inducing continuous degradation. With time, monitoring and consolidation actions need to be often performed to ensure conservation, and this tends to modify the status quo and compromise the artifact integrity. Removable treatments can potentially avoid erosion of the artifact integrity.

Paper manufacturing on a global scale is a highly competitive market which requires to constantly improve the manufacturing process to be competitive. To decrease production cost paper manufactures, add filler material prior to sheet forming to replace costly wood fiber based raw material. This research project investigates the use of in-situ precipitated calcium carbonate produced in the presence of eucalyptus fiber material at a 41.0% filler level prior to beating. The in-situ filler containing eucalyptus fiber suspension was used on a 12’ (304mm) wide Laboratory Fourdrinier Paper Machine together with non-filler containing eucalyptus fiber material, and a commercial precipitated calcium carbonate filler material. The manufactured in-situ fiber suspension resulted in a higher ash retention compared to the addition of the powdered commercial PCC filler material. In addition to commercial filler material retention is improved at higher filler addition above 30%. The increased ash retention is linked to the increased micro fibrillation fiber material of the in-situ filler-fiber suspension forming neckless like particles on the fibers microfibrils. Mechanical paper properties showed an improvement for in-situ precipitated filler material compared to commercial filler material addition. Optical properties could be improved in comparison to the eucalyptus fiber without filler addition for in-situ precipitated filler material and a combination of in-situ and commercial filler material.

Chloropropanols such as 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) have drawn increasing attention due to their release from food contact paper and their potential carcinogenic effects. In this study, the effects were investigated of water extraction conditions on release of chloropropanols from food contact paper, and the extraction efficiencies of chloropropanols by water extract and migration method were compared. Cold water was found to be more severe than hot water for extraction of chloropropanols, with the highest water extraction value obtained at 23°C. Two hours of extraction was sufficient as the chloropropanols can be fully extracted from food contact paper within a short period of time. Increase of temperature in the range of 10°C-60°C had little impact on release of chloropropanols, however, the extraction of chloropropanols decreased when high temperatures (80°C or above) were applied due to volatilisation losses. Hence, attention should be paid when choosing extract conditions representing the worst-case scenario. The water extraction value using EN 645 method gives higher results compared to migration test described in GB 31604.1 and GB 5009.156, suggesting that the water extract method was probably more severe. For migration test, aqueous-based simulants were found to be more conservative than oil-based simulants, suggesting the conventional experiment conditions applicable for compliance test of chloropropanols migration can be simplified and optimised.

Transition towards carbon neutrality will require application of negative carbon emission technologies (NETs). This creates a new opportunity for the industry in the near future. The pulp and paper industry already utilizes vast amounts of biomass and produces large amounts of biogenic carbon dioxide. The industry is well poised for the use of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which is considered as one of the key NETs. If the captured carbon dioxide can be used to manufacture green fuels to replace fossil ones, then this will generate a huge additional market where pulp and paper mills are on the front line. The objective of this study is to evaluate future trends and policies affecting the pulp and paper industry and to describe how a carbon neutral or carbon negative pulp and paper production process can be viable. Such policies include, as examples, price of carbon dioxide allowances or support for green fuel production and BECCS implementation. It is known that profitability differs depending on mill type, performance, energy efficiency, or carbon dioxide intensity. The results give fresh understanding on the potential for investing in negative emission technologies. Carbon capture or green fuel production can be economical with an emission trade system, depending on electricity price, green fuel price, negative emission credit, and a mill’s emission profile. However, feasibility does not seem to evidently correlate with the performance, technical age, or the measured efficiency of the mill.

The pulp and Paper industries are growing at a tremendous rate. To satisfy the raw material supply and sustainability of their future industries need an alternative resource from fast-growing tree species. Poplar is one of the world’s fastest-growing lightwood trees with its used in several industries. The present work relies on the comparative fiber morphological dimensions of four species of poplar i.e. Populus alba L, Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle, Populus euphratica Oliv, and Populus nigra L. The quality of pulp and paper was directly related to the fiber dimensions i.e., fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, and fiber wall thickness. A number of wood properties related to paper quality were also derived from the fiber dimensions including the Runkel ratio, flexibility coefficient, solid factors, luce’s-shape factors, slenderness ratio and wall coverage ratio. The mean value of fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness and basic density of these four species ranged from 919-1425 μm, 19.71-25.85 μm, 2.72-4.99 μm and 0.38-0.54 g cm⁻¹ respectively. The prominent objective was to compare the fiber quality of these four poplar species within among self and also with an exotic poplar species Populus deltoides and other fast-growing tree species.

The applications of waste-derived fuel from paper mills in industrial boilers benefit the reduction of carbon emissions. However, the co-combustion of waste-derived fuel and coal causes significant changes in the characteristics of the ash and brings about the need to find possible means of the utilization of the ash produced. In this work fly, ash samples were collected from circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers co-combusting paper mill wastes with coal and analyzed in detail. The chemical, physical, and thermal characteristics of two different co-combustion fly ashes (CCFA) were investigated using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of CCFA is largely affected by the fuel source type. Thermal analyses of CCFA show that the type of desulfurization system used by the boiler influences the form of sulfate present in the fly ash. The presence of calcium sulfite hemihydrate can cause a high loss in the ignition of CCFA. By comparing the physical requirements specified in the ASTM standard for coal fly ash to be used in concrete, the CCFA produced from paper mill wastes was found to show good potential as supplementary cementitious materials.

White papers submitted to the National Academies'Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. These were uploaded to Amazon Web Services, but are hard to access directly. Users may do so by clicking the links in the final column of the spreadsheet (also included in the upload):20220908082838-SurveyExport.csv Authorship information is given in each paper and in the spreadsheet. Any citations of thesewhite papers should refer to those authors.&nbsp

Compared to papers derived from virgin fibres, recycled papers possess somewhat limited optical, strength and printing properties. Strength properties are usually increased by blending recycled fibres with virgin fibres in pulp for paper production, while optical and printing properties are often improved by coating after the paper is being manufactured. In this study, the usability of virgin fibres derived from straw as the agricultural residue of wheat, barley and triticale crops for paper production was evaluated based on the stability of prints on laboratory-made paper. For that purpose, in laboratory conditions, the papers with the addition of straw pulp in the pulp of recycled fibres were formed and prior to printing they were coated with TiO2-based coating. Process inks, in full-tone, were applied on coated straw-containing papers by digital printing process. Optical properties of digital prints upon accelerated ageing were evaluated based on Euclidean colour difference calculated from spectrophotometric values measured on black and magenta prints before and after 48 h and 96 h of ageing. The obtained results were compared with those provided by printing substrates made only from recycled fibres with and without TiO2-based coating. It was observed that TiO2-based coating has no influence on the stability of black digital prints, while each layer of TiO2-based coating reduces deviations in magenta colour upon ageing.

Water/oil separation from their mixture and emulsion has been a prominent topic in fundamental research and in practical applications. In this work, a smart superhydrophobic membrane (SHP) was obtained by dipping an off-the-shelf laboratory filter paper in an ethanol suspension of trichloro (1H,1H,2H,2H-tridecafluoro-n-octyl) silane, tetraethyl orthosilicate, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with different dimensions of 20 and 100 nm. The selection of membrane substrates was optimized including different quantitative and quantitative filter papers with different filtration velocity (slow, intermediate, and fast). The as-prepared SHP was demonstrated to be superhydrophobic and photosensitive, which was used in the separation of carbon tetrachloride and water from their mixture and emulsion. Moreover, orderly aligned micropores were formed for the modified superhydrophobic filter papers by using nanosecond laser. Unidirectional penetration was obtained for the UV-irradiated paper with a bored pore in the range of 50–500 μm in the systems of air/water and water/oil. This study may promote the understanding of unidirectional transportation of liquid droplet and facilitate the design of interfacial materials with Janus-type wettability.

This studies paper posted in Conference proceeding identifies the elements that make a contribution to the fulfillment of librarians as lively researchers. Research fulfillment is commonly aligned with productiveness and output, and the authors are consequently interested by know-how the elements that inspire studies productiveness. This fills an opening with inside the literature on librarians as researchers. This paper present research productivity of LIS professionals in Kavyitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Affiliated Colleges in Nandurbar District, during 2009-10 to 2018-19. This research paper covers the analysis of this paper is Year wise Research Productivity, research paper publication in state, national and International level conference proceedings, Gender-wise trend, Age-wise trend, Area-wise trend, Author trend, and Language-wise trend published in Conference Proceeding. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the information.

Understanding the long-term impact of scientific findings requires understanding the dynamic process of new research fields' formation. In new research fields, slow-cited papers (SCP) and the awakeners (AW) are more likely to exist, indicating explorers revisited underrated but significant past papers relocating the findings in the new paradigm. This study acquired SCP-AW pairs located in the integrated point of two different research fields using the inheritance of clusters. We found that research field integration, including SCP-AW pairs, was diverse but followed a similar pattern throughout history, generating an equal mix of SCP and AW fields. The recent trend toward more AW-centric disciplinary combinations supports the belief that field integration will become increasingly technology-driven in the coming years.

Paper based lateral flow systems are widely used biosensor platforms to detect biomolecules in a liquid sample. Proteins, bacteria, oligonucleotides, and nanoparticles were investigated in the literature. In this work we designed a magnetic platform including dual magnets and tested the flow of micron size immunomagnetic particles alone and when loaded with cells on two different types of papers. The wetting conditions of the paper and the applied external magnetic field are the two dominant factors affecting the particle and cell transport in paper. The images recorded with a cell phone, or with a bright field optical microscope were analyzed to measure the flow of particles and cells. The effect of wetting conditions and magnetic force were measured, and it was shown that in the worst case 90% of the introduced cells reached to the edge of the paper. The paper based magnetophoretic lateral flow systems can be used for cell assays.

The power transformer is vital to the reliability of the power grid which is most commonly insulated with Kraft paper and immersed in mineral oil, among which the aged state of the paper is mainly correlated to the operating life of the transformer. Degree of polymerization (DP) is a direct parameter to assess the aged condition of insulating paper, but existing DP measurement by viscosity methods are destructive and complicated. In this paper, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was introduced to reach rapid, non-destructive detection of the DP of insulating paper. The absorption spectra of insulating paper show that characteristic peak regions at 1.8 and 2.23 THz both exhibit a log-linear quantitative relationship with DP, and their universalities are confirmed by conducting the above relationship on different types of insulating paper. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and molecular dynamics modeling further revealed that 1.8 and 2.23 THz were favorably associated with the growth of water–cellulose hydrogen bond strength and amorphous cellulose, respectively. This paper demonstrates the viability of applying THz-TDS to the non-destructive detection of DP in insulating paper and assigned the vibration modes of the characteristic absorption peaks.

Herein, a paper-based glucose/air biofuel cell (BFC) was constructed and implemented for self-powered pesticide detection. Our developed paper-based chip relies on a hollow-channel to transport fluids rather than capillarity, which reduces analysis times as well as physical absorption. The gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were adapted to modify the paper fibers to fabricate the flexible conductive paper anode/cathode electrode (Au–PAE/CNT–PCE). Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a template were synthesized on Au–PAE for signal control. In the cathode, bilirubin oxidase (BOD) was used for the oxygen reduction reaction. Based on a competitive reaction between 2,4-D and glucose-oxidase-labeled 2,4-D (GOx-2,4-D), the amount of GOx immobilized on the bioanode can be simply tailored, thus a signal-off self-powered sensing platform was achieved for 2,4-D determination. Meanwhile, the coupling of the paper supercapacitor (PS) with the paper-based chip provides a simple route for signal amplification. Combined with a portable digital multi-meter detector, the amplified signal can be sensitively readout. Through rational design of the paper analytical device, the combination of BFC and PS provides a new prototype for constructing a low-cost, simple, portable, and sensitive self-powered biosensor lab-on-paper, which could be easily expanded in the field of clinical analysis and drug delivery.