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BackgroundWorldwide, the internet is an increasingly important channel for health information. Many theories have been applied in research on online health information seeking behaviors (HISBs), with each model integrating a different set of predictors; thus, a common understanding of the predictors of (online) HISB is still missing. Another shortcoming of the theories explaining (online) HISB is that most existing models, so far, focus on very specific health contexts such as cancer. Therefore, the assumptions of the Planned Risk Information Seeking Model (PRISM) as the latest integrative model are applied to study online HISB, because this model identifies the general cognitive and sociopsychological factors that explain health information seeking intention. We shift away from single diseases and explore cross-thematic patterns of online HISB intention and compare predictors concerning different health statuses as it can be assumed that groups of people perceiving themselves as ill or healthy will differ concerning their drivers of online HISB. Considering the specifics of online HISB and variation in individual context factors is key for the development of generalizable theories.ObjectiveThe objective of our study was to contribute to the development of the concept of online HISB in 2 areas. First, this study aimed to explore individual-level predictors of individuals’ online HISB intention by applying the postulates of PRISM. Second, we compared relevant predictors of online HISB in groups of people with different health statuses to identify cross-thematic central patterns of online HISB.MethodsData from a representative sample of German internet users (n=822) served to explain online HISB intentions and influencing patterns in different groups of people. The applicability of the PRISM to online HISB intention was tested by structural equation modeling and multigroup comparison.ResultsOur results revealed PRISM to be an effective framework for explaining online HISB intention. For online HISB, attitudes toward seeking health information online provided the most important explanatory power followed by risk perceptions and affective risk responses. The multigroup comparison revealed differences both regarding the explanatory power of the model and the relevance of predictors of online HISB. The online HISB intention could be better explained for people facing a health threat, suggesting that the predictors adopted from PRISM were more suitable to explain a problem-driven type of information-seeking behavior.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that attitudes toward seeking health information online and risk perceptions are of central importance for online HISB across different health-conditional contexts. Predictors such as self-efficacy and perceived knowledge insufficiency play a context-dependent role—they are more influential when individuals are facing health threats and the search for health information is of higher personal relevance and urgency. These findings can be understood as the first step to develop a generalized theory of online HISB.

Highlights • Study of smoking and panic, depression, and anxiety over time and across two cultures. • Smoking at baseline did not predict higher panic or depression at follow-up in either German or Chinese students. • Smoking did predict lower anxiety in German students. • Baseline anxiety predicted increased likelihood of smoking at follow-up in German, but not Chinese students. • Baseline depression did not predict smoking at follow-up in German or Chinese students., The present study examines the relationship between smoking and panic, depression, and anxiety over time and across two cultures, using data from the BOOM studies. The relationship between smoking and anxiety disorders, including panic requires further exploration, in order to reconcile inconsistent, contradictory findings and cross-cultural differences. Participants in the present study included 5,416 Chinese university students and 282 German university students. Participants completed surveys assessing smoking, panic, depression, and anxiety. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine predict later mental health from smoking, as well as later smoking from mental health. In sum, across the regressions, smoking at baseline did not predict higher panic or depression at follow-up in either German or Chinese students. It did predict lower anxiety in German students. Anxiety at baseline, but not depression, predicted increased likelihood of smoking at follow-up in German students. The relationship between smoking and anxiety disorders is one that will require further exploration, in order to reconcile inconsistent, contradictory findings and cross-cultural differences. The present data point to a relationship between anxiety and later smoking, and also to a negative, though small, relationship between smoking and later anxiety in German students, and no prospective relationship in either direction in Chinese students.

The need for a transformation of the tourism system has never been greater. To achieve such positive transformation, tourists need to be transformed as well. This also means that they need to embrace more alternative and sustainable travel forms with lower impacts on the social and natural environments of host communities. Experienced tourists that engage in more authentic, immersive experiences and travel off-the-beaten track are seen as potential ambassadors of such transformative shifts. However, little is known about off-the-beaten-track travel and the relationships between being experienced tourists, travelling off-the-beaten-track and engaging in other sustainable travel forms. Based on a mixed-methods design comprising semi-structured interviews with German and New Zealand destination marketers and an online survey with 500 German and 500 New Zealand tourists, this paper empirically addresses these knowledge gaps. Results reveal a positive relationship between off-the-beaten-track travel and the self-identification as an experienced tourist. There is further evidence that off-the-beaten-track tourists do not only aim for immersive and authentic travel experiences, but are also inclined to participate in more sustainable and ethically responsible travel. Inherent paradoxes remain, particularly with reference to their online-offline behaviour and desire to become travel pioneers, thereby paving the way for mass tourism. This paper suggests that more institutionalised forms of off-the-beaten-track travel along with stricter regulations will be needed to achieve the desired transformation towards sustainability. Given that experienced, off-the-beaten-track tourists are more aware of their own impact and are receptive for stricter measures, the identified inherent paradoxes are seen as an opportunity. This paper advocates that experienced, off-the-beaten-track tourists can become important voices in the desired transformative shifts and need to be better integrated in tourism planning, marketing and management.

This paper presents a linguistic analysis of episode boundaries in narratives produced from a 24-page picture book by German and English speakers. We investigate the development of form/function relationships involved in the discursive organization of narratives, attempting to bring together research traditions that typically consider the linguistic structuring and the conceptualization of narratives as two separate domains. Focussing in our analysis on the linguistic realization of discourse boundaries, we integrate a qualitative and quantitative approach to the exploration of (1) the relationship between the existence and commonality (“availability”) of particular markers (e.g., aspect) in a given language and the structure that narratives take, and (2) the developmental patterns in the use of several formal devices for serving discourse (i.e., narrative) functions. Episode boundaries were identified with an “importance” judgment task. These ratings were used guiding the analyses of the narrative productions of 72 subjects in three age groups (5 and 9 years, and adults) and two languages (English and German). The findings suggest that, in general, event boundaries ranking higher in the episode hierarchy are more clearly marked than events that are seen to be less important. Further, comparing the English and German narratives, the availability of devices in a language can influence the explicitness with which episode boundaries are marked. Lastly, developmental analyses suggest that children in both language groups first mark episode boundaries in the service of highlighting and intensifying locally-defined discourse level units. The use of these markers evolves toward packaging larger discourse units, resulting in a global structuring of the episodic configuration of the narrative whole. These cross-linguistic and developmental patterns suggest that marking episode boundaries involves a complex interplay between two kinds of narrative orientations: (a) the horizontal alignment of linearly-ordered narrative events, and (b) the vertical organization of events along a hierarchical axis of narrative structure.

Recent research has pointed out that certain grammaticalization phenomena originate in substandard varieties and/or colloquial speech styles. However, the potential of insights to be gained from relating grammaticalization and sociolinguistics still remains largely unexplored. The present paper is an attempt at such an approach, discussing grammaticalization processes in contemporary German youth language (Jugendsprache). On a word formation level, the paper deals with nominal and verbal formatives, denominal conversions, and the use of verb stems as lexical morphemes. Syntactic phenomena include the development of the non-inflected negative null and a new intensifier word order pattern. After highlighting the relevant grammaticalization mechanisms for each of these patterns, the paper discusses the relation between slang creation and grammaticalization, emphasizing the role of expressivity as a discourse-pragmatic motivation for linguistic innovations. Finally, the paper draws attention to connections between youth specific language varieties and language change, and tries to account for the fact that some grammaticalization processes in substandard varieties never reach their potential end point.

The current paper elaborates on the effects of introducing elements of personalized education in the academic tutoring programme realized at the University of Gdańsk (in short UG, Poland). It begins with an outline of the key objectives of the project called Ideal Quality in Good Quantity, which was introduced at the University of Gdansk in the years 2014–2016. The programme originally aimed at equipping academic teachers with tools suitable for implementing elements of individualized didactics. Moreover, the project assumed a practical application of the aforementioned tools in scholarly work of the tutors who realized their own tutoring sessions with students representing various fields of study (philological, pedagogical and culture studies, to mention some of them). The project’s initial conception, i.e. Ideal quality in good quantity, is continued forward in the so-called Centrum Tutorów UG as well as in the form of faculties’ internal initiatives. In the paper the reader will find a description of fragments of individualized didactic work implemented in teaching French and German as foreign languages and psychology.

Purpose Money Laundering Reporting Officers (MLROs) carry out day-to-day anti-money laundering (AML) tasks while directors ultimately remain responsible for AML compliance. Therefore, directors’ expectations of what their MLROs do should ideally coincide with what their actual tasks to minimise liability risk. This paper aims to test for gaps between MLROs and their directors in terms of knowledge, expectations and performance of AML tasks. Likewise, it is researched whether MLROs and directors communicate well with regard to MLROs’ tasks. Design/methodology/approach This paper first develops a model for analysing the dyadic relationship between MLROs and their directors, based on the audit expectation-performance gap. Second, a paired electronic survey of MLROs and directors of German companies was conducted in autumn 2020, testing for participants’ knowledge, expectations and performance of possible AML tasks (n = 136 pairs). Findings While there is no knowledge or performance gap among MLROs and directors, expectations among them are partially unreasonable and their communication needs to be improved. Additionally, this study suggests that MLROs of German non-financial businesses are less knowledgeable, perform AML duties more poorly, and communicate less effectively with their directors. Practical implications Training of MLROs and communication with their directors need to be improved. Especially in the non-financial sector, action is urgently required. Originality/value This paper reports the results of the first paired survey of MLROs and their directors, offering unique insights into their relationship and the status of private AML efforts.

The article discusses the problem of classification of notions (Begriffe) by Christian Wolff, particularly in his “German Logic”. Wolff divides notions – as well as representations (Vorstellungen) in general – into obscure (dunkel, obscura) and clear (klar, clara). The clear notions are divided into distinct (deutlich, distincta) and indistinct (undeutlich, indistincta or confusa). And the distinct notions are divided again into complete (ausführlich, completa) and incomplete (unausführlich, incompleta), and on the other hand into adequate (vollständig, adaequata) and inadequate (unvollständig, inadaequata). The aim of the paper is to analyse and to explain these types of notions and in this way to point out the crucial significance of this classification for Wolff’s philosophy. The paper shows that the starting point for understanding of Wolff’s theory of notions in “German Logic” is the correct interpretation of his definition of notion in this work, above all the correct interpretation of the word “Sache”. It is further explained, what it means to have a notion of something by an image and to have a notion of something by bare words. And it is also analysed the difference between obscure, clear (but indistinct), distinct, complete and adequate notions.

PurposeSeveral empirical attempts have investigated boardroom processes and their impact on the governing team decision-making. Such attempts, however, have derived in inchoate results opening new methodological debates and leaving the underlying patterns of board processes obscure. This paper aims to shed light on these patterns by empirically examining the interrelation among the three central constructs involved in board decision-making: know-how, demographic diversity and directors’ social interactions.Design/methodology/approachA framework of interrelation among know-how, demographic diversity and social interactions was conceptually built and empirically validated with partial least squares structural equation modelling applied to archival data from a sample of 87 boards of directors of Spanish, German and UK listed companies.FindingsResults unmask the intricacies of behavioural processes involved in know-how-demography relation: demographic diversity contribution to know-how is totally and positively mediated by directors’ social interactions. This reveals the power of directors’ socialization frequency in determining processes and predicting know-how.Practical implicationsThe paper offers a new pathway to manage board know-how and to make board diversity effective. It also opens a door to an innovative empirical methodology to make board processes emerge, one that overcomes methodological limitations of previous efforts.Originality/valueThis is so far the only study that examines and measures holistically the structural interrelation among the three central constructs determining board decisions and performance: know-how, diversity and social interactions.

The present paper provides an outline of the German eptonym, as a quotation-like utterance that can be traced back to the name of its real or alleged author, a precedential text / a part of a precedential text connected with the concept AUTHOR. The eptonyms are examined from the point of view of the specifics of the AUTHOR's position regarding the topic of the utterance determining the type of eptonym. The four-step algorithm shown in the paper involves modelling the degree of the author's personality prominence in the eptonym. Two polar points – maximal social experience and maximal individualised author-based approach – are represented in the eptonymicon by maxims and aphorisms respectively. It is stated that the maxim objectifies the moral norms of a certain national language collective. It is rational, contains an immanent moral component, has a directive character, explicates the rules of behaviour, ethical principles, objective laws, norms. The aphorism is paradoxical, reflecting the depth and originality of individual author's multi-vector thought, formal symmetric, dialogic, breaking the rules of formal logic. The provided method can be used with the purpose of distinguishing and defining other types of German eptonyms.

This review paper critically examines a range of analytical frameworks used to analyse the German mini-job scheme in comparative research on work and welfare. The approaches examined include labour market dualisation in comparative political economy research and welfare-to-work policies in comparative social policy research. The paper claims that using stylized facts instead of a thorough understanding of the broader context of national employment and social systems leads to misinterpretations in terms of policy learning. By describing the institutional context and main drivers of the evolution of mini-jobs over time, based on variety of data sources, statistics and empirical studies, the paper addresses the critical role of this specific employment scheme for gender equality, largely ignored in the comparative literature.

Il problema dell'inconscio nella psicologia moderna [The problem of the unconscious in modern psychology], published in 1942, was the first of Jung's books translated into Italian. The original German title was Seelenprobleme der Gegenwart [Soul's problems of the future], a collection of previously-issued short essays. The present paper reconstructs the story of how the book was chosen and eventually published, describing the historical and personal context surrounding the protagonists (translators and publisher) of the volume. The political and cultural situation of the time in Italy is presented: the country was dominated by Catholic culture and Idealism, both obstacles to the spread of psychology. The condition of Italy is compared with that of Germany with respect to the possibility of Freud's and Jung's ideas circulating. Then the paper describes the specific context in which Giovanni Bollea, who had the idea of translating Jung's book in Italy, worked. The role of Bollea's wife, Renata Jesi, is also highlighted. Bollea's relationship with the Einaudi publishing house and with Jung is also explained. Finally, an attempt is made to show the relevance of this episode in the history of Italian culture and its consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Meeting someone for the first time is one of the most basic interpersonal communication events. Yet there have only been a limited number of studies that have examined variation in first encounters between previously unacquainted persons across different languages and cultures. This special issue on the pragmatics of initial interactions contains four papers that draw together cross-cultural and intercultural perspectives on first encounters between previously unacquainted individuals in a range of different linguistic and cultural settings, including Austrian German, Australian English, English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), French, Italian, and Japanese. The papers focus on the pragmatic dimensions of the initial stages of getting acquainted, including the role of address terms, self-disclosures, backchannels, and humour in first conversations.

This work-in-progress paper reports the first results of a study dedicated to the investigation of the cognitive status of the sentence bracket construction in German. The project aims at a comprehensive corpus analysis of diachronic data from the Early New High German period (ENHG, 1350–1650). The study focuses on the syntactic structures of German main clauses and is guided by two general research questions. First, on the conceptual level, it addresses the question of whether the sentence bracket construction can be considered a construction in its own right. Second, the paper deals with the issue of the diachronic source(s) of the sentence bracket construction. Based on ENHG corpus data, it examines the role of grammaticalization of verbal auxiliaries in the development of the bracket construction. On a more general level, the objective of the paper is to encourage the discussion on the cognitive status of syntactic phenomena which often escape a straightforward modelling in cognitive and constructionist terms, as they do not seem to bear a particular dedicated semantic and/or functional value.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for the improvement of intercultural communicative competence for future translators studying German after English. The paper analyzes modern European documents on language education where communicative competence is determined through its inextricable link with plurilingual and pluricultural competencies. The authors propose methods for the formation of intercultural competence and clarify the goals of intercultural training of future translators. The paper concludes that in the practice of teaching German after English, one should adhere to the principles of learning a second foreign language based on materials that reflect the cultural realities of the country of the target language; taking into account the experience of students’ interaction with native speakers; motivating students’ interest in learning German after English; stimulating cognitive activity through solving conceptional and communicative tasks that simulate intercultural communication; using professionally-oriented assignments.

This paper assesses the economic implications of existing fiscal rules in Poland, Switzerland and Germany. In the analysis we establish economic relationships between output, government revenues and expenditures estimating a VAR model on US data for the years 1960–2015. Imposing fiscal policies implied by a given rule on those relationships, we analyze the consequences for the simulated paths of debts, deficits and expenditures in terms of stability and cyclicality. We find that the Swiss and German rules are strict and stabilize deficits at low levels. However, this may still not be sufficient to stabilize debt, in the long run, in a strict sense. The Polish rule stabilizes the debt level at about 40-50% of the GDP in the long run. All rules imply an anticyclical fiscal policy: an increase of the deficit to GDP ratio implied by changes in the output gap equals, at most, 2.2 pp, 3.3 pp and 3.9 pp over the whole business cycle for the Polish, Swiss and German rules, respectively. These results can be perceived as satisfactory for the Swiss and German rules.

This paper studies the impact of labor market conditions during the education-to-work transition on workers' long-term skill development. Using representative survey data on measures of work-relevant cognitive skills for adults from 19 countries, I document four main findings: i) cohorts of workers who faced higher unemployment rates at ages 18–25 have lower skills at ages 36–59; ii) unemployment rates faced at later ages (26–35) do not have such an effect; iii) the former findings hold even though, on average, people get more formal education as a response to higher unemployment in their late teens and early twenties; iv) skill inequality is affected: workers whose parents were less educated bear most of the negative effects. These findings can be rationalized by on-the-job learning during the early twenties being an important factor of skill-development, and such learning being negatively impacted by bad macroeconomic conditions. Using German panel data on skills, I show that young workers at large firms experience higher skill growth than those at small firms. This finding suggests firm heterogeneity in human capital provision to young workers as a potential mechanism since, in bad economic times, young workers disproportionately match with small firms.

Audio description scripts represent a text type structured into several parts helping the speaker produce their recording. The heterogeneous composition and formatting of these parts makes it difficult to describe the linguistic features of audio description (AD) scripts in one go. Hence, it seems useful to implement them into a corpus tool enabling the analysis of the specificities of each AD section. In this paper, the AD scripts of 69 episodes from a German television show serve as a sample to explore a method for dealing with variation when preparing AD scripts for corpus processing. In our article, we offer a short overview of existing research on AD script corpora and on variation, and we present our dataset and the tools we used to prepare and explore the data. We then outline the features of the analysed AD scripts and the treatments applied. In the last section of the article, we discuss our results. Our analysis leads us to conclude that modifying original data for the sake of corpus implementation (e.g. changing formatting features) is a weighty step which may have unforeseen consequences: formal variation in AD scripts conveys more meaning than expected. Lay summary Audio description (AD) is a cultural technique helping blind people to enjoy going to the movies despite their disability. An additional soundtrack provides them with the information necessary to understand the essential action of the film. The scripts of such soundtracks are mostly written by authors specialising in audiovisual translation. We were interested in the formatting features of such texts, called AD scripts, e.g. the use of bold print or of words entirely written in capital letters. We conducted the study reported in this article because we wanted to know which sorts of variation can be identified in AD scripts. We also wanted to understand to which extent some of the varying features should be modified to improve text quality. That is why we collected the AD scripts of 69 episodes of a German TV show (we got the rights to use them for our research). These texts were written by 13 AD authors over a period of 6 years. The broadcaster is the only stable parameter. With the help of text statistics tools, we found out that these AD scripts vary a lot from one author to another and even over time in the scripts written by one and the same author. We modified our texts in order to unify some of their formatting features. However, we understood that reducing variation in AD scripts is not in any case a good option: the voice talents responsible for recording these scripts need clear and sufficient information to know how to proceed. In addition, AD script writing is a creative activity which should not be locked into strict rules.

Departing from a short overview on pragmatic gestures specialized for the expression of refusal and negation, the article presents first results of a study on those gestures in Savosavo, a Papuan language spoken in the Solomon Islands in the Southwest Pacific. The paper focuses on two partly conventionalized gestures (sweeping and holding away) and shows that speakers of Savosavo use the gestures in a very similar way as speakers of German, English or French, for example. The article shows how a linguistic and semiotic analysis might serve to uncover proto-morpho-semantic structures in a manual mode of communication and contributes to a better understanding of the conventional nature and cross-linguistic distribution of gestures. Moreover, by examining partly conventionalized gestures in a small, little known and endangered language, it presents a particular approach to the analysis of multimodality in the field of language documentation.

This paper investigates ways in which participants in everyday German narratives construct emotions as social phenomena; i.e. in particular, how they organize and communicate emotional involvement. I will argue that contextualizing emotions and affects permeates various levels of linguistic and interactional structures – even grammar: Participants in everyday German storytelling use specific syntactic patterns as resources for indexing affective stances and making past events interpretable and emotionally accessible to their co-participants. The analysis concentrates on particular syntactic resources (such as averbal constructions, infinite constructions, minimal syntactic phrases etc.) used to contextualize affect and emotion. Instead of treating these ‘dense constructions’ (e.g. averbal constructions “I:CH (.) mit meinen sachen rAuf, […] ICH (-) wieder rUnter,”; ‘me (.) with my stuff upstairs, […] me (-) down again,’) as elliptic structures and conceptualizing them as incomplete or reduced sentence patterns, this study explores the specific forms and functions of ‘dense constructions’ in interactive usage. I will argue that ‘dense constructions’ – even though they do not follow the rules of the grammar of Standard German – represent conventionalized patterns participants use to fulfil various communicative tasks in specific communicative genres. In producing such ‘fragmentary gestalts’, conversationalists index sudden, reflex-like actions, and thus, stage dramatic, emotionally loaded events for their co-participants to “re-experience” (Goffman 1974/1986: 506).

audience at the 5 INTERNATIONAL PRAGMATICS CONFERENCE (Mexico City, July 4-9, 1996), where the first version of this paper was presented, and Gunter Senft, editor of Pragmatics. Special thanks goes to Sue Ervin-Tripp for her comments and our discussions on related issues during my stay at UCB (Summer 1997). I am particularly indebted to the unknown referee of Pragmatics whose comments, among other things, gave me lots to reflect upon!

Yiddish narratives contain a considerable number of declarative sentences which begin with the inflected verb: Hot im zayn vayb bald tsurikgeshikt dem briv ‘(So) his wife right away returned the letter.’ Such declarative sentences, which are never initial in a text, are often said to have resultative meaning (note the translation of the example just given); however grammarians concede that one encounters them often without such a meaning. The purpose of this study is to try to establish the discourse function of these V/1 clauses, utilizing the framework of Prince (1988). It turns out that the occurrence of the finite verb in initial position is a marker of cohesion, and that V/1 clauses actually contrast, in their ties to previous material, with non-V/1 clauses. My study as a by-product supports the conclusions of Prince (1988) regarding other clauses in Yiddish in which the verb does not immediately follow the subject. I also include remarks on V/1 constructions in German (§4.0).

Objective: This paper examines how participation in the short-time work scheme affected the gendered division of child care during the COVID-19 crisis in Germany. Background: Short-time work (Kurzarbeit) has been one of the main policies used to combat the economic and labour market repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic in Germany. We examine whether and, if so, how the growing prevalence of short-time work has affected care patterns. Method: We use data from the IAB-HOPP, a longitudinal study monitored by the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The analytical sample includes couples with children aged 12 and younger. We employ multinomial logistic regressions in which the outcome variable is the change in the division of care work from a period before to a period during the coronavirus crisis (June to October 2020). Results: We find that among men, receiving short-time work benefits resulted in more gender-equal care patterns. The positive effect of short-time work on the division of child care is moderated by the level of education. Fathers with low or medium education are more likely to increase their child care share when receiving short-time work benefits compared to fathers with high education. However, we also find that participating in the short-time work programme had no strong or significant effects on the gendered division of care among women. Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests that men’s working time is a major vehicle to change the gendered division of care in couple households.

Given the backdrop of pressing infrastructure needs, this paper argues that higher German public investment would not only stimulate domestic demand in the near term, but would also raise output over the longer-run as well as generate beneficial regional spillovers. Although time-to-build delays can weaken the impact of the stimulus in the short-run, the expansionary effects of higher public investment are substantially strengthened by an accommodative monetary policy stance. The current low-interest rate environment presents a window of opportunity to finance higher public investment at historically favorable rates.

Use of Electronic Cigarettes (e-cigs) and e-Shishas by Children and Adolescents: Evidence Paper of the Joint Addiction Commission of the German Societies and Professional Associations of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Abstract. The particular risks associated with the consumption of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) in children and adolescents are not sufficiently considered in the health policy discourse. The present article evaluates the current dissemination and consumption patterns of e-cigarettes as well as the health risks attached to children and adolescents. Based on data from current national and international studies, there has been a clear increase in the consumption of e-cigarettes over the past years. This stands in sharp contrast to the overall decline in tobacco consumption among both children and adolescents in Germany. Young people without tobacco experience are now consuming more frequently e-cigarettes than those who occasionally or regularly use tobacco. They also are experimenting more frequently with conventional cigarettes if they have previously consumed e-cigarettes. The largely unregulated availability of e-cigarette products to the newest generation, such as JUUL, led to a dramatic increase in their prevalence among high-school students in the USA. Products with high nicotine content and multiple flavors are being marketed intensively as trendy lifestyle products to young user groups via advertising and social media campaigns. These products are also becoming increasingly relevant in Germany. The success of tobacco prevention in recent years is presently jeopardized by the ongoing effective advertising for e-cigarettes. The Addiction Commission of the German Child and Youth Psychiatric Federations and Scientific Societies therefore call for an immediate, strict, and comprehensive ban of e-cigarette advertising.

The influence of early childhood teachers’ beliefs on different aspects of their professional competencies has become a topic of growing importance in early childhood education and care. The presented study investigated pedagogical content beliefs of 120 early childhood teachers in German kindergartens. The relations between their beliefs and the assessed quality of interaction with children, the competency of professional vision, theoretical knowledge, and educational background were examined. The study focused on the domain of Instructional Support because of its relevance for children's cognitive development. Five distinct profiles of teachers’ beliefs were identified from a person-centered approach of latent profile analysis. The analyses of profile-differences showed that profiles of teachers with similar beliefs significantly differed in their theoretical knowledge and educational background. This paper concludes by outlining analogies of the resulting profiles with the concurrent evidence in the field of ECEC, discussing study-specific limitations and suggesting potential implementation for teachers’ educations as well as starting points for further research investigations.

This paper deals with the transnationalism of racial anthropological frameworks and its role in the understanding of human difference during India’s decolonization and nation-building. With attention to the circulation of scientific objects, I focus on the practices and articulations of Irawati Karve (1905–1970), an Indian anthropologist with a transnational scientific trajectory and nationalistic political engagements. I argue that Karve’s adaptation of an internationally validated German racial approach to study caste, ethnic and religious groups contributed to the further racialization of these categories as well as to the racialization of nationalistic projects in Maharashtra and India. I conclude with a reflection on the transnationalization of the coloniality of racialization.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению современного состояния иноязычной подготовки студентов гуманитарных направлений Северо-Восточного федерального университета им. М.К. Аммосова. В работе обобщается практический опыт преподавания иностранного языка в нелингвистическом вузе. Рассматривается методика интенсивно-модульного обучения иностранному языку, практикуемая в университете. Цель работы – выявление проблем, возникающих в процессе обучения немецкому языку. Выделяются и описываются региональные особенности, характерные для студентов из числа представителей коренных народов Якутии, и трудности, возникающие при изучении ими немецкого языка. Авторы указывают на необходимость применения определенных методик обучения для решения этих трудностей., The article considers the current state of foreign language training of students of the humanities in the M.K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University. The paper summarizes the practical experience of teaching a foreign language in a non-linguistic university. The authors consider the method of intensive modular teaching of a foreign language, practiced at the university. The purpose of the work is to identify problems that arise in the process of learning the German language. The regional peculiarities characteristic of students from among the representatives of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia and the difficulties encountered in their study of the German language are highlighted and described. The authors point out the need to apply certain teaching methods to solve these difficulties.

This paper examines the astonishing parallels in the depictions of childhood experience in the works of Polish writer Bruno Schulz and German philosopher Theodor W. Adorno, which so far have not received any attention in research. For both authors, the experience of the child−be it autobiographically remembered as in Adorno, or fantastically transformed as in Schulz−bears the characteristics of transcendental experience manifest in everyday life. As similar as the childhood images and scenes in Schulz and Adorno might be, their significance points in two different directions. While for Schulz, the experience of the child leads back to an original meaning of things and thus to myth, for Adorno, it points to the conditions of a new order and thus to utopia.

Contested elections are usually seen as precondition for constituent responsiveness. By contrast, I show that even uncontested elections can create incentives for autocratic regimes to address citizen demands. I propose that closed autocracies engage in cycles of responsiveness before uncontested elections to assure citizens of their competence and raise popular support. They do so to mitigate the short-term destabilizing effects of elections. Analyzing a unique dataset of petitions to the government of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), I calculate that response times to petitions were up to 31% shorter before the GDR’s uncontested elections. Moreover, I introduce the concept of “substantive responsiveness,” which focuses on the material consequences of responsiveness for petitioners, and show that petitions were 64% more likely to be successful. The paper advances our understanding of electoral mobilization in closed regimes and contributes to an emerging research agenda on responsiveness and accountability in autocracies.

Israeli scholar and judge, Aharon Barak rejects the position that dignity is an axiomatic, universal concept. Moreover, he is in favor of “spacious” understanding of the right to dignity, making it a vast and broad category. The aim of the paper is to examine whether the concept of dignity presented by Barak is useful to understand the approach to human dignity as a legal concept in those Central European legal systems which have been influenced by German constitutional theory. In that regard the jurisprudence of Polish Constitutional Court is examined. The author is not fully convinced by Barak’s approach to dignity. The conclusion is drawn, however, that Barak is right when claiming that the status of an absolute right granted to the right to dignity means also that its scope is defined in a restrictive way.

Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) offer a promising alternative to psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments for depression. This paper aims to present a practical guide for its clinical implementation based on evidence from the literature as well as on the experience of a group of leading German experts in the field.The current evidence base for the use of rTMS in depression was examined via review of the literature. From the evidence and from clinical experience, recommendations for the use of rTMS in clinical practice were derived. All members of the of the German Society for Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry and all members of the sections Clinical Brain Stimulation and Experimental Brain Stimulation of the German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Mental Health were invited to participate in a poll on whether they consent with the recommendations.Among rTMS experts, a high consensus rate could be identified for clinical practice concerning the setting and the technical parameters of rTMS treatment in depression, indications and contra-indications, the relation of rTMS to other antidepressive treatment modalities and the frequency and management of side effects.

The article presents the relevant issue of analysing the common features of the grammar of Russian as language inherited by the second or third generation of migrant children in Europe and in the world. The novelty of the study is in the fact that it compares the speech of children with different dominant languages and, in particular, studies the speech of a group of children from families of Russian Germans living in Germany under dual language inheritance. Their parents have a very rich migration history, as they are, in turn, also heritage speakers of German, the language, which they spoke in their family. In the present paper, the main task will be to identify the common features determined by the contact between Russian as a heritage language and other languages, especially at morphological and lexical levels. For this purpose, a field research project was conducted at the Learning and Integration Centre Dialog e. V. in Reutlingen. The analysis of oral and written works of bilingual children of the last generation of Russian Germans showed not only the common elements of erosion identified in the heritage grammar, but also the special linguistic features caused by the transition from German-Russian to Russian-German inheritance. The influence of their parents language distinguishes them from other groups of Russian students, emphasizes the importance of studying not only childrens, but also their parents speech, as well as teaching standard Russian in the framework of non-formal education.

Conceptual metaphors in selected German phraseological units referring to human cognition. The aim of the paper is to elaborate on conceptual metaphors as a fundamental scheme of human cognition and conceptualization of abstract thinking. The article describes the way they are created and how they exist in the everyday language. Attention has been predominantly directed to phraseological units that often are used to capture the metaphors and express the underlying concepts in the language. The analysis included phrasological units referring to the sphere of human mind. Keywords: cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphors, phraseology, human cognition, German

The article deals with Czech and German nationalist discourses and practices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as they relate to tourism in the Krkonoše/Riesengebirge, the highest Central European mountain range between the Alps and Scandinavia. It will discuss the discourses developed in relation to mountain tourism and nationalism (metaphors of battlefields, wedges, walls, gates, and bastions), different symbolical cores of mountains, and practices of tourist and nationalist organizations (tourist trails and markings, excursions, the ownership of mountains huts, languages used, memorials, and the construction of roads). It will examine how these discourses and practices changed from the first Czech-German ethnic conflicts in the 1800s until the end of interwar Czechoslovakia. Finally, it will discuss the Czech culture of defeat in the shadow of the Munich Agreement, which meant the occupation of the Giant Mountains by Nazi Germany.

Литература, наряду с официальными источниками, может дать представление о формировании культа двух одиозных деятелей колониальной эпохи – Сесила Родса и Карла Петерса. Их деятельность на африканском континенте, получившая неоднозначную оценку при жизни, впоследствии была переосмыслена официальной пропагандой, привела к изменению общественного мнения о колониализме и имперских ценностях. Африканское прошлое Империи в Великобритании вылилось в одну из форм протеста 2020 г., в то время как в Германии его пересмотр был связан с оценками национал-социализма, реанимировавшего идеи колониализма. The paper considers the colonial policy of Kaiser Germany and the British Empire in Africa via periodicals and fiction. Alongside with official sources, fiction can provide an insight into the way the cult of the two most notorious colonialists – Cecil John Rhodes and Carl Peters – emerged. Their activities in the African continent, cautiously assessed even in their lifetime, was reconsidered in official propaganda and by writers of the 19th-20th centuries, which led to the change in public opinion regarding colonialism and imperial values. The process of reconsidering went in different ways, however. The imperial past of the British Empire was shown in the protests of 2020 in the UK, whereas in Germany this reconsideration is closely connected with the reassessment of the Nazi period that attempted to revive colonial ideas of the first quarter of the 20th century.

This paper explores the social and symbolic meanings of recipes in the creation of community imagined online. Linking scholarship on the social relevance of recipes with research on food memories, ...

Translation studies of children’s literature deserve meticulous attention today not only in the wake of active global publishing activity of books for children but due to the culture-specific information the latter may contain. Fairy tales are usually the first narratives children are introduced to and often these stories with a long-reproduction history reveal some features of national culture that form a child’s worldview. From this perspective, the research is set out to identify culture-specific items in fairy tales that originated from oral tradition and to determine what translation procedures should be used and what factors may influence the choice of the translation method. The corpus of the research includes the titles of East Slavic fairy tales limited by culture-specific items and their translations into English and German. Despite the period when translations were made and gender of translators, findings of our research show that in both languages source language-oriented translation procedures prevail in rendering proper names with denotative meaning, and target language-oriented translation methods are dominant for culture-specific common expressions and descriptive elements of proper names. The current research has allowed us to distinguish the factors that may influence the choice of a translation procedure. To this end, a scale of source language- and target language-oriented translation strategies of culture-specific items from fairy tales with the account of target reader’s age and genre has been provided for the translators to reveal the efficiency of certain translation procedures. Given the above, the study of culture-specific items in fairy tales requires a greater focus and thus further lines of inquiry are suggested in this paper.

Our paper presents the first draft of a geomorphological map of the German North Sea and Baltic Sea. The inspiration for this map comes from the international collaboration of marine researchers within the European EMODnet Geology Project ( https://www.emodnet-geology.eu/ ). The current climate change intensifies the natural processes of change in nature. Within the framework of various nature conservation projects, the importance of marine sediment structures on marine fauna and their reproductive cycles, sedimentation conditions, currents, etc. has been investigated. In order to be able to make statements for the German seas and document changes, the current state must first be recorded.

This paper seeks to give in a concise manner a holistic characterization of English, French, German and Russian, revealing at the same time the types of thinking (or thought patterns) involving these languages. The four languages are characterized respectively as being experiential/pragmatic, rational/ dualistic, idealistic, and antithetical. Based on these observations, some suggestions as to the pedagogy of foreign languages are also made.

Введение. Представлены способы имплицитной реализации экспертной оценки в текстах научных лингвистических рецензий на немецком языке с позиций социолингвистического и функционально-прагматического подходов к профессиональной научной коммуникации. Цель – выявить типичные стратегии скрытой экспертной оценки на материале 25 рецензий, опубликованных в период с 2016 по 2017 г. в профильных академических журналах: «Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik», «Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft» и «Zeitschrift für Rezensionen». Экспертная оценка трактуется как особая дискурсивно-коммуникативная разновидность, обнаруживающая вариативность по сравнению с универсальной логической структурой «субъект – объект – основание (оценки)». Предлагается дополнить данную схему важным с функционально-коммуникативной точки зрения компонентом – адресатом оценки. Все составляющие логической структуры оценки предстают в экспертно-научном дискурсе в модифицированном виде. Субъектом и адресатом оценки здесь выступают участники научной коммуникации, заинтересованные в результатах рецензирования. Объектом оценки становятся формальные и содержательные характеристики рецензируемых работ, а также косвенно рецензируемые авторы. В основании экспертной оценки лежат критерии научной рациональности, принятые в конкретном научном сообществе. Материал и методы. Качественный (контекстно-семантический, функционально-прагматический) и количественный анализ немецких лингвистических рецензий позволил выявить в них типичные стратегии имплицитной реализации экспертной оценки. Результаты и обсуждение. Итоги анализа подтверждают исходную рабочую гипотезу о возможности имплицитного выражения экспертных оценок как негативной, так и позитивной полярности. Выделяются коммуникативные стратегии оценивания, ранее не нашедшие описания в лингвистике, такие как имплицитное оценивание научных результатов через выражение несогласия с позицией автора посредством рекомендации, адресованной реципиенту рецензии, а также при помощи прямого или косвенного вопроса. Количественные подсчеты дают представление о частотности имплицитных оценок различной полярности в анализируемых текстах. Заключение. В итоге можно сделать вывод о преобладании эксплицитных оценок в текстах рассмотренных рецензий, а также о предпочтении имплицитного способа для реализации отрицательных оценок в контекстах рецензирования научной работы. Introduction. The article focuses on the ways scientists express expert evaluation in German academic linguistic reviews. It contributes to the socio-communicative research on evaluation in academic communicative settings. Aim. The aim of the article is to reveal the most frequent strategies of implicit expert evaluation in German linguistic reviews. Material and methods. The materials of the study are 25 reviews published in 2016–2017 in field-specific academic journals: “Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik”, “Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft” and “Zeitschrift für Rezensionen”. Qualitative (contextual semantic, functional pragmatic) and quantitative analysis of the German linguistic reviews provides a set of strategies used to covertly evaluate the papers reviewed. Results and discussion. We consider the expert evaluation as a specific communicative / discursive sub-type of linguistic evaluation marked by modifications of the general logical structure in terms of “subject – object – predicate of evaluation”. Adding the recipient of evaluation we obtain following structure: the subject and the recipient of expert evaluation are scientific discourse actors, the object is represented by formal and content-related aspects of the books reviewed and the predicate of expert evaluation are criteria of scientificity, norms, values and standards of communication shared by all members of the current scientific community. Our data analysis results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that it is possible to make an implicit evaluation of different polarity following the various implication strategies. Beside of well-known strategies used to express evaluation covertly in academic book reviews the article describes also new strategies, not yet mentioned in similar and related works: implicit evaluation through disagreement with the author’s viewpoint, implicit evaluation through recommendation to the review’s recipient and implicit evaluation through (in)direct question. Quantitative measures illustrate different frequencies of negative and positive implicit evaluation and lead to conclusion the explicit evaluation prevail among all types of evaluation whereas the negative implicit evaluation prevail among all tokens of implicit evaluation in our data.

The general goal of this research is to define the fields in which book publishing houses need to cope with dynamic environments and may therefore profit from the development of organizational agility (OA). This paper presents the results of an empirical study conducted with eleven German trade and professional publishers from January to May 2019 using a theoretically derived framework of drivers of OA. The considered dimensions were (1) market and (2) consumers, (3) competition, (4) authors, (5) technology, (6) social factors and (7) retailers. From the results one can conclude that resources and structures contributing to greater organizational agility (OA) should be built up in the areas of consumer needs and technology competence, whereas trade customers and employee needs are no major drivers of agility needs.

This study aims to examine the possibility of implementing and establishing the Occupational Health & Safety Management System (OHSMS) program that contributes significantly to improving the level of services provided by universities in Libya. This purpose relied on a quantitative and descriptive-analytical approach, which is based on describing the phenomenon and then providing explanations related to the implementation of OHSMS. Several statistical analysis tools were used to analyze the questionnaire in this paper using SPSS. The target respondents are students, faculty, and administration employees at the University of Tripoli in Libya. The results of the study revealed a set of results, the most important of which are: there is currently no effective system or effective measures for occupational health and safety at the university, as well as the absence of any health services at the university, as there is no private doctor at the university. The study also recommended the necessity of establishing a special department for occupational health and safety at the university as well as the necessity of paying attention to training university employees on occupational health and safety to enhance their awareness and the formation of specialized cadres in this field.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A maradó fogak gyökér-korona arányának meghatározása nagy jelentőséggel bír a fogászati kezelési terv kialakításában és későbbi módosításában. Célkitűzés: Egészséges magyar, német és japán fiatalok maradó fogai gyökér-korona arányának meghatározása és összehasonlítása. Módszer: Hölttä módszerét alkalmaztuk. A mérés 95 magyar, 104 japán és 110 német fiatal páciens 2001 és 2006 között készült panorámaröntgen-felvételén történt. Eredmények: A gyökér-korona arány különbsége a nemek között nem szignifikáns, az egymásnak megfelelő antagonista fogak között sok esetben, de nem mindig, szignifikáns. A legnagyobb gyökér-korona arányt mindhárom populációban az alsó szemfogakon és az alsó második praemolaris fogakon mértük; a felső molarisok esetén a legkisebb az arány. A három nemzetet összehasonlítva szignifikáns különbséget (p≤0,001) nem találtunk egyetlen fogtípus esetében sem. A japán és a német populáció között minden fogtípus esetén szignifikáns volt a különbség a gyökér-korona arányokban. A japán és a magyar populáció összehasonlításakor a fogtípusok felénél találtunk szignifikáns különbséget. A magyar és a német populációt összehasonlítva nagyon kevés fogtípusnál találtunk szignifikáns különbséget. Megbeszélés: Az alsó állcsont fogainak gyökér-korona arányértékei nagyobb mértékben térnek el a populációk között, mint a felső állcsont fogainak esetében. A gyökér-korona arány átlagértéke a német populációban a legnagyobb. A második legnagyobb arányértékkel a magyar populáció rendelkezik, utána pedig a japán, néhány fogtípus kivételével: felső kismetszők, felső szemfogak és felső első molarisok. Következtetés: A legnagyobb gyökér-korona arány különbséget a német és a japán populáció között, a legkisebbet a magyar és a német populáció között találtuk. Cikkünk megmutatja az egyes fogtípusok gyökér-korona arányának normálértékét fiatal, egészséges magyar, német és japán populációban. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(46): 1848–1855. Summary. Introduction: Defining the root-crown ratio of the permanent teeth is important in making or changing proper treatment plans in dentistry. Objective: To define and compare the root-crown ratios of the permanent teeth of healthy, young Hungarian, German, and Japanese populations. Method: We adapted Hölttä’s method. 95 Hungarian, 104 Japanese and 110 German young patients’ panoramic X-rays (made between 2001 and 2006) were involved in the investigation. Results: Difference between the genders was found non-significant; between the corresponding antagonists many times, but not all significant. The highest root-crown ratios were found in all investigated populations by the lower canines and premolars, the lowest by the upper molars. P≤0,001 was not found among the three populations. Significant differences were found between Japanese and German populations by all tooth-types; between Japanese and Hungarian populations by near half of the tooth-types; between Hungarian and German populations by only a few tooth-types. Discussion: More significant differences were found in root-crown ratios in the lower jaw among the populations. The mean value of the root-crown ratios was the highest in the German population; medium in the Hungarian population; and the least in the Japanese population, with a few exceptions: upper lateral incisors, canines and first molars. Conclusion: The biggest differences were found between the German and Japanese populations; the least between the Hungarian and the German populations. Our paper describes the control values of the root-crown ratios of the tooth types in young, healthy Hungarian, German, and Japanese populations. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(46): 1848–1855.

In 1964, the trial of Werner Schoenemann, the commander of one of the 6 punitive units of the Einsatzkommando 8, took place in Cologne. The criminal was charged with mass executions of Jews on the territory of Belarus in late June — September 1941. The paper shows how the former Nazi tried to avoid criminal responsibility and what legal assessment by the German justice his atrocities received. V. Schoeneman denied his guilt and sought to shift responsibility for what he had done to the Wehrmacht troops. The defendant argued that the actions of extermination of Jews were carried out on the initiative of the German armed forces and were in the nature of reprisals; they were designed to force the local population to abandon the conduct of guerrilla warfare. Based on the testimony of the accused, law enforcement officers detained three officers of the 354th Infantry Regiment involved in the liquidation of the Jewish community of the town of Krupki (September 18, 1941). During the investigation, it was established that the service members provided support to members of the Einsatzkommando 8 during the execution, but were not the initiators of this atrocity. For complicity in the grave murders of 2,170 Jews in the settlements of Slonim, Borisov, Smolevichi, Krupki and others, V. Schoeneman was sentenced to 6 years in prison. When assigning such a lenient punishment, representatives of the German Themis relied on the dominant approach to assessing the criminal activities of former Nazis in the 1960s. According to the jury, the defendant was only a submissive executor of orders, an impersonal, devoid of his own motives “cog” in the mechanism of the Nazi state. V. Schoeneman did not repent of what he had done. For the former punisher, Jewish victims were still just dry figures in the reports, thanks to which he sought to make a career. Schoeneman’s case proves that Wehrmacht service members took an active part in the Holocaust along with members of the Einsatzkommandos. The genocide, unprecedented in the history of humankind, became possible only because of the broad participation of German citizens representing various social strata and professional groups.

Upper German dialects make heavy use of diminutive strategies, but little is known about the actual conceptual effects of those devices. This paper is the first to present two large-scale psycholinguistic experiments that investigate this issue in East Franconian, a dialect spoken in Bavaria. Franconian uses both the diminutive suffix -la and the quantifying construction a weng a lit. ‘a little bit a’ to modify noun phrases. Our first experiment shows that diminutization has no effect on conceptualization of magnitude: People do not think of a smaller/weaker/shorter etc. referent when the NP is modified by the morphological diminutive, the quantifying construction, or their combination. The second experiment involves gradable NPs and shows that, again, the morphological diminutive has no effect on how people conceptualize the degree to which a gradable nominal predicate holds; in contrast, a weng a reduces it significantly. These experiments suggest that diminutization does not have uniform effects across semantic domains, and our results act as a successful example of extending the avenue of cognitive psychology into dialectology with the active participation of a speaker community.*

The article examines the features of usufruct in the European countries of Romano-Germanic law, determines the terms for the implementation of the best European practice of usufruct in the law of Ukraine. The law of European countries of continental law recognizes the usufruct as a real right of personal possession for use, which is considered an independent real right to another's property or a kind of easement. The peculiarities of usufruct in some countries of Romano-Germanic law, in particular in Germany, France, Georgia, Moldova and Russia, are researched. The peculiarities of usufruct in some countries of Romano-Germanic law, in particular in Germany, France, Poland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Georgia, Moldova and Russia, are researched. The issues of usufruct implementation in the law of Ukraine are considered. The issues of usufruct implementation in the law of Ukraine are considered. The authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce the institute of usufruct into the Ukrainian law by supplementing the Civil Code of Ukraine with a new chapter “Uzufruct”, the framework provisions of which are proposed in this paper.

The subject of the paper is the analysis of solutions that exist in Serbian and German criminal procedural law and refer to cases in which the public prosecutor in the field of petty crime is authorized to act towards adult perpetrators in accordance with the principle of opportunity of criminal prosecution. In relation to one variant of this principle, which implies conditional and temporary restraint of criminal prosecution, there is a distinct similarity in both mentioned legislations. However, with regard to the classic form of this procedural principle, which enables the public prosecutor to refrain prosecution for reasons of expediency, where he primarily values the public interest in prosecuting, there is a striking difference, because our criminal procedural law does not allow such a variant of the principle of opportunity of criminal prosecution. This difference is a consequence of a different criminal policy approach, because while in German criminal law the problem of petty crime is solved exclusively by procedural mechanisms, in Serbian criminal law, in addition to procedural law, there are also appropriate instruments in the substantive criminal law.

This paper introduces the results of a series of writing workshops about “Mehrsprachig Schreiben” [Multilingual Writing], which took place at the University of Vienna between 2015 and 2017. The article poses the question, how individual, multilingual potentials can be used productively and creatively for the development and enhancements of academic literacies in the tertiary education sector. First it focuses on the linguistic landscapes at Austrian Universities such as the handling of multilingualism in this context, as well as it concerns the framing conditions and challenges of academic writing per se, before it shows the terms of the writing workshops and the methodical and didactical approach in connection with the concept of a multilingual process orientated writing didactic. On the basis of an exercise example (“Meine Sprachen und ich” [My languages and I]) it is responding in the end to the concrete challenges of multilingual academic writing at “German speaking” universities.

Voting by mail is increasingly popular. Although voters enjoy the convenience of voting by mail, the public is unaware how prone to error mail ballots are. Election administrations reject mail ballots for a variety of reasons. Because German electoral laws treat rejected ballots as not having been cast, the reported number of invalid mail ballots underestimates the true share of uncounted mail ballots. Between 3.2% and 4.0% of the mailed ballots in German elections are estimated to remain uncounted, which is far higher than the share of invalid in-person votes. This paper argues that rejected mail ballots should be reported in the official records to make voters aware of the risks of an uncounted mail ballot.