Search

El present article analitza el paper de les dones del moviment republicà irlandès encarcerades a l'única presó femenina del nord d'Irlanda —Her Majesty's Armagh Prison— entre 1971 i 1982. S'hi fa un repàs en clau de gènere de les diferents campanyes dutes a terme per les persones empresonades. Així, analitza el paper del moviment republicà irlandès respecte del rol actiu de les dones en la lluita armada i el comportament que aquestes hauran de tenir com a presoneres de l'IRA. De la mateixa manera, s'hi examina com elles subvertiran aquest rol per donar poder al seu activisme, al seu cos i, en definitiva, a la seva lluita per la consecució d'una Irlanda unificada i socialista de trenta-dos comtats., This article analyzes the role of women in the Irish republican movement, imprisoned in the only prison for women in the north of Ireland: Her Majesty's Armagh prison between 1971 and 1982. An overview in terms of gender is made of the different campaigns developed by both male and female prisoners. Thus, analyzes the role of the republican Irish movement regarding the active role of women in the armed struggle and the behaviour that these women should have as IRA prisoners. Similarly, it examines how women subvert this role in order to empower their activism, their body and, definitively, their fight for achieving a unified and socialist 32 counties of Ireland., El presente artículo analiza el papel de las mujeres del movimiento republicano irlandés encarceladas en la única prisión femenina del norte de Irlanda —Her Majesty's Armagh Prison— entre 1971 y 1982. Se hace un repaso en clave de género de las distintas campañas llevadas a cabo por las personas encarceladas. Así, se analiza el papel del movimiento republicano irlandés respecto al rol activo de las mujeres en la lucha armada y el comportamiento que estas deberán tener como prisioneras del IRA. Del mismo modo, se examina cómo ellas subvertirán este rol para dar poder a su activismo, a su cuerpo y, en definitiva, a su lucha por la consecución de una Irlanda unificada y socialista de treinta y dos condados.

This paper tries to ascertain the overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Dutch criminal justice system. In the Netherlands, the first case of COVID-19 was reported in February 2020. On March 16, 2020, the Netherlands went into its first lockdown which lasted until approximately June 15, 2020. The effect of the COVID-19 crisis on crime is ambiguous. Whereas less crime was expected in the physical world, more crime was expected in the online world due to the crisis. During the first lockdown all government offices were closed, including the court buildings. Only urgent criminal cases were handled by the courts. Urgent criminal cases refer to those cases where the rights of suspects were violated or the safety of victims was endangered. During the first lockdown, the backlog of court cases increased, which adversely affected all criminal justice institutions that were responsible for executing court verdicts, like the prison and probation services. This paper assesses the effect of the COVID-19 crisis on crime and the criminal justice system. First, the effect of COVID-19 on crime is assessed by performing a regression analysis on monthly crime data. Second, using a long-standing forecasting model for the criminal justice system, an estimation is made of the long term impact of the changes in the level of crime, of the shifts towards different types of crime, as well as of the reduction of the prosecutor and court backlogs, and of a possible economic downturn and increasing unemployment for the complete criminal justice system.

This paper uses a theoretical perspective based on the ideas of Foucault, critical criminology, and rural criminology, to examine how social relations influenced tax evasion mechanisms in agriculture in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. The paper’s main contribution is to show how tax evasion mechanisms are deeply rooted in social relationships developed in the grain market. Through the analysis of thirty interviews, official statistics of tax evasion convictions, and administrative resolutions issued by the national tax agency, I argue that severe formal controls were unsuccessful in eradicating tax evasion because normative changes could not abruptly annul the social relations that made tax evasion in agriculture possible. On the contrary, tax evasion persisted, although some evasion mechanisms were left aside and new ones were created. Thus, it is necessary to stress the importance of a paper that studies economic crimes in geographic areas outside the global north, such as rural Argentina.

Background There is a high risk of death from opioid overdose following release from prison. Efforts to develop and implement overdose prevention programs for justice-involved populations have increased in recent years. An understanding of the gaps in knowledge on prevention interventions is needed to accelerate development, implementation, and dissemination of effective strategies. Methods A systematic search process identified 43 published papers addressing opioid overdose prevention in criminal justice settings or among justice-involved populations from 2010 to February 2020. Cross-cutting themes were identified, coded and qualitatively analyzed. Results Papers were coded into five categories: acceptability (n = 8), accessibility (n = 4), effectiveness (n = 5), feasibility (n = 7), and participant overdose risk (n = 19). Common themes were: (1) Acceptability of naloxone is associated with injection drug use, overdose history, and perceived risk within the situational context; (2) Accessibility of naloxone is a function of the interface between corrections and community; (3) Evaluations of overdose prevention interventions are few, but generally show increases in knowledge or reductions in opioid overdose; (4) Coordinated efforts are needed to implement prevention interventions, address logistical challenges, and develop linkages between corrections and community providers; (5) Overdose is highest immediately following release from prison or jail, often preceded by service-system interactions, and associated with drug-use severity, injection use, and mental health disorders, as well as risks in the post-release environment. Conclusion Study findings can inform the development of overdose prevention interventions that target justice-involved individuals and policies to support their implementation across criminal justice and community-based service systems.

The abundance of individuals with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system requires nationwide attention. The technical project undertakes unprecedented research by connecting criminal justice organization data with mental health screening and treatment data to better understand and serve the mentally ill inmate population and establish best practices for resource allocation and management. The STS project analyzes the ethical usage of Big Data technologies in the criminal justice system. The STS project also identifies whose role it is to minimize biases present with the usage of criminal predictive technologies. The two projects coupled together provides a holistic analysis of the criminal justice system. The mentally ill inmate population makes up nearly a third of the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail cohort. Currently, individuals with severe mental illness, such as major depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, are not receiving the support they need, often resulting in cycles of recidivism, taking them repeatedly through the criminal justice system. The technical research team collected data from four community organizations: Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail (ACRJ), Region Ten Community Service Board (R10), Offender Aid and Restoration probationary services (OAR), and the Thomas Jefferson Area Coalition for the Homeless (TJACH). The team also acquired from the regional jail The Brief Jail Mental Health Screener, an eight question screener that indicates whether an inmate should be “screened in”, meaning they should be referred for further mental health evaluation or “screened out”. The individual databases were cleaned, analyzed and merged to allow analyses spanning multiple organizations. The team’s findings were presented back to the Charlottesville community in hopes to help policy makers make informed decisions regarding the treatment of the mentally ill inmate population. To better understand how the screened-in and screened-out population experience probation differently, a general linear model was created to predict probation success at Offender Aid and Restoration probationary services. The results showed that among screened-out individuals, a low recidivism risk score, was the only statistically significant predictor of successful probation. On the other hand, for individuals with a serious mental illness, charges classified as assault were more than twice as likely to successfully complete probation. Another key area of analysis was understanding how to better connect individuals who screened in at Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail to treatment at Region Ten Community Service Board, a Charlottesville organization that provides treatment for both mental health and substance abuse. The first geocoding analysis done in the history of this 10+ year project illustrated how linkage can be strongly affected by where individuals live. Predictive technologies are used in the criminal justice system to identify geographic areas with probabilities of higher crime. The STS project looked to identify the ethical biases present with criminal predictive technologies and who should ensure the technology’s usage benefits society. The STS paper draws on sources that analyze the Atlanta Police Department’s employment of criminal predictive technology and an evaluation of England and Wales’ predictive policing behaviors. The sources’ conclusions arose from interviews with law enforcement agencies, academic and legal experts and police representatives. The STS research revealed several critiques about criminal predictive technology. The paper outlines three arguments against the usage of predictive policing: the start and finish of a criminal procedure is blurred, the technologies can cause contextual information during an arrest to be disregarded, and that inaccuracy of predictions can occur due to ground truth criminality data not being fully reported or accurate. The paper maps the solution to the STS problem using an adaptation of Carlson’s Social Constructivism framework. The framework includes the addition of multiple stakeholders like health care providers and government legislators, in hopes that the chance of biases and inconsideration of human rights are decreased. In conclusion, the technical and STS topics coupled together complement each other by providing a more comprehensive view of the injustices within the criminal justice system. Technologies, whether it be data analysis or predictive tools, hold the ability to both greatly benefit and greatly harm society. It is the stakeholder’s role to shape the technologies and ensure they are used to their full ethical potential.

This paper outlines the key elements of research that was carried out between 2010 and 2011 at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge by Hales and Gelsthorpe (2012) on the Criminalisation of Migrant Women in terms of goals, research methods, key findings and resultant policy and practice implications. It then goes on to document developments in the UK since publication of the findings and conclusions that we can draw from these in terms of meeting the challenges of combatting human trafficking. Este artículo traza los elementos claves -objetivos, métodos de investigación, hallazgos principales e implicaciones resultantes sobre políticas y prácticas- de la investigación Criminalisation of Migrant Women (criminalización de mujeres migrantes) que realizaron Hales y Gelsthorpe (2012) entre 2010 y 2011 en el Instituto de Criminología de la Universidad de Cambridge. Después, documenta los avances en el Reino Unido desde la publicación de los hallazgos, y las conclusiones que podemos extraer de aquellos en términos de superación de los desafíos que plantea la lucha contra la trata de personas.DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3082873

In view of the current severe situation of illegal land use in China, it is of great significance to explore the impact of the evolution and promotion of land law enforcement effectiveness, which will improve China’s land law enforcement system and effectively curb illegal land use. This paper explains the changes and enhancements of the effectiveness of land law enforcement since the implementation of China’s National Land Supervision System in terms of the deterrence, difficulty, and strength of land law enforcement, and explores the role of land law enforcement effectiveness in changing illegal land use behaviors from a theoretical level. Then, a corresponding empirical test was carried out using the provincial panel data of Mainland China from 2007 to 2016. The results show that the increase in land law enforcement deterrence and strength will help reduce the number of illegal land use cases, but it will drive the lawbreakers to "commit major cases in desperation", leading to the increase of the degree of illegal land use; and with the decrease of land law enforcement difficulty, the degree of illegal land use will be significantly reduced. At the end of this paper, several policy suggestions are put forward to effectively curb the illegal land use from the perspective of improving the land law enforcement system and enhancing the effectiveness of law enforcement.

Learning how to effectively treat individuals with diagnosed psychopathology in the criminal justice system is an important undertaking given the large number of offenders with significant mental health concerns. Despite the fact that offender rehabilitation has been shown to be more effective in forensic psychiatric institutions than in correctional institutions, there are still a large number of mentally ill offenders receiving inadequate treatment while incarcerated. This paper asserts that correctional sentencing needs to become more individualized through improved psychopathology screening procedures in order to ensure successful rehabilitation and reintegration of all types of offenders into the community. By improving the screening process, more offenders with mental health concerns can be diverted from prison and confinement, and more individualized, and therefore, effective treatment strategies can be employed. This paper iterates the various ways to achieve this goal and highlights the importance of improving screening practices.

Conflitos entre policiais e operadores da justiça são recorrentes nos estudos sobre o sistema de justiça criminal. Por outro lado, não são raras as pesquisas que mostram como uma instituição tende a ratificar o trabalho da outra. Realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica dos artigos publicados no Brasil nos últimos dez anos (2011-2021) que abordam as relações entre esses dois atores. Neste texto, buscamos compreender: 1) como essa relação tem sido explorada nos trabalhos acadêmicos; 2) as bases dos conflitos e como eles se reproduzem nas percepções e nas práticas cotidianas do sistema de justiça; e 3) se as inovações implementadas nesse período impactaram essa relação. Conflicts between police officers and justice workers are recurrent in studies on the Brazilian criminal justice system. On the other hand, studies that point out that one institution tends to ratify the work of another are also not rare. In Conflicts and Confluences between the Police and the Judiciary in Studies Published between 2011 and 2021 we carried out a literature review of the papers published in Brazil in the last ten years (2011-2021) which address the relationships between these two actors. In this text, we seek to comprehend: 1) how this relationship has been explored; 2) the basis of these conflicts and how they take place in the system and in the daily practices of these organizations; and 3) whether innovations implemented during this period have affected this relationship.

El análisis de los espacios de encierro constituye un ámbito de indagaciones interesante para conocer y estudiar las prácticas de gobierno que se despliegan en los contextos carcelarios. La delimitación de espacios de privilegio, de uso común o bien de mayor imposición de tormentos, desplegada en función de los mecanismos de gobierno sobre los internos, son factores que organizan una geografía carcelaria, moldeada mediante usos y prácticas sociales que sólo pueden ser identificados mediante la observación in situ. Este artículo propone el análisis de un Centro Cerrado de privación de la libertad para jóvenes procesados penalmente en el ámbito de la ciudad de La Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El objetivo general está dado por indagar de qué manera la dimensión espacial y arquitectónica del Centro Cerrado constituye una dimensión expresiva de la racionalidad punitiva del dispositivo penal. Se utilizó una metodología de corte cualitativo, tomando como referencia a fuentes primarias (notas de campo y entrevistas) producto de un trabajo de campo de duración bianual. Algunos resultados del estudio echan luz sobre las intersecciones entre diversas prácticas de poder que moldean el gobierno de los sujetos en el encierro penal, permitiendo identificar especialmente el lugar que ocupa el funcionamiento de la organización espacial en estas dinámicas., The analysis of confinement spaces presents itself as an interesting field of investigation to study the governing practices put on display in prisons. The delimitation of spaces of privilege, of common use or either of greater imposition of punishment, which are deployed based on the governing mechanisms that are put into work over the inmates, are organizing factors of a prison geography, shaped by social customs and practices that can only be identified through in situ observation. This paper aims to explore and describe a High Security Center for criminal youths, in the city of La Plata, state of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Its main goal is to inquire into the way in which the spatial and architectural dimension of the High Security Center constitutes an expressive dimension of the punitive rationality of the penal device. In order to do that, a qualitative methodology has been used, taking as reference primary sources such as field notes and interviews, which are the product of a two years field work. Some of the results of this research shed light over the intersections between different power practices that shape the governing of subjects in confinement, allowing to specially identify the place occupied by the functioning of a spatial organization within those dynamics., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

Purpose This paper aims to describe and analyse Swiss prisoners’ and experts’ views on collective punishment, the practice where a group is punished for one person’s transgression. Design/methodology/approach A series of qualitative interviews with prisoners and stakeholders are reported following thematic analysis. Findings Despite being forbidden by the Geneva Convention and other international instruments, participants from this study expressed the view that collective punishment continues to be practiced in some form in prisons in Switzerland, violating the rights of prisoners via unjust and arbitrary decision-making, unjust rules, inequalities in prison structures and continuation of incarceration based on the behaviour of others. Families can also be both victims and vectors of collective punishment, and prolonging the detention of prisoners who would otherwise have been released because of rare high-profile cases of reoffending can also be considered a form of collective punishment. Originality/value These significant findings suggest that collective punishment in various forms continues to be used in Swiss prisons.

Based on research undertaken as part of the EU funded EPPIC project, this paper aims to update and elaborate on the relationship between drug use and offending behaviours by exploring variations within a cross-national sample of drug-experienced young people in touch with criminal justice systems. Adopting a trajectory-based approach, interviews were undertaken with 198 young people aged 15–25 in six European countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and UK). Data were analysed by applying the Bennett and Holloway categorization of the drugs-crime link, with a focus on the concept of social exclusion as developed by Seddon. Three main types of mechanisms (economic, pharmaceutical, and lifestyles) are used to interpret the data, showing how the relationship between drugs and offending can vary according to type of substances and over time. Furthermore, it can be associated with very different degrees of social exclusion and needs. The results suggest that while economic inequalities still play key roles in explaining drug use and offending, both behaviours can originate from a state of relative deprivation, resulting from the contradictions inherent in ‘bulimic societies’ that raise aspirations and desires while providing young people scarce opportunities for self-realisation and social recognition.

Online messaging app Telegram has increased in popularity in recent years surpassing Twitter and Snapchat by the number of active monthly users in late 2020. The messenger has also been crucial to protest movements in several countries in 2019-2020, including Belarus, Russia and Hong Kong. Yet, to date only few studies examined online activities on Telegram and none have analyzed the platform with regard to the protest mobilization. In the present study, we address the existing gap by examining Telegram-based activities related to the 2019 protests in Hong Kong. With this paper we aim to provide an example of methodological tools that can be used to study protest mobilization and coordination on Telegram. We also contribute to the research on computational text analysis in Cantonese-one of the low-resource Asian languages,-as well as to the scholarship on Hong Kong protests and research on social media-based protest mobilization in general. For that, we rely on the data collected through Telegram's API and a combination of network analysis and computational text analysis. We find that the Telegram-based network was cohesive ensuring efficient spread of protest-related information. Content spread through Telegram predominantly concerned discussions of future actions and protest-related on-site information (i.e., police presence in certain areas). We find that the Telegram network was dominated by different actors each month of the observation suggesting the absence of one single leader. Further, traditional protest leaders-those prominent during the 2014 Umbrella Movement,-such as media and civic organisations were less prominent in the network than local communities. Finally, we observe a cooldown in the level of Telegram activity after the enactment of the harsh National Security Law in July 2020. Further investigation is necessary to assess the persistence of this effect in a long-term perspective.

Prisoner's dilemma game is the most commonly used model of spatial evolutionary game which is considered as a paradigm to portray competition among selfish individuals. In recent years, Win-Stay-Lose-Learn, a strategy updating rule base on aspiration, has been proved to be an effective model to promote cooperation in spatial prisoner's dilemma game, which leads aspiration to receive lots of attention. But in many research the assumption that individual's aspiration is fixed is inconsistent with recent results from psychology. In this paper, according to Expected Value Theory and Achievement Motivation Theory, we propose a dynamic aspiration model based on Win-Stay-Lose-Learn rule in which individual's aspiration is inspired by its payoff. It is found that dynamic aspiration has a significant impact on the evolution process, and different initial aspirations lead to different results, which are called Stable Coexistence under Low Aspiration, Dependent Coexistence under Moderate aspiration and Defection Explosion under High Aspiration respectively. Furthermore, a deep analysis is performed on the local structures which cause cooperator's existence or defector's expansion, and the evolution process for different parameters including strategy and aspiration. As a result, the intrinsic structures leading to defectors' expansion and cooperators' survival are achieved for different evolution process, which provides a penetrating understanding of the evolution. Compared to fixed aspiration model, dynamic aspiration introduces a more satisfactory explanation on population evolution laws and can promote deeper comprehension for the principle of prisoner's dilemma., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures

Vehicle-tree collisions are the most common type of road crash with fixed obstacle in Czech Republic. Based on the literature review and using real world in-depth crash data, this paper aims to define factors, which significantly influence the injury severity of single vehicle-tree crashes. In-depth data provide a comprehensive view to the failure on the system infrastructure—human—vehicle related to crash, the in-depth crash database include very detailed information related to infrastructure, vehicle, human failure and crash participants characteristics and their medical condition and also crash reconstruction. Multinomial logistic regression and generalized linear mixed model were used to determine the individual effect of each predictor. The statistically significant variables were the day period, trunk diameter and impact speed. Using multinomial logistic regression shows also vehicle age as statistically significant. Obtained results can help to efficiently direct countermeasures not only on the road infrastructure—e.g. speed reduction in selected locations with specified tree character. However, the emphasis should be also focused on driver behaviour.

This systematic review examined the evidence on factors influencing the flow of homicide, from suspicious death to imprisonment. Bibliographic databases and thesis portals were searched. The total number of hits was 15,986, of which 15,830 were irrelevant, 35 did not include a quantitative sample, 26 did not focus on homicide, 18 did not present flow data, and for seven there was no full text available. The remaining 70 papers were analyzed. With the exception of one, no study presented a complete longitudinal flow. Results indicated that both legal and extralegal characteristics influence the likelihood of cases to drop out. Aside from a first mapping of homicide case flows, future research should explore false positives and false negatives, to come to a first understanding of funnel selectivity in homicide cases.

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma revisão dos estudos produzidos no Brasil, a partir da teoria da rotulação, sobre o funcionamento do sistema da justiça criminal, com destaque para as ações policiais. O balanço da literatura indica que os indivíduos jovens, negros e pobres são os mais suscetíveis ao rótulo de criminoso pelas polícias e pelo Poder Judiciário, institucionalizando a cidadania disjuntiva. Os resultados permitiram concluir que há um descompasso entre o ideal da democracia e a realidade construída por meio das instituições que são encarregadas da produção da justiça no país, contribuindo para a reificação de desigualdades sociais, fato que bloqueia o desenvolvimento da democracia. Resumen Este artículo presenta una revisión de los estudios producidos en Brasil, a partir de la teoría del etiquetamiento, sobre el funcionamiento del sistema de justicia criminal, con énfasis en las acciones policiales. El balance de la literatura indica que los individuos jóvenes, negros y pobres son los más susceptibles etiquetamiento como criminales por las policías y el poder judicial, institucionalizando la ciudadanía disyuntiva. Los resultados permitieron concluir que hay un desequilibrio entre el ideal de la democracia y la realidad construida por medio de las instituciones que se encargan de la producción de la justicia en el país, contribuyendo a la reificación de desigualdades sociales, hecho que bloquea el desarrollo de la democracia en el país. Abstract Through the perspective of the labeling theory, this paper presents a review of the studies produced in Brazil, about the functioning of the criminal justice system, with an emphasis on police actions. The literature review indicates that young, black and poor individuals are the most susceptible to be labeled as criminals by the police and the judiciary, institutionalizing the disjunctive citizenship. The results enabled us to conclude that there is a mismatch between the ideal of democracy and the reality built through the institutions that are in charge of the production of justice in the country, contributing to the reification of social inequalities, a fact that hinders the development of democracy in the country.

A crucial question in the governance of infectious disease outbreaks is how to ensure that people continue to adhere to mitigation measures for the longer duration. The present paper examines this question by means of a set of cross-sectional studies conducted in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, in May, June, and July of 2020. Using stratified samples that mimic the demographic characteristics of the U.S. population, it seeks to understand to what extent Americans continued to adhere to social distancing measures in the period after the first lockdown ended. Moreover, it seeks to uncover which variables sustained (or undermined) adherence across this period. For this purpose, we examined a broad range of factors, relating to people’s (1) knowledge and understanding of the mitigation measures, (2) perceptions of their costs and benefits, (3) perceptions of legitimacy and procedural justice, (4) personal factors, (5) social environment, and (6) practical circumstances. Our findings reveal that adherence was chiefly shaped by three major factors: respondents adhered more when they (a) had greater practical capacity to adhere, (b) morally agreed more with the measures, and (c) perceived the virus as a more severe health threat. Adherence was shaped to a lesser extent by impulsivity, knowledge of social distancing measures, opportunities for violating, personal costs, and descriptive social norms. The results also reveal, however, that adherence declined across this period, which was partly explained by changes in people’s moral alignment, threat perceptions, knowledge, and perceived social norms. These findings show that adherence originates from a broad range of factors that develop dynamically across time. Practically these insights help to improve pandemic governance, as well as contributing theoretically to the study of compliance and the way that rules come to shape behavior.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to make a case for novel and innovative reentry programs focused on women of color and to describe policy recommendations that are necessary to support the sustainability of these programs and in turn the success of the women who participate in them. Design/methodology/approach A review and analysis of the literature that described job-training opportunities specifically targeted to women exiting jail and the impact on recidivism provided limited information. The authors developed, implemented, and evaluated doula training program for low-income and women of color to determine if birth work could provide stable income and decrease recidivism. Findings Training low-income formerly incarcerated women to become birth doulas is an innovative strategy to solve employment barriers faced by women reentering communities from jail. Realigning women within communities via birth support to other women also provides culturally relevant and appropriate members of the healthcare team for traditionally vulnerable populations. Doulas are important members of the healthcare workforce and can improve birth outcomes. The authors’ work testing doula training, as a reentry vocational program has been successful in producing 16 culturally relevant and appropriate doulas of color that experienced no re-arrests and to date no program participant has experienced recidivism. Originality/value To be successful, the intersections of race, gender, and poverty, for women of color should be considered in the design of reentry programs for individuals exiting jail. The authors’ work provided formerly incarcerated and low-income women of color with vocational skills that provide consistent income, serve as a gateway to the health professions, and increase the numbers of well-trained people of color who serve as providers of care.

Post-release opioid-related overdose mortality is the leading cause of death among people released from jails or prisons (PRJP). Informed by the proximate determinants framework, this paper presents the Post-Release Opioid-Related Overdose Risk Model. It explores the underlying, intermediate, proximate and biological determinants which contribute to risk of post-release opioid-related overdose mortality. PRJP share the underlying exposure of incarceration and the increased prevalence of several moderators (chronic pain, HIV infection, trauma, race, and suicidality) of the risk of opioid-related overdose. Intermediate determinants following release from the criminal justice system include disruption of social networks, interruptions in medical care, poverty, and stigma which exacerbate underlying, and highly prevalent, substance use and mental health disorders. Subsequent proximate determinants include interruptions in substance use treatment, including access to medications for opioid use disorder, polypharmacy, polydrug use, insufficient naloxone access, and a return to solitary opioid use. This leads to the final biological determinant of reduced respiratory tolerance and finally opioid-related overdose mortality. Mitigating the risk of opioid-related overdose mortality among PRJP will require improved coordination across criminal justice, health, and community organizations to reduce barriers to social services, ensure access to health insurance, and reduce interruptions in care continuity and reduce stigma. Healthcare services and harm reduction strategies, such as safe injection sites, should be tailored to the needs of PRJP. Expanding access to opioid agonist therapy and naloxone around the post-release period could reduce overdose deaths. Programs are also needed to divert individuals with substance use disorder away from the criminal justice system and into treatment and social services, preventing incarceration exposure.

This paper uses resilience as a lens through which to analyse disasters and other major threats to patterns of criminal behaviour. A set of indicators and mathematical models are introduced that aim to quantitatively describe changes in crime levels in comparison to what could otherwise be expected, and what might be expected by way of adaptation and subsequent resumption of those patterns. The validity of the proposed resilience assessment tool is demonstrated using commercial theft data from the COVID-19 pandemic period. A 64 per cent reduction in crime was found in the studied city (China) during an 83-day period, before daily crime levels bounced back to higher than expected values. The proposed resilience indicators are recommended as benchmarking instruments for evaluating and comparing the global impact of COVID-19 policies on crime and public safety.

Black and brown men are negatively impacted by the criminal justice system and have been incarcerated at higher rates than any other group in the United States (Knafo, 2013). The United States criminal justice system is built on punishment and exploitation rather than rehabilitation, resulting in higher rates of incarceration and recidivism compared to other developed nations (Gilligan, 2012). Countries such as Norway and the United Kingdom take a more humane approach to their criminal justice system, resulting in low recidivism rates (Sterbenz, 2014). Implementing policies that aim to keep families connected with individuals who are incarcerated is a major way to reduce recidivism rates (Clarke, 2013). Using New York State as a case study, this paper will propose extending conjugal visits beyond medium and low-security prisons and implementing Skype technology in prisons and jails as policy solutions to promote the well-being of people who are incarcerated and keep them from returning to prison once they are released. Social workers can play a vital role in efforts made to shift the United States��� criminal justice system from a culture of punishment towards a restorative model.

Purpose Worldwide efforts to identify individuals infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) focus almost exclusively on community healthcare systems, thereby failing to reach high-risk populations and those with poor access to primary care. In the USA, community-based HCV testing policies and guidelines overlook correctional facilities, where HCV rates are believed to be as high as 40 percent. This is a missed opportunity: more than ten million Americans move through correctional facilities each year. Herein, the purpose of this paper is to examine HCV testing practices in the US correctional system, California and describe how universal opt-out HCV testing could expand early HCV detection, improve public health in correctional facilities and communities, and prove cost-effective over time. Design/methodology/approach A commentary on the value of standardizing screening programs across facilities by mandating all facilities (universal) to implement opt-out testing policies for all prisoners upon entry to the correctional facilities. Findings Current variability in facility-level testing programs results in inconsistent testing levels across correctional facilities, and therefore makes estimating the actual number of HCV-infected adults in the USA difficult. The authors argue that universal opt-out testing policies ensure earlier diagnosis of HCV among a population most affected by the disease and is more cost-effective than selective testing policies. Originality/value The commentary explores the current limitations of selective testing policies in correctional systems and provides recommendations and implications for public health and correctional organizations.

Most literature suggests that at least half of those who engage in prostitution have a history of physical or sexual abuse. Individuals who have experienced trauma are constantly re-traumatized during their sex work. Standard procedures used in arrests of people engaging in prostitution can have profoundly triggering effects on individuals with histories of trauma. To reduce re-traumatization and promote rehabilitation, it is critical to create trauma-informed practices within law enforcement and the criminal justice system to better serve individuals arrested for prostitution. Specific trauma-informed training for law enforcement officers and legal counsel staff who work with people charged with prostitution can be created using components from several existing trauma-specific models which this paper will address in detail., Columbia Social Work Review, Vol 15 No 1 (2017)

BackgroundSexual and physical abuse in childhood creates a great health burden including on mental and reproductive health. A possible link between child abuse and HIV infection has increasingly attracted attention. This paper investigated whether a history of child physical and sexual abuse is associated with HIV infection among adult women.MethodsA cross sectional survey was conducted among 2042 postnatal women (mean age=26y) attending six public primary health care clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe within 6 weeks post-delivery. Clinic records were reviewed for mother’s antenatal HIV status. Participants were interviewed about childhood abuse including physical or sexual abuse before 15 years of age, forced first sex before 16, HIV risk factors such as age difference at first sex before age 16. Multivariate analyses assessed the associations between mother’s HIV status and child physical and sexual abuse while controlling for confounding variables.ResultsMore than one in four (26.6%) reported abuse before the age of 15: 14.6% physical abuse and 9.1% sexual abuse,14.3% reported forced first sex and 9.0% first sex before 16 with someone 5+ years older. Fifteen percent of women tested HIV positive during the recent antenatal care visit. In multivariate analysis, childhood physical abuse (aOR 3.30 95%CI 1.58- 6.90), sexual abuse (3.18 95%CI: 1.64-6.19), forced first sex (aOR 1.42, 95%CI: 1.00-2.02), and 5+ years age difference with first sex partner (aOR 1.66 95%CI 1.09-2.53) were independently associated with HIV infection.ConclusionThis study confirms that child physical and/or sexual abuse increases risk for HIV acquisition. Further research is needed to assess the pathways to HIV acquisition from childhood to adulthood. Prevention of child abuse must form part of the HIV prevention agenda in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The paper investigates the effect of preferential gathering sites on urban insurgency in an agent-based model (ABM). The ABM model was proposed in earlier work and has been validated using FBI data. There is a nonlinear tradeoff between the local density of citizens due to the number of preferential gathering sites and the ability of law enforcement officers (LEOs) to adequately patrol that leads to a non-monotonic behavior in the number of large scale outburst of insurgency with respect to the number of gathering sites. The inclusion of a moderate number of sites decreases the number of large-scale outbursts. Having no gathering sites or a large number of gathering sites has a dilutive effect on the number of large-scale outbursts. Thus, this non-monotonicity indicates that a small number of organized units produces a larger insurgency effect than a larger number of distributed units. It is also shown, using Koopman mode analysis, that the spatial morphology of agents due to the gathering sites gives rise to temporal organization of the model dynamics; there is a prominent quasi-periodic component in the number of active and intimidated citizens and in the spatial distribution of the LEOs.

Indicators of compliance and efficiency in combatting money laundering, collected by EUROSTAT, are plagued with shortcomings. In this paper, I have carried out a forensic analysis on a 2003-2010 dataset of indicators of compliance and efficiency in combatting money laundering, that European Union member states self-reported to EUROSTAT, and on the basis of which, their efforts were evaluated. I used Benford's law to detect any anomalous statistical patterns and found that statistical anomalies were also consistent with strategic manipulation. According to Benford's law, if we pick a random sample of numbers representing natural processes, and look at the distribution of the first digits of these numbers, we see that, contrary to popular belief, digit 1 occurs most often, then digit 2, and so on, with digit 9 occurring in less than 5% of the sample. Without prior knowledge of Benford's law, since people are not intuitively good at creating truly random numbers, deviations thereof can capture strategic alterations. In order to eliminate other sources of deviation, I have compared deviations in situations where incentives and opportunities for manipulation existed and in situations where they did not. While my results are not a conclusive proof of strategic manipulation, they signal that countries that faced incentives and opportunities to misinform the international community about their efforts to combat money laundering may have manipulated these indicators. Finally, my analysis points to the high potential for disruption that the manipulation of national statistics has, and calls for the acknowledgment that strategic manipulation can be an unintended consequence of the international community's pressure on countries to put combatting money laundering on the top of their national agenda.

As one of the fastest growing populations in the prison system, transwomen have a unique relationship with the prison system and the Prison Industrial Complex. These systems work to further the marginalization of transwomen by subjecting them to psychological and sexual violence. Transwomen’s bodies are criminalized in ways that naturalizes the violence they experience both in the prisons and in the court systems. This paper aims to provide an overview of the ways in which transwomen are dehumanized in their encounters with the criminal justice system (i.e. mis-gendering, the physical and sexual abuse they experience) by contextualizing their experiences. Through contextualization, I aim to illustrate the interlocking systems of oppression that construct transwomen as socially deviant bodies, that leads to their encounters with the Prison Industrial Complex. Additionally, I explore how these interlocking systems of oppression continue to function within the context of the Prison Industrial Complex and how that reduces transwomen to Agamben’s conceptualization of bare life and as ‘non- citizens’ within the carceral state.