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Identification and examination of export-import goods, in particular lemons, plays a significant role in facilitating the detection of customs violations and crimes, as well as in ensuring preventive measures to eliminate them. The article analyses the peculiarities of examination of citrus fruits, in particular lemons, with a view to their classification under classifier of goods Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity. The methodological approaches to the classification of citrus fruits within the framework of commodity expertise are considered. The main diagnostic tasks to be solved by a forensic expert in the course of lemon examination are identified: determination of product quality, chemical analysis, phytopathological analysis, toxicological analysis, organoleptic analysis, microbiological analysis, identification of origin, assessment of storage and transportation conditions. Modern analytical methods allow to conduct a comprehensive study of lemons at various levels – molecular, chemical and morphological – to obtain objective data on their quality, safety and other important characteristics. This data can be useful in legal proceedings to determine the origin, compliance with quality standards and dispute resolution. The article summarises information on the typical defects of lemons, namely: mechanical damage, diseases and lesions, growth and development defects, skin defects, parasites and pests, physiological defects, chemical defects (these defects are of natural origin). Defects inherent in low-quality products with signs of deterioration include mechanical damage, rot and mould, discolouration, wrinkling, shape defects, pests, disease damage, additional chemical treatment, loss of aroma and taste, improper storage and transportation, black spots, and skin tears. The mechanism for conducting a forensic examination of lemons is described in detail.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need for digitalization of the evidence base of war crimes of the aggressor country with its subsequent use in international judicial institutions, and also to develop a conceptual framework for generating an e-catalog of missile fragments and debris in the course of identification expert proceedings. The reliability of the results and conclusions obtained is ensured by the use of a set of general scientific and special research methods. In particular, using the dialectical method as a general method of cognition, the author examines the classification and terminological features of expert research on the identification of missiles used against Ukraine; by applying the methods of systematic and comparative analysis, the author reveals an approach to systematization of missile fragments and debris with external (species) and internal (constructive) differentiation of the evidence base material; the use of the methods of formal logic, analogy, and generalization allowed the author to formulate and present the results of forensic examination. The conceptual foundations of generating an e-catalog of missile fragments and debris in the process of identification expert proceedings are revealed. The external (species) and internal (constructive) components of the evidence base of war crimes involving missile weapons are distinguished. A generalized algorithm for missile identification is developed. It is argued that for the purposes of identification of missiles used as an instrument of a war crime and intended to reveal the link “missile – launch vehicle – person who launched a missile from a launch vehicle (perpetrator of the crime) – person(s) who ordered the launch of a missile (organizer, accomplice), the most important classification criteria are those which reveal the type and basing of the launch vehicle and the alleged perpetrator. It has been established that in general, informative fragments and debris are subject to identification by the following criteria: available markings on the body, structural unit, part, fragment, wreckage, etc.; presence of surviving missile compartments; characteristic shapes, colors, etc.; characteristic materials. Definitions are disclosed: “identification of a combat missile”; “e-catalog of missiles as a document”; “fragments of a used missile”; “fragments of a used missile”; “combat missile”. The author’s own generalized algorithm for missile identification has been developed, which is used in the process of expert research to solve the identification tasks set by the initiator [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problematic issue of presenting a person for identification in criminal proceedings on sexual criminal offenses. The essence of this method of obtaining evidence is the identification of the culprit, which provides direct evidence of the commission of certain actions or non-involvement in them. Compared to other types of identification, in particular by material traces, the presentation of a person for identification has significant features. The article emphasizes that one of the factors that determines the specificity of this investigative (search) action is its focus on using in evidence the image of a certain object that has been preserved in a person’s memory in connection with his perception of a certain event. Images in human memory have a complex psychophysiological mechanism of formation, the course of which is influenced by both objective and subjective factors. Objective factors are external conditions of perception: distance, lighting and other factors of the situation. Subjective factors are individual characteristics of a person that affect the perception, memorization and reproduction of a perceived event: the age of a person, the state of the senses, concentration of attention. Thus, both groups of factors must be taken into account when making a decision by the pretrial investigation body regarding the presentation of a person for identification. Another factor in presenting a person for identification, which is analyzed in the article, is its detailed legal regulation. It is claimed that the detailed description of the rules and procedures for presenting a person for identification is due to the legislator’s awareness of the complexity of the psychophysiological mechanism of the formation of images in a person’s memory and their reproduction during criminal proceedings. Strict adherence to procedural regulations is a safeguard against mistakes when presenting a person for identification. The article analyzes the definition of the essence of the presentation of a person for identification, set out in scientific articles, training manuals and textbooks after the entry into force of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in 2012. It was concluded that some of them contain inaccurate and sometimes erroneous statements. Thus, the proposition that the purpose of presentation for recognition can be not only the identification of the presented object, but also the establishment of its similarity with the object that was perceived by the person is recognized as erroneous. This perception occurs under circumstances subject to proof. It is claimed that this expansion of the task of presentation for identification of a person contradicts the normative prescriptions of the current criminal procedural law. An analysis of these prescriptions was carried out with the critical use of examples from judicial practice. It is noted that the cited violations of legal norms are related to the uncritical perception of outdated provisions and recommendations aimed at obtaining evidence of prosecution for anything. Their perception and inert practical application by the authorized subjects of the pre-trial investigation and judges creates grounds for a well-founded challenge to the results of presentation for recognition by the defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special attention is paid to the issue of identification and safety of children's products, which is aimed at ensuring the safety and quality of this category of goods. In the scientific article, the issue of classification of goods of group 95 in accordance with the Ukrainian Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity was considered, and a study of the practice of appointing customs examinations was conducted. The main identifying features of the classification of scooters in the category of goods for children are: purpose; design features, their modification; type of movement; number and diameter of wheels; type of ride Attention should also be paid to the following identification features of children’s goods, which are necessary both during customs control and during the examination of toys: the size of the toy, the material of manufacture, design features, application and main functional purpose. The development and improvement of current methods of identification of toys will simplify the procedure of their inspection and increase the objectivity of the results. The work summarizes the ways to classify children’s scooters in the procedure of commodity examination. The diagnostic tasks of the forensic commodity examination to determine safety, compliance with standards, which the expert must solve during the study of a children’s scooter, are defined. State-of-the-art research methods, in particular, visual inspection, functional tests, measurement of geometric parameters, mechanical tests, chemical analysis of materials, technical expertise, safety tests, computer modeling and analysis, electrical and electronic tests, expert evaluation are used to establish indicators. quality and safety of goods and obtaining objective information. The main identification tasks of the commodity examination of children’s scooters, the most typical defects of these products and defects that indicate their low quality are indicated. The mechanism of forensic commodity examination of children's scooters is described.

The article discusses an approach to improving the safety of facilities that do not interrupt technological processes after an air raid alert, in particular, critical transport infrastructure, based on object-based identification of air hazards. Existing methods for detection and recognition of the air targets, such as attack drones and cruise missiles, are reviewed. It has been determined that for early detection of air hazards at the local level, the acoustic identification method is effective in terms of cost, simplicity and range. To implement it, the structure of the identification system is considered, built on the basis of the use of modern element base, including highly sensitive acoustic sensors capable of distinguishing sounds at a distance of up to 2.5 km and a system for processing and radio transmission of information at the distance of up to 10 km. To identify various types of air hazards by their acoustic radiation and separate it from extraneous noise, unique acoustic portraits of attack drones and cruise missiles are identified in the research on the base of spectral analysis. For this purpose, a statistical study was carried out of a large volume of data of the acoustic noise of drones and cruise missiles, the information is obtained from the open sources. The resulting acoustic portraits of various types of air hazards in the form of the spectral density of the acoustic signal reflect the significant distinctive features of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of acoustic radiation depending on the type of air hazard. In order to implement the proposed method, a special device for measuring the acoustic signal and other digital parameters with wireless data transmission based on ZigBee and LoRaWan technologies has been developed. The device can be configured to distinguish between low-intensity sounds and noises in the required frequency ranges inherent in acoustic portraits, after the identification it switches from “sleep mode” to active mode, which ensures its energy efficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject matter of this paper revolves around the utilization of Deep Learning techniques for the identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) through facial expression analysis. The goal is to assess the performance of various Deep Learning architectures in this context, aiming to support the evaluation of AI-based ASD identification technologies within medical imaging standards. The tasks undertaken include conducting a comprehensive performance analysis of different Deep Learning models, emphasizing the significance of data augmentation techniques, and evaluating the convergence ability of these models. Methods employed involve a simulation setup for evaluating Deep Learning architectures using facial expression images of children with ASD. The research utilizes secondary data from open-source sharing platforms comprising 2,840 optical images. The evaluation is conducted with consideration of data ratio settings and data augmentation procedures. Results indicate that data augmentation significantly improves the recall performance, with ResNet-101 architecture demonstrating superior accuracy, precision, and convergence ability compared to ResNet-50 and VGG-16. Finally, the conclusion drawn from this analysis highlights the efficacy of ResNet-101 with augmented data. It stands out as the most suitable model for ASD identification based on facial expressions, emphasizing its potential for early intervention and increased awareness. the scientific novelty of the results obtained lies in its contribution to advancing the state of the art in AI-driven ASD identification, adhering to medical standards, enhancing model performance through data augmentation, and facilitating early intervention strategies for improved patient outcomes.

The article reviews existing systems of automated student identification based on various technologies. The systems are implemented on the basis of such technologies as: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, face recognition, QR code, fingerprint scanning, and RFID. The features and algorithms of each system are analyzed. The algorithms of the systems are presented in the form of UML diagrams. As a result of the analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of each technology were identified. To compare the analyzed identification methods, the advantages and disadvantages of the systems, technical characteristics of the equipment and other aspects in the context of an automated attendance system were considered. Wi-Fi-based systems allow for full automation of the identification process and have low hardware costs, but require students to have their own smartphone. Bluetooth-based systems are similar to Wi-Fi-based systems, but instead of a smartphone, they require any Bluetooth-enabled device and do not require a special application to be installed on the device. Systems based on face recognition do not require additional devices and are fully automated, but have lower reliability of student identification and high complexity of database maintenance. QR code-based systems have high identification reliability and low database maintenance complexity, but cannot be automated. Fingerprint-based systems do not require additional devices and have high identification reliability, but they cannot be automated and require direct contact between students and the scanner, which makes the technology impractical for classes with a large number of students. RFID-based systems are fully automated and autonomous, but students need to carry RFID tags with them, and UHF RFID readers are expensive compared to other technologies. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that the selection of technology for an automated student identification system relies on the set objectives. In specific circumstances, each of the technologies under consideration might represent the optimal choice for implementation in electronic learning systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is to develop an effective system for controlling the pressure in the air supply in motorised breathing apparatus to ensure effective protection of employees from dangerous aerosols and improve their health. The goal was to create an automated air pressure control system in a motorised breathing apparatus using a proportional-integral-derivative controller. For this purpose, the simulation method was used. In order to avoid unforeseen situations of deterioration of the level of protection, the structure of the pressure control system of a motorised respirator has been developed with the selection of the appropriate controller based on the obtained dependences of the influence of the parameters of the breathing mode and the amount of pressure in the under-mask space of the respirator, which ensures an appropriate comfortable mode of operation. This allowed developing a simulation model with a PID controller that would provide the appropriate pressure values within the permissible limits (50-370 Pa). It is proved that the proportional-integral-derivative controller maintains the pressure in the respirator mask within certain limits both with an increase and with a decrease in the control signal, preventing excessive fluctuations in the controlling variable, which leads to an extension of the service life of the filter elements and a reduction in electricity consumption for the operation of the fan motor. Based on modelling the operation of the pressure control system in different modes of operation, it is shown that when using a PID controller with defined parameters, the system provides compensation for changes in air pressure in the under-mask space of the respirator in different breathing modes of the user. The results can find practical applications in the field of safety and health, in industrial environments where workers are at risk of inhaling dangerous aerosols, such as toxic particles, gases, or other harmful substances

The article retrospectively examines the genesis of theoretical and law enforcement issues, legislative and other regulatory frameworks relating to forensic examination of written language and handwriting with a view to improving them and further prospects for their use in forensic science and forensic examination. The genesis of the emergence and introduction of the first state, international, religious, economic and other types of documents, methods and types of their execution and registration, and the improvement of the historical documentary system in our country and the persons who could execute them in various fields of use in the country and in ensuring the vital activity of the population, as well as the mechanism of the first identification actions with this category of writing and handwriting are investigated. The role, essence and significance of written language, handwriting and documentary studies in their historical aspect in terms of formation, improvement and use in establishing and identifying the person who executed a certain document or written text are determined. Separate objectives have been identified to improve knowledge, including subculture and skills, on the detection, establishment and preparation for forensic examination of written language and handwriting by detectives, investigators, forensic specialists, experts, prosecutors, investigating judges and court personnel, taking into account the requirements of the time regarding the use by criminals of documents made both by conventional means and with the help of computer equipment, the Internet, mobile communications, as well as other modern telecommunications achievements and digitalisation of the pre-trial process. The article investigates the peculiarities of forensic methods of examination of written language and handwriting objects to be taken into account by officials who, in particular, conduct pre-trial investigation of criminal offences committed with the use of ordinary or forged written documents, handwriting forgery, and other criminal methods of their use with a view to qualitative preparation and conduct of relevant handwriting and authenticity examinations. Based on the results of the study, the author's scientific positions and ways of solving the existing problematic issues have been developed.

Introduction. Artificial neural networks are widely utilized in medical fields, such as dentistry, molecular genetics, immunology, cardiology, and others. Forensic medicine is no exception, as artificial neural networks are also beginning to find applications in this field. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential for predicting human anthropometric parameters using dermatoglyphic parameters, which could enhance the method of dermatoglyphic identification. Materials and methods. We analyzed dermatoglyphs of the hands and feet from 567 individuals aged 18 to 59 years, with no genetic or endocrine disorders and no musculoskeletal problems. Results and discussion. The outcome of our work resulted in the development of the "Dermatoglyphics For Prediction (DFP)" program [Author's Certificate No. 74561. Computer program "Forensic Medical Identification Program using Artificial Neural Networks" Registration date: 07.11.2017]. This software device, after appropriate training, enables the prediction of an individual's ethnic-territorial affiliation and the presence of specific anthropometric parameters using such input data as dermatoglyphs of the hands and feet. Conclusions. The increasing needs of the Ukrainian community for the identification of unknown individuals, given the geopolitical situation related to Russian invasion in Ukraine (the constant threat of ballistic missile attacks and unmanned aerial vehicles across the entire territory of Ukraine, which could lead to mass casualties), justify the relevance and the search for innovative approaches to dermatoglyphic identification expertise, utilizing state-of-the-art technologies, particularly neural network-based prediction of anthropometric parameters, sex, and ethnic-territorial affiliation of an unknown person, using input parameters such as dermatoglyphs of the hands and feet, with the aim of enhancing the evidentiary value of identification expertise. This software device, after appropriate training, allows for the prediction of ethnic-territorial affiliation and the presence of specific anthropometric parameters in the examined individual using such input data as dermatoglyphs of the hands and feet.

This article describes the development of software to identify a user based on his or her keystrokes. Biometric authentication, particularly methods based on behavioral characteristics, is becoming increasingly popular. This is due to its ability to provide security without the need to remember passwords. The development of a biometric identification system based on the typing of a text entered by the user on the keyboard is an attractive solution, as it not only has the potential to provide a fairly reliable identification, but also does not require significant costs for special equipment. This paper discusses parameters that affect typing, including keystroke time, typing speed, error rates, and others that depend on individual user characteristics. The paper also discusses the drawbacks of biometric identification, particularly the impact of external factors such as fatigue or distraction on authentication accuracy. Based on the analysis of parameters, known methods and approaches to biometric identification by keystroke style, a new verification algorithm is proposed. It is based on the analysis of the time intervals between keystrokes and key searches, which allows to determine the correspondence between the stored user profile and the current keystroke. In order to reduce the influence of external factors, the use of a fixed text of at least 300 characters is recommended. The effectiveness of the developed software based on the proposed identification algorithm is confirmed by the results of the experiments conducted with the developed software application. The results show sufficient reliability and accuracy in the identification process. The work is of practical importance for the development of new security methods in information technology and opens new opportunities for the implementation of biometric systems in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of virtual reality on identity and the process of formation of «virtual reality» as its component have been studied. The relationship between virtual and personal identities is analyzed. Goal. To reveal the reasons for the formation of virtual identity and its influence on the formation of personal identity. Methods. The analytical-synthetic method, abstraction, generalization, comparative and systematic methods, as well as the principles of scientificity: historicism, comprehensiveness, contradiction, objectivity and concreteness are used. Conclusions. As a starting point for building a virtual identity, we establish a person, namely his needs for dominance, identity deformation in virtual reality. The impact of virtual reality on identity is coherent with the level of self-identification of an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of creating new effective approaches and methods for the operation of visual systems of mobile works for the identification of tasks and objects of objects is due to the requirements of today. The work method is an analysis of the features of halftone image processing using the method of binary slices to identify a reference image in the field of the current image. The methods of analysis, abstraction and analogy were used as research methods. Separate articles offer an approach to complementing a reference halftone image on a current halftone image. To do this, we note the features of using the method of binary slices for processing a halftone image in combination with methods that allow you to destroy the reference binary image on the current binary image. The proposed approach includes a step of forming a set of binary slices of the halftone current image, a step of forming a set of binary slices of the halftone reference image, a step of matching the binary slices of the reference to the binary slices of the current image, a step of determining the location of each binary slice of the reference on the corresponding slice of the current image, and a step analysis of the obtained results and determination of the location of the halftone reference image on the halftone current image. A solution is proposed using a specific example. The practical value of the proposed approach is that a complex halftone image with a large number of brightness levels can be reduced to simple binary matrices, most of which are simply excluded from the processing process. At the same time, there remains a choice of the method of determining the binary slice of the standard on the field of the binary slice of the current image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The modern era is characterised by global changes based on the acceleration and continuous «incitement» of civilisational processes. The complex collisions of life were reflected in the public consciousness by the actualisation of the identity problem, which acquired special significance. Therefore, many reasons can be given, but we will emphasise only such. First, the existing anthropological situation is marked by all the signs of novelty and unusualness; social life reveals a steady tendency to weaken individual identifications with traditional (ethnos) and modern (nation) communities. Secondly, in a situation where ethnic and national factors of identification are blurred, society becomes quite fragmented; under such conditions, a person exists at the intersection of local cultures, in an open cultural space, surrounded by a multitude of cultural forms, lifestyles, and traditions; all these forms become significant for a person at the same time and require ordering. Thirdly, the cultural self-determination of a modern person requires the interpretation of those models of cultural existence that represent other communities and the establishment of an individual relationship with them. Thus, identification processes in modern society, on the one hand, become problematic; on the other hand, they act as a driving force of cultural development. The purpose and task of the article are to study identity issues in the context of spectacular forms of mass communication. The research task is to analyse specific forms of mass visual production, ready-made visual images (images, brands, lifestyles) associated with the production of the phenomenon of «partial» identity. Research methodology. The application of the phenomenological method for revealing the content of human identity and the specificity of the phenomenon of human identification in modern society was important for this article. The theoretical basis of the article is also made up of approaches that emphasise the ontological openness of human existence, the universal significance of communicative interaction about human subjectivity, and the influence of spectacular forms on the construction of human identity. The results. In modern scientific discourse, the key term «identity» denotes a set of phenomena that cannot be reduced exclusively to psychological or socio-psychological forms; therefore, the following components are inherent in the phenomena of identity: a). – complex cognitive and figurative content; b). – a variable cultural component that changes due to many life factors, such as ethnic, speech, religious, political, professional, informational, gender, and virtual differences. We propose to consider «hyper-real reality» from the point of view of a special spectacular form of mass communication; the entire set of modern media resources is aimed at creating this form. In the conditions of the spread of spectacular forms of mass communication to all spheres of human life, popular images, lifestyles, and well-known brands become effective identification factors. At the same time, these factors are closely related. For example, acquiring a popular image and desired lifestyle by a person requires the consumption of positional goods and services. The production of such positional goods and services is aimed at meeting the needs of those groups of consumers who strive to be different from others in terms of level and quality of life. Many positional goods and services offered by global manufacturers and actively promoted on the market with the help of brands are created to meet urgent life needs and satisfy a certain human dream. Modern marketing strategies, represented in brands, contain certain signs of spectacular models of mass communication. Appealing to human feelings and inciting imagination, brands present the worlds of high fashion, entertainment and leisure as those that imitate the signs of the real world, creating the illusion of fulfilling desires. Therefore, the task of well-known brands as identification factors consists of the unification of personal meanings, goals, and desires, with the further transformation into one artificially narrowed meaning and one general need for material consumption. Conclusions. The article analyses specific forms of mass visual production, visual images, such as images, lifestyles, brands; in the conditions of the spread of spectacular forms of mass communication to all spheres of human life, these images become effective factors of «partial» identification; their task consists in the unification of personal meanings, goals and desires, followed by their transformation into one artificially narrowed meaning, into one general need for material consumption; it is believed that the conducted research on identity issues in the context of spectacular forms of mass communication will contribute to the development of scientific strategies and concepts of identity formation, will help to work out philosophical problems related to personal existence, creativity, and self-development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern approaches to automatic control of crude oil dewatering and desalting are predominantly model-free, and described model-based systems lack precise mathematical description. Not a single research provides a dynamic input-output model for electric dehydrator, suitable for control system development. As far as electric dehydrator, which is the main plant to control in the process, is a non-linear system with distributed parameters, a need for linearization arises. The aim of present study is to compare different methods for obtaining approximate transfer function of an electric dehydrator from graphical experimental data.

The basic approach and method for creating a system for detecting montage in digital videograms are considered and proposed. The proposed approach is based on the identification studies of digital image recording equipment by its own noise recorded on digital media. It has been established that the method for detecting traces and localizing edit points in videograms should be based on the use of the functions of the dynamics of errors in the identification of adjacent frames and the dynamics of the change in the function of the modulus of the difference in the levels of chrominance signals of two frames of the videogram being checked. To obtain these functions, it is proposed to apply signal decomposition using the Haar wavelet. It is shown that the implementation of the system should be carried out on deep learning neural networks, which will ensure high reliability of the examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preamble to the Constitution, Ukraine proclaimed its course towards European integration, which, in particular, includes cooperation in the field of information human rights protection - protection of personal data on the basis of approximation of national legislation to the strictest EU regulations. The article analyzes the concept of information human rights in the context of the rule of law, especially in the period of digital transformation. The main focus is on the actual enforcement of citizens' rights and freedoms, including information rights. The article analyzes the state of research in the field of information law, in particular, the concepts of "information rights", "rights to information", "information freedoms", as well as approaches to understanding information rights from the standpoint of various branches of law. The authors come to the conclusion that there are studies of the content of the relevant categories, but there is no study of the rights of data subjects themselves. The article examines the content of human information rights as a component of the legal status of a person in the State on the example of legal regulation of protection of the rights of personal data subjects in Ukrainian legislation and in the legal provisions of the European Union. When comparing the content of legal approaches to the regulation of common ideas in the presence of similar lexical constructions, the differences are revealed in the "spirit" of legal regulation: the European approach is characterized by anthropocentricity, human interests are the priority of regulation, and the grounds for exercising many of the rights of data subjects are their will, unlike national legislation, where the grounds for the emergence and exercise of some rights of personal data subjects are the facts of violation of other rights of these subjects. The article contains an analysis of the existing categories in the field of information rights, and provides a detailed analysis of the content of the elements of the concept of "personal data", in particular, the concepts of: "human identification", "identifiers in real life" and "identifiers in digital space". The study suggests that the transformation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of personal data protection is still ongoing, which opens the way for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an analytical solution to the three-dimensional coupled problem of thermoelasticity for a composite whose structure and possible defects are given by trigonometric polynomials. Parameters of the temperature field arising as a result of defects in its structure are used in the diagnosis of defects in its structure. This is of great importance and practical value for non-destructive testing tasks. An expedient way of finding temperature values as a function of time and geometric coordinates is also the solution of inverse problems of thermoelasticity, i.e. determination of the temperature field based on the field of temperature stresses. The economy of this method lies in the fact that its application makes complex experimental studies of technical objects cheaper and eliminates the need to create computational and analytical methods that accompany these studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed article attempts to consider the concept of <«life values» using a probabilistic approach, which finds its reflection in understanding of «value» as a mechanism for identifying an individual with the basic structure of the world. The author defines «value» as a symbol of identification, a «transformed figure» of ontologically significant core of human spirituality. According to the author, the symbolic nature of identification, on one hand, indicates a common cultural foundation (shared with all spiritually significant formations) for «value,» and on the other hand, allows for the application of sociological methods to observe and describe this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of participants of civil-law relations, to one degree or another, is present in the dynamics of probably all civil legal relations. At the same time, due to the principles of discretion, free expression of will and legal equality of participants, for civil legal relations, in contrast to public branches of law, detailed identification of their participants is not so important. After all, in many cases it is enough to at least establish whether such legal relations correspond to the extent of legal capacity and legal capacity of the subject, his subjective civil rights and the established restrictions on their exercise (for example, small household transactions). It also promotes the use in civil legal relations not only of traditional means of identification, such as the name and passport data for an individual, name and registration data for a legal entity, but also easy-to-perceive, easy-to-remember graphic objects (logo, corporate colors for a legal entity, an avatar for an individual). This, in turn, poses the task of researching the identification of participants of civil-law relations with the help of such graphic objects ("graphic identification"). The purpose of the article is to formulate the definition of the concept of "graphic identification of a participant of civil-law relations" based on the analysis of scientific studies of related concepts and their providing by the law. The article proposes a definition of the concept of "graphic identification of a participant of civil-law relations", which means the identity of a participant of civil-law relations (his activity or an object that belongs to him) by means of a graphic display of signs that individualize such a participant and derivatives thereof (means of graphic identification), on a material or electronic form, which is used to establish the conformity (belonging) of an object (behavior) to a specific subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current approaches of the Council of Europe regarding the regulatory regulation of the use of facial recognition technology in criminal proceedings, taking into account the wide spread of this method of fighting crime. The methodology includes the analysis of the Council of Europe Instructions on facial recognition dated January 28, 2021 and the Recommendations of the Council of Europe dated November 18, 2022, the study of the experience of other countries, the assessment of the risks of implementing this technology, the available scientific and theoretical material, and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific knowledge were used during the research: terminological, logical-semantic, functional, systemic-structural, logical-normative. The results. The result of the study was the determination of the main principles of the implementation of the national facial recognition system, which is definitely extremely necessary and effective in the activities of law enforcement agencies and the defense sector. In order to ensure a balance between the observance of human rights and the security of society and the state, this system must be based on legality, transparency, temporal criteria (determining the time of image storage), prohibition of discrimination (tracking based on national, religious and other criteria), audit and ethics. Practical significance. The conducted analysis of modern international standards and recommendations can be useful in the development of draft laws on the introduction of facial recognition technologies (amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine regarding the granting of permission to deploy a facial recognition system in a certain place with a certain purpose and the adoption of a special law on regulating the activities of a special national body responsible for the functioning of this system) to prevent human rights violations. The lack of ECtHR practice on this issue (one application was submitted for consideration) requires careful legislative elaboration of the introduction of new technologies.

The subject matter of the article is to identify and equalize the parameters of telecommunication channels. The goal is to develop a new mathematical approach based on positive definite kernels on a Hilbert space. The tasks to be solved are: (a) to formulate a mathematical procedure based on a kernel; a kernel is a function that maps pairs of data points to a scalar value, and positive definite kernels are widely used in machine learning and signal processing applications; (b) to identify the channel parameters using the proposed method; and (c) to apply the Zero Forcing and MMSE equalizer to measure the performance of the proposed system. This article introduces a new method to address the problem of supervised identification of transmission channel parameters based on the positive definite kernel on Hilbert space, which implements Gaussian kernels. The input sequence, used as an input for a system or process, is assumed to be independent, have a zero mean, a non-Gaussian distribution, and be identically distributed. These assumptions are made to simplify the analysis and modeling. The proposed method for estimating the parameters of the channel impulse response yields promising results, indicating that the estimated parameters are close to the measured parameters of the model for various channels. The convergence of the estimated parameters toward the measured parameters of the model is particularly noticeable for BRAN A (indoor) and BRAN E (outdoor) channels. The method has been tested with different channel models, and the results remain consistent. Overall, the proposed method appears to be a reliable and effective approach for estimating channel impulse response parameters. The accuracy of the estimated parameters is particularly noteworthy considering the challenges inherent in modeling wireless channels, which can be influenced by various factors such as obstacles and interference. These findings have important implications for the design and optimization of wireless communication systems. Accurate estimates of channel impulse response parameters are essential for predicting and mitigating the effects of channel distortion and interference, and the proposed method represents a promising tool for achieving this goal. Further research and testing are needed to validate and refine the method and to explore its potential applications in different settings and scenarios. We evaluated the performance of the system using the estimated parameters obtained from the proposed method. Two equalizers, MMSE and ZF, were used, and the results show that MMSE outperforms ZF. Both equalizers produced highly satisfactory outcomes.

Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest prokaryotes wich were found in the endosomes of mammalian cells. They are widespread contaminants in cell cultures. It was identified a mycoplasma infection in a human breast cancer cell line. It was used fluorescence microscopy and nuclear affinity 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. For the treatment of mycoplasma infection in cell culture, two antibiotics of the macrolide series (Tiamulin) and tetracyclines (Minocycline) was used. The effectiveness of combined antibiotic therapy against mycoplasmas has been proven, which was confirmed by the microscopic method. Therefore, treatment with combined antibiotics can completely eradicate mycoplasma infection from cultured cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of involving stakeholders in the decision-making process is due to the need to identify, group and classify them based on their circumstances or views on potential business conditions that can be realised, which will allow predicting interaction with stakeholders in conditions of dynamic opportunities. The purpose of the study was to define stakeholder interaction as a normative concept with implementation practice that can stimulate the development of theory and provide practical application in practice. The basis of the formation of a scientific approach to the formation of the interaction of stakeholders in the innovative economy were such methods as structural and comparative analysis, the method of generalisation. A scientific approach to the formation of stakeholder interaction is proposed, which involves an integrated process of their interaction in an innovation network based on dynamic capabilities with elements of model variable analysis. This enables the adjustment of the elements of the innovation network, the nature of relations with stakeholders and promotes the evolution of commitment, relations and knowledge sharing between stakeholders, as well as the adjustment, reflection and adaptation of interaction with stakeholders and consists of: the formation of an information space to define the components of the innovation network and relationships in the process of stakeholder interaction; implementation of the process of interaction of stakeholders in conditions of dynamic opportunities; reasoned choice of management decisions regarding the impact on the interaction of stakeholders. The research findings reflect a stakeholder interaction framework based on a process of identification, organisation and transformation integrated into co-creation and value, innovation network and knowledge sharing. The obtained results can be applied in the practical activities of state authorities and local governments, higher educational institutions, state enterprises, organisations and institutions, private entrepreneurial structures in the formation of intellectual, scientific resources and information technologies, effective use and qualitative improvement of all factors of production, which will contribute development of a new quality of public-state relations

In order to overcome the reasons for the environmental tax not fulfilling its compensatory, stimulating and fiscal functions, the need to study the problems of environmental taxation through the prism of the growth of the shadow economy and corruption in Ukraine is argued. The established relationships "shadow economy - corruption - environmental regulation - environmental pollution" are summarized and analyzed. A comparison of the volume of environmental taxes in Ukraine, environmental tax as a % of GDP in EU countries and Ukraine was made. The nature of shadow factors and the consequences of their impact on environmental taxation have been studied. A chain model was built to identify shadow processes in the mechanisms of assessment, settlement, distribution and development of environmental tax in Ukraine. It allows to identify and structure the nature of the appearance of shadow factors at various links of the chain: economic, political, regulatory, organizational, regulatory, budgetary. The most used shadow operations in environmental taxation are: evasion of payment of environmental tax to the budget due to lack of unified accounting of polluting economic entities; unreliability of data on the volume of emissions and their generalization; transfer of economic activity to the informal sector; corruption schemes when obtaining permits for emissions of pollutants and licenses for handling hazardous waste; untargeted distribution of environmental tax funds between the levels of the budget system; corrupt actions regarding the use of environmental tax. It was determined that at the current stage, it is necessary to make appropriate management decisions at the state level to counter informal processes in the mechanisms of assessment, settlement, distribution and development of the environmental tax in Ukraine. The chain model of identification of shadow factors will allow a comprehensive analysis of the areas of state policy that require improvement and normative and regulatory changes to prevent informal processes in environmental taxation in Ukraine.

Problem. Among the many problems of the solid mechanics, there is a whole class of problems that are related to inverse problems. In turn, among the inverse problems, many problems are ill-posed. Obtaining an exact analytical solution of such problems is related to certain mathematical difficulties and requires using special methods. Goal. The goal of the study is to obtain analytical solutions for inverse problems of the identification of non-stationary load and the control of nonstationary vibrations of a cylindrical shell with asymmetric boundary conditions. Methodology. In this investigation, a refined theory of medium-thickness shells was used. Fourier series expansion, the theory of integral equations and the Laplace transform were used to obtain the solution of the direct problem. Tikhonov’s regularization method was used to solve inverse problems. Results. As a result of the investigation, the solutions of two inverse problems of the solid mechanics were obtained. The first task is to identify a fixed and moving concentrated axisymmetric non-stationary force acting on a cylindrical shell, based on the displacement values at any point of the shell; identification of two fixed concentrated forces. The second task is to control vibrations at any point of the cylindrical shell by introducing an auxiliary concentrated force. Numerical results obtained demonstrate the fulfillment of the control criterion as a result of the action of the given and auxiliary force. Originality. Analytical solutions of the inverse problems of the solid mechanics for a cylindrical shell of medium thickness with asymmetric boundary support conditions are obtained. Practical value. The technique received allows effective identification of an unknown non-stationary load. It’s important for the rational design of reliable cylindrical shell structures. Its use also makes possible to create a theoretical basis to control the deflected mode parameters of cylindrical shell structural elements.

Purpose. To carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the morphological and economically valuable characteristics of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) varieties. Methods. Common buckwheat varieties of the State University of Agriculture and Engineering in Podillia were studied. The analysis of their quantitative, qualitative and pseudo-qualitative characteristics and economically valuable traits was carried out in accordance with "Methods of examination of plant varieties of the group of cereals, grains and legumes for suitability for distribution in Ukraine" and "Methodology of examination of varieties of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) for distinctness, uniformity and stability. Methodology for the examination of plant varieties of the legume and cereal groups for distinctness, uniformity and stability". Field trials were carried out in 2021-2022 on the experimental field of the Scientific Research Center "Podillia" of the State University of Agriculture and Engineering in Podillia. Research methods: field, laboratory, statistical and analytical. In order to identify plant varieties, a morphological description of their vegetative and generative organs was carried out (method of visual assessment of phenotype). Results. Common buckwheat varieties of domestic breeding were identified by morphological characteristics. For the field inspection of its seed crops, the morphological code formula of the variety was established and published in the official publication. Conclusions. Obtaining valuable, highly productive biotypes, as well as competitive varieties recommended for production and used in breeding practice, which replenish the fund of national plant resources, is possible thanks to their comprehensive evaluation at all stages of the breeding process. The table for the identification of candidate varieties of common buckwheat has been improved in the part of the list of morphological characteristics, the developed code formulas of which have practical application in the field inspection of seed crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the diseases of dogs, pyoderma is a frequent reason for referral to veterinary clinics. To effectively treat pyoderma and develop new strategies for preventing this disease, it is necessary to study the causes of formation and the conditions for the manifestation of pathogenic properties in causative agents. The purpose of the study will be to identify the microbiota isolated from the healthy skin of dogs and those with pyoderma. Washes were collected from the skin of various areas in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with pyoderma. The material was sown on selective media for the isolation of specific genera of microorganisms; after cultivation, pure cultures were identified according to the methods generally accepted in microbiological practice (cultural, tinctorial, morphological, and biochemical tests), according to Bergi's determinant. In addition, the following test systems were used: “STAPHY-test 16”, “En-coccustest 36”, and “NEFERM test-24”. It was established that coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive species of staphylococci belong to the representatives of the autochthonous microbiota of the skin of clinically healthy dogs, which are isolated from different areas in 100 and 60–68.5 % of cases, respectively—the coagulase-positive species S. pseudintermedius and the coagulase-variable species S. schleiferi subsp. Coagulants occupy up to 65 % of the central niche, and СNS accounts for up to 30 % of all identified staphylococci. The causative agent of pyoderma in monoculture was S. pseudintermedius in 85.8 % of cases. In 57.1 % of cases, association with pyoderma was represented by СPS and Escherichia coli, and microbial association with СPS and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected 4.0 times less often – 14.3 % of cases. In 28.6 % of cases, microbial associations included СPS, Proteus in combination with intestinal or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On the share of coagulase-positive staphylococci S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, and coagulase-variable subspecies S. schleiferi subsp. Coagulants account for the central part of the staphylococcal microbiota (93.1 %), identified from inflammatory skin foci in pyoderma. At the same time, the species S. pseudintermedius significantly prevailed over other species; in particular, its share accounted for 78.4 % of the staphylococci isolated, which is 16.0 times more than S. aureus and 8.0 times more than S schleiferi subsp. coagulants So, in the etiology and pathogenesis of pyoderma in dogs, a significant role is played by СPS, in particular, the species S. pseudintermedius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates options for selecting features and criteria for pattern recognition for processing and identifying raster graphic images obtained as a result of digitizing video images with measurement information. Optimal choices are determined from the point of view of minimizing the number of computational operations. Another important task in the computer processing of visual (non-text) information is the recognition, identification and classification of video images presented in different formats, including in the form of raster graphic images. When working with real video images with measurement information obtained as a result of inputting a video signal into a computer from an external source, a number of distortions occur that can have a significant impact on the process of recognition and identification of these images. This raises the problem of assessing the impact of these distortions on the quality of recognition and identification of images with measurement information. The quality of recognition and identification of raster graphic images depends on the amount of distortion in the image with measurement information that occurs in the process of its digitization and input into a computer. In turn, the amount of distortion depends on the hardware and software used to input video images with measurement information.

The aim of the article is to analyze the existing methods of goodwill valuation and determine the possibility of their application in relation to the identification and recognition of internally generated goodwill as an accounting object and an information basis for effective management of the assets of enterprise. As a result of the analysis of regulatory documents and scientific works of scholars on the exitant valuation methods, the main approaches to the conception of value characteristics were considered, the advantages and disadvantages of their application were allocated, and recommendations for the assessment of internally generated goodwill were provided. As a result of the study, global trends in the accumulation of internally generated goodwill were analyzed, its economic essence and role as an identifier of intangible assets in the management accounting system were considered. The main elements of internally generated goodwill are allocated in accordance with the sources of its formation, which will become the basis for the development of a methodology for its assessment. The accounting and expert directions of assessment of internally generated goodwill are considered, in terms of which the essence, advantages and disadvantages of methods are analyzed, and the possibility of their application to the elements of goodwill is highlighted. It is noted that none of the methods is universal and cannot fully ensure the efficiency of the management of internal goodwill. It is proposed to conduct a comprehensive assessment of internally generated goodwill using various methodologies. As the main ones, methods of additional profit and of profit advantages are proposed, for which the calculation procedure is provided. It is recommended to combine calculation methods with empirical ones based on expert conclusions to increase the objectivity of the input data and the results obtained. Prospects for further research are to develop a detailed system of elements of internal goodwill based on the proposed general approach, methods of their identification and evaluation, and the formation of a system of estimated indicators of such intangible resources.

The object of research in the article is various well-known approaches and methods of structural and parametric identification of dynamic controlled objects - unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The subject of the research is the parameters of linear and nonlinear mathematical models of spatial and isolated movements, describing the dynamics and aerodynamic properties of the UAV and obtained both from the results of flight experiments and using computer object-oriented programs for 3-D UAV models. The goal is to obtain mathematical models of UAV flight dynamics in the form of differential equations or transfer functions, check them for reliability and the possibility of using them in problems of synthesis of algorithms for automatic control systems of UAVs. Tasks to be solved: evaluation of the analytical (parametric), direct (transient), as well as the identification method using the 3-D model of the control object. Methods used structural and parametric identification of dynamic objects; the determination of static and dynamic characteristics of mathematical models by the type of their transient process; the System Identification Toolbox package of the MatLab environment, the Flow Simulation subsystem of the SolidWorks software and the X-Plane software environment. The experimental parameters of UAV flights, as well as the results of modeling in three-dimensional environments, are the initial data for the identification of mathematical models. The following results were obtained: the possibility of analytical and computer identification of mathematical models by highly noisy parameters of the UAV flight was shown; the mathematical models of UAVs obtained after identification is reliable and adequately reproduce the dynamics of a real object. A comparative analysis of the considered UAV identification methods is conducted, their performance and efficiency are confirmed. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the result obtained is as follows: good convergence, reliability and the possibility of using the considered identification methods for obtaining mathematical models of dynamic objects to synthesize algorithms for automatic control systems of UAVs is shown.

The article is aimed at determining approaches to the identification and formation of evaluation indicators as to the production, availability and use of intangible resources, including intellectual ones, as a result of innovative changes in the activities of higher education institutions and their reform on an innovative basis. The role of introduction of innovations in the higher education system for improving the innovative capacity and competitiveness of enterprises and the national economy as a whole is defined. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the need to reform domestic higher education institutions on an innovative basis is identified. The role of implementation of the key performance indicators (KPI) system for identification and evaluation of intangible assets of both intellectual and information nature as a result of innovative changes is substantiated. A general approach to assessing the results of innovations on the basis of giving a tuple look to the model for computing KPI indicators is proposed. The analysis of strategies of innovative development of leading higher education institutions of Ukraine for the implementation of innovative changes is carried out. The identified innovations are grouped into the main types according to the Oslo classification: product-related, technological, marketing and organizational. Each type of innovation is considered in the plane of educational, scientific and international activities. The main directions of innovative changes for each of these groups are allocated and technologies for innovative changes are determined. It is noted how the changes in question affect the formation of the intellectual resource of higher education institutions and business environment entities.

On the basis of A. N. Tikhonov's regularization theory, a technique has been developed for solving inverse heat conduction problems of identifying the thermal conductivity tensor in a two-dimensional domain. Such problems are replaced by problems of identifying the principal heat conductivity coefficients and the orientation angle of the principal axes, with the principal coefficients being approximated by Schoenberg’s cubic splines. As a result, the problem is reduced to determining the unknown coefficients in these approximations and the orientation angle of the principal axes. With known boundary and initial conditions, the temperature in the domain will depend only on these coefficients and the orientation angle. If one expresses it by the Taylor formula for two terms of series and substitutes it into the Tikhonov functional, then the determination of the increments of the coefficients and the increment of the orientation angle can be reduced to solving a system of linear equations with respect to these increments. By choosing a certain regularization parameter as well as some functions for the principal thermal conductivity coefficients and the orientation angle as an initial approximation, one can implement an iterative process for determining these coefficients. After obtaining the vectors of the coefficients and the angle of orientation as a result of the converging iterative process, it is possible to determine the root-mean-square discrepancy between the temperature obtained and the temperature measured as a result of the experiment. It remains to choose the regularization parameter in such a way that this discrepancy is within the root-mean-square discrepancy of the measurement error. When checking the efficiency of using the proposed method, a number of two-dimensional test problems for bodies with known thermal conductivity tensors were solved. The influence of random measurement errors on the error in the identification of the thermal conductivity tensor was analyzed.

Sunflower traits were described at the beginning of its discovery in America and its introduction to botanical gardens in Europe. For more than 300 years, a whole system of traits and methods of their coding has been made. In Ukraine, the Institute of Plant Varieties Expertise develops and approves the appropriate methodology for establishing difference, homogeneity and stability (VOS). The international evaluation of sunflower is carried out according to the international classification of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). The purpose of our study was to compare the identification features of sunflower in the methodology approved in Ukraine and in the methodology adopted in Europe, to determine scientifically based and practically expedient gradations in distinguishing features. The sunflower collection of the Laboratory of Genetics and Genetic Resources of the Institute of Oil Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences was used as research material to obtain practical experience and a database of trait differences. The description of the collection was carried out according to the VOS method. Based on the descriptions, a database of features was created. In both techniques, another possible feature of the leaf, "Sheen of the leaf", is not covered at all. It is determined by a small number of hairs on the surface of the leaf (pubescence) and the possible presence of a wax coating. The leaf shine feature is recognized by Cuk N and colleagues as having strong resolution. Other studies deal with glossy brown or glossy dark green colors of the leaf, which from the description have additional types of color in addition to gloss. This sign is quite stable. Therefore, in our opinion, it would be expedient to add "shine of gloss" to the VOS methodology. It is important for the understanding of any description to match the names of organs and traits. Historically, there was a mistake in the name of sunflowers in the USSR. Everyone is used to calling the flowers on the edge of the head reedy. And in the English version, there are two types of flowers: "ray" and "disk". As we can see in the translation from English, nothing indicates the shape of these flowers. In the Ukrainian version, these are "tongue" and "tubular" flowers. Both names refer to the shape of the flowers. All sunflower heads, regardless of location, can be tubular or tabular in shape. We suggest that in the list of traits of the VOS test, you should establish the true name of sunflower heads not by their shape, but by their position on the head: "ray" and "disk". The shape of ray flowers has four gradations in the BOS test and in the UPOV method. At that time, the guide offers six gradations, taking into account the tubular shape of the three species. We believe that the addition of this feature in the VOS with a greater number of gradations is expedient. The sign of the length of the top of the wrapper leaflets in VOS has four gradations, unlike UPOV where there are three of them. It does not significantly change anything in the definition of traits, it creates a difference for data exchange with other countries, therefore, when striving for unification of the description, it is easier to return to the three gradations as in UPOV. In the same way, the sign of plant height needs to change the number of gradations. A significant discrepancy in the number of gradations is observed based on the position of the head. There are nine of them in the VOS methodology, and six in UPOV. This happened due to a mathematically clear representation of the angle of inclination of the head. For the breeder, in most cases, these two additional intermediate types carry the same negative information as the neighboring ones. In addition, no one studied the inheritance of such an "unnecessary" expression of the trait, and accordingly, in European methods, this manifestation was not taken into account (it was practically combined with judicial gradations). However, the presence of nine gradations will better correspond to their practical existence. The characteristic color of the main background of the seed is determined by several genes, but each of them creates a separate type of color and can be combined with others. The number of types of colors should correspond to hair dryers due to a clear manifestation of color. Therefore, the presence of a technique for one dark brown gradation in VOS may have a genetic basis, but the gradations in the numerical expression and description of both methods do not correspond to each other. Thus, purple color is number eight in VOS, and number two in UPOV. Consequently, this feature must be brought into line for the purpose of unification and the number of classes must be considered separately from a genetic point of view. Of all the traits listed above, traits of resistance to orobanche and powdery mildew, each of which is represented by two gradations, cause the greatest misunderstanding in VOS. The biggest mistake is to attribute these traits to identification in general. Their manifestation depends on the growing conditions and the presence of an infectious agent. No field studies can identify a plant for resistance without progeny screening and the use of a special infection background. By the way, in global methods and UPOV, in particular, traits are never classified as identification. In addition, it has long been known that the causative agents of these diseases have many races that evolve, and plants have many genes, each of which is responsible for resistance to only some races. All this does not create any chance for the correct definition and use of this feature for the identification of individual plants. Summarizing the above, it becomes clear that any methods of plant description must continue to change with the accumulation of knowledge about the culture and its genetics. We propose to discuss and make changes in accordance with the conducted studies at the next revision of the General Assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is widely used for quality control of herbal raw materials (HRM). The purpose of this work were to define the problematic issues of quality control of herbal drugs in Ukraine and to develop a systematic scientific and methodological approach for the standardization of HRM and herbal drugs using the modern analytical technique of HPTLC: to optimize the existing and develop new methods of identification and determination of adulterations, and to develop alternative methods of quantitative determination, as well as studying of the stability. As a result of a critical evaluation of existing approaches for the standardization of HRM and herbal drugs of Ukraine’s flora, numerous problematic issues were identified, including the existence of a limited number of national monographs / national parts of monographs on the HRM of the Ukraine’s flora, which were not previously standardized by other pharmacopeias; non-consideration of Ukraine’s flora species (non-pharmacopoeial) in monographs on closely related species that introduced in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine; lack of specificity of combinations of physical and chemical methods used for quality control; lack of specificity and reproducibility, the labor intensity of methods; necessity of usage of toxic solvents and precursors; use of different groups of markers and methods for the HRM and its finished product or HRM and its closely related species, etc. The proposed systematic scientific and methodological approach includes: a preliminary collection of information about the object of study, markers/groups of bioactive substances, approaches to its standardization; theoretical evaluation of existing techniques of quality control in monographs on HRM and experimental approbation using samples of domestic plants, determination of the need for optimization of existed methods by the parallel development of specific, reproducible and documented methods for identification, adulterations’ detection, quantification, and bio-detection (if necessary) by HPTLC method. The approach is illustrated with examples. The proposed approach can be used for comprehensive HPTLC analysis of domestic HRM and herbal drugs for research, prevention of adulteration, standardization of initial HRM and its finished product, pharmaceutical development, and stability studies.

Scientific research is focused on the problems of vehicle identification by tire marks on the soil. It is argued that the car can either be a participant in a traffic accident or be used during theft of property or kidnapping. The constructional features of the wheels and tires of a car, which are important in the formation of tracks, are described. When the wheel comes into contact with the soil, the tread pattern is reflected. The features of the vehicle tire marks recorded by the investigator and the forensic scientist during the scene search have been determined. Photo or video recording of car wheel tracks is possible, as well as preparing the impression from the display of the tread on the soil. The possibilities of transport and traceological examination for studying the traces of car wheels have been established. The procedure for appointing an expert examination by an investigator is described. There is a list of materials that are provided for an expert study, as well as a list of questions that can be posed to an expert. It is argued that a problem in proving the involvement of a vehicle in the commission of a crime is the possibility of the vehicle tires or wheels to be replaced immediately after it has been committed. Recommendations regarding the identification of a vehicle based on tire marks on the soil are suggested. To establish the fact of changing tires on a car after the commission of a crime, the investigator must seize all sets of tires that are found in the suspect’s household or garage. It is possible to confirm the fact of changing tires on a particular car by interrogating employees of service stations located near the suspect’s residence. In addition to tire marks, to identify the vehicle, it is worth using the testimony of witnesses regarding the model and color of the car, traces of glass debris and paint chips at the accident site and damage on the car itself.

The article argues that ethnic identity means one of the forms of self-consciousness of an individual or group of people, which is based on their sense of belonging to a particular ethnic community. The foundation of ethnic identity is a set of anthropological and cultural-symbolic features rooted in historical memory (common origin, language, religion, place of residence, traditions, customs, etc.). Under certain conditions, identification with an ethnic group stimulates the self-organization of the ethnic community on the basis of ethnic interests and needs, as well as provides self-defence in situations of interethnic tension. It determines the tone of interpretation of historical experience and orientational cultural priorities, mostly turned to the past. Ethnic identity is based on the «voice of blood» and is rooted in the peculiarities of the psychological composition, temperament, ethno-demographic potential of people who are its representatives. The existence of an ethnic form of group identity or territorial patriotism has no special political significance until it unites with the idea of a nation. As for the Ukrainian variety of ethnic identity, it was formed in accordance with the principles set out above throughout the history of the Ukrainian people, from the times of Kyivan Rus to the present. Awareness of the unity of the ethnic group, defined as the Ukrainian people, at different times had different degrees of depth and different territorial and tribal content. The author came to the conclusion that after gaining independence there were contradictions and internal weakness of the Ukrainian state, as the peaceful nature of the national revolution was not accompanied by adequate renewal of power structures. Accordingly, all mechanically adopted Western recipes for building market relations, etc., not supported by a reliable regulatory framework and not based on socio-psychological, moral, professional preparedness of society, gave the exact opposite of the desired results.

The article looks into the problematic issue of forming/developing teaching staff’s cyber security skills (a case study of the teachers from the National University of Defence of Ukraine named after Ivan Cherniakhovskyi). The importance of this issue is fueled by the analysis of cyber security of user information on personal computers through the prism of vulnerabilities in the security mechanisms implementation for Microsoft Windows operating system (versions 7, 10), including access procedures. The key steps and specificities of the procedure for granting access (identification, authentication and authorization) in Microsoft Windows operating system are described. A survey among the teachers-respondents was conducted to figure out whether they understand the essence of the procedure for granting access and have some idea about methods of hacking, bypassing and protecting this access. The survey revealed that the teaching staff totally misunderstand the concepts and procedures. The issue of forming/developing teaching staff’s cyber security skills becomes even more relevant amid the implementation of basic cyber security principles in Ukraine, adopted by the Verkhovna Rada in 2017. Accordingly, the authors describe typical modern tools of hacking, bypassing and protecting the procedure for granting access in Microsoft Windows operating systems (versions 7, 10), which will enable everyone to master some practical steps in order to realize the importance and necessity of key tools and techniques of ensuring personal cyber security. In doing so, the authors intended to visualize possible ways of cyber security violation and increase awareness about them with the aim of preventing cyber risks. In addition, the authors seek to inform different categories of people that contemporary information and communications technologies not only expand the capabilities of our global digital society, but also increase exponentially the number of objects vulnerable to cyber threats. In addition, our task was to promote the issues of forming/developing teachers’ skills in supporting their cyber security by training them to implement some cyber security tools and techniques aimed at reducing cyber risks. Our attention is also paid to some ethical aspects in reviewing the outlined outcomes, presented for educational purposes in an effort to raise public awareness of the described vulnerabilities, which pose cyber risks to those involved in information sphere.

The article argues that ethnic identity means one of the forms of self-consciousness of an individual or group of people, which is based on their sense of belonging to a particular ethnic community. The foundation of ethnic identity is a set of anthropological and cultural-symbolic features rooted in historical memory (common origin, language, religion, place of residence, traditions, customs, etc.). Under certain conditions, identification with an ethnic group stimulates the self-organization of the ethnic community on the basis of ethnic interests and needs, as well as provides self-defence in situations of interethnic tension. It determines the tone of interpretation of historical experience and orientational cultural priorities, mostly turned to the past. Ethnic identity is based on the «voice of blood» and is rooted in the peculiarities of the psychological composition, temperament, ethno-demographic potential of people who are its representatives. The existence of an ethnic form of group identity or territorial patriotism has no special political significance until it unites with the idea of a nation. As for the Ukrainian variety of ethnic identity, it was formed in accordance with the principles set out above throughout the history of the Ukrainian people, from the times of Kyivan Rus to the present. Awareness of the unity of the ethnic group, defined as the Ukrainian people, at different times had different degrees of depth and different territorial and tribal content. The author came to the conclusion that after gaining independence there were contradictions and internal weakness of the Ukrainian state, as the peaceful nature of the national revolution was not accompanied by adequate renewal of power structures. Accordingly, all mechanically adopted Western recipes for building market relations, etc., not supported by a reliable regulatory framework and not based on socio-psychological, moral, professional preparedness of society, gave the exact opposite of the desired results.

The formation of public finances in Ukraine is significantly influenced by fiscal risks, which, first of all, are associated with macro-economic shocks, accumulated through the State and guaranteed debt, natural disasters and other circumstances that have a significant negative impact on the stability of indicators of the budget system. The article is aimed at disclosing the essence, systematize methodological principles and practical approaches to managing fiscal risks for assessment, minimization of their impact on budget indicators in modern conditions of economic uncertainty. Comparison and generalization of existing developments of this problematics made it possible to systematize and characterize the following: the main approaches to understanding the economic essence of fiscal risks (functional, institutional, causal, structural, managerial); categorize risks in accordance with the current recommendations of international institutions (IMF, World Bank, OECD); reveal the peculiarities of the main components of the best practices of fiscal risk management in the countries of the world. Attention is focused on expanding the classification of fiscal risks in the national methodological provisions and their taking into account in the tax and customs spheres; directions of integration of the fiscal risk management system into the budget process of local budgets, amalgamated hromadas; development of scientific provisions on the substantiation of the integral indicator of assessing the fiscal risks, characterized by the nonlinear nature of the development of economic processes and the creation of powerful think tanks for qualitative measurement and forecasting of possible threats in the sphere of public finances.

The article examines the urgent anti-crisis management instruments that characterize immediate (urgent) actions aimed at eliminating or reducing the negative impact of crisis phenomena on the enterprise. For the purpose of their identification, carrying out a comparative analysis is recommended, on the basis of the indicators that provide for assessment according to the following criteria: implementation time (time of accomplishing of operations for implementation of the anti-crisis control instrument, time of one operation for implementation of the anti-crisis management instrument, the level of time for operations for implementation of the anti-crisis management instrument); riskiness (coefficient of possible loss of profitability, Altman’s Z-criterion, indicator of financial sustainability of the enterprise); level of competitiveness (product competitiveness index, assessment of the competitiveness of the enterprise in statistics, multi-factory model of competitiveness); profitability of the enterprise (net profit per 1 UAH of costs for implementation of the anti-crisis management instrument, profitability of products, the level of costs for implementation of the anti-crisis management instrument). In the process of identification of the anti-crisis management instruments, the aggregate of the obtained indicators was carried out according to the results of compliance with the established criterion value using Boolean variables. A scale of values is formed; it is determined that the enterprise’s considering the anti-crisis management instrument as the urgent one should take place on the basis of satisfaction of more than 65% of the signs of compliance with the standards for the indicators expressed in the value of the boolean variable. In the process of practical approbation of the recommended method, the urgent instruments for the anti-crisis management of PJSC «Kontsern Khlibprom» are identified.

Purpose. The main purpose of the work is the development of identification models and a new method of modeling electromagnetic processes in electric traction systems with simultaneous consideration of all its subsystems, as well as several feeder zones of the electrified section. Methodology. To achieve this purpose, the methods of mathematical modelling, the basics of the theory of random processes and the methodology of their probabilistic-statistical processing, the methods for solving integral equations and analysis of electric traction circuits in electric traction systems are used. Findings. The requirements to be met by an adequate, stochastic identification model of electric traction devices are established. The solution of Fredholm’s integral correlation equation of the first kind is performed. The analytical expression of the identification dynamic model of the electric locomotive DE–1 is obtained and its adequacy is checked. The methodology of combined modeling of electromagnetic processes in devices and subsystems of electric traction systems is developed and presented tabularly. Originality. For the first time it is proposed to use the pulse transition function as identification models of traction substation and traction network with electric rolling stock in predictive modeling of electromagnetic and electric power processes in electric traction systems. A new method has been developed, a method of complex modeling of electromagnetic and electric power processes in the system of electric traction with simultaneous consideration of all its subsystems, as well as several inter-substation zones of the electrified section. For the first time, a method of partitioning the correlation functions for solving an integral correlation equation has been proposed, which allows defining a pulse transition function as an identification model of any subsystem of an electric traction system. Practical value. The developed identification models and the method of combined modeling make it possible to predict electromagnetic processes simultaneously in all feeder zones of the electrified section of the electric traction system. The obtained identification model of the electric locomotive DE–1 can be adapted with its subsequent use in modeling processes in the traction circuits of electric locomotives of other types. The method of factorization of correlation functions used in solving the Volterra integral correlation equation of the first kind (convolution type) can be adapted to the solution of other integral equations, which describe the processes in electric traction systems.

The conducted study is related to the definition of approaches to assessing the actual costs of digital assets received by an enterprise, controlled by it and accounted for at a particular value. The purpose of the study is to determine the parameters for estimating the value of the received asset from the type of operations (mining, barter). The paper uses the description method, which allows establishing certain features of the accounting reflection of cryptocurrencies in accounting, depending on the type of operations, recognition and the option of estimating the value of such an asset. The main operations using cryptocurrencies are analysed. It is established that when making transactions with virtual currencies, cryptocurrencies, and digital assets, special attention should be paid to measuring the consumer value of certain goods (assets). Various approaches to measuring the consumer value of assets are analysed. The possibilities of applying the main types of value are considered, and it is established that none of them exhaustively reveals the essence of measuring the consumer value of digital assets, virtual currency, or cryptocurrencies. The introduction of a new type of value as an attribute value is proposed and substantiated. The main options for evaluating cryptocurrencies depending on operations with such assets are disclosed and options for using a particular type of value assessment are recommended. The attribute value is calculated depending on certain types of operations. It is established that the proposed attribute value reflects a direct dependence on income and on the sale of an asset, the cost of such an asset received and its recognition for tax purposes. A real example of calculating and applying the attribute value of a Bitcoin Cash coin for reporting when revaluing an asset is given

On the basis of A. N. Tikhonov’s regularization theory, a method is developed for solving inverse heat conduction problems of identifying a smooth outer boundary of a two-dimensional region with a known boundary condition. For this, the smooth boundary to be identified is approximated by Schoenberg’s cubic splines, as a result of which its identification is reduced to determining the unknown approximation coefficients. With known boundary and initial conditions, the body temperature will depend only on these coefficients. With the temperature expressed using the Taylor formula for two series terms and substituted into the Tikhonov functional, the problem of determining the increments of the coefficients can be reduced to solving a system of linear equations with respect to these increments. Having chosen a certain regularization parameter and a certain function describing the shape of the outer boundary as an initial approximation, one can implement an iterative process. In this process, the vector of unknown coefficients for the current iteration will be equal to the sum of the vector of coefficients in the previous iteration and the vector of the increments of these coefficients, obtained as a result of solving a system of linear equations. Having obtained a vector of coefficients as a result of a converging iterative process, it is possible to determine the root-mean-square discrepancy between the temperature obtained and the temperature measured as a result of the experiment. It remains to select the regularization parameter in such a way that this discrepancy is within the measurement error. The method itself and the ways of its implementation are the novelty of the material presented in this paper in comparison with other authors’ approaches to the solution of geometric inverse heat conduction problems. When checking the effectiveness of using the method proposed, a number of two-dimensional test problems for bodies with a known location of the outer boundary were solved. An analysis of the influence of random measurement errors on the error in identifying the outer boundary shape is carried out.

The object of study in the article is the vortex effect of temperature separation in a rotating gas flow, which is realized in small-sized vortex energy separators. The subject matter is the models that describe the physical processes of energy conversion in small-sized vortex energy separators as objects of automatic control. The goal is to obtain models of a vortex energy separator reflecting its static and dynamic properties as an automatic control object. The tasks to be solved are: to develop a three-dimensional computer model of a small-sized vortex energy separator which will allow analyzing the parameters of the gas flow and physical processes of energy conversion directly inside the object and obtaining its static characteristics. A linearization method of static characteristics on the interval of input and output values is proposed which will expand the operating range without loss of linearization accuracy. A method of structural-parametric identification based on experimental logarithmic magnitude-frequency characteristics is proposed which will allow for the same set of experimental points to select the structure of the mathematical model of varying complexity depending on the specified accuracy. As a result of the work, the scheme for modeling the automatic control object was formed, consisting of the drive unit, sensor unit, and vortex energy separator, with the reflection of all the obtained operating modes. The methods used are the method of graphic linearization, Laplace transform, structural-parametric identification. The following results were obtained: a computer and linearized mathematical model of the small-sized vortex energy separator as an automatic control object reflecting its properties in the time and frequency domains was obtained. A comparative analysis of the reactions of the model and the real object to the same input action was carried out. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: 1) multiple graphic linearizations of one static characteristic to use the full range of the operation mode of vortex energy separator, which distinguishes it from the known;2) mathematical model structural-parametric identification for vortex energy separator with the help of known points of the Bode magnitude plots by using the interpolation polynomial and its derivatives graphs.

The article is aimed at developing a scientific-methodical approach to the identification of sources of competitive advantages, taking into account the specifics of enterprises in the retail trade sector. The development and transformation of approaches to identifying sources of competitive advantage within the institutional, market and resource concepts is considered. The main provisions of scientific thought on this problem are defined and the observance of the resource approach is substantiated. A methodical approach to identification of the existing sources of competitive advantages and potential of their development in retail enterprises is proposed. As a basis, the following general scientific principles are allocated: complexity, security, comparability, information sufficiency, orientation towards creating the bigger consumer value. The stages of implementation of evaluation-identification procedures are characterized. The directions of identification of the sources of competitive advantages are determined as follows: provision of labor and commodity resources, capital, level of management, capabilities of staff. The stage of formation of the information base is characterized. The choice of research objects is substantiated, taking into account the dual nature of competitive advantages and the sectoral specifics of trade enterprises. The quantitative and qualitative correspondence of both the potential and the realized advantages within each resource-competent plane of the enterprise’s potential is determined. The conditions for identifying sources of competitive advantages and their corresponding target development benchmarks are defined. The proposed methodical instrumentarium was tested at the trade network enterprises of the city of Kharkiv. The competitive position of enterprises according to available sources, the level of their involvement in the processes of creating competitive advantages are specified; recommendations on the ways of their formation and development are made.

The article substantiates the essence, content and method of developing artistic empathy. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methods of vocal training that are effective in developing the artistic empathy of the future Music teachers. The purpose of the article is realised through the use of methods of theoretical research: analysis, synthesis, generalisation, deduction, induction, extrapolation. The article clarifies the meaning of the concept "empathy" as a psychological process based on penetration into the inner world of a person. Empathy is interpreted as the integration of emotional and cognitive aspects of cognition. The components of empathy in the context of psychological research have been determined. Empathy as a factor in regulating the effectiveness of pedagogical communication has been studied. Empathy acts as a tool for establishing emotional contact. The procedural aspect of empathy in the context of the teacher's activity is considered. The content of artistic empathy is considered as a process of sympathising with artistic phenomena. Artistic empathy is defined as the basis for comprehending an artistic image. In the context of Music teachers’ activities, artistic empathy is defined as a complex personal and professional entity that allows us to identify the emotional state of a person or the emotional portrait of a musical work. The artistic empathy causes a reaction of sympathy, which optimises artistic and pedagogical communication. It is noted that the vocal training of future Music teachers creates a unique platform for the development of artistic empathy. Two vectors of the artistic empathy within the activities of Music Arts teachers have been considered: empathic penetration into the emotional world of a musical work, and empathic penetration into the emotional world of students in the process of artistic and pedagogical communication. A list of effective methods of the vocal training which is aimed at developing art empathy of the future teachers of Musical Arts has been offered: a method of reflexive adjustment, a method of empathic supervision, a method of emotional collections, a method of vocal improvisation.

The problem of image identification is relevant today, as it will be useful for rethinking some of the plot compositions on the church jewelry. The paper provides information on the iconography of such images as: “Ascension”, “Transfiguration”, “New Testament Trinity” and “God of Hosts.” A comparative analysis of the images of European masters was carried out, including the images on the cover of the Gospel Book of the Wroclaw master Tobias Shire, which is exhibited in the Treasury of the National Museum of History of Ukraine. The historiography of the study of the cover of the Gospel Book of the Wroclaw master Tobias Schire was analyzed. The author emphasizes the need for further study of the iconography of images on the cover of the Gospel Book of Wroclaw master Tobias Shire in order to reach a better understanding of its composition and promote spiritual culture. The paper also focuses on the problem of identification of images on church jewelry that came to the territory of modern Ukraine. The need to identify the images on the cover of the Gospel Book of Wroclaw master Tobias Shir was emphasized. The author’s considerations on the identification of images on church jewelry were presented in the paper, as well as some ideas for solving the problems of research of precious church utensils that were brought to the territory of modern Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the main directions of development of commodity science in modern conditions. Currently, the volume of consumer goods on the market has increased significantly. The breadth of the assortment of goods, their colorful design, a variety of forms, the presence of various markings forced trade specialists to study the consumer properties of the goods more carefully. The authors note the fact that with the change in economic and social conditions, some problems become urgent again. This leads to the emergence of new requirements for the quality of goods, their packaging, identification for disclosure or prevention of counterfeiting. In modern conditions, merchandising should be an applied science, not an academic one. The article defines the essence of commodity science as a science, outlines its main goals and objectives at the present stage of development of a market economy. Commodity science is a science that systematically studies different stages of the life cycle of goods, a method for understanding their use value, classification of goods, demand for production, turnover and consumption. Commodity science gives an understanding of all those changes that occur in a product at all stages of its movement, allows you to predict its competitiveness. Commodity science as a science about a commodity pays great attention to the issue of quality. Various goods. having the same purpose, can meet the needs of consumers in different ways. That is why it is important to study the consumer characteristics of goods. To determine the consumer characteristics of goods, you need to use commodity expertise. The main purpose of the examination is to obtain reliable information about the object. The process of identifying goods is important to detect or prevent counterfeiting. Product identification is an important step in assessing quality and determining whether the product meets the standards or requirements specified in regulatory or other documents. Today, the issue of compliance with the requirements of containers and packaging is relevant. The authors note that packaging is necessary not only to give an aesthetic appearance to the product, but also to protect it during transportation and storage. Nowadays, the problem of sorting and recycling plastic containers and packaging is a painful one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tincture is a traditional liquid dosage form for the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. Today, the range of the tinctures of Ukrainian manufacturers has 21 different items, while only six monographs on different tinctures are included in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. For standardization of tinctures, different combinations of specific and non-specific physical and chemical methods are used. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a modern and specific chromatographic method, that can be used for the identification of polyphenolic substances responsible for a wide range of pharmacological activities of the tinctures. The purpose of the study was to identify and compare chromatographic fingerprints (images of chromatograms and peak profiles from images) of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids of 10 tinctures of Ukrainian production in the harmonized mobile phases, to select for each tincture the specific marker zones, to determine the suitability of the specified chromatographic conditions for standardization of the tincture and the possibility to perform in these conditions the quality control for several different tinctures in-parallel. The objects of the investigation were Hawthorn tincture, Peppermint tincture, Sage tincture, Motherwort tincture, Calendula tincture, Sophora tincture, Echinacea purpurea tincture, Valerian tincture, Peony tincture, Eucalyptus tincture. The research was carried out using the HPTLC method in the HPTLC automatic herbal system (CAMAG, Switzerland) on the base of two laboratories. For each investigated tincture, the determination and comparison of HPTLC chromatographic fingerprints (images and peak profiles of images) of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids obtained in different harmonized mobile phases were performed. In the harmonized chromatographic conditions the difference in separation of the bioactive substances was determined; the characteristic marker substances of the tinctures were identified; the suitability of the mobile phase for individual analysis of the tincture or in-parallel analysis of different tinctures on the same plate were determined; the possibility to replace one mobile phase by another, if needed, was determined. Proposed HPTLC methods were developed using modern procedure and approach. These allow to reduce of the scope and time of analysis, optimize the economical and labor costs. The findings are of special importance for the pharmaceutical manufacturers and quality control laboratories that perform analysis on a large scale.