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The Dniester is a transboundary river between Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova. It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the ninth in Europe. From its source to a town of Staryi Sambir, the Dniester flows through the Carpathian Mountains, then across the flat territory of Ukraine and Moldova. The Dniester Basin extends across seven regions in southwestern Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Khmelnytskyi, Vinnytsia, Chernivtsi and Odesa Regions). A small area of the river in its upper reaches is located in Poland. The basin's shape is a very elongated oval that is curved in the middle, about 700 km long with an average width of 120 km. As it flows into the Black Sea, the Dniester River forms the Dniester estuary in Odesa region (between Ovidiopol and Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi districts). The estuary area of the Dniester River is a complex landscape system at the sea-river-land contact. Drinking water is an important factor determining a person's health. Due to the intensive development of industry, agriculture and utility services, the number of pollutants that enter the environment and worsen the quality of drinking water in Ukraine keeps increasing. This increases the risk of toxic and infectious diseases spread among the population that consumes such low-quality water. That is why solving the problem of drinking water monitoring and assessment of its quality is a pressing task requiring urgent action. The article examines the quality of water for drinking needs at the water intake site of the Dniester River, a town of Biliaivka, for 2018-2022. Water quality assessment was carried out according to DSTU 4808: 2007 based on average and worst values. The methodology covers 80 indicators and, in accordance with sanitary legislation, is divided into seven separate groups (blocks). According to hygienic standards, the quality of river water is considered suitable for use if it belongs to quality classes 1-3. In this research, the analysis was carried out according to 23 indicators included in three groups, so the assessment is considered as tentative: Group I - organoleptic indicators (chromaticity, turbidity); Group II - general sanitary indicators (dry residue (mineralization), sulfates, chlorides, magnesium, alkalinity, hydrogen index, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, bichromate oxidation (COD), BSK5); Group VII – toxicological parameters (total iron, manganese, chromium (VI), zinc, petroleum products, synthetic surface active agents (surfactants), volatile phenols). It was determined that, according to the average values, the water quality of the Dniester at the water intake site is characterized as "good", which means it has clean water of acceptable quality. As for the worst indicators, the water was assessed as transitional in quality from "good" (clean) to "satisfactory" (slightly polluted).

Peri-implant bone tissue regeneration involves complex processes that are not yet fully understood at the cellular and molecular levels, leaving significant gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation. Aim. The study aimed to compare peri-implant osteogenesis on titanium femoral implants with alumina composite coatings applied by different methods to conventional titanium implants in an animal model. Materials and methods. Implants underwent sandblasting with silicon carbide, plasma torch treatment, and coating with titanium, corundum, sprayed titanium wire, or hydroxyapatite, resulting in seven different surfaces. 105 female Wistar rats received implants in their right femurs and were divided into 7 groups based on implant type and exposure duration (1, 2, or 4 weeks). Implant fragments were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to quantify chemical elements. Ratios of carbon to nitrogen and calcium to phosphorus were calculated. Data were analyzed using the U-Mann–Whitney test, with р < 0.05 as a significant value. Results. The energy dispersive X-spectrometry results confirmed morphological analysis findings by quantitatively and qualitatively assessing implants surface chemical composition. The key elements were evaluated, relevant for identifying bone tissue components like collagen (C and N) and hydroxyapatite (Ca and P), as well as implant coatings (Ti, Al, Ca, and P). Carbon and phosphorus showed fluctuations over time, with notable differences among groups. Aluminum appeared stable in some groups but varied in others. Calcium levels remained low initially and increased steadily in hydroxyapatite coated implants. Titanium levels were high initially, decreasing slightly over time. Morphological analysis correlated with surface roughness measurements. Notably, fibrin, collagen, and bone tissue presence varied among groups over time, with some groups showing significant mineralized bone tissue accumulation. After four weeks, blood clots persisted in some groups, while others exhibited bone tissue remodeling with the presence of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Alumina-based coatings showed signs of degradation, with alumina cement scales found among macrophages and fibers. Conclusions. Our study found that stable bone implants outperform alumina-composite coatings in long-term osseointegration due to mechanical stability. Although ceramic composites initially enhance osteoinductive properties, better attachment to titanium substrates is needed.

Aim. To determine the peculiarities of enzymatic and glutathione link of antioxidant protection of the liver of rats of different age in case of experimental cranioskeletal injury. Materials and methods. Cranioskeletal trauma (CST) was modelled in rats of three age groups (sexually immature, sexually mature, old) under thiopental sodium anesthesia. Rats were removed from the experiment under anesthesia after 3 and 7 days of the post-traumatic period. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, as well as glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity and the content of reduced glutathione were determined in the liver homogenate extract. Results. It was identified that, regardless of age, under the influence of CST, after 3 and 7 days of the post-traumatic period, in the liver of experimental rats, indicated parameters of enzymatic and glutathione link of antioxidant protection significantly decrease. However, the degree of decrease of the studied indicators is significantly greater in old rats, in particular after 7 days: according to catalase activity – on 30.8 % compared to sexually immature rats and on 27.0 % compared to sexually mature rats; according to glutathione peroxidase activity – on 31.6 % compared to sexually immature rats and on 23.5 % compared to sexually mature rats; according to glutathione reductase activity – on 22.0 % compared to sexually mature rats. The obtained results indicate a systemic pro-oxidant effect of the modelled injury on organs which are distant from the site of direct injury, as well as a decrease in the antioxidant capacity of the liver of rats with increasing age. Conclusions. Under the influence of CST, the activity of the enzyme and glutathione link of antioxidant protection of the liver gradually decreases after 3 and 7 days in experimental rats, regardless of age. Under the conditions of CST modeling, the antioxidant capacity of the liver of old rats is lower than that of sexually mature and immature rats.

The processes of recharging, heating and evaporation of a positively charged microparticle (MP) introduced into the plasma with an injected high-energy electron beam are considered. It is assumed that the MP is charged outside the plasma and then introduced into the plasma by an accelerating field, where plasma and beam electrons hitting the MP heat and evaporate it. In addition to introducing the MP into the plasma, the positive MP charge provides an additional source of energy needed to heat and evaporate it. Using the OML theory, the system of current and energy balance equations was numerically solved and the conditions, under which the MP is heated to the boiling point of its substance, resulting in its intense evaporation, were determined. The influence of the energy of the electron beam on the process of MP recharging, as well as on the rate of its heating and evaporation, has been studied. An estimate of the particle entry velocity into the plasma has been made; the distances at which its recharging, heating to the boiling point and complete evaporation occur are determined. The work is carried out in order to creating plasma of a given elemental composition.

The research took place within the “Pivdennyi” iron ore quarry in the city of Kryvyi Rih with the aim of comprehensive and effective further use of the technogenically transformed areas of the subsoil and the earth's surface of Kryvbas. A brief overview of the achievements of previous researchers is given. Generally accepted research methods are applied. The fixation of bedding elements in relatively undisturbed, small-sized blocks (hereinafter – blocks or surviving block) of quartzites and shales of the saksagan suite and in blocks of demarcation of surviving block – technogenic accumulations was carried out. In relatively undisturbed blocks of quartzite, such elements for banding, schistosity, linearity of mineral aggregates, axes of folded forms, striation, furrows, etc. were measured. Among technogenic accumulations (scree slope, embankments and filled artificial cavities), according to the degree of structuring, unstructured and structured to varying degrees were observed. Layering, mechanical schistosity and linearity are fixed within them. The actual material regarding the placement of structural elements was processed using the StereoNett 2.46 program, and the displacement calculations of the blocks of the studied formations were also made. It was found that the formation of the system of blocks of the “Pivdennyi” quarry took place during their rotation along both the vertical and horizontal axes. The emergence of newly formed planes of technogenic accumulations took place with the inheritance of the structural anisotropy existing in the surviving block with the creation of its own stratification. Therefore, the investigated system “surviving block – technogenic accumulations” developed and formed as a complete object, mutually coordinated, years – decades in surface conditions. The transformation of technogenic accumulations, their “completion”/structuring, as a result of which the integrity of disturbed and missing areas of the geological volume is restored, are constructive phenomena. They are practically a natural laboratory of processes of formation of structural and textural elements in loose accumulations. Their tracking in time would make it possible to actually observe the processes of self-creation/reproduction of modern technogenic-natural objects. The ranking of structural neo formations in technogenic accumulations can be used as one of the criteria for assessment the assimilation potential of these accumulations and their suitability for economic reclaim.

The article explores the peculiarities of ensuring academic integrity and data reliability in preparation for publication in sources indexed in Web of Science. The main stakeholders in the process of ensuring data integrity and reliability are identified. The main technical and ethical issues that arise in the organization of this process are highlighted. The publications in the Academic Review for the period of indexing this source in WoS are analyzed in terms of ensuring data reliability and the relevant policy is reviewed. The main aspects of ensuring academic integrity and data reliability in the format of “science-society” interaction are analyzed and the call of the Alfred Nobel University for the creation of a research quality assurance association in Ukraine, which would combine the efforts of the scientific community and society aimed at ensuring integrity and reliability, is formulated. The article describes in detail the initiative of the Alfred Nobel University to ensure academic integrity and reliability of data in publications indexed in scientific databases and outlines the conditions for participation in it. The ethical and technical problems of using artificial intelligence tools in the preparation of scientific publications are considered. The possibilities of counteracting academic plagiarism using artificial intelligence tools are analyzed. Recommendations are given on the use of artificial intelligence tools to improve the quality of research, especially when analyzing achievements in the chosen field and choosing a methodology. Recommendations for ensuring academic integrity in the use of artificial intelligence tools in the preparation of publications and the development of appropriate journal policies on this issue are formulated. A quantitative comparison of the time parameters of the preparatory cycle of the main publishers of scientific literature is carried out. The author presents the sign “Perspicuitas et Fides” (transparency and reliability – Latin), which will be used by the editorial board to mark publications in which the authors are responsible for ensuring the reliability of the original research data and open access to them. The current structure of scientific publications on the websites of leading scientific publishers is analyzed. The motivation of scientists to ensure open access to data was analyzed. An appeal was made to other colleagues who administer publications indexed in scientometric databases to join the initiatives of the Alfred Nobel University.

Aim. To discuss the functional properties of melatonin which plays a key role in the expression of psychopathological disorders following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The influence of melatonin on neurochemical changes, which may lead to various mental disorders, has been analyzed. Specifically, its impact on asthenia, cognitive impairments, emotional instability, and insomnia, which are among the main symptoms accompanying TBI in the chronic phase, has been examined. The importance of studies on melatonin as a neurotransmitter and its role in the circadian rhythm regulation, which is often impaired as a consequence of TBI, has been emphasized. The mechanisms underlying these disorders may be related to dysfunction of the hypothalamus and interhemispheric interactions. Melatonin may influence the recovery processes after TBI, reducing inflammation and providing optimal conditions for tissue regeneration. It opens up new possibilities for the development of therapy aimed at reducing the impact of trauma consequences on patients. Earlier studies have also indicated the option of using melatonin as an antioxidant, which can protect brain tissue from further damage caused by recovery processes after injury. Studies on pharmacological modulation of the melatonin system could be useful for developing new methods for treatment and prevention of mental disorders associated with TBI. Examining the action of melatonin receptor antagonists and agonists can help to choose optimal treatment strategies aimed at correcting disorders arising as a result of trauma. It holds promise for faster and more complete recovery of mental health in TBI patients. Conclusions. Considering the significance of melatonin in regulation of physiological processes, further studies may enrich understanding of its role, ensuring the development of more effective treatment methods. Given the safe profile of melatonin and its availability as a supplement, supportive studies in this direction have the potential to positively impact clinical practice.

Purpose. The paper aims to investigate the increase of fuel efficiency of a mainline freight locomotive in the case of separate loading of diesel generators of its individual sections. Methodology. The study was carried out for the non-electrified section between Kharkiv-Sorting and Sumy stations during the movement of a freight train with 45 loaded and empty freight cars in both directions. The movement of a train with a freight mainline two-section diesel locomotive 2TE116 was taken. To determine the parameters of the movement, a mathematical model was developed, which was used to solve a series of traction problems. The traction problems are calculated for the cases of train movement with a series diesel locomotive and a diesel locomotive with separate loading of diesel generators of its individual sections. A method of loading sections is proposed for modeling and the traction characteristics of the locomotive are constructed in accordance with this method. Findings. It has been established that the use of separate loading of diesel generators of individual sections of a diesel locomotive when running a train with loaded cars reduces fuel consumption by 18.7...19.6 % compared to running a serial diesel locomotive. For the case of a train with empty cars, the reduction in fuel consumption is 8.1...10.3 % compared to a train with a serial diesel locomotive. It has been found that the movement of a train with empty cars can be carried out with traction by one section of a diesel locomotive. In this case, the reduction in fuel consumption is 29.5...31.0 %. In all the studied cases, the duration of the movement is practically the same. Originality. The authors of this paper have solved traction problems for a real track section when a train with a freight diesel locomotive is moving, where separate loading of diesel generators of its sections is used. A method for forming the traction characteristics of a locomotive with separate loading of diesel generators is proposed. Practical value. The developed mathematical models of train movement, including for the case of separate loading of diesel generators of diesel locomotive sections, can be used in the modernization of diesel locomotives or the creation of diesel rolling stock using a multi-diesel power plant.

Purpose. The main purpose of this article is to compare the main technical and economic indicators of two proposed structural variants of steel coverings for a class B+ warehouse building in the city of Dnipro. The relevance of the work is related to the constant increase in the volume and pace of freight transportation both globally and in Ukraine, especially in recent years. This requires the creation of new and expansion of existing warehouses of various types. In turn, this leads to the need to create such load-bearing structures for storage areas that would be able to cover significant spans and at the same time ensure minimal costs for their construction and operation. Methodology. To achieve this goal, we analyzed modern classifications of warehouse buildings according to national standards and international approaches, determined the class of the building in question according to these two methods, and developed two structural options for steel roofing - based on a load-bearing beam in the form of a truss truss and based on a beam-frame scheme. Finite element models for both proposed structural options were built using the domestic design complex Lira-CAD. Based on the analysis of their stress-strain state, rational cross-sections were selected for each design option, and the total weight and cost were calculated. Findings. A comparative analysis of the two developed structural solutions for the steel roof of a warehouse building revealed that the variant with the use of a beam-frame system has about 10% less weight and cost. Also, its manufacturability is higher than that of the truss system. Originality. As a result of the numerical analysis, a more rational and efficient design solution for the steel roof of a warehouse building in the city of Dnipro was theoretically substantiated. Practical value. A constructive variant of the steel coating has been developed and proposed for practical implementation, which, in terms of its technical and economic indicators, is the most effective for the conditions of a modern industrial enterprise. Also, the developed constructive variant of the warehouse building is classified in accordance with domestic and international modern approaches.

The article examines the process of reforming the law enforcement system in Ukraine, in particular the creation of the National Police in 2015, and its impact on the rank system of police officers. Special attention is paid to the main changes that occurred as a result of this reform. In particular, such positive aspects as bringing police standards closer to the European level, as well as creating a new police uniform and changing the rank system are highlighted. It is important to note that the reform is aimed at improving the efficiency of law enforcement agencies and their interaction with the public. The article also highlights the problem of the lack of additional ranks and limited career opportunities for junior police officers, which can lead to professional burnout and reduced staff motivation. An analysis of the positive experience of using the extended rank of junior and sergeant ranks in countries such as Canada, Germany, Greece, Spain, as well as the states of Virginia and Delaware in the USA is conducted. The proposed ways of solving the shortcomings in the rank system are aimed at improving the working conditions and motivation of the police personnel. In addition, it is proposed to introduce new ranks for junior and non-commissioned officers of the police in order to stimulate further self-development of professional skills and career growth prospects. In addition, each new rank will have separate duties and functions that will facilitate mutual assistance and cooperation with other police officers. It is also important to emphasise the need to update the design for cadets of higher education institutions with specific learning conditions and lyceums.

The article is devoted to consideration of modern problems of determining the admissibility of digital (electronic) evidence in criminal proceedings. Given the importance of the outlined issues, the main purpose of the study is to characterize each component of the admissibility of such evidence, namely: the proper source of receipt, the proper subject, and the proper method of collection. It is emphasized that the biggest doctrinal problem that creates an obstacle in the definition of such criteria is the lack of a unified scientific vision regarding the concept of digital (electronic) evidence and the definition of its source. The existence of three scientific approaches to the solution of this problem was established, taking into account the author's position on possible ways of its elimination. Some practical aspects related to the problems of compliance with the criteria of admissibility of digital (electronic) evidence during the investigation of criminal offenses are disclosed. On the basis of a systematic analysis of scientific work and judicial practice, it was determined that the difficulty of solving problematic aspects of the admissibility of digital (electronic) evidence is related to their complex technical nature. This is due to the fact that digital (electronic) evidence contains abstract technical and mathematical models, characterized by specific conditions of origin, existence, copying and storage, which significantly differ from other types of evidentiary information. It has been proven that when determining digital (electronic) evidence, such a mandatory feature as relevance to a certain criminal proceeding should be displayed. This is explained by the fact that in a criminal trial, digital (electronic) evidence can only be the information that is of direct importance for a certain criminal proceeding. Another mandatory component of the definition of “digital (electronic) evidence” should be an indication of its specific nature. At the same time, it is inappropriate to recognize the approach when the definitions simultaneously indicate the electronic nature of such information and its concentration on a certain electronic medium. Information that is on a certain electronic medium is electronic and not any other. Otherwise, it leads to duplication and is a logical fallacy. It is suggested that the source of digital (electronic) evidence be considered a digital (electronic) object by means of which this evidentiary information was created, recorded or transmitted. The lack of official definition of digital (electronic) evidence and their sources, in contrast to civil and administrative procedural legislation, is among the shortcomings of the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine. However, the definitions proposed by the legislator contain shortcomings, in particular, the fixed definitions of digital (electronic) evidence contain an unjustified opposition of related concepts, such as “information”, “data” and “facts”.

The creation of natural lawns is a means of optimizing costs for maintaining green infrastructure in the city by including natural biodiversity in lawns, which will increase the stability of plant communities in lawns and the quality of ecosystem services. Purpose. Determine the predominant species of plant groups of natural phytocenoses, which are further appropriate for planting in semi-natural lawns to ensure the stability of territories.. Methods. The Ramensky method was employed to determine the quantitative composition of natural lawns in the study areas, while the Raunkiær classification was utilized to identify persistent and perennial plant species. Results. The geobotanical investigation enabled the identification of dominant species in the study areas, providing insights into the phytocoenological composition of natural lawns for the city of Kyiv. This served as the foundation for developing recommendations for a plant catalogue tailored to the creation of such lawns in Kyiv. The grass stand at Lysa Hora exhibited the highest stability, with a significant presence of native species. Adventitious species were less dominant in this area, likely due to their conditional pathogenicity. Conversely, Trukhaniv Island displayed dominance by typical species, albeit with the occasional presence of azonal species. Mount Shchekavytsia showed competition between azonal and typical species. Surveys of recreational areas, including Lysa Hora, Mount Shchekavytsia, and Trukhaniv Island, underscored the presence of native, azonal, and adventive species. The study identified common native hemicryptophytes, including filamentous fescue, grey fescue, and creeping wheatgrass. A developed plant catalogue is poised to enhance ecosystem regulation services, such as microclimate regulation, water and wind erosion control, biodiversity maintenance, and social services through increased territorial attractiveness. Conclusions. When creating a natural lawn, the best species are considered to be indigenous, which allows for the sustainability of plant communities. The study identified the following native species that will successfully complement lawn coverings in the city: gray and filamentous fescue, ground fescue, creeping thyme, green strawberry, field carnation, and oak sage. The recommendations can be applied in other cities of Ukraine with similar physical and geographical conditions.

Spectral features of the original and irradiated with electrons with E = 2 MeV GaP light emitting diodes (LEDs) were studied. Recombination lines of the exciton bound on the N isoelectronic center and on the pair complexes NN1 were detected. The change in the spectral composition of radiation when passing through a section of negative differential resistance is analyzed. Dose dependences of luminescence intensity were obtained for green GaP(N) and red GaP(Zn-O) LEDs. The maximum critical radiation dose was established, after which the LEDs lost their characteristic exciton emission mechanism. The results of the annealing of irradiated LEDs are given.

The limits of the average value of the average annual external radiation dose rate of fishes from four lakes (with different degrees of radionuclide pollution of ichthyofauna representatives) of the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone as of 2021 are given, namely: Azbuchyn Lake (4 - 33 μGy/h), Vershyna Lake (3 - 26 μGy/h), Glyboke Lake (2 - 15 μGy/h) and Plyutovyshche Lake (0.02 - 0.16 μGy/h). Bottom-dwelling fish species such as tench and Prussian carp receive the highest external radiation dose, and rudd and surface fish species receive the lowest. It has been proven that the radionuclide 137Cs forms from 62.8 to 98.7 % of the absorbed dose of external irradiation of fishes from the studied water bodies. It is clearly shown that the current levels of the average annual absorbed external dose rate for many of the studied fishes of the lakes exceed the screening dose of 2 μGy/h and in 6 cases out of 22 exceed the safe level of 10 μGy/h recommended by the European Commission project “PROTECT”.

Subject and Purpose. The paper is aimed at suggesting ways for implementing electromagnetic devices that would involve a nonlinear dielectric inside the structure for concentrating electromagnetic field within it at relatively low intensities of the excitation field. A representative example is offered by a Fabry-Pérot resonator with semi-transparent mirrors and a nonlinear dielectric inside. Methods and Methodology. The paper presents a fundamentally new approach to controlling the frequency response of a metasurface, and a method for protecting electronic modules from high excitation powers. The method is based on the use of nonlinear properties of a Fabry-Pérot "resonator-capacitor" containing a nonlinear dielectric in its volume. Thus, we propose a method for creating spatial filters and antenna protecting fairings capable of active reconfiguration. Results. Analysis of the results has shown that by changing the voltage across the resonator-capacitor plates it is possible to control the degree of electromagnetic field localization in the resonator volume. The frequency response of the metasurface based on the Fabry-Pérot resonator with a nonlinear dielectric inside can be reconfigured by changing the voltage applied to the resonator mirrors. The advantages provided by electrical control of the frequency-selective characteristics include an increased efficiency and possibility of integrating digitally controllable systems into antennas. Conclusions. The use of a Fabry-Pérot "resonator-capacitor"model, with a nonlinear dielectric inside, in the capacity of a reconfigurable metasurface, else as a power limiter in a variety of devices, has sufficient prospects for application in microwave transmitting systems. A special area of application for the reconfigurable Fabry-Pérot resonators is creation of broadband receive antenna systems for direction- finding. In essence, the proposed Fabry-Pérot resonator is a reflective antenna array with an ability to exhibit, conceal or alter its electrodynamic properties according to a certain algorithm. This opens up prospects for its application in "friend-or-foe" recognition systems, reflective beacons, navigation systems, etc.

Subject and Purpose. Сonsidered are the natural modes and their correspondent eigenfrequencies of a composite structure which is nonuniform along one of the coordinates and consists of a lossy ferromagnetic layer placed in a static magnetic field. The layer involves a perfectly conducting strip grating at one of its boundaries and a graphene monolayer at the other. Methods and Methodology. The above stated problem can be approached within the analytical regularization procedure developed for dual series equations. The latter concern a broad class of diffraction problems which include, in particular, the diffraction of monochromatic plane waves on strip gratings placed at the boundary of a gyromagnetic medium. The amplitudes of the electromagnetic eigenmodes can be obtained from the infinite set of homogeneous linear algebraic equations solvable within a truncation technique. The roots of the system’s determinant represent complex-valued eigenfrequencies of the system under investigation. The material parameters adopted in our computations for the ferromagnetic layer correspond to such of yttrium iron garnet. Results. A number of numerical programs have been developed which permit analyzing the dependences of wave field eigenfunctions and complex eigenfrequencies upon geometrical parameters of the structure (such as grating slot width and period, and thickness of the lossy layer), as well as on electrodynamic parameters of the ferromagnet and graphene characteristics, specifically the chemical potential and relaxation energy of electrons. A number of behavioral regularities have been established, as well as the effect of non-uniformity of ferrite layer parameters upon the structure’s eigenfrequencies and wave field eigenfunctions. Conclusions. The structure under study has been shown to be is an open oscillatory system with a set of complex-valued natural frequencies demonstrating finite points of accumulation. The real parts of these eigenfrequencies lie in a certain interval determined by characteristic frequencies of the ferrite layer, while the imaginary parts are negative, such that the correspondent natural modes show an exponential decay with time. The grating edges represent the mirrors which the natural surface oscillations are reflected from, being supported at that by the ferromagnetic medium. The results obtained in this paper can be useful for creating the elemental base for microwave devices and the devices themselves.

Myrtus communis L. is a promising medicinal plant that has garnered the attention of scientists to introduce it into industrial cultivation as a raw material source for obtaining new phytopreparations. In its chemical composition, Myrtus communis L. contains many biologically active substances, which confer upon it a range of medicinal properties including astringent, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antimutagenic, gastro- and hepatoprotective properties. Published information primarily focuses on the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of common myrtle, with limited data available on its micromorphology. The aim of the work is to study the morphological and anatomical structure and to determine the general diagnostic microscopic features of common myrtle leaves. Materials and methods. The object of the research was fresh and dried plant material of common myrtle grown under room conditions. Transverse sections were fixed with Carnois fixative, dehydrated, and paraffinized. The sections were then cut using a Microm HM 325 microtome, followed by deparaffinization. Microscopic analysis of the leaf was performed using temporary preparations on a Carl Zeiss microscope, including the “AxioStar Plus” and “Primo Star”, equipped with a photo attachment for direct and reflected light microscopy. Results. The external features of common myrtle leaves include their shape, color, size, smell, and type of veining. Anatomically, the leaves exhibit a cuticle, dorsiventral mesophyll, and anomocytic stomata located on the abaxial surface. Additionally, they contain calcium oxalate crystals and druses, as well as simple hairs on the midvein and schizolisogenic secretory receptacles. Histochemical studies of these cavities indicate the presence of lipophilic substances. Conclusions. The morphological and anatomical analysis of Myrtus communis L., a representative of the myrtle genus, allowed for the identification of key diagnostic microscopic features of myrtle leaves. Further research prospects involve conducting a comprehensive set of phytochemical studies to establish standardization parameters for medicinal plant raw materials.

The study aims to explore the specific features of the modern reception of J.-J. Rousseau’s “Confessions”. The theoretical framework of the research is grounded on the ideas advanced by T. Avtuxovych, M.Czermińska, M.Głowiński, W.Iser, R. Jakobson, H.R.Jauss, P.Lejeune, Yu. Lotman, V.Tjupa, Zh. Starobinskiy and other scholars. The researchers describe the semiotic model of literary communication and the theory of the text by Yuri Lotman. The research was conducted using historic-functional, hermeneutic, receptive, and theoretical analysis methods. An attempt is made in this paper to show how the process of “decoding” the meanings intended by the author in the text takes place. In particular, the authors study how Rousseau’s “Confessions” functions in the structure of modern literary communication. The specific objectives of the present study are the meanings of “Confessions” are read by the contemporary recipient and which ones are relegated to the background compared to the literary communication of the eighteenth century. The common discourse code of the author and the reader is the key to successful communication and understanding of the specifics of the project of Rousseau’s life writing. At the same time, the success and specificity of artistic communication are influenced by the difference in discourse code meanings related to the time distance between the author and the recipient and the layering of new historical and cultural patterns in the reader’s consciousness. At the thematic level, three main themes are considered, including: a) the social origin of the autobiographical subject, b) his conflict with society, and c) the protagonist’s intimate self-disclosure. Thus, the article provides a detailed examination of the motif of the social origin of the autobiographical character. On the topic of the social origin of the character, instead of the plebeian’s right to public attention for the contemporary reader, the value of education and knowledge, freedom of speech and individual liberty are being actualised. Of particular note is the theme of the conflict between a character and society, the idea of the human right to otherness, the right to personal liberty and the right to choose the concept of one’s own life comes to the forefront. Thus, a literary text realises the social function of literature. The reading of the character’s self-disclosure by an attentive reader (from Rousseau’s contemporary to modern readers) has a twofold purpose: first, to encourage everyone to live the experience of the character and thus to think about themselves, and second, to reflect on society as a whole. It testifies to the fact that in the aspect of self-disclosure of the meaning of “Confessions”, the transformation of confession as an external form of a religious rite of repentance addressed to God into the narrative genre of confessional autobiography addressed to a human reader of the story is actualized. The study demonstrated a need for continuation of the study in the aspect of reader reception to contribute to the perception of its place in the contemporary literary and cultural space.

The article examines modern methods of increasing the efficiency of companies’ business processes in the context of digital transformation. The relevance of the topic is due to the need for enterprises to adapt to rapid market changes and technological progress. The aim of the work is to study and analyze modern methods of increasing the efficiency of business processes of companies in the era of digital transformation. To achieve this goal, in the course of the study, the authors defined the essence of the concepts of «business process» and «digital transformation», as well as established the relationship between the optimization of business processes and their digital transformation. Thus, it is determined that the manifestation of digitalization of operational activities and, in particular, business processes can be expressed through the use of the following tools: ERP systems, CRM systems, BPM systems, RPA, Internet of Things, Big Data, cloud technologies. The publication allocates the main methods of increasing the efficiency of business processes, such as: outsourcing, benchmarking, engineering, reengineering, merchandising, information and digital technologies, strategic planning, process-oriented management, etc. The experience of such successful companies as Amazon, Walmart, Starbucks, UPS, Microsoft, Procter & Gamble, which have implemented digital tools to increase productivity and reduce operating costs, is analyzed. These companies have been found to have achieved significant results through innovations in the digital sphere. Based on the research, the authors have developed recommendations for the use of digital tools in business practice. The following is proposed as worth to be applied: intelligent learning systems, gamification of business processes, virtual and augmented reality for training and marketing, blockchain technology to ensure transparency of supply chains, interactive reports and dashboards for real-time data analysis, as well as crowdsourcing innovations and microlearning to improve the skills of employees. Thus, the study highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to digital transformation to ensure the competitiveness and sustainability of companies in today’s environment.

The research paper presents a comprehensive study and development of a web-based content sharing system, the main purpose of which is to stimulate and distribute photo and media content, textual information about video game characters in the Ukrainian segment of the Internet through a convenient and efficient platform for users. This study formulated the requirements for the content sharing system and the stages of its development. Based on the requirements for the implementation of the system, a web-based content exchange system was developed, consisting of a client application (frontend) and a web server (backend) using third-party SaaS solutions to store media content and user information for the content exchange system. The system is designed to provide users with a convenient and efficient tool for sharing information about video games. The development process consists of the following stages: researching the context of formulating functional and non-functional requirements, selecting technologies to implement the system in accordance with the requirements for the frontend and backend. Also, unit and end-to-end tests are written for the developed applications to ensure that the system has the expected behavior. Completion of all stages and implementation of front-end and back-end applications in accordance with the requirements is the result of this work, namely a web-based content exchange system that meets all the requirements and provides an effective exchange of information about video games in the Ukrainian Internet segment.

In the conditions of technological progress and rapid development of information technologies, it is very challenging to prepare specialists in the field of information and communication technologies who would fully possess the knowledge and skills to work with the diverse range of instrumental and software tools and equipment used in the field. This is due to the continuous improvement and updating of programming languages, frameworks, software environments, shells, and hardware. One of the ways to address this issue is through computer-based educational programs, allowing the individualization of the learning process while preserving it’s quality. Currently, there is a large number of computer-based educational programs used in the study of various disciplines. This paper presents the design of a computer-based educational program on the subject "Fundamentals of Computer Modeling," which enables the modeling of random patterns of various natures, ranging from random events to random streams. The educational program consists of three modules, which include a theoretical part on methods of modeling random patterns, testing after each topic, and a calculator for all modeling methods. In each modeling method, you can input any initial data, such as the number of trials, probabilities of events, functions, and parameters of distribution laws. The results of modeling random patterns can be saved as a file. The program interface is available in three languages: Russian, English, and Kazakh. The currently developing educational program aims to improve the learning process in the "Fundamentals of Computer Modeling" discipline and allows learners to study it independently without any interventions from a professor.

The global trend of innovative development of society positions virtual reality (VR) technologies as an integral tool in the management process. The study aims to analyse the potential of using immersive technologies in the system of forest fire prevention and management. The research was conducted using special scientific methods – experimentation and statistical methods descriptive and inferential statistics. The study determined that immersive technologies are now rapidly developing from the position of innovation to a practical range of tools. The study established that their implementation in the paradigm of environmental management policy is positioned as a prospective necessity and a factor in intensifying the quality of preventive environmental protection. The essence of the phenomenon of immersive technologies is specified, and their components, in particular, objective, virtual and augmented reality, are described. The potential of immersive technologies in the concept of expanding the toolkit of a modern industry specialist is investigated. The study proved that the use of VR applications has a significant potential for a positive impact on reducing the number of forest fires and improving the state of forest ecosystems. The specifics of the use of immersive technologies in the concept of forest fire prevention and management were analysed in the study. An example of the use of virtual reality technologies in the process of modelling the situation of fire prevention in a certain forest area using a VR application in the educational environment is presented. In the process of studying the features of virtual reality technologies in environmental modelling, the advantages and risks of their integration are highlighted. The results of the study can be effectively used in the practical process of implementing the concept of ensuring a sustainable environment in terms of forest fire prevention

Aim. The study aims to examine the quality-of-life dynamics in patients after single-step dental implantation depending on the technique of its implementation. Materials and methods. The study included 51 patients who underwent single-step dental implantation. Depending on the dental implantation technique, the patients were divided into two groups: the study group consisted of 25 patients who underwent implant placement in the preliminary prepared bed with a post-extraction socket grafting using Sensobone xenograft, followed by a formation of soft-tissue cuff reinforced with a bone grafting material (Sensobone xenograft and free connective tissue autograft were placed on the soft tissue area) with subsequent fixation of a temporary crown. The comparison group included 26 patients who underwent implant placement in the preliminary prepared bed with a post-extraction socket grafting using Sensobone xenograft, followed by the Sensobone xenograft placement on the soft tissue area and a temporary crown fixation. To assess the quality of life (QOL), the patients were asked to fill out the OHIP-14 questionnaire before the implantation, three months and one year after the implantation. The study results were processed using the statistical licensed software package Statistica, version 13 (Copyright 1984-2018 TIBCO Software Inc. All rights reserved. License No. JPZ804I382130ARCN10-J). Results. Problems with one or two teeth in patients requiring dental implantation led to limited QOL difficulties, reflected in the overall increase in the OHIP-14 total score. Patients in both groups had unsatisfactory QOL before implantation that was associated with a significant increase in almost all OHIP-14 items, which was significantly depended on the number of implants placed in a patient. In both groups, poor QOL was mainly due to psychosocial aspects, a physical factor, and a lower life satisfaction caused by dental problems. It has been found that a significant increase in the QOL level to a satisfactory state was seen as early as 3 months after the implantation in both groups. However, QOL was better in the study group than in the comparison group, as was evidenced by a 12 % significantly lower OHIP-14 total score. One year after implantation, the study group patients reported the OHIP-14 total score of 8.5 ± 0.8 indicating good QOL. In the comparison group, this index was 14.2 ± 0.8 showing satisfactory QOL. Normalization of QOL in the study group patients was due to the restoration of physical condition, pain relief, normalization of psychosocial state, and increased feeling of satisfaction with their life. Some patients in the comparison group reported continuing problems with physical and psychosocial disorders. Conclusions. Single-step dental implantation is a significant factor influencing the improvement of QOL in patients. QOL is an important measure of the single-step dental implantation effectiveness. The use of a soft tissue cuff reinforced with bone grafting material allows achieving good QOL compared to the use of a bone grafting material matrix alone (due to a higher aesthetic result), since QOL remains satisfactory after the same time.

The purpose of analyzing the transformation of business processes of international companies is to summarize and systematize available research, identify general trends and patterns, evaluate the efficiency of various approaches to business process transformation and develop practical recommendations for management. Assessing the impact of business process transformation on the company’s positioning in the market compared to competitors helps to understand how successfully the company adapts to changes. The purpose of analyzing the transformation of business processes of international companies is to assess their impact on various aspects of the company’s activities in order to increase its competitiveness and sustainable development. Analysis of the transformation of business processes of international companies is relevant in the context of constant changes in the global business environment. The purpose of the analysis is to assess the efficiency, risks and opportunities associated with transformation processes in international companies. The study covers various aspects, including the impact of transformation on productivity, competitiveness, risk tolerance and customer satisfaction. The transformation of business processes helps to increase the efficiency of operations and reduce costs in international companies. The introduction of new methods and technologies allows companies to maintain their competitive advantage in the international market. A clear analysis helps identify and minimize transformation-related risks, such as technological failures or managerial deficiencies. The process optimization helps to increase customer satisfaction and increase customer loyalty. Changes in the business environment require constant updating of business processes to remain competitive. Analyzing the transformation of business processes of international companies is a pivotal stage in achieving success in the face of constant changes and the need to adapt to new market challenges.

The development of competition in the heat energy markets with main heating networks is possible on the basis of the organization of unilateral heat auctions between heat producers. A prerequisite for opening competition in the heat energy markets is the separation of heat generation and heat networks, as well as the provision of regulated access to heat networks for independent producers. In terms of time segmentation, it is advisable to introduce: annual auctions, where basic heat needs are being contracted; monthly auctions – for peak needs, and daily auctions – for hourly imbalances. The article proposes organizational and technological regulations for conducting annual heat auctions, which should cover 80–90% of heat needs. Heat auctions should function according to the declared pricing method, where the producers who are the auction winners receive income for the contracted volumes of heat generation at a given price, while consumers pay a single weighted average price. Heat auctions operate under centralized dispatching, which provides for the coordination of physical and commercial heat energy flows, taking into account the technical specifics of heat networks. The article substantiates variants of economic and mathematical models of auction pricing in the heat energy market with different configurations of heat networks. As such a configuration, are considered heating networks with: 1) unlimited flow connections; 2) insulated heat producers; 3) system restrictions on throughput capacities within the heating area; 4) one-way and 5) two-way flows between adjacent heating areas. Establishment of a fair price for heat energy is reduced to solving the function of minimizing the weighted average price of heat energy for consumers under the following conditions: a) full satisfaction of consumer demand for thermal energy; b) technical capabilities of heat generation; c) connections and throughput capacities of heating networks within the heating area; d) directions of flows and capacity between adjacent heating areas. Each heat network represents a unique configuration of these conditions, therefore, the solution of the economic and mathematical problem of setting the auction price for heat energy will be different in each local heat market. Approbation of the proposed approach proves that with a large number of regulatory and systemic restrictions within the heating area, the price of thermal energy will increase, while bilateral flows of thermal energy between adjacent heating areas lead to a decrease in the price of thermal energy. The proposed methodological aspects of auction pricing for thermal energy should be introduced in large and medium-sized settlements with trunk networks, which will allow independent heat producers who work on renewable energy sources or have excess and waste heat to integrate into the market, contributing to the decarbonization of the city and the country as a whole.

It has been studied whether seeds of the grape varieties Lydia, Isabella, Moldova, Baco, Odesa Black, Cabernet, and the blends N 1 – Muscat Blanc + Noah (50:50), N 2 – Riesling + Chardonnay (50:50), and N 3 – Chardonnay + Sukholimansky (50:50) are promising raw materials for fat-and-oil products and cosmetics. The study provides a scientific basis for a technology for manufacturing oils from several grape seed varieties. For seeds from different grape cultivars, appropriate process conditions have been selected to obtain extra virgin oil by cold pressing. The most practical conditions for wet-heat treatment of crushed seeds of the cultivars Cabernet, Moldova, Baco, Odesa Black, and blend N 3 (Chardonnay + Sukholimansky, 50:50) are a temperature of 40 °C and a duration of 10 min. In contrast, seeds of Lydia, Isabella, and blends No. 1 (Muscat Blanc + Noah, 50:50) and N 2 (Riesling + Chardonnay, 50:50) should be treated at the same temperature for 20 min. While extracting oil by pressing, it is recommended to avoid heating the treated crushed seeds (extraction mash) to over 30 °C for more than 5 min. The research results have shown that in the seeds of Lydia, Isabella, Moldova, Baco, Odesa Black, and Cabernet grapes, and those of blends N 1 (Muscat Blanc + Noah, 50:50), N 2 (Riesling + Chardonnay, 50:50), and N 3 (Chardonnay + Sukholimansky, 50:50), the oil content is 14–20 %.

The aim. To determine the role and place of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and obesity by studying the levels of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in blood and urine. To evaluate the efficacy and benefits of the prescribed therapy, which included the additional inclusion of a peptide compound analogous to leu-enkephalin tyrosine-2-alanine-glycine-phenylalanine-leucyl-arginine diacetate (Dalargin). Materials and methods. Clinical manifestations were assessed using the GERD-HRQL questionnaire, levels of stable nitric oxide metabolites NO2 and total metabolites NO2 + NO3 were determined by spectrophotometric method, leptin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, pH-metry and motor function was studied by ultrasound. 130 patients were examined, including 70 patients with GERD with comorbid obesity of the first degree, 40 patients with GERD without concomitant pathology and 20 healthy individuals. The study was divided into 3 groups. Results. It was determined that the levels of stable metabolites NO2, NO2 + NO3 in blood and urine in the group of GERD with obesity are significantly lower than in the group of isolated GERD (p

Introduction. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) have an increased risk of cancer of different localizations. Identification and correction of diabetes-associated factors of oncogenesis can be important in cancer prevention. The aim of the study. To investigate the influence of diabetes-associated factors of oncogenesis on the formation of the risk of breast cancer (BC) and endometrial cancer (EC), as well as on the survival of women with the indicated localization of cancer, and to develop a method of calculating the predicted risk of BC and EC in women with T2D. Materials and methods. The study includes the results of a retrospective epidemiological analysis of cancer cases in patients, residents of Ivano-Frankivsk region with T2D during 2012-2016, with an analysis of 5-year survival of patients. Statistical processing of the results was conducted using STATISTIKA-12 (StatSoft Inc., USA). The impact of the pathogenetic factors of T2D on the development of BC and EC was evaluated through multifactorial analysis and ROC-analysis in the Medcalc v.19.1.6 program. The coefficient of predicted cancer risk was determined using mathematical modelling and a logistic regression equation. Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival analysis and Cox-Mantel Test were used to assess patient survival. Results. BC and EC were most often diagnosed in women of postmenopausal age, with obesity, with a duration of T2D > 5 years, on combined antidiabetic therapy. Among women with BC, who take secretagogues 67% had obesity and 24% were overweight, with EC – 54% and 27% respectively. A new method to calculate the predicted risk of BC and EC (Y) in women with T2D has been introduced. The accuracy of the mathematical model for calculating the Y index is 76.24%. It was proved that coefficient Y increases in women with obesity (p 5 years (p 8.0% (p 5 years, and use of secretagogues in obesity increase the risk of breast and endometrial cancer in women with T2D. The use of antidiabetic drugs that contribute to iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia may negatively affect survival in obese women with breast and endometrial cancer, both by increasing the risk of cardiovascular events and by hyperactivating insulin signaling. Decompensation of diabetes reduces the 5-year survival of patients with breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Detection of a predicted high-grade cancer risk (p = 0.7-1.0) may be an indication for correction of factors of oncogenesis and cancer screening in women with T2D.

Nowadays effective treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains a difficult and still unsolved problem. The use of various antisecretory drugs in combination with surgical treatment does not allow to achieve a long lasting improvement of the quality of life and reliable prevention of complications. In this regard, special attention is paid to study humoral factors influencing the pathogenesis of GERD, data on which will improve the results of therapeutic and surgical treatment. It is promising to study the dynamics of serotonin after laparoscopic treatment of various types of GERD, especially in combination with dyspepsia, anxiety or depressive disorders, as well as the possibility of using drugs that affect the metabolism of this hormone to correct the above mentioned disorders and achieve long lasting recovery after laparoscopic fundoplication. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of serotonin in the blood during laparoscopic total fundoplication and analyze the correlation of this hormone with the psychological well-being of patients before and after surgical treatment of GERD. Materials and methods. Laparoscopic fundoplication by Short Floppy Nissen modification was performed in 35 patients with GERD. There were 26 (74.3 %) women, 9 (25.7 %) men. Age – 55.3 ± 11.3. The comparison group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers (women – 14 (70.0 %); men – 6 (30.0 %), average age – 56.7 ± 10.6), who did not undergo surgery. The groups were comparable by gender and age. The studies were carried out in venous blood plasma, samples of which were maintained using standard methods and stored in a low-temperature freezer at a temperature of -80 °C. Tests for serotonin (Serotonin ELISA, RE59121, IBL) were studied on the immunoenzyme complex ImmunoChem-2100 (USA) of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in the Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University. The concentration of the last indicators was expressed in ng/ml. The presence of concomitant anxiety, depression and level of psychological well-being was assessed using the GAD-7, PHQ-9 and SF-36 questionnaires. Statistical assessment of the research results was carried out using the Statistica for Windows 13 software package (StatSoft Inc., No. JPZ804I382130ARCN10-J). Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results. The serotonin level in the blood of practically healthy people was 5.8 ± 1.5 ng/ml. In the main group serotonin values before surgical treatment were 3.1 ± 1.3 ng/ml. After surgical treatment the serotonin level increased to 5.4 ± 1.8 ng/ml and was not statistically different from the level of practically healthy patients. The dynamics of serotonin levels correspond to the dynamics of the patients number with signs of anxiety and depression before and after surgery in the main group, as well as the improvement in the psychological state of patients after surgery compared to preoperative data on the scales of the “psychological component” of SF-36 health questionnaire: Vitality (VT), Social Functioning (SF), Role-Emotional (RE), Mental Health (MH). Conclusions. Laparoscopic crurorrhaphy and fundoplication in the Short Floppy Nissen modification through the mechanism of serotonin helps to improve the psychological state of patients with GERD in the postoperative period, eliminate anxiety and depression, improve quality of life and achieve a lasting antireflux effect. The obtained dynamics of serotonin levels confirms its participation in the formation of behavioral reactions in GERD, helping to improve the results of surgical treatment.

Мета. Визначити рівень продуктивності, стабільності та пластичності нових сортів пшениці м’якої озимої за її вирощування в різних ґрунтово-кліматичних умовах України. Методи. Польовий дослід виконували в умовах пунктів досліджень Українського інституту експертизи сортів рослин (УІЕСР) у ґрунтово-кліматичних зонах Степу, Лісостепу та Полісся впродовж 2022–2023 рр. Вивчали особливості росту та розвитку рослин; пластичність і стабільність формування врожайності 34 нових сортів пшениці м’якої озимої обчислювали та аналізували за методикою Ебергарда – Рассела, загальну гомеостатичність і селекційну цінність – за Хангільдіним В. В. і Литвиненком М. А. У процесі досліджень використовували розрахунковий і статистичний методи, для підготовки висновків – аналізу та синтезу. Результати. Врожайність сортів залежно від ґрунтово-кліматичної зони та пункту досліджень варіювалася від 5,4 до 8,4 т/га. Найбільшим її середнім значенням характеризувався ‘LG Optimist’ (8,1 т/га), найменшим – ‘ЮСОН’ (6,0 т/га). Найсприятливіші умови для дослідження росту та розвитку генотипів у 2022 р. були в зонах Лісостепу (Ij = 0,9) та Полісся (Ij = 0,6), у 2023-му – Полісся (Ij = 0,2); найгірші у 2022 р. – в Степу (Ij = –0,7), у 2023-му – в Степу (Ij = –0,7) та Лісостепу (Ij = –0,5). Розрахункова врожайність сортів у пунктах досліджень не відрізнялася від фактичної, змінювалася в межах 6,0–8,1 т/га й становила в середньому 7,1 т/га. Високу гомеостатичність і низький рівень варіації (V ≤ 10,0%) виявлено в сортів ‘Євразія’ (Hom = 15,6), ‘Dekaster’ (Hom = 15,2), ‘ФОРСАЙТ’ (Hom = 13,9) та ‘LG Optimist’ (Hom = 12,1). Крім того, ‘LG Optimist’ (Sc = 6,9) і ‘Dekaster’ (Sc = 6,6) мали найвищий показник селекційної цінності. Сорт ‘ФОРСАЙТ’ (bi = 0,2; S2 di = 0,24), урожайність якого в середньому становила 7,4 т/га, є високопластичним, тому його доцільно вирощувати на екстенсивних фонах і в несприятливих умовах. Сорти ‘Євразія’, ‘Носівочка’, ‘SOLIFLOR CS’, ‘Мізинка’, ‘Трояна’, ‘LG Optimist’, ‘Бісквіт’, ‘МІП Довіра’, ‘Етуаль’, ‘Творчість одеська’, ‘Attribut’, ‘Epihraf’, ‘Dekaster’, ‘Епітет’, ‘Jannis’, ‘Пам’яті Горлача’, ‘Trembita bilotserkivska’ та ‘Слава Унави’ із сукупним проявом високої екологічної пластичності (bi = 1) та стабільності (S2 di = 0) й середньою врожайністю зерна 7,2 т/га за генотипом добре реагують на поліпшення умов вирощування і є найбільш практично цінними. Висновки. Досліджувані нові сорти пшениці м’якої озимої реалізовують свій генетичний потенціал і формують врожаї навіть за суттєвих змін умов середовища та вирощування в різних ґрунтовокліматичних зонах.

The article identifies the negative factors that have arisen as a result of military operations on the territory of Ukraine. The article presents the values of environmental damage in terms of quantitative indicators of the impact of military operations on the natural environment and the country's economy based on open data of the State Environmental Inspectorate of Ukraine. The destruction, which includes the loss of biodiversity, production facilities, air pollution, land, open water bodies, forests and the entire ecosystem, is considered. The article analyses the impact of negative factors that arose after the full-scale invasion on 24.02.2022 and affected land use (using the example of Kyiv region). The area of land plots by land category that was under occupation from 24 February 2022 to 02 April 2022 was calculated. Based on the proposed method of analysis, it will be possible to calculate the area of land, taking into account its designated purpose, ownership and type of use. The number of territorial communities affected by the negative consequences of hostilities is given. The assessment of the negative effects of hostilities is carried out in the long term, as it requires the collection and analysis of a large amount of data. However, this is an extremely important process for determining the necessary resources and strategies for restoring the territory and infrastructure. In the future, the data on monitoring the state of the environment from the negative impact of hostilities will become the basis for making informed decisions on the restoration and development of territories, ensuring a balanced approach to the conservation of natural resources and economic recovery of the affected regions of our country. Keywords: assessment of the negative consequences of military operations, impact assessment, economic development of the territory, territorial communities, land and soil protection, monitoring, land management.

The article examines topical issues of spatial planning of land in territorial communities. The author analyzes the legal acts, namely: The Land Code of Ukraine, and a number of Laws of Ukraine, such as: "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Land Use Planning", "On Regulation of Urban Development", "On Land Management", and Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, in particular: "Some Issues of Providing Subventions from the State Budget to Local Budgets for the Development of Comprehensive Plans for Spatial Development of Territories of Territorial Communities", "On Determining the Format of Electronic Documents of a Comprehensive Plan for Spatial Development of Territories of a Territorial Community, Master Plan of a Settlement, and Detailed Plan of a Territory". The reasons that provoked the process of delaying the full functioning of management structures in territorial communities and the development of comprehensive plans for spatial planning of the territory are analyzed. The data from the Prozoro web service in the context of "Urban Planning Services", the type of documentation is a comprehensive plan for the spatial development of territorial communities, are analyzed. The composition of project documentation for spatial planning of resource use in territorial communities is studied and its impact on the efficiency of community management is substantiated. The need for integrated planning in territorial communities is substantiated and the prospects for creating a database for integrated planning of the community territory are determined. It is determined that spatial planning is an effective tool for managing land resources in territorial communities of Ukraine. Key words: comprehensive plan of spatial development, land management documentation, urban planning documentation, land resources, spatial planning, management tool, territorial community, land resources management.

У статті дискутуються питання характеристи­ки судового застосування норм права як стадії реалізації цих норм. Зазначається, що судове правозастосування ані в адміністративному су­дочинстві, ані у процесі розгляду судом справ про адміністративні правопорушення не може розпочинати процес реалізації правових норм. В першому випадку звернення до адміністратив­ного суду відбувається як елемент захисту прав певного суб’єкта, тобто дії для реалізації належ­ного їй права вже здійснювались цим суб’єктом і з якихось причин (найчастіше - з причин їх порушення суб’єктами владних повноважень) не були реалізовані та потребують втручання судової гілки влади. У другому випадку (в ад­міністративно-деліктних провадженнях) участь суду також є продовженням певних відносин, які вже виникли (коли були порушені заборони) і потребують реакції держави. В обох випадках судове застосування також і не завершує про­цес правореалізації, адже передбачаються ще подальші дії (добровільні або примусові) з вико­нання судових рішень. Дослідивши наукові по­гляди на стадійність реалізації правових норм, автор пропонує спрощену її модель (щодо судо­вого правозастосування в порядку адміністра­тивного судочинства), в якій судове застосу­вання може поставати як друга стадія процесу реалізації правових норм (перша - невдала (че­рез перепони чи будь-які інші причини) спроба реалізації у формах «виконання», «використан­ня» чи «дотримання», друга - звернення до ад­міністративного суду та дії останнього із судо­вого застосування). Висловлюється авторська позиція щодо обов’язковості чи факультатив­ності судового правозастосування як стадії правореалізації. Зазначається, що правозастосовча діяльність адміністративного суду не може бути визнана обов’язковою стадією з позиції ініціа­тиви її початку, адже закріплене право на судо­вий захист може бути не реалізовано суб’єктами приватного права. Натомість у разі наявності та­кого звернення до суду за захистом - його роз­гляд є обов’язковим. Судове правозастосування є обов’язковим у випадках необхідності захисту інтересів держави та підтримання правопоряд­ку. Зокрема у випадку скоєння адміністратив­ного правопорушення, розгляд якого віднесено до компетенції суду, судове правозастосування є обов’язковим, якщо для його здійснення є всі необхідні умови. Дискутується положення про незацікавленість правозастосовувачів у кінце­вих результатах свого правозастосування сто­совно судового правозастосування, зважаючи на особливість правозастосовувача - суд, який як представник судової гілки влади, що є однією з гілок державної влади, має певний опосеред­кований інтерес щодо результатів свого право- застосування (зацікавленість з позиції глобаль­ного інтересу - забезпечення дії справедливо­сті).

Thermal energy should be considered as a commodity that has its own competitive market, where equilibrium is established in the plane of «supply and demand», so it is necessary to separate commercial (production and supply) and non-commercial (transmission and distribution) functions of heat supply, ensuring the development of fair competition between producers of heat energy and minimization of its costs for consumers. It is proposed to develop competition in the heat energy markets according to the single buyer model. Such a market will be managed by an independent system operator. It consists of a market operator – a single buyer who manages the trading platform, as well as performs the functions of an administrator of settlements between producers and consumers, and a transmission system operator who is responsible for the transmission, distribution and dispatching of heating networks. The peculiarity of heat energy markets is the impossibility of separating the wholesale and retail levels, so there is no need to allocate the supply function. Conceptual provisions for the formation of competitive heat energy markets are based on: 1) zonal delimitation with flow market relations; 2) centralized dispatching; 3) the embodiment of the market infrastructure by an independent system operator; 4) organized over-the-counter trading in the form of a price dialogue for small settlements without backbone networks and exchange trading in the form of heat auctions for medium and large settlements with backbone networks; 5) derivatives (annual), spot (monthly), and balancing segments of the market; 6) the uniform non-discriminatory pricing for consumers and declared pricing on the basis of benchmarking for producers; 7) annual baseload contracts, monthly peak load contracts, and balancing time contracts. The principles of formation of competitive heat energy markets are: transparency, openness, economic efficiency, fair access, competitiveness of producers, fair competition, price compromise, balance and reliability, decarbonization. The expected results of the opening of competition in the heat energy markets are: transparency of heat purchase and sale transactions; minimization of heat purchase prices by consumers; optimization of the utilization of heat-generating capacities of the heat and power system; promoting the development of highly efficient and low-carbon district heating. The latter is especially important from the point of view of restoring Ukraine's energy system after russian aggression, as priority should be given to independent heat producers who use renewable energy sources, have excess or waste thermal energy.

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the choice and assessment of the feasibility of using non-traditional fuel and energy materials in the context of ensuring the development of a circular economy. The objective prerequisites, goals and initiatives for the development of the circular economy are considered. International agreements and plans define the achievement of climate neutrality, increase in resource efficiency and economic growth as strategic goals for the development of the circular economy, which are used in the article as criteria for assessing the compliance of gasification products with the requirements of the circular economy. A methodical approach to the selection of gasification products that meet the specified criteria has been proposed. Methods of measurement (calculation) of the impact of the product on the environment and resource efficiency of its production are substantiated. A selection of gasification products that meet the strategic requirements of the circular economy is carried out using the matrix method and a weighted assessment of a set of indicators. The main economic and еcological effects are determined, which are due to the development of gasification of solid fuel raw materials and need to be reflected in the practical substantiations of investment projects.

Досліджено питання створення міжнародних стандартів медичної освіти та акредитації освітніх закладів. Підкреслюється думка, що незважаючи на запропоновані переваги глобальної гармонізації освітніх програм в охороні здоров'я, включаючи мобільність лікарів і підвищення якості медичної допомоги шляхом упровадження новітніх інформаційних технологій (ІТ), проблеми та непередбачені наслідки потребують більш ретельного вивчення. Це стосується в першу чергу реалізації глобальних освітніх програм та їхній зв'язок із місцевим контекстом влади та культури. Дослідження полягало у вивченні поточного стану та динаміки якості медичної освіти, визначенні національних пріоритетів безперервної медичної освіти, розвиток якої відбувається під впливом сучасних світових трендів, враховуючи глобальні стандарти Всесвітньої федерації медичної освіти (WFME) й Європейські стандарти забезпечення якості вищої освіти, а також акредитації медичної освіти. З'ясовано, що швидкий розвиток ІТ і глобалізаційні процеси значно вплинули на розвиток медичної освіти як в Україні, так і в усьому світі, зумовили зміну парадигми про ціннісні орієнтири безперервного професійного розвитку лікарів. Стандартизація медичної освіти є важливою умовою для забезпечення академічної мобільності здо-бувачів вищої освіти, професійної мобільності лікарів і викладачів, інших спеціалістів у галузі охорони здоров'я; спрямована на поліпшення якості медичної освіти, сприяє прозорості зовнішнього оцінювання діяльності закладів медичної освіти. Глобальні стандарти WFME для поліпшення якості медичної освіти й Європейські стандарти та рекомендації про забезпечення якості у вищій освіти визначено в якості інструментів акредитації у медичній освіті. Глокалізація стандартів медичної акредитації має проводитися таким чином, щоб привести практику акредитації у відповідність до глобальних стандартів, забезпечуючи при цьому адекватний облік місцевих цінностей і соціальних потреб. Україною також визначено національні пріоритети розвитку медичної освіти на найближче десятиріччя. Технології застосування акредитаційних механізмів і стандартів медичної освіти, хоча і збільшуються, не є універсальним. Запропоновано модульний принцип упровадження стандартів та акредитаційних механізмів, що включають базисний глобальний рівень стандартів, локальних методик і модуль нових інформаційних технологій. Перспективи подальших досліджень автори вбачають у визначенні умов для запровадження внутрішніх стандартів і формування культури якості у медичних університетах.

Перенесений епізод транзиторної втрати свідомості (ТВС) у дитячому віці досі залишається складною діагностичною дилемою для цілого ряду клініцистів. Дослідження спрямовано на створення ефективної моделі машинного навчання для диференційної діагностики ТВС синкопального та несинкопального генезу, що забезпечить лікарям-педіатрам, дитячим кардіоревматологам і неврологам високу точність диференційної діагностики синкопальних і несинкопальних ТВС. Обстежено 140 пацієнтів із синкопе та 58 - із несинкопальними причинами ТВС віком 8-17 років. Для побудови моделі машинного навчання використовували алгоритм XGBoost. Про ефективність запропонованої моделі машинного навчання свідчили метрики точності, влучності, чутливості, fa-міри, специфічності, ROC AUC і PR AUC. Найінфор-мативнішими показниками моделі виявились Modified Calgary Syncope Seizure Score, швидкість ранкового підвищення систолічного артеріального тиску, серцевий індекс, ранкове підвищення діастолічного артеріального тиску, частота епізодів тахікардії упродовж 24-годинного моніторування за Холтером, нічне зниження діастролічного артеріального тиску, загальний периферичний опір судин, вік дитини, варіабельність добового діастолічного артеріального тиску, pNN50, співвідношення LF/HF, перцентильний розподіл відносно зростання, діастолічного артеріального тиску та індексу маси тіла. Отже, застосування описаної моделі машинного навчання дає змогу диференціювати синкопальні та несинкопальні ТВС у дітей та може використовуватися педіатрами, дитячими кардіоревматологами та неврологами як додатковий інструмент поряд із класичними діагностичними критеріями синкопе (вазовагальних синкопе, синкопе внаслідок ортостатичної гіпотензії та кардіогенних синкопе) і несинкопальних причин розвитку ТВС (епілепсії, первинного неспровокованого епілептичного нападу, психогенних псевдосинкопе, психогенних неепілептичних судом) на першому етапі діагностики.

Purpose. The main purpose of this work is to present the results of determining the strength of a container with sandwich panel walls under the main operating modes of loading. Methodology. To ensure the strength of the bearing structure of the container, it is proposed to make its end and side walls from sandwich panels. This involves the creation of sandwich panels from two metal sheets, between which there is a filler in the form of an energy-absorbing material. The thickness of the sandwich panel sheets is determined by the Bubnov-Galerkin method. The sheet is considered as a thin-walled plate with the corresponding width and height parameters. To determine the strength of the load-bearing structure of a container with sandwich panel walls, the corresponding calculations were performed using the finite element method in the SolidWorks Simulation software package. The Mises criterion (IV theory of strength) was used as a calculation criterion. The spatial model of the container was created in SolidWorks. Findings. Taking into account the calculations, the rational thickness of the sheets, in terms of strength, of the side and end walls was established, which was 1.6 and about 3.0 mm, respectively. It is important that the use of rectangular corrugations makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the end wall sheet to 1.0 mm. The thickness of the side wall sheet is the same. The maximum stresses in the container in the case of its longitudinal loading occur in the fittings and amount to 268.3 MPa, which is 13.6 % lower than the permissible ones. The maximum stresses in the container under transverse loading were recorded in the areas of interaction between the side wall and the corner posts. The numerical value of these stresses was 178 MPa, which is 15.2 % lower than the permissible ones. Originality. The paper scientifically substantiates the use of sandwich panels as the walls of a uni-versal container. Practical value. The research will contribute to the creation of recommendations for the design of modern modular-type vehicle structures and improve the efficiency of the transport industry.

The article presents the macro- and micro-evolutionary changes of the Gray Ukrainian breed over the past 100 years, which can be used in breeding and selection to preserve the existing gene pool population and in its further use, and can be useful in the breeding process not only in Ukraine, but also in other countries. At the same time, animals and even families that were weak, sickly and did not meet the requirements of the program of its development and preservation were ranked off and not used in breeding. Compared to similar animals that left the herd, it was possible to improve some external indicators in the historical aspect: body length, hips width, and chest girth, which influenced the cattle live weight. The important fact is that it is characterized by high reproductive properties (yield of calves is 97–98 per 100 cows, which is not found in any specialized meat breed in the world) and excellent maternal qualities. At the same time, a strong constitution, resistance to diseases, small fetus size and good adaptation to a dry hot climate, pasture-free maintenance and ecological fodder and technological conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine were preserved. During the extended period of raising animals, the gray Ukrainian breed is not inferior to the classic meat breeds of the world in terms of fattening quality (30-month-old bulls on fattening more than 1000 g/day) and slaughter performance — the slaughter yield has increased to 60%. Beef is rated at 4.5 points on a 5-point scale in terms of culinary and taste qualities, it has the meat marbling which attracts the processor company and the consumer. The skin of animals is highly valued: already at the age of one year, the skin of bulls is marked as heavy (over 25 kg), which allows to use it for the high-quality products manufacture. Due to the set of economically useful characteristics, gray Ukrainian cattle are classified as meat and contribute to the establishment of state meat cattle breeding.

The essence, characteristics, and types of administrative legal relations involving the State Bureau of Investigations have been identified. Additionally, suggestions and recommendations for improving the legal foundations of these relations have been formulated. A comprehensive description of administrative legal relations that stand out from the broader array due to specific aspects of their emergence, participants (subjects), and content has been provided. This encompasses the nature and various types of subjective rights and obligations that manifest within these relations. It is emphasized that these relations occupy a distinct sphere of formation and evolution, specifically within the realm of public administration. Concerning the interplay between subjects of public administration and subjects of administrative legal relations, it is underscored that public administration is exclusively outwardly focused, with internal organizational relations within certain bodies not falling under its purview. On the other hand, administrative legal relations encompass internal organizational dynamics (intra-system, intra-administrative) within any state entity. These relations are recognized as a distinct component within the subject matter of administrative law. It is emphasized that the leading place among the subjects of administrative legal relations is occupied by public authorities, which, according to the law, include the State Bureau of Investigation. At the same time, these bodies have a rather different administrative and legal status, since their participation in public administration varies significantly. Attention is drawn to the problem of the existence of state bodies which are not attributed to any of the branches of power, and their number is growing, currently there are about fifteen of them, including the State Bureau of Investigation. The article concludes that the bodies outside the branches of power defined by the Constitution of Ukraine are not structurally part of these branches, although this does not mean that they do not participate in the exercise of public authority. The types of administrative legal relations which may arise in the State Bureau of Investigation have been identified and characterised. It is emphasised that these are mainly intra-organisational relations within these bodies, since their purpose is to counteract crimes committed by law enforcement officers, judges and senior civil servants, i.e. their external activities are generally not managerial and are not regulated by administrative and legal provisions.

The main identification tasks of commodity examination of raw-smoked sausages are establishing their authenticity, determining compliance with safety and quality standards. To achieve these tasks, forensic experts conduct a number of studies and determinations, which include determining the composition of the product, determining the composition, quality and quantity of components, determining compliance with quality standards, as well as determining the content of atypical impurities and impurities. Carrying out these identification tasks, the examination allows to ensure the quality and safety of the product and forms the protection of consumer rights. Defects in raw-smoked sausages can occur for a variety of reasons and are usually the result of deficiencies in production, storage, or transportation. The scientific article outlines the methodological features of conducting a forensic commodity examination of raw-smoked sausages, analyzes the theoretical and practical problems of the commodity research of raw-smoked sausages, defines the commodity aspects of raw-smoked sausages and their defects, systematizes information data on the algorithm for conducting a forensic commodity examination of raw-smoked sausages in order to check for the presence of characteristic defects. The stages of conducting a forensic commodity examination of raw smoked sausages are listed. Recommendations for quality assessment of raw-smoked sausages for expert organizations and consumers are offered. Prospective instrumental methods of examination of raw smoked sausages are defined, in particular spectral analysis, chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, microscopy, thermal analysis; the main microbiological procedures that can be used during the examination of raw-smoked sausages are described; characteristic defects of raw-smoked sausages are summarized, including those that indicate its low quality or may be a sign of spoilage; describes the general sequence of actions that occur during the examination of this product.

The aim of the article is to assess the feasibility of organizing the production of synthesis gas from brown coal, the reserves of which in Ukraine are sufficient. As a raw material base, the article considers the coal of the Novo-Dmytrivske deposit, which is located on the territory of the Kharkiv region. The balance reserves of brown coal in categories A + B amount to 284.4 million tons and in category C1 – to 95.6 million tons, that is, a total of 380 million tons. The average technical analysis data for the deposit are as follows: moisture per working weight is 51.2%; ash content per dry weight is 19.4%; the total sulfur content is 2.45%. The elemental composition of the coal of this deposit is characterized by the following data: carbon – 68.0%, hydrogen – 6.0%, oxygen – 23.0%, sulfur, nitrogen and other elements – 3.0%. To achieve the goal, the properties of coal of this deposit have been examined and the following technologies of coal gasification have been analyzed: Lurgi process (counter-current steam-oxygen gasification of coarse coal (or briquettes) in a stationary bed); Prenflo process (direct-flow steam-oxygen gasification in a pulverized coal stream); Texaco process (direct-flow oxygen gasification in a coal-water pulp stream). For each of these processes, material balances have been developed; the quality of gas synthesis, the possibility of organizing the production of the necessary energy resources, the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and the main technical and economic indicators have been evaluated. The calculations were made for an enterprise with a coal capacity of 9 million tons of actual weight per year. Based on the calculations made, the Lurgi process is recommended for industrial implementation. The advantages of this process are: the lowest temperature and pressure of the gasification process; a wider range of products obtained during gasification; almost optimal syngas composition in terms of H2 : CO ratio; the lowest emissions of carbon dioxide generated during coal gasification and preparation of synthesis gas for further use; the lowest production cost of prepared synthesis gas; the lowest specific capital investments (per 1 thousand m3 of prepared synthesis gas). The inexpediency of using the Texaco process for the gasification of brown coal is substantiated, as well as the directions for improving the Prenflo process for its further use in the gasification of brown coal of the Novo-Dmytrivske deposit are determined.

The article describes the results of hydrochemical analysis of the water of breeding pond No. 1A of PrJSC “Vilshanka” in the spring-autumn period of 2023 for the cultivation of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) in polyculture. The results of the study of the hydrogen index (pH) of water during the entire period of research showed that it was in the range of 7.6 to 8.4 and did not exceed the norms. The concentration of ammonium nitrogen in water due to anthropogenic load increased in all experiment periods; however, the studied indicator, which ranged from 0.39 ± 0.03 to 0.68 ± 0.05 mg N/dm3, did not exceed the standard's requirements. The results of studies of nitrite nitrogen content in water ranged from 0.05 ± 0.002 to 0.12 ± 0.009 mg N/dm3. Still, it, like the content of ammonium nitrogen, did not exceed the standard's requirements, indicating the absence of nitrification processes of ammonium nitrogen in the water. The analysis of the results of research on the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in water was within 1.37 ± 0.07 – 1.75 ± 0.11 mg N/dm3 of fluctuations in the content of nitrogen compounds in water, which is associated with anthropogenic load, which includes getting into water runoff from the fields, as well as biological decomposition of organic substances that enter the water at different times of the year. The content of phosphates ranged from 0.41 to 0.53 mg/dm3 and did not exceed the standard's requirements. Dichromate oxidizability ranged from 14.4 to 28.3 O2/dm3, but, if compared with average values, it was 1.17 times higher in spring, 1.89 times higher in summer, and 1.89 times higher in autumn 1.83 times, indicating possible emissions of chemical compounds into water, such as heavy metals and other toxic substances, which will lead to disruption of natural ecosystems. Analyzing the data of BSK5, which ranged from 4 to 6.9 mg/dm3 in the water of growth pond No. 1A, was similar to changes to dichromate oxidation and changed depending on the season.

Morphological methods of fish research provide an opportunity to study their biological systems – cells, tissues, and organs in normal and pathological conditions – in depth at all levels of structural organization. The work aimed to investigate the morphological features of localization of skin pigment cells in scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) of different ages. The study was conducted in the laboratory of complex ichthyopathological studies at the Department of Ichthyology and Zoology of the Belotserkiv National Agrarian University. One-, two-, and three-year-old scaly carp from the feeding ponds of PJSC “Chernigivrybhosp” were used. From which the scales were removed, skin samples of scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were used as material for research. Tissue samples were taken from freshly caught fish for the research. Our study established that pigment cells in carp of different ages were localized in the upper and lower layers of the dermis and hypodermis and in the lateral connective tissue septum at the level of the lateral line that divides the lateral muscles. In addition, in the carp of the same age, in contrast to the older age groups, isolated clusters of pigment cells were observed in the loose connective tissue between the muscle fibers of the superficial lateral muscle. During the histological examination, we also discovered the presence of pigment cells in the skin, particularly melanophores. Thus, the skin of peers of scaly carp was located in single clusters and had a rounded shape and a concentrated distribution of melanin pigment. Many melanophores were observed in the lower layer of the dermis at the border with the hypodermis. In the area of the lateral line, in the connective tissue septum, at the level of the deep lateral muscle, large strands of melanophores were detected.

The number of medicinal products based on biologically active substances (BAS) of plant origin is increasing every year. Scientists are exploring non-official plant raw materials used in non-traditional medicine to expand the raw material base for creating new phytopreparations. Among numerous plants, common myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), which is a fairly common indoor plant, is recognized as a valuable source of BAS. The aim of the work is to analyze and summarize new literature data on the botanical characteristics, chemical composition, pharmacological and toxicological properties of Myrtus communis L. Materials and methods. Data were collected from several legitimate databases and services such as PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate using the key terms “Myrtus communis L.”, “botanical characteristics”, “pharmacological studies”, “phytochemical studies” in each database data Relevant and related data were filtered as appropriate if deemed relevant to the topic of interest. Time frames have also been adjusted to provide up-to-date information. Results. Myrtus communis L., commonly known as common myrtle, is a widely recognized medicinal plant in the Mediterranean region. Various parts of this plant, including the leaves, fruits, and flowers, have been used in traditional medicine for treating a wide range of ailments. The pharmacological properties of common myrtle are attributed to the presence of essential oils and phenolic compounds, and these properties include antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, vasodilator, antiulcer, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. This article offers an overview of the botanical characteristics and chemical composition of different parts of common myrtle, and it presents a literature review of pharmacological studies that provide evidence for the plant’s medicinal properties. Conclusions. Common myrtle is a promising plant for further pharmacognostic research with the aim of expanding the raw material base, using the method of clonal micropropagation and creating new phytopreparations based on it.

The aim of the study was to detect sertraline and its metabolites in urine under standardized thin layer chromatography (TLC) screening conditions and identify the metabolites using the mass spectrometry method. Materials and methods. Urine samples, collected within 30 hours in portions of 20–50 mL, commenced from the seventh hour after the administration of a single therapeutic dose of the drug. The sample preparation process involved dilute acid hydrolysis, followed by the extraction of the native compound and metabolites with chloroform at a pH of 8–9. Thin layer chromatography studies of the extracts were conducted using four unified TLC systems recommended by The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists for general drug screening. Chromatograms were subjected to color reactions with a variety of chromogenic reagents. For the analysis of eluates from chromatograms, a Varian 1200 L mass spectrometer (Netherlands) equipped with a dual quadrupole mass analyzer was employed. Identification was performed through direct sample introduction into the ion chamber, electron-impact ionization (70 eV), and full ion scanning mode. Results. The spot of the native drug on the chromatogram was identified by the Rf, value. Metabolite of sertraline was identified as N-desmethyltrihydroxysertraline by the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. Conclusions. The study demonstrated the ability of TLC to detect sertraline and its metabolite, N-desmethyltrihydroxysertraline, in urine after the administration of a single therapeutic dose of the drug. The chromatographic mobility of the native compound and N-desmethyltrihydroxysertraline in the unified TLC screening systems, along with the results of their visualization using chromogenic reagents for toxicological drug screening, was determined. Furthermore, the potential of coupling TLC with mass spectrometry for the separation, detection, and confirmatory identification of sertraline and its metabolic products in urine was established.

The article presents the results of an analytical review of current literature data on the problem of diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders. The issues of a high incidence and polymorphism of the clinical presentation of these disorders are considered. The tendency towards formalization and objectification in the process of diagnosing depressive disorders in modern psychiatric discourse is covered, in particular, through the use of neuroimaging, neurophysiological and biochemical methods with the involvement of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies. The classic method of a structured or semi-structured interview, as a tool for diagnosing clinical depression, currently remains one of the most common, but it has certain limitations and disadvantages, the most significant of which are a considerable degree of the method subjectivity and its dependence on the perception by specialists conducting the diagnosis, that causes low sensitivity and specificity of this method. The significant role of a general practitioner as a key link in the identification and treatment of the described phenomena, which automatically presents to these specialists a number of professional, qualification and personal requirements, such as knowing pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the features of their pharmacotherapy, skills to build compliant relationships with patients, is highlighted apart. The article also emphasizes the lack of information in available sources about measures to assess the risk of depressive episode recurrence, as well as insufficient attention to the methods of neurophysiological examination and their narrow arsenal. Thus, based on the results of the review, it has been found that a promising direction to improve diagnosis and assessment of therapeutic measure effectiveness, as a part of follow-up among patients with depression, in addition to classical psychodiagnostic tools, is the development and implementation of ethological and neurophysiological methods of examination for objectifying evaluation of patients’ condition and elimination of subjective factors associated with specialists’ perception of patients, as well as symptoms of anosognosia or aggravation.

The aim was to evaluate the markers of emotional status and the antioxidant system activity in rats with blast-induced traumatic brain injury. Materials and methods. The study carried out on 85 sexually mature male Wistar rats in compliance with the current legislation on humane treatment of animals. The selected rats were randomly divided into three groups: I – study in the Barnes maze; II – study in the Open Field test; and III – study of glutathione reductase activity in a solution of rat erythrocyte’s hemolysate. In each of these groups, three groups were formed: Experimental – exposed to a shock wave with an overpressure of 26.4 ± 3.6 kPa; the Sham – subjected only to halothane and fixation; and the Intact group. Results. Showed a disturbance in the emotional status and the oxidative stress development in rats with blast-induced trauma. The time of experimental rats freezing in the Barnes maze increased by 69 % (p < 0.01) on 28th day compared to 1st day, indicating the development of fear and negative emotionality. Changes in the defecation acts number indicate the development of anxiety in the acute period (1–3 days), followed by a depression-like state. The glutathione reductase activity in experimental rats was significantly higher compared to sham and intact rats, but gradually decreased inside in the experimental group. The results of the correlation analysis indicate the presence of weak relationships between the freezing time and the glutathione reductase activity. The positive relationship of a strong degree was found between the number of defecation acts and glutathione reductase on 1st day and a negative relationship of a strong degree was found on 7th day. Conclusions. We suppose that oxidative stress is a link, but not the leading one, in the pathogenesis of emotional disturbance in rats with blast-induced brain injury.

Currently, the problems of sustainable and rational land use are becoming relevant in most countries of the world. Ukraine is no exception. And these issues have become extremely urgent as a result of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In view of this, the purpose of the article is to study and summarize the international experience in the development of the system of sustainable and rational land use; identification of modern problems of land use in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine and ways to solve them. To achieve this purpose, the following general scientific methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, component analysis, comparison, analogy, classification, statistical analysis, expert survey, bibliometric analysis, trend analysis (using the Google Trends), structural and logical generalization. A bibliometric and trend analysis of the relationship between the terms «sustainable land use» and «rational land use» is carried out. On the basis of the study and generalization of international experience, specific features and differences in the development of the system of sustainable land use in some countries of the world have been identified. A statistical analysis of indicators of land use development in Ukraine in the pre-wartime period is carried out. The problems, threats and risks of land use associated with hostilities on the territory of Ukraine are identified. The experience of implementing national land restoration policies by countries affected by hostilities is analyzed. It is determined that the current economic conditions in Ukraine require the creation of appropriate institutional conditions and the improvement of mechanisms for ensuring sustainable land use, taking into account the specifics of wartime. As a result of the study, it is proved that in order to ensure sustainable and rational land use in Ukraine, taking into account the best world practices that are used in most countries of the world, it is necessary to develop a set of provisions and recommendations of a theoretical, methodological and practical nature.

Мета - встановити емпіричні залежності при вуглефікації шахтопластів між основними компонентами органічної (горючої) маси, вмістом вологи та мінеральних домішок з використанням експериментальних даних про споживчі якості твердих палив, отриманих загальноприйнятими стандартними способами. Достовірно встановлені співвідношення між цими основними компонентами дають можливість науково обґрунтувати та розкрити природу виникнення небезпечних властивостей шахтопластів під час проведення гірничих робіт за фактором метаморфічних перетворень та генерації газоподібних та рідких продуктів. Методика досліджень розроблена на підставі результатів попереднього аналізу зміни співвідношення між основними компонентами органічної (горючої) маси, вмістом вологи та мінеральних домішок при вуглеутворенні, починаючи від процесів торфоутворення та подальшої вуглефікації. Використані експериментальні дані про споживчі якості твердих палив, які встановлені загальноприйнятими стандартними способами. Результати досліджень. На всіх стадіях метаморфічних перетворень вугільних пластів зі зростанням вмісту вуглецю встановлено одностороннє скорочення елементного вмісту кисню в органічній (горючій) масі. Це свідчить про утворення газоподібних продуктів на всіх стадіях метаморфізму з участю вуглецю і кисню органічної (горючої) маси. Скорочення елементного вмісту водню, азоту та органічної сірки на пізніх стадіях метаморфізму свідчить про участь цих компонентів у генерації газоподібних продуктів. Проведена апробація достовірності емпіричної залежності вмісту вуглецю від середнього показника відбиваючої здатності вітриніту. Генерація вологи на стадії метаморфічних перетворень вугілля не підтвердилася, повною мірою, спрямованістю трендів середнього вмісту вологи, кисню та водню на послідовних стадіях процесів торфоутворення, діагенезу та метаморфізму аж до переходу від кам'яного вугілля до антрацитів. Встановлено значне перевищення (до двох разів) виходу летких речовин у порівнянні із вмістом суми основних компонентів органічної (горючої) маси при фіксованих значеннях вмісту вуглецю. Наукова новизна. На підставі зміни співвідношення елементного вмісту основних компонентів органічної (горючої) маси (твердого залишку) встановлено їх участь в утворенні газоподібних продуктів на всіх метаморфічних стадіях перетворення вугільних пластів. Отримані результати формування матеріального балансу дозволяють внести відповідні уточнення до схеми вуглеутворення в частині генерації конкретних газоподібних продуктів на кожній стадії. Практичне значення полягає у необхідності та можливості удосконалення нормативної бази безпечного ведення гірничих робіт при прогнозі небезпечних властивостей шахтопластів.