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The relevance of this research lies in determining the potential use of microbial preparations with varying functionalities to optimise the nutrition and stimulate the growth processes of sweet potato plants, as well as the synergistic effects of different preparations. The developed nutrient optimisation systems are designed to restore soil fertility, reduce the anthropogenic load on vegetable agroecosystems, produce high-quality yields, and increase sweet potato productivity without relying on energy-intensive production methods. This study aimed to investigate the impact of biological fertilisation systems on the biometric parameters, yield, and quality of sweet potato tubers. The research programme was implemented through field, statistical, computational-analytical, and laboratory methods. An increase in the number (7.33-9.83 per plant) and length (175.55-184.89 cm) of shoots was observed with the application of the biological preparations “Groundfix” + “Humifriend”, “Help-Rost for vegetables”, and “Mycofriend”. The use of foliar fertilisations in three terms of “Help-Rost for vegetables”, both in combination with “Mycofriend” during fertigation and with the foliar fertilisation “Humifriend”, resulted in maximal leaf mass formation on the plant (2.41-2.56 m2 /ha in the third decade of June and 23.12-27.45 m2 /ha in the third decade of August). Microbial preparations significantly increased net photosynthetic productivity by 28.9-63.9% during the period from the third decade of June to the third decade of July, especially when “Groundfix” and “Humifriend”, or “Humifriend” and “Help-Rost for vegetables” were combined. A substantial commercial yield of tubers (17.4 t/ha) was achieved by applying the mycorrhizal preparation “Humifriend” (1.5 L/ha) in the first fertigation and conducting three foliar applications of “Help-Rost for vegetables” at 2.0 L/ha. Treatments involving biological preparations demonstrated improvements in key biochemical parameters. The use of “Groundfix” + “Humifriend” and “Humifriend” + “Help-Rost for vegetables” resulted in a decrease in nitrate levels in the produce. The authors hypothesise that the optimal supply of micronutrients, particularly iron, manganese, and molybdenum, enhances the transformation of nitrates into organic matter. This research provides valuable insights for the rational application of biologically enhanced fertilisation systems to achieve high yields and quality of sweet potato tubers in various agricultural settings

In recent times, the mechanical properties of the surface layer have changed in some areas of the surface of the grant. The mechanical properties of the soil along its thickness become discretely variable. The soil ceases to be monolithic. It becomes two-layered. The conditions for the construction of structures whose foundation height does not exceed the thickness of the surface layers should take into account the latter. The purpose of the work is to substantiate and formulate an algorithm for determining the parameters of the stress-strain state of the soil of a two-layer structure and to establish the dependence of soil surface deformations on the mechanical properties of the formed soil layers. The soil of the two-layer structure is considered as a two-layer body, of unlimited height, of limited dimensions in the orthogonal direction. An external normal load acts on the soil. Soil layers were considered linearly elastic, isotropic with excellent mechanical properties. It was taken into account that the contact surfaces of the layers deform together without the formation of gaps and overlapping. The interaction forces of the layers are equal and oppositely directed. The indicators of the flat stress-strain state of the layers were determined by the method of the classical linear theory of elasticity using the biharmonic Ery stress function. We took into account the load of the limited part of the outer surface of the first layer or its movement under the action of the structure and the conditions of compatibility of deformation of the layers. Formulated linear systems of algebraic equations. By solving it, the unknown coefficients of the stress function were determined. The dependences of the parameters of the stress-strain state of the layers of the two-layer soil were formulated. It was established that the change in the compression modulus of the surface layer of the soil significantly affects the deformation of the soil surface under the action of external normal load and is practically independent of other mechanical characteristics of the surface layer of the soil.

У статті досліджується можливість використання нейронних мереж у галузі підвищення енергетичних показників чотирипровідної системи електропостачання з нерівномірним навантаженням у фазах. Нерівномірне навантаження у фазах спричиняє несиметрію струмів у мережі і сприяє зростанню струму в нульовому проводі, що вкрай негативно впливає, як на саму мережу, так і на її споживачів. Для усунення несиметрії і зниження струму в нульовому проводі можна підключити симетро-компенсувальний пристрій. Такий пристрій представляє собою набір реактивних елементів, параметри яких визначаються шляхом пошукової оптимізації. Для визначення типу необхідного елементу виконується перерахунок визначених параметрів. Тобто вирішення такої задачі складається з двох складових підзавдань – структурного та параметричного синтезу. Такий підхід надає високу точність розрахунків, але має суттєвий недолік – обчислення представляються громіздкими і затратними. Задля спрощення вирішення задачі синтезу має сенс визначити тип елементів за допомогою нейронних мереж, що дозволить значно скоротити час та ресурси, що витрачаються на розрахунок величин параметрів симетро-компенсувального пристрою. Предметом дослідження статті є вивчення можливості використання нейромереж з метою прогнозування типів реактивних елементів симетро-компенсувального пристрою. У ході дослідження було визначено параметри і тип нейронної мережі, що забезпечують найточніше прогнозування топології структури симетро-компенсувального пристрою. Вхідні параметри нейромережі формувалися з наборів, що складаються з восьми параметрів – опорів та індуктивностей ліній передач і нульового дроту. Матриця цілей формувалася з множини наборів даних, що складаються з шести елементів, що містять інформацію про типи елементів, що підключаються (0 – конденсатор, 1 – індуктивність) між фазами та між фазами та нульовим проводом. У ході дослідження були отримані результати квазірішення, значення яких виявилися співрозмірними з точними розрахунками визначення структури симетро-компенсувального пристрою системи електропостачання з нульовим проводом. Це свідчить про високу якість роботи розробленої нейромережі. Застосування мінімаксної стратегії до отриманих результатів надає можливість звести отримані значення до 0 та 1, щоб забезпечити наявність отриманих нейромережею результатів.

Prosthetic endocarditis is a serious complication in a long term. Vegetation as a thromboembolic complication leads to neurologic deficit varying in severity. Case description. A 35-year-old female patient F. underwent surgical treatment at the Department of Surgical Treatment of Acquired Heart Diseases of the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery on September 07, 2016: aortic valve replacement with wrapping tape operation II. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 9th day after surgery in a satisfactory condition. On November 20, 2019, the patient was admitted to the Institute with the diagnosis of late infective prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis, status post aortic valve replacement and wrapping tape operation in 2016, first-degree atrioventricular block, cerebral infarctions in multiple locations with hemorrhagic transformation, with aphasia elements, ataxia, right-sided pyramidal insufficiency and suspected meningitis. After 21 days of drug therapy, the patient responded to treatment successfully and was discharged from the hospital in a satisfactory condition without surgical treatment. Conclusions. Taking into consideration the serious condition of the patient, timely and carefully selected drug therapy can be the correct solution for the treatment of patients with late infective endocarditis. Thus, surgery is not always the treatment of choice.

When creating new or modernizing existing aircraft models, a lot of attention is paid to the economic indicators of their operation. A parameter characterizing these indicators is the fuel consumption of gas turbine engines. In turn, the value of this parameter is significantly influenced by the external aerodynamic resistance of the aircraft and, in particular, the nacelle of the engine. The formed boundary layer on the surface of the nacelle directly affects its aerodynamic resistance. This study was devoted to determining the influence of the boundary layer suction from the outer surface of the engine nacelle of the gas generator of a bypass engine with a rear fan attachment. The suction of the boundary layer is carried out through the holes in the surface of the gas generator nacelle under the influence of the pressure drop created by the sleeve of the vane crown of the fan contour. The boundary layer is sucked into the internal cavity of the nacelle and enters the inlet into the fan contour of the turbofan attachment, where it participates in creating the internal thrust of the turbofan attachment. The influence of the boundary layer suction on the external resistance was evaluated on the basis of known methods for calculating turbulent jets and boundary layer theory. During the simulation of the flow on the surface of models of engine nacelles with boundary layer suction and the determination of the external resistance of the engine nacelle, the suction coefficient was used, which depends on the geometric dimensions of the suction holes and the flow parameters on the surface of the engine nacelle and in the suction channels. The simulation was performed in the range from 0 to 1. At the coefficient of suction of the boundary layer , the resistance of the power unit reached the smallest value and was determined by the resistance of the fan attachment. A comparative analysis of the external resistance of engine nacelles with the conventional configuration of a bypass turbojet engine (with a front fan arrangement) and an engine nacelle with a rear turbofan attachment was also carried out. As previous studies have shown, the effect of applying a suction of the boundary layer on the surface of the nacelle of the gas generator also depends on the degree of bypass ratio of the turbofan attachment.

The subject matter of this article is finite state machines (FSMs), which are used as control devices in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The goal of this study is to develop description styles for fault-tolerant FSMs in hardware description languages (HDLs) that prevent failures in the state register and in the input vector of the FSM. The tasks to be solved are as follows: development of description methods for FSM transitions from illegal states in case of failure in the state register, as well as for FSM transitions from each state in case of failure in the input vector; determination of FSM output vector values in case of the above failures; development of description styles for fault-tolerant FSMs; and investigation of the efficiency of the proposed description styles for fault-tolerant FSMs. The methods used are: the theory of finite state machines, state encoding methods of FSMs, description styles of FSMs, and Verilog hardware description language. The following results were obtained: two styles of describing fault-tolerant FSMs have been developed, safe0 and safe1, which do not increase the area and do not decrease the performance of FSMs, and in some cases allow the area to be reduced (for some examples by a factor of 4.8) and increase the performance (for some examples by a factor of 2.355). In addition, the description styles of fault-tolerant FSMs neutralize design errors when transitions are described in each state but not for all possible values of input variables. Conclusions. In this paper, the problem of designing fault-tolerant FSMs when the values of bits in the state register or in the input vector of the FSM change because of the negative external impact is described. Different ways of solving the problem at the level of FSM description in HDL are considered. Two description styles for fault-tolerant FSMs are proposed: safe0 and safe1. The fault tolerance of FSMs is provided in the following manner. When the input vector is not defined in the FSM specification for a specific state, the FSM will remain in the initial transition state, i.e. the FSM will not transit to another state. If the code of the illegal state is set in the state register, the FSM will transition to the start state. For all these faults, the safe0 style provides a zero output vector at the FSM output, whereas the safe1 style preserves the value of the previous output vector. A promising direction for future research seems to be the development of new styles and methods of FSM description, aimed at improving the FSM parameters (an area, a performance and a power consumption), as well as improving the reliability and fault tolerance of FSMs.

The possibility of using neural networks in the field of the energy coefficients correction of a power supply system with uneven load in phases is being studied. This need is justified by the fact, that the calculation of the necessary parameters of the symmetry-compensating device was previously based on the Nelder – Mead search optimization method. Search optimization performing is computationally expensive, takes long computation times, and may calculate anomalous values. The article develops the idea of using technology for predicting the parameters of a symmetry-compensating device, based on neural network modeling using Bayesian regularization. For a given set of initial data, the best selected configuration turned out to be a neural network of two layers, implemented in the MATLAB package using the machine learning tool Neural Network Toolbox. The network input parameters are a set of tuples, consisting of load values in each of the three phases of the power supply system, which are resistive-inductive in nature. There are six input quantities in total (load resistance and inductance values in each of the three phases) and all their values are different, which causes current asymmetry in the network and reactive power. The target matrix is formed from tuples, consisting of three values, which are the parameters of the symmetrical compensating device, calculated by the optimization method, in such a way as to compensate reactive power and to balance currents in the network. The number of data tuples, required to train a neural network was determined empirically. During the experiments, the optimal number of neurons in the neural network was also revealed. The use of the generated neural network to calculate the parameters of the symmetry-compensating device determined approximate solutions is comparable in accuracy to the values, found by optimization methods. With the help of the generated neural system, adequate quasi-solutions for calculating the parameters of the symmetry-compensating device were determined, which, in case of calculation, using the optimization method, led to anomalous values, that didn’t optimize the energy coefficients of the power supply system to the required extent. Also, such neuropredictions protect the system from receiving excessive high parameters of symmetry compensating device, which can be obtained with an optimization approach.

The subject matter of this article is a control system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) whose mathematical model is a finite state machine (FSM). The goal is to develop FSM structural models that enable (1) detection of multiple faults of FSM elements caused by an electromagnetic pulse or laser beam, and (2) prevent negative impacts on the controlled object. The tasks to be solved are as follows: to develop FSM structural models to detect invalid input vector X for the whole FSM and in each state, to detect invalid output vector Y for the whole FSM, at each transition and in each state, invalid code of the present (current) state, invalid code of the next state, and invalid transition between states; to determine the possible causes of the faults, which can be the failure in the logic Φ of forming the code of the next state, the invalid input vector X, the failure in the feedback circuit, the failure in the logic Ψ of forming the output vector, the failure in the state register R, the failure in the wire between the FSM input and the input of the logic Ψ; development of a combined structural model for the detection of all listed faults with a minimum number of additional combinational circuits, as well as a structural model that combines all additional combinational circuits. The methods used are: the theory of finite state machines, structural models of FSMs, state encoding methods of FSMs, representation methods of FSMs, and Verilog hardware description language. The following results were obtained: (1) the Mealy FSM structural models were developed to detect all the above mentioned faults, (2) the combined FSM structural models were developed, and (3) the possible causes of faults detected by each FSM structural model were identified. Experimental studies have shown that for the presented FSM structural models, the area overhead averages 3-23%, for one-hot encoding of FSM states, and 2-8%, for binary encoding of FSM states. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results consists in the following for the first time FSM faults that are not caused by radiation and cosmic rays but by an electromagnetic pulse affecting the control device are considered; the number of faults is not limited for the state codes as well as for the input and output vectors; the faults can be detected not only in the state register R but also in the input vector X, in the logic Φ of generating the next state code, in the logic Ψ of generating the output signals, and in the feedback circuit; the invalid transitions of FSMs and the transitions to invalid states are also detected; the proposed structural models not only detect FSM failures but also prevent their negative impact on the controlled object; combined structural models allow simultaneous detection of faults in all elements of the FSM. Future research will focus on developing structural models for correcting FSM failures.

Introduction. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated pneumonia was a dangerous disease at the beginning of 2021. However, there are almost no records of early infectious endocarditis of prosthetic heart valve in the presence of such a disease. We present an interesting clinical case of successful treatment of complicated pathology. The COVID-19 outbreak involved unique clinical complications that were superimposed on the progressive heart failure due to prosthetic mitral valve dysfunction (its detachment) which did not allow time for active antiinflammatory therapy. Urgent replacement of the prosthesis made it possible to eliminate the infection and paved the way for successful long-term antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral therapy. The aim. To determine the features of management of patients with complex clinical pathology: prosthetic valve endocarditis associated with COVID-19 and severe lung inflammation in the early postoperative period. Case report. This work presents rare clinical case. A 46-year old male patient underwent successful surgery (mitral valve replacement with posterior leaflet preservation and left atrium resection) at the Department of Surgical Treatment of Acquired Heart Diseases of the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery and was discharged in satisfactory condition. One month later, he was hospitalized again and diagnosed with an early infectious endocarditis of prosthetic mitral valve and bilateral polysegmental COVID-19-associated pneumonia. After a week of medicinal preparation (antibacterial therapy), the patient underwent repeat mitral valve replacement in the presence of progressive heart insufficiency due to increasing paravalvular insufficiency. Postoperative period elapsed without significant complications. The patient was discharged in satisfactory condition on day 15 after surgery and primary rehabilitation. Conclusion. Having a specific etiology, pneumonia significantly damaged mitral prosthesis structures by increasing paravalvular insufficiency. Consequently, the patient underwent life-saving repeat mitral valve replacement in the presence of COVID-19-associated pneumonia and under massive antibacterial treatment which continued for 60 days after the patient’s discharge. An important element of successful treatment of COVID-19-associated pneumonia is the selection of adequate antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral drugs.

The publication deals with the application of Agile principles in organizing the work of service units of higher education. The first part of the publication deals with theoretical aspects of the methodology. Agile does not exist by itself, but is structured and carries out all processes with the so-called Agile Manifesto, consisting of 12 principles. It is found out, to what extent it will be correct to transfer the principles of Agile-manifesto to the system of higher educational institutions. The basic principles, which can guide the administration of the service units of the HEIs, are defined. Agile's definition is articulated in the Agile manifesto of software development, which emphasizes that people and communication take precedence over processes and tools. A functioning product is more important than extensive documentation, and collaborating with customers is more important than negotiating contractual terms. Additionally, being willing to adapt and change is more important than sticking to the original plan. Numerous project management approaches exist to apply the Agile philosophy, with Scrum, Extreme Programming, and Kanban being among the most prevalent. Among project managers, Scrum project management is widely used as one of the most popular Agile methodologies. The second part of the publication identifies the differences and similarities between Agile and Scrum. The third part of the publication examines the application of the methodology in practice. It is important to focus on constantly changing external and internal environment and take into account the feedback from customers and users. This encourages developers and engineers to experiment and look for new solutions without being constrained by rigid frameworks and standards.

The subject of the study is the use of alternative fuels and hydrogen in heat engines in different concentrations at different operating modes. The purpose of this study is to decarbonize various types of transport, especially aviation, to increase the energy efficiency and environmental performance of heat engines. Task: to investigate the use of such alternative fuels as biofuels, synthetic fuels, hydrogen and hydrogen mixtures. The use of aviation fuels shows that they must satisfy the relevant requirements, so the choice of alternative fuels must satisfy these requirements with the improvement of their characteristics, first in terms of energy efficiency and environmental indicators. To do this, starting with the ground test of a modern aircraft engine, Rolls-Royce conducted tests on an early conceptual demonstrator using green hydrogen. Green hydrogen was created by wind and tidal energy to prove that hydrogen could be the zero carbon aviation fuel of the future with zero carbon emissions. After analyzing the early ground test concept, the developers are planning a series of further bench tests leading to a full-scale ground test of a green hydrogen jet engine with the goal of achieving zero net carbon emissions from the engine Research Methods. According to the recommendations of the IPCC on the use of scarce fuel, the coefficients of harmful emissions (EI) are calculated for some types of aircraft for the Landing Take Off (LTO) cycle (landing / takeoff). Harmful emissions are calculated using the same method when alternative fuels are used in engines Since jet fuel emissions play an important role in the greenhouse effect, new technologies are being introduced to reduce emissions, among which one of the most effective and environmentally friendly is the use of biofuels, as biofuels are produced using modern biological processes. In this study, an experimental study of the influence of hydrogen addition on a traditional internal combustion diesel engine was conducted. The results. It was determined that the supply of small additions of gaseous hydrogen to the diesel manifold increases the efficiency of the engine at nominal and, largely, at partial modes of operation. The environmental parameters of the diesel engine are improved: the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases decreases, the soot content decreases by 30-40% and by 35%. A calculation method for the quantitative assessment of harmful emissions when using alternative fuels in aircraft engines is defined. Conclusions. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the obtained dependencies can be used when choosing the type of fuel for heat engines and determining the optimal concentration of an alternative fuel such as hydrogen to increase energy efficiency and improve the environmental performance of heat engines.

The aim. To analyze the results of introduction of complex reconstruction of the left and right parts of the heart in Marfan syndrome combined with mitral-tricuspid insufficiency, biatriomegaly and left ventriculomegaly. Materials and methods. As an example of this pathology, we present our observation. Female patient T., 24 years old, was examined and treated from 7/27/2022 to 8/17/2022 at the Department of Surgical Treatment of Acquired Heart Diseases of the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine with a diagnosis: Marfan syndrome. Stage IV mitral-tricuspid insufficiency. Biatriomegaly. High pulmonary hypertension. Permanent form of atrial fibrillation (for 10 years, since 2011). IIB heart failure with left ventriculomegaly with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. NYHA functional class IV+. The patient underwent surgery in the following volume: mitral valve replacement with full preservation of the valve apparatus + tricuspid valve plasty with the imposition of a support ring + triangular plasty of the left atrium with its partial resection + resection of the right atrium. Results. Within 4 months after surgery, echocardiographic parameters showed significant decrease in the volume of the left ventricle, the diameters of both atria. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the level of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and manifestations of heart failure. Conclusion. Taking into account the initial serious condition of the patient with Marfan syndrome and advanced mitral-tricuspid heart disease, left ventriculomegaly with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, biatriomegaly (left atrium 7.2 cm, right atrium 6.5 cm), permanent form of atrial fibrillation, complex reconstruction of the left and right parts of the heart leads to an improvement in the functional state of the myocardium.

The significance of the study is contingent upon two criteria. All objects in the actual world that can capture a researcher’s attention are inherently complicated. Furthermore, every commodity that an individual manufactures and every work of art that an individual develops are intricate in nature. The entirety of the processes that an individual perceives and instigates are intricate. Although many professions have established techniques for constructing intricate entities, there currently exists no universally applicable concepts or methodologies for comprehensively studying, designing, producing, or generating complicated items. The objective of this work is two-fold: firstly, to develop a comprehensive methodology for analysing complex synthetic processes, and secondly, to propose universal models or synthesis mechanisms that can be used to systematically derive specific process synthesis algorithms for various practical applications. The ability to utilize generalized models and synthesis techniques is highly advantageous when designing realistic computer programming. The authors introduced a comprehensive process model and enumerated its characteristics. Using this concept, techniques for creating and suggesting processes have been formulated and put forward. The concept of a decomposition diagram enables the systematic design of intricate multi-level hierarchical processes. The multitude of processes and the intricacy of their combination give rise to the notion of formulating a synthesis theory. The acquired results can be regarded as the initial stage in the construction of such a theory. The authors’ proposed methods of process synthesis enable the deductive derivation of useful algorithms for application software. Although the concept of the breakdown scheme and synthesis procedures is relatively straightforward, this advancement has been suggested for the first time. In order to further this project, it is necessary to augment the generalized process model with supplementary traits and properties, as well as to further refine the synthesis procedures. A proposal is being made to initiate the development of a theory for synthesizing a comprehensive plan using the decomposition scheme and methods of synthesis and decomposition.

Natural metal composite materials represent a promising class of modern structural materials that need to be welded. Such materials can be welded by fusion, as has been established with the Ti-TiB alloy as an example. The enhanced operational properties of such materials are determined by the microstructure, which is characterized by the presence of microfibers of borides, carbides, or silicides in the metal matrix. To preserve the mechanical properties of materials in a welded joint, it is necessary to ensure the formation of reinforcing microfibers in the welded seam material. Determination of formation mechanism of boride microfibers, originated in the welded seam material, will become the basis for optimizing of fusion welding modes, in particular, electron beam welding mode. The purpose of this study is the determination of formation mechanism of boride microfibers originated in the welded seam material. Two most probable variants of the formation mechanism are analyzed, which involve eutectic decomposition during crystallization from a liquid melt or eutectoid decomposition from a metastable crystallized alloy. The third version is a mixed variant of the two above-mentioned mechanisms. In the article the results of metallographic analysis of features of boride phase distribution and an analysis of elemental composition of boride fibers based on local Auger electron spectroscopy are presented. The object of study was a Ti-TiB alloy joint obtained by electron-beam welding. The analysis factors were the features of size, orientation, and nature of the distribution of boride phase microfibers in different areas of the welded seam. The characteristic elemental composition of boride microfibers, which characterizes the correspondence to equilibrium phases, is also studied. The degree of deviation of the ratio of boron and titanium in such a phase from the thermodynamically equilibrium in different layers of the material of the welded seam, formed by an electron beam in vacuum, is determined. The dependence of boride phase distribution under various conditions of heat exchange in the welded seam material on the side surfaces and in the central regions is established. It is shown that some of boride microfibers formed in the material of the welded seam are characterized by a deviation from the thermodynamically stable composition ТіВn (n = 1) to ТіВn (n = 0.85). The dendritic nature of boride microfibers distribution and the presence of meta-stable phase formations on Ti and B basis provide the grounds for proposing the predominant mechanism for the formation of structure of the welded seam material in the Ti-TiB alloy during crystallization. An analysis of hypothetical variants of the formation mechanism of boride microfibers originated in the welded seam material showed that the formation of a dendritic type of structure is characteristic for the growth of crystals of a new phase in the liquid phase. Such growth is characterized by the formation of equilibrium phases. The presence of a significant amount of non-equilibrium boride phase in the welded seam indicates the residue of non-equilibrium boron in the titanium matrix and continuation of growing of boride fibers in the crystallized welded seam. A determined mechanism for formation of boride microfibers originated in the welded seam material is eutectic decomposition during crystallization from a liquid melt with the formation of TiB microfibers and further growth of such crystals due to eutectoid decomposition from a metastable crystallized Ti-TiB alloy. The results obtained make it possible to understand the mechanism of formation of a welded seam in welded natural-composite metal materials, which permits to develop the recommendations for optimizing the welding technology for such materials.

Background. Comprehensive reconstruction of the left and right parts of the heart in giant left atriomegaly, adequate tactics of mitral valve replacement in case of concomitant tricuspid insufficiency and dilation of the right atrium lead to an improvement in the functional state of the myocardium as early as at the hospital stage. Case description. Patient B., a 67-year-old woman, was examined and treated from July 12 to August 2, 2016 at the Department of Surgical Treatment of Acquired Heart Diseases of the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine with a diagnosis: stage IV mitral restenosis, condition after closed mitral commissurotomy in 2001, critically small cavity of the left ventricle, giant left atriomegaly, IV degree tricuspid insufficiency, right atriomegaly, high pulmonary hypertension, permanent form of atrial fibrillation for 15 years since 2001, NYHA class IV heart failure, IIB. The patient underwent surgical intervention: mitral valve replacement + W-shaped plastic surgery of the left atrium in combination with dosed resection of left atrium + tricuspid valve plasty with the imposition of a support ring + resection of the right atrium. Conclusion. Given the initial serious condition of the patient with advanced mitral restenosis, critically small left ventricular cavity, giant left atriomegaly of 169.4 × 115.8 mm (according to computed tomography) and high pulmonary hypertension (65 mm Hg), concomitant pathology of the right parts of the heart (tricuspid insufficiency and right atriomegaly), adequate tactics in mitral valve replacement and radical correction of the left atriomegaly lead to an improvement in the functional state of the heart as early as at the hospital stage.

The subject of the study is the process of protecting acoustic information in critical computer systems to ensure the required level of system security. The purpose of the article is to study the method of protecting acoustic information in critical computer systems by means of masking to ensure the impossibility of unauthorized access to the system. The paper outlines the following tasks: to analyze the software and hardware masking of speech; to study the masking of speech messages in order to introduce unrecognizability; to consider the features of speech message compression; to investigate methods of covert transmission of acoustic information. The results of the work, which were obtained using mathematical methods of information transformation in computer systems, are potentially possible methods of masking speech messages to ensure the impossibility of unauthorized access to the system. The analysis of the functioning of the proposed methods made it possible to formulate specific conclusions. The research has shown that the use of direct expansion of the spectrum of discrete signals for steganographic purposes helps to covertly embed information messages in still images. The task of extracting a message on the receiving side of a steganography system is equivalent to the task of detecting information from a mixture of a useful signal and an interference in a broadband communication system. The research revealed certain disadvantages of steganographic systems with an expanded spectrum of discrete signals: the probability of correct extraction of embedded data depends on the amount of distortion introduced, which depends on the provided bandwidth of the steganographic channel. Further research is desirable to analyze the possible use of methods for synthesizing large ensembles of quasi-orthogonal discrete signals with improved ensemble, structural, and correlation properties to ensure higher security of acoustic channels in computer systems for critical applications.

Бажання та необхідність досягнення якісних результатів лазерної розмірної обробки, тобто перетворення останньої у прецизійну, вирішується внаслідок обрання оптимальних технологічних схем формування оброблювальних елементів та параметрів інструменту, створеного із лазерного променю. Головний сенс цих спроб зводиться до мініатюризації порцій, якими руйнується та видаляється матеріал заготівки з порожнини елементу, що формується, зверх інтенсивними, але короткими за тривалістю імпульсами електромагнітної енергії, що в умовах сталих нестабільностей процесу обробки дозволяє вчасно впливати на її хід та за високою дискретністю процесу вчасно та оперативно керувати його якісними результатами. Однак, така тактика призводить до суттєвого зниження ефективності технологічної операції. Наприклад, лінійна швидкість лінійного вирізання елементів коронарного стенту імпульсами наносекундної тривалості складає 25 ÷ 30 мм/хв, тоді як при мікросекундній до 250 мм/хв., а незначне підвищення шорсткості стінок різу після останньої операції легко усувається електро хімічною обробкою. В зв’язку з тим, що процес руйнування матеріалу при лазерному опроміненні є термічним за конкуренцією темпу введення тепла та його розсіяння в тілі заготівки, особливо з металу, є можливість впливу на характер поглинання променистої енергії поверхнею заготівки, на параметри створеного теплового джерела та на теплофізичні властивості матеріалу. Оптимальні рішення цих завдань складають мету інженерії процесу опромінення в операціях прецизійної і ефективної обробки та наведені в цій роботі.

The article examines qualitatively new characteristic features acquired by the public infosphere with the spread of electronic information technologies. The growing volumes of information produced by society, the improvement of information flow management tools, the ever-deepening penetration of new information into the society structure, and the fact that more and more people gain access to it, have opened up new opportunities in the realization of the society productive forces. At the same time, electronic technologies came to libraries - traditional social centers for storage and use of information. On the one hand, libraries gave a tangible boost to all areas of librarianship related to users service directly in libraries and its improving. On the other hand, they made it possible to expand the number of users outside the library, with the help of electronic means of communication. Increasing demand for information beyond the traditional library reading, in the environment of business, politics, and power structures, in the process of activation of the entire social structures system within the framework of the civil society development, significantly develops and renews libraries functions. Activation of libraries in public life is also related to the improvement of information processes management.Thus, the introduction of electronic information technologies into the infosphere of society contributes to its intellectualization. The improvement of relevant library technologies contributes to the development of public memory, public self-awareness and plays a growing role in the humankind progress.

Introduction. Almost every year, the territory of Ukraine is affected by drought of different intensity and duration, what is a favorable condition for wildfires. In the forest areas of the country arose about 106.8 thousand fires with a total area of 139.2 thousand hectares during 1990-2017. An analysis of the long-term dynamics shows that wildfires in Ukraine are a sustainable phenomenon. In 2020, under the severe drought conditions, 209 forest fires occurred, the most significant of them were in the Chernobyl zone and in the Lugansk region. Formulation of the problem. There is still no universally accepted method to describe all drought related processes due to complexity of drought phenomena. Although drought indices and fire weather indices usually have different time scales, their combination can be a basis in the prediction scheme in which the drought index acts as a background indicator, which enhances or decreases the current fire weather index. The purpose of this study is evaluate informativeness of a new fire weather index HDW (Hot-Dry-Windy Index) for the territory of Ukraine, which takes into account the main meteorological parameters necessary to describe the degree of wildfire danger due to weather conditions, so this index may become a component of the drought and fire monitoring system. Data and methods. The HDW index has a physical justification as the atmosphere affects the fire, namely, the combination of three atmospheric parameters characterizes the current conditions for the ignition and distribution of fire: wind, temperature, humidity. For the calculation of the HDW index, the data of GFS global numerical model with grid step 0.25 degrees is used. The calculation of the daily fields of the HDW index was carried out for the territory of Ukraine and for local areas. To localize areas of wildfires, in the study were used daily hotspots data provided by the web-resource Firms (https://firms2.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/), which are determined using satellite instruments MODIS (AQUA and Terra Satellites) and VIIRS (S-NPP and NOAA-20 satellites). Research results. Comparison of the calculated HDW fields in Ukraine with the position of hotspots showed that the maximum values of the HDW index are generally concentrated in fire areas. Comparison with the synoptic situation showed that the maximum values of the HDW are located in the zones of advection of warm and dry air in the lower troposphere and zones of strong surface winds, which usually correspond to the periphery of anticyclone or the warm sector of cyclone. The analysis of the time courses of the HDW index showed the typical feature, which expressed in the fact that in all cases there was an increase in the index values in the period before the wildfire, maximum of the HDW is fixed at the time of ignition and after that the index values sharply decreases. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The fields of new HDW index reflects the weather conditions typical for wildfires periods in the territory of Ukraine. The presence of specific features and extreme values in the index time course can be used to track the process of increase of fire danger under changing weather conditions to make short- and medium-range fire danger forecasts with evaluation of fire danger classes.

The category «internal political dialogue» is considered, which should be understood as a political and psychological decision-making process by coordinating positions between the authorities and civil society on complex problems of domestic problems and ensuring the process of their implementation. It was found that the main conditions of the dialogue are the real desire of the authorities to take into account the opinion of the public and the public's trust in the authorities when making decisions, or a mutual desire to restore such trust. It is noted that, on the one hand, peaceful political dialogue is an expression of democracy, and on the other hand, it is a guarantor of its preservation. In many cases, public institutions do not function properly because they are compromised by political bias, corruption and inefficiency. The role of political dialogue in such contexts is to strengthen the legitimacy of institutions by building consensus and trust in their proper functioning. In addition, it is the internal dialogue that can contribute to the establishment/restoration of legitimacy and its strengthening. It was revealed that there are problems standing in the way of effective internal political dialogue in Ukraine: ineffective fight against corruption and reform of the law enforcement and judicial system; instability of the legislative framework; instability of financial and banking systems, lack of balance between security and transparency of the work of the Verkhovna Rada.

Мета та завдання статті. Обґрунтувати концепцію побудови навчально-тренувального комплексу підготовки спеціалістів інформаційної та кібернетичної безпеки на засадах комп’ютерної гри. Для досягнення мети поставлено такі задачі: 1. Проаналізувати сучасний стан досліджень та публікацій. 2. Оглянути концепції побудови навчально-тренувального комплексу підготовки спеціалістів інформаційної та кібернетичної безпеки на засадах комп’ютерної гри. Висновки, та перспективи подальших досліджень. Гейміфікація у вищій школі дозволяє створити таке інформаційно-навчальне середовище, яке сприяє самостійному, активному прагненню курсантів (студентів) до отримання знань, професійних навичок і вмінь, таких як критичне мислення, вміння приймати рішення, працювати в команді, бути готовим до співпраці; допомагає розкрити творчі здібності і мотивує до самоосвіти. Водночас необхідно обережно ставитись до застосування гейміфікації. Зрозуміло, що дух боротьби спонукає студентів швидше і краще робити завдання, але якщо хтось із учасників отримує результат, який є набагато кращим, ніж у лідерів, то за певних установок ця людина може впасти духом і вирішити, що навчатися немає сенсу. Виходячи з позитивного досвіду застосування комп’ютерних технологій у навчанні осіб різного віку, вбачається за доцільним застосування кібергри у підготовці фахівців спеціалістів інформаційної та кібербезпеки. Наукова новизна. На основі аналізу сучасного стану гейміфікації та прогалин у сфері підготовці спеціалістів інформаційної та кібербезпеки запропоновано концепцію побудови навчально-тренувального комплексу підготовки спеціалістів інформаційної та кібернетичної безпеки на засадах комп’ютерної гри. Теоретичні результати, що одержані в процесі наукового пошуку, становлять підґрунтя для подальшого дослідження у обґрунтуванні технічного завдання на розробку комп’ютерного програмного забезпечення з гри в кіберпросторі.

Запропоновано новий підхід для удосконалення інформаційної безпеки (ІБ) мережі навчального закладу. Пропонований підхід – структурований і системний. Ще дозволяє оцінити захищеність мережі навчального закладу (наприклад, університету) в цілому, а також її підсистем та компонентів, які забезпечують ІБ навчального закладу. Для оцінювання ступеня захищеності використовуються статистичні, експертні, евристичні та інші показники. Запропонована модель дозволяє описати процедуру забезпечення ІБ мережі університету. Пропонується збалансована система показників ІБ, що дозволить оцінювати ефективність захисту мережі університету. Також в рамках дослідження, біло побудовано модель захищеної мережі навчального закладу, де мережеві пристрої були з’емульовані у віртуальній машині (ВМ) зі встановленим додатком EVE-NG. Інші ресурси мережі відтворені завдяки серверній системі віртуалізації Proxmox VE. На хостах під управлінням PVE було розгорнуто систему виявлення загроз IPS Suricata, платформу Splunk та фільтр DNS-адрес Pi-Hole. Новий механізм селекції на відміну від традиційної, передбачає створення проміжної популяції. Формування проміжної популяції відбувається в кілька етапів. На першому етапі перша половина популяції формується на основі метрики - частка вразливостей об'єкта інформатизації, які усунуті в установлені терміни. На другому етапі друга половина проміжної популяції формується на основі метрики - частка ризиків, які неприпустимі для інформаційних активів об'єкта інформатизації. Далі ці частини проміжної популяції змішуються. Після змішування формується масив номерів і виробляється змішування. На заключному етапі селекції для схрещування будуть братися екземпляри (індивіди) за номером з цього масиву. Номери вибираються випадково. Ефективність застосування даної методики підтверджена практичними результатами

Case description. A 41-year-old male patient F. was admitted to the Department ofSurgical Treatment of Ac-quired Heart Diseases of the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine with a diagnosis: Dilated cardiomyopathy. Mitral-tricuspid insufϐiciency. Left atrial myxoma. Left atriomegaly. Pulmonary hypertension. The patient was operated with heart failure symptoms of NYHA functional class IV. After a week of medical preparation and additional examination,the patient was successfully operated on (remov-al of the left atrial myxoma, imposition of support rings on the left and right atrioventricular openings, paraanular plicacy of the left atrium). The postoperative period proceededwithout signiϐicant complications. On the 12th day after the operation, the patient was discharged in satisfactorycondition. In the remote period the patient died suddenly 3 years later. Conclusion. Taking into account the initial serious condition of a patient with advanced heart disease with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, left atriomegaly (7.8 cm), pulmonary hypertension (50 mm Hg) and comorbidities, complex reconstruction of the left heart in atriomegaly and ventriculomegaly leads to an improvement in the functional state of the myocardium and morphometric indicators of left atrium and left ventricular ejection fraction.

Актуальність. Розвиток професійно необхідних морально-психологічних якостей особистості офіцерів Національної гвардії України (НГУ) є на часі. Мета дослідження – визначити інформативну значущість морально-психологічних якостей особистості військовослужбовців правоохоронців й основних компонентів фізичної підготовленості їх формування для ефективної підготовки фахівців у закладах вищої освіти Національної гвардії України до продуктивної роботи за фахом. Методи дослідження. Опитали військово­службовців (n=168) Національної гвардії України. Провели кореляційний аналіз Спірмена взаємозв’язків між показниками. Обчислили достовірність розбіжностей середніх значень двох вибірок залежно від строку служби. Результати дослідження. Для успішного виконання професійних обов’язків офіцерів НГУ найбільше зна­чен­ня має вмотивованість; також значущими вважають самоконтроль і здатність засвоювати нові знання й уміння. Думки курсантів НГУ про значущість морально-психологічних якостей особистості для успішного виконання ними професійних обов’язків достовірно відрізняються від думок представників старшого офіцерського складу за більшістю показників. П’ять морально-психологічних якостей особистості (здатність переносити тривалі різнопланові фізичні навантаження, спроможність засвоювати нові знання й уміння, уміння працювати в групі, уміння приймати необхідні рішення, самоконтроль) виказали п’ять і більше коефіцієнтів помірної й щільної кореляції з фізичними якостями. Найбільшу кількість коефіцієнтів щільної та помірної кореляції морально-психологічних якостей особистості спостерігали з показниками спритності – координованістю рухів, статичною й динамічною рівновагою. Висновки. Серед морально-психологічних якостей особистості молодші офіцери НГУ недооцінюють важливості розвитку в них низки показників. Насамперед піддаються формуванню засо­бами фізичної підготовки такі морально-психологічні якості особистості, як уміння працювати в групі, уміння приймати необхідні рішення, здатність переносити тривалі різнопланові фізичні навантаження, а також самоконтроль і здатність засвоювати нові знання й уміння. Підтвердили важливість високого рівня розвитку спритності (особливо координованості рухів, статичної та динамічної рівноваги) для успішного виконання офіцерами НГУ дій за призначенням.

Implementation of the principles of medical preparation, comprehensive reconstruction of the left heart in patients with atriomegaly and ventriculomegaly and combined mitral-tricuspid valve diseases leads to improvement of myocardial function and morphometric parameters of the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV). Case description. Patient R., male, 67 years old, underwent examination and treatment from April 22 to May 25, 2021 at the department of surgical treatment of acquired heart diseases of the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine with the diagnosis of stage IV mitral regurgitation, stage IV tricuspid insufficiency, high grade pulmonary hypertension, permanent atrial fibrillation (lasting 10 years since 2011), IIB heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), secondary hypothyroidism (state of drug subcompensation). Upon admission, the patient was in a state of circulatory decompensation, which required long-term medical preparation for the operation. After his condition was improved, the patient underwent surgery: mitral valve replacement with complete preservation of the valve apparatus, triangular plasty of LA, tricuspid valve plasty with the imposition of a support ring and resection of the right atrium. There were no complications during the intraoperative period. The postoperative period was characterized by symptoms of hyperbilirubinemia, increased exudation from drainages on the first day after surgery. After appropriate treatment, the patient’s condition was stabilized. The patient was discharged on the 13th day after surgery with improvement. Conclusion. Given the initial severe condition of the patient with advanced heart disease with reduced LVEF, left atriomegaly 9.5x12.3 cm, high grade pulmonary hypertension (peak systolic pressure = 70 mm Hg) and comorbidities, comprehensive reconstruction of the left heart with atriomegaly and ventriculomegaly leads to improvement of functional state of the myocardium and morphometric parameters of LA and LV.

The phenomena of the formation of local defects and cracks in asphalt concrete pavements of roads and bridges are most often observed in climatic zones with large temperature differences during their seasonal and daily changes. To a large extent, this is due to the heterogeneity of the thermomechanical properties of the materials of the coating layers and the base. To prevent these phenomena, reinforcing rods and meshes are introduced into the coating structure. In this work, using the theory of thermoelasticity, it is shown by the method of mathematical modelling that in cases of incompatibility of the thermomechanical characteristics of asphalt concrete materials and reinforcement, additional localized thermal stresses arise in its small vicinity, which, even at moderate temperatures, can reach critical values and lead to local defects and cracks. Since these defects are latent, they cannot always be detected in practice. The presented results of analytic calculation validated these conclusions. They can be used in both road building and composite design.

Одним з найуразливіших питань в технічному захисті інформації – це отримання даних, приватних або конфіденційних, за рахунок витоку по оптоелектронному каналу, основним джерелом отримання цих даних є лазерні системи акустичної розвідки або лазерні мікрофони. Від лазерних систем акустичної розвідки (ЛСАР) є активні та пасивні методи захисту. Активні методи використовують різні зашумлюючі або вібруючі пристрої, які створюють небезпеку для людського здоров’я. При пасивному захисті, зараз рекомендують використовувати або спеціальні гофровані вікна або повністю закриті ролети, що створюють певні незручності і тепер. Виявлення працюючого лазерного мікрофона дуже складне, а в ряді випадків технічно нездійсненно. Наприклад, зняття інформації за допомогою ЛСАР відбувається через скляні будівельні конструкції, як правило – вікна.. Ця стаття присвячена аналізу принципу дії лазерних систем акустичної розвідки та пасивних методів від зчитування акустичної інформації. Тріангуляційні лазерні датчики призначені для безконтактного вимірювання і контролю положення, переміщення, розмірів, профілю поверхні, деформацій, вібрацій, сортування, розпізнавання технологічних об'єктів, вимірювання рівня рідин і сипучих матеріалів. Відповідно їх можна використовувати для дослідження вібраційних властивостей скла і плівок, що на них нанесені. Описано методика роботи з лазерними триангуляційними датчиками вібрації, що дозволяє досліджувати відхилення скла різних виробників від звукових вібрацій, тим самим досліджувати анти лазерні властивості існуючого скла, а також різних типів напилення та плівок. Крім того даний метод дозволяє проводити і перевіряти відхилення від звукових вібрацій для нових типів скла, плівок та напилення, доводячи результати спектральних досліджень і їхнього впливу на амплітуду вібрації скла. Проведено налаштування вібраційного датчика і проведено експериментальну оптимізацію параметрів програмного забезпечення для отримання найбільш істинних значень відхилення, що необхідно для роботи з напиленими зразками для пасивного захисту

The article examines the process of forming the digital stage in the development of the information society, when integration of socially significant information resources, displayed in the past on various media, takes place, and these resources viausing digital technologies, become unified in electronic form, and are successfully usedin all spheres of social activity. At the sametime, public information exchanges supported by digital technologies with the help of computerized libraries are becoming leaders in the organization of effective use of digital resources. In the library institution itself, digitization significantly speeds up users service, increases the quality of information about available information resources, facilitates access to electronic information, and significantly improves library advisory, methodological, cultural, and educational work. Remote forms of library work with the use of digital technologies acquire qualitative improvement, and in the near future, obviously, they should become leaders in providing information to users. Today, they are developing in two main directions. The firstis related to the gradual replacement of information on paper, and other traditional carriers with digital ones used within the library institution. The second direction in remoteusers service is related to both the use of funds and the organization of libraries’ own information production, the production of information and analytical products according to the users’ requests in the information based on information mode, products that effectively reveal available library funds at the level of consideration of the main ideas reflected in the resources.

The article considers the problem of effective, balanced use of library funds for the preparation of thematic information, information and analytical products, oriented to the users’ orders and corporate groups for use in practical activities, in research projects, in educational and practical work. New information products must use the content of national information resources in orders for their application in the practice of public activity. This is especially important during the informational and "hot" phase of the war, as it happens today during the Russian-Ukrainian so-called military special operation. In the library products of this period, the use of information resources that reflect the indigenous ethno-mental outlook of the Ukrainian people is particularly important. It is also important to use the results of the most significant achievements of different generations of our citizens, and especially the scientific and informational achievements of the last decades. All these materials, as well as appropriate borrowing of foreign information products, innovative information resources useful for national development, should become a guide for the production of new information, scientific and information products, which Ukrainian society requires in modern conditions. Balanced, thoughtful use of the entire volume of Ukrainian library collections, along with the improvement of modern information creation, will contribute to the effective preservation of mental stability in the functioning of public institutions, productive information activity of citizens under conditions of difficult current challenges which the Ukrainian people faced.

The article considers the problem of forming the information basis of national development. This basis is based on the practical experience of the evolution of the species Homo Sapiens, the development of its representatives’ work skills, forms of communication, the practice of recording knowledge they have elaborated, their experience in various forms of written culture, the formation of public memory in centers of preservation and use of information acquired by library structures during its development for various purposes. During the revolutionary transformations of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in the information sphere of society, related to the development of electronic information technologies, with the intensification of global information processes in the process of their computerization, library institutions acquire new organizing qualities. In the modern organization of information processes it is computerized libraries that contribute to the growth of quality, social significance of modern information exchanges. The importance of libraries as public information centers, centers of preservation and development of national memory, information national consolidation of Ukrainian society is growing.

Запропоновано алгоритми для нейромережевого аналізатора, задіяного у системі підтримки прийняття рішень (СППР) у ході вибору складу резервного обладнання (СРО) для інтелектуальних автоматизованих систем управління (ІАСУ) Smart City. Розроблено модель, алгоритми та відповідне програмне забезпечення для вирішення оптимізаційного завдання вибору СРО, здатного забезпечити безперебійну роботу ІАСУ як в умовах технологічних збоїв, так і в умовах деструктивного втручання у роботу ІАСУ з боку атакуючих. Запропоновані рішення сприяють скороченню витрат на визначення оптимального СРО для ІАС на 15–17% порівняно з результатами відомих методів розрахунку. Наведено результати обчислювальних експериментів для вивчення ступеня впливу кількості виходів нейромережевого аналізатора на ефективність функціонування СРО для ІАСУ

У статті викладена методика багатокритеріальної оптимізації витрат на систему захисту інформації об'єкта інформатизації. Методика базується на застосуванні модифікованого генетичного алгоритму VEGA. Запропоновано модифікований алгоритм рішення задачі БКО параметрів багатоконтурною системи захисту інформації об'єкта інформатизації, який дозволяє обґрунтовувати оптимальні параметри компонентів СЗІ з урахуванням обраних експертом пріоритетних метрик кібербезпеки ОБІ. На відміну від існуючого класичного алгоритму VEGA, в модифікованому алгоритмі додатково застосовані принцип Парето, а також новий механізм селекції примірників популяції. Принцип Парето застосовується для кращої точки. У цій точці рішення, трактуються як найкращі, якщо за однією з метрик кібербезпеки є поліпшення, а по інший метриці (або метриках) буде відповідно не гірше. Новий механізм селекції на відміну від традиційної, передбачає створення проміжної популяції. Формування проміжної популяції відбувається в кілька етапів. На першому етапі перша половина популяції формується на основі метрики - частка вразливостей об'єкта інформатизації, які усунуті в установлені терміни. На другому етапі друга половина проміжної популяції формується на основі метрики - частка ризиків, які неприпустимі для інформаційних активів об'єкта інформатизації. Далі ці частини проміжної популяції змішуються. Після змішування формується масив номерів і виробляється змішування. На заключному етапі селекції для схрещування будуть братися екземпляри (індивіди) за номером з цього масиву. Номери вибираються випадково. Ефективність застосування даної методики підтверджена практичними результатами

The article clarifies the content of the concepts "person with special educational needs", describes the features of the organization of education in an inclusive classroom in mathematics lessons; identified special educational needs of primary school children with disabilities on the basis of a secondary school, explored effective ways of inclusive work in mathematics lessons in modern primary school. Innovative technologies of multilevel support of participants of educational process are offered: technology of adaptation of the child to a new educational level; teacher support technology; technology to help the child in the learning process; family interaction technology; technology of personality education. The following methods of inclusive learning in mathematics lessons in primary school are described: supportive learning, parallel learning, alternative learning, learning in small groups, alternate learning, team learning. Innovative technologies are considered, which realize the complex multilevel character of support of participants of pedagogical process and by means of which support of participants of educational process at lessons of mathematics is carried out: technology of adaptation of the child to new educational level; teacher support technology; technology to help the child in the learning process; family interaction technology; technology of personality education. The aspects that belong to the category of methodological and educational requirements and which must be performed by the teacher in mathematics lessons in an inclusive classroom are indicated: the topic of the lesson should correspond to long-term planning; pedagogical communication should have clearly defined goals, adaptation of the structure of the mathematics lesson. Options for solving the problem of planning a math lesson and creating a lesson outline in an inclusive classroom, focusing on children with special educational needs. Planning a math lesson in an inclusive classroom should include both general education tasks to meet the educational needs within the state standard and correctional and developmental tasks.

Book review: Cherepanova SO (2015) Philosophy of education. Reflection on the existence of the genus. Adulthood in Ukraine as a spiritual consolidation of society: an intercultural project. Lviv: Ukr. EUROSOCIUM Institute; Cherepanova SO (2020) Philosophy of education. Communicative excursion workshop: students' dialogues about art and education: Lviv (Ukraine) - Oxford (Great Britain). Lviv: Raster-7.

У статті наведено результати порівняльного аналізу тактико-технічних характеристик зразків вітчизняних та найкращих провідних країн світу фільтровентиляційного устаткування та агрегатів, що використовуються для забезпечення колективного захисту людей в умовах ведення бойових дій. Досвід воєнних конфліктів сучасності, антитерористичної операції та операції Об’єднаних сил на сході країни свідчить про те, що при ретельній підготовці операції (бою, бойових дій), масові зруйнування об’єктів інфраструктури, а саме об’єктів атомної енергетики та хімічної промисловості, як правило, призводить до невиправданих втрат серед військовослужбовців та цивільного населення. Забезпечення колективного захисту за таких умов стає можливим завдяки укриття людей в закритих сховищах, для забезпечення життєдіяльності в яких використовують фільтровентиляційне устаткування та агрегати. На основі отриманих результатів обґрунтовано перспективні напрямки розвитку засобів даного типу.

Визначено сутність компетентнісного підходу в публічному управлінні. Проаналізовано законодавчу базу України та інших країн щодо розвитку системи публічного управління та компетентнісного підходу в ній. В результаті проведених досліджень запропоновано напрями розвитку системи публічного управління в контексті компетентнісного підходу. Акцентовано увагу на тому що компетентнісний підхід представляє собою інтегральну управлінську технологію, що виробляє передачу людських ресурсів, необхідну для досягнення стратегій організації. Перехід на компетентнісний підхід дозволяє будь-яким організаціям, у тому числі і публічним, перейти на більш досконалий рівень управління людськими ресурсами за допомогою узгодження цілей, що стоять перед організацією чи установою та інтересами співробітників, у нашому випадку з інтересами публічної служби та наявності механізмів управління мотивацією результатів праці і професійним розвитком. Розглянуто досвід іноземних країн, де зазначено що державна служба в Польщі, Румунії, Болгарії, Франції та Німеччині має чітко сформовану систему, з законодавчим закріпленням, з вдало реалізованим законодавством про державну службу. У суспільстві наголошують, що для підвищення кваліфікації існуючих керівників і спеціалістів органів державної влади та місцевого самоврядування держава потребує управлінців нового покоління. Автор робить висновок що державна служба потребує професіоналів, енергійних людей та ефективних управлінців, здатних робити суспільство кращим, мати стратегічний і далекоглядний погляд на державні справи. Враховуючи те, що державне управління є високоінтелектуальною діяльністю, менеджери потребують постійної потужної освітньої та професійної підтримки. Тому слід звернути увагу на формування нової еліти підростаючого покоління, яка через розвиток компетентнісного підходу з раннього етапу (школа та ВНЗ), формуватиме кадровий резерв системи державного управління. Виходячи з аналізу наявного стану справ автором створено компетентнісний уніфікатор формування еліти молоді як базису кадрового резерву в публічному управлінні, що відображає основні компетентності, якими має володіти сучасний публічний управлінець.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by special attention to the development of «green» energy in the state policy of the People's Republic of China. The problem of the development of the Chinese energy sector is the shift of priorities to the search for alternative, clean energy sources that will replace oil and gas. Analysis of recent publications ensures a persistent interest in the problems of alternative energy in the majority of countries implementing stable economic growth. According to the authors, the processes of integration of alternative energy into the energy system of China, a country with high rates of economic growth, remain unexplored. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the choice of economic instruments for the integration of alternative energy into the energy system of China. The research methods used in the work are comparison, grouping, systems approach, formalization, axiomatic method, analogies, abstraction and modeling. Results of work. Within the framework of this study, the dynamics of changes in the structure of energy consumption in China has been studied, from the point of view of energy sources. China's energy policy issues go hand in hand with its economic policy goals. The country needs to support rapid development and economic growth, but in a much less energy-intensive way. This is widely recognized by the Chinese government, but significant changes in energy consumption versus production could mean major changes in its economic structure. The field of application of the research results is the energy policy of the state, aimed at the greening of life. Findings. The transition to renewable energy is inevitable, so the question is how best to manage this process while minimizing the total cost of energy services and the cost of damage caused by energy use. The combination of energy efficient and renewable energy sources will eventually replace the existing traditional energy system, which is dominated by fossil fuels. The most important factor for such an early transition is the need to address the problem of catastrophic climate change.

The article considers the main trends in processes of information circulation in the context of the transformation of modern information exchanges in connection with the growing importance of science in society transformative activities. These processes are based on the development of electronic information technology, global informatization, the improvement of social information communications and the entire management system of the infosphere, associated with the rise of the overall creative potential of society. As the need to intensify innovation processes in all spheres of public activity grows, it becomes increasingly important to improve the network of scientific libraries, which are modern centers of accumulation, preservation and organization of scientific information, and it is scientific information that today is of greatest public importance. In general, the introduction of electronic information technology has led to a significant update of the tasks of scientific and information services which scientific libraries could offer to researchers and users. The technological modernization of science needed today, due to its growing role in the development of the information society, also requires librarians to improve their professional level. The introduction of electronic information into scientific circulation renews and corrects all the traditional functions of sciemtific libraries, which until recently were based only around the publisher. The article focuse is on the development of functional characterictics of this category of libraries with regard to the needs and features of the use of electronic information resources in providing research process and implementation of its results in public practice with scientific information.

The present study is aimed at evaluating the genetic diversity, genetic status and the extent of hybridization with the domestic horse for the Przhevalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii Poliakov 1881) population free-ranging in the territory of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) in Belarus and Ukraine. The sample size included 12 individuals (10 sampled in the Belarusian part of the CEZ and 2 from the Ukrainian part of the CEZ). Ten microsatellites recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) for horse genetic status and pedigree determination were used as markers in this study. The fragment analysis data obtained utilising this microsatellite panel determined that two individuals from Belarus possess no allelic variants typical for Przhevalski’s horse. Most of the other individuals presented diagnostically valuable allelic variants. Demographic history analysis for the population did not indicate any drastic population shrinkage events in the population’s recent history. The studied population is characterised by heterogeneous population structure with signs of inbreeding (0.21 %), intermediate level of genetic diversity (He = 0.63) and allelic richness (5.15), possesses 16 unique alleles among 2 microsatellite loci and valuable alleles for loci HMS3 and HMS7 (46.4 and 67.9 % specific alleles for Przhevalski’s horse, respectively). Genetic structure evaluation for the population was performed via Bayesian population structure analysis and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), which indicated the presence of intrapopulation genetic subdivision. Taking into account the obtained indicators of genetic diversity, we may conclude on the relatively favourable status of Przewalski’s horse in the exclusion zone with good potential for the long-term existence of the species population in the wild. In order to minimise inbreeding effects and the risk of a decline in genetic diversity in the population of Przewalski’s horse of the exclusion zone, as well as to increase the value of this free-living group to preserve the gene pool of the species as a whole, it is necessary to provide detailed genetic monitoring of the livestock’s state, as well as develop a regional population management plan, including measures aimed to minimise the possibility of further hybridisation of wild horses with domestic ones.

The hydrodynamic Kelvin-Voigt model of production systems with a flow method of organizing production is considered. The main macro parameters of the state of the production line and the relationship between them are determined. The analysis of the main characteristics of models of elastic elements, which are used to analyze the occurrence of the dynamic stresses in a moving conveyor belt, is presented. A boundary value problem for elastic longitudinal vibrations in a conveyor belt with a moving material is formulated. It is assumed that the deformation of the conveyor belt element corresponds to the Kelvin-Voigt model and there is no sliding of the moving material on the belt. When determining the forces of resistance to motion acting on an element of the belt, the recommendations of DIN 22101: 2002-08 were used. The analysis of the Kelvin-Voigt model of the elastic element is carried out and the distinctive features of the model are demonstrated. The justification of the choice of the Kelvin-Voigt model of an elastic element for describing the process of occurrence of the longitudinal vibrations in a conveyor belt is given. The dependence of the non-uniform flow of material and the magnitude of tensions in the belt is estimated. An expression is written for the speed of propagation of disturbances along a moving conveyor belt with the material. The reasons for the acceleration and deceleration of the conveyor belt associated with the uneven supply of material at the entrance of the transport system are determined. The relationship between the speed of a conveyor belt and the mass of material along a section of the conveyor is demonstrated. It is shown that an increase in the power of the electric motor at the start and acceleration of the conveyor belt, as well as a decrease in power during the braking and stopping of the conveyor belt, is the cause of the appearance of dynamic stresses in it. The characteristic phases of the initial movement of the conveyor belt with the material are analyzed. The process of occurrence of dynamic tensions with the constant and variable acceleration of the conveyor belt for the phase of acceleration and deceleration of the conveyor belt is investigated. For the analysis, a dimensionless model of a conveyor line was used. An expression is obtained for static and dynamic tensions in the conveyor belt. The amplitude of oscillations of dynamic stresses and the characteristic time of damping of oscillations in a conveyor belt is estimated. A quadratic dependence of the speed of damping of a wave of dynamic tensions with an increase in the oscillation frequency is demonstrated. An inversely proportional dependence of the characteristic decay time of the generated dynamic tensions on the value of the viscosity coefficient of the composite material of the conveyor belt is shown.

The application of plasma coatings by the condensation of a substance under the conditions of ion bombardment opens up wide possibilities. The effect of nano-coatings on the properties of the material depends not only on the composition of the coating, but also on such parameters as the hardness of the base material, the purity of its surface and the thickness of the coating applied. The paper analyzes various models of the structure of the applied coatings. It has been established that the structure of the surface layers exerts a very strong influence on the process of friction and wear due to various mechanisms of energy relaxation. Chemical-thermal treatment is carried out in order to increase fatigue strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance. One of the widely used methods of chemical-thermal treatment is cementation. Cementation is performed on steel with a carbon content of not more than 0.2%. When using a solid carburizer (it saturates the medium), heating is carried out in furnaces, when using a gas carburizer, in hermetic shaft furnaces. All methods of chemical-thermal treatment are laborious, differ in the duration of the processes, and the results do not always justify the costs. An analysis of the experience of a number of machine repair enterprises shows the effectiveness of using ion-plasma technologies. In order to obtain high wear and corrosion resistance, the formation of their stable characteristics, which contribute to increasing the durability of machine parts and mechanisms, it is necessary to determine the optimal coating conditions. In this regard, using the theory of experimental design, a study was made of the parameters of coating deposition and a relationship was established between the hardness of the substrate material, the surface roughness of the coating, the coating thickness and wear. As one of the indicators, hardness was chosen. It is easily verifiable anywhere in the product without compromising integrity, both before and after use. The practice of operating products made of steel with the application of plasma coatings on the working surfaces has shown that the surface roughness of the product on which the coating is applied should be at least 0.48 Ra. Otherwise, peeling of the coating is observed, which is applied due to poor adhesion of it and the substrate.

Problem. When simulating the operation of automatic or automated driver assistance systems, it is necessary to take into account the rolling resistance of the car wheels the moment the car begins to move on a slope, which necessitates the choice of a method for calculating the value of the coefficient of rolling resistance of the car wheels. Goal. The aim of the work is to determine a rational method for calculating the coefficient of rolling resistance of a car wheel based on the analysis of methods and approaches in relation to determining the coefficient of rolling resistance of car wheels. Methodology. The work was performed by the method of generalizing information using the method of analytical comparison and includes the analysis of information from various network resources, standards, scientific libraries and open bibliographic special sources. Results. The main result of this work is the conclusion that not every method of calculating the coefficient of rolling resistance is applicable when modeling the start of movement of a wheeled vehicle on the rise. Based on the analysis of methods for calculating the rolling resistance coefficient of a car wheel, recommendations are given on choosing the most rational method for modeling the start of a car standing on a mountainside. Scientific novelty. Prerequisites have been formed for further research related to modeling a wheeled vehicle upgrading. The analyzed information from open scientific sources indicates that the chosen direction is covered quite widely in the specialized technical literature, but requires additional research in connection with the peculiarities of the work processes that occur the moment the car is standing on the side of the mountain. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used to expand theoretical information, which is a component of the course on car theory in teaching undergraduate and graduate students in the field of the automotive industry. The materials of the work can also be used to form mathematical models related to the description of rolling resistance of car wheels tires.

Thermodynamic properties of diamond are theoretically investigated on the ground of self-consistent description of a phonon gas in lattice, which generalizes the Debye model with taking into account the phonon-phonon interaction. In many cases properties of crystals of certain symmetry can be well approximated by a model of an isotropic continuous medium, if its elastic moduli are chosen optimally. They should be found for a crystal of each symmetry from the condition of their proximity to the exact elastic moduli, which are measured experimentally and are given in the corresponding tables. At high temperatures, the nonlinear phonon interaction takes into account both three- and four-phonon interactions. In this reason we take into account not only the second-order elastic moduli tensor in the reduced isotropic crystal model, but also the third- and fourth-order elastic moduli tensors, which are all together characterized by nine independent components. Account of the phonon-phonon interaction leads to the redefinition of the phonon’s speed and of the Debye energy. Their dependence on the temperature occurs. In the absence of interaction and neglecting the nonlinear effects, the phonons are the same as that of the Debye model. They are called "bare" or "Debye". Phonons whose speed is renormalized due to the interaction are called the “self-consistent” ones. It is shown that, at high temperatures, the theory predicts the linear in the temperature deviation of the isochoric heat capacity from the Dulong-Petit law. Unlike for the most crystals, where the decrease in the isochoric heat capacity is observed, our calculations for diamond and crystals with diamond structure predict the linear increase of the isochoric heat capacity with the temperature, viewed experimentally. The isobaric heat capacity of diamond, similar to other substances, linearly increases with the temperature.

A hydrodynamic model of production systems with a flow method of organizing production is considered. The basic macro-parameters of the state of the production flow line and the relationship between them are determined. The choice of a lot of moment approximation for modelling the production line is justified. It is shown that the conveyor-type flow line is a complex dynamic system with distributed parameters. The boundary value problem is formulated for the longitudinal vibrations of the conveyor belt when the material moves along the transportation route. It is assumed that there is no sliding of material along the conveyor belt, and the deformation that occurs in the conveyor belt is proportional to the applied force (Hooke's elastic deformation model). The significant effect of the uneven distribution of the material along the transportation route on the propagation velocity of dynamic stresses in the conveyor belt is shown. When constructing the boundary and initial conditions, the recommendations of DIN 22101: 2002-08 were used. The mechanism of the occurrence of longitudinal vibrations of the conveyor belt when the material moves along the transportation route is investigated. The main parameters of the model that cause dynamic stresses are determined. It is shown that dynamic stresses are formed as a result of a superposition of stresses in the direct and reflected waves. Analytical expressions are written that make it possible to calculate the magnitude of dynamic stresses in a conveyor belt and determine the conditions for the occurrence of destruction of the conveyor belt. The characteristic phases of the initial movement of the material along the technological route are considered. The process of the emergence of dynamic stresses with the constant and variable acceleration of the conveyor belt is investigated. The dynamics of stress distribution along the transportation route is presented. It is shown that the value of dynamic stresses can exceed the maximum permissible value, which leads to the destruction of the conveyor belt or structural elements. The transition period is estimated, which is required to ensure a trouble-free mode of transport operation during acceleration or braking of the conveyor belt. The use of dimensionless parameters allows us to formulate criteria for the similarity of conveyor systems.

The article deals with a new stage of development of information processes in Ukrainian society. This stage is conditioned by enhanced globalization processes, accelerated development of national informatization, the growing importance of the effective use of both newly created information resources and ones available for the previous generations, which could be considered as the key issue to national development. In the strategic dimension, the development of nations in modern conditions in the author’s vision is determined by the main triad of strategic tasks related to the ability to use effectively the resources of the global information space for nation development, to make effective own contribution to the process of development of the basic resources of the new information society and to organize its information security in the best possible way, as an important component of modern public security in general. It emphasizes that the qualities mentioned above should be based on effective system of strategic communication would be at modern user’s disposal.The article emphasizes the particular importance of transforming the library system which operates in Ukraine now into computerized new information centers that would play the role of the information bank network of the updated information exchange system in the process of social development. In modern conditions, such institutions should perform not only the role of the focal point of public useful information resources, but also act to improve the efficiency of use of the resource base of informatization. Based on the already existing practice of servicing, including one for remote users, all types of information resources of management structures, business, Ukrainian research institutions, other categories of the Vernadsky National library of Ukraine users, the article outline perspective directions for modern library activity development, related to the selection of information useful for the national development of global information space, accumulation of information on national information creation, bringing the content of available resources to users through the development of information and analytical activities and facilitating the preparation necessary for national development of information products in the optimal balance of new and traditional, sovereign information.

The article deals with the issues of informatization development in the Ukrainian national information space, including the issues of national and global information creation, which creates rapidly growing volumes of new, primarily electronic information resources. The solution to the problem of managing these resources is carried out now, basically, by creating appropriate software, search engines. However, the effective use of information resources for modern social activities, including the harmonious combination of ones elaborated by past generations and new ones, the need to achieve content accuracy of information products of development, ensuring interdisciplinary proportionality in the development of new theoretical material necessitate the improvement of the process of information content management. From the author's point of view, this problem should be solved with the obligatory involvement of the library component. Researchers of information processes with the participation of the modern libraries, based on the whole experience of cooperation with mass readers, users, and on the study of modern public needs for information services, should facilitate the development of effective information technologies for the analysis of modern information arrays, the development of effective methods of selection necessary for national development of information, structuring and preserving them, preparing them for effective use in providing thematical accuracy, relevance, predictive calculations and others. In the context of the topic consideration, it also refers to the improvement of management activities in the infosphere related to the need for cooperation in the library sphere caused by electronic information, improvement of stratcoms activities.

У статті зібрано, узагальнено та проаналізовано статистику і динаміку вітчизняних дисертаційних досліджень з державного управління у період з 2015 по 2019 роки за кількома показниками. Серед них маємо наукові ступені та спеціальності з державного управління, сфери, рівні та засоби управлінського впливу, спеціалізовані вчені ради, де вони відбулися, рівні консультування та керівництва дисертаціями, їх зв’язок з практикою публічного управління. Виявлено низку позитивних тенденцій, зокрема: зростання кількості й помітне переважання за цим показником досліджень державного рівня, а також тих, що спрямовані на вирішення проблем і завдань державотворення; зростання рівня різноманіття тематики та зв’язку з практикою; зменшення кількості робіт широкого профілю з досліджень державної політики та їх дублювання за тематикою; суттєве зменшення відсотку непрофільного консультування докторських дисертацій та керівництва кандидатськими дисертаціями; активна робота нових спеціалізованих вчених рад на фоні збереження лідерства Національної академії державного управління при Президентові України та її регіональних інститутів з державного управління за більшістю з розглянутих показників. В той же час, ще залишаються окремі прояви низької якості захищених дисертацій. Для упередження таких ситуацій необхідно й надалі посилювати принциповість та професіоналізм спеціалізованих вчених рад. Запропоновано для підвищення рівня експертизи, обмежити роботу рад не більше ніж одним засіданням на місяць. Також слід додатково впровадити механізм, схожий на умовну акредитацію освітніх програм, шляхом повернення за рішенням колегії дисертації на виправлення недоліків до спеціалізованої вченої ради з вимогою повторного її захисту не раніше, ніж через рік. З метою реального підвищення рівня зв’язку дисертаційних досліджень з практикою публічного управління рекомендовано здійснювати вибір тематики дисертацій у прив’язці до перспективних планів законодавчої роботи, прогнозування та стратегічного планування, державного програмування розвитку суспільних сфер, галузей і територій.

The article substantiates the relevance of the use of Country Studies materials in the English teaching process. It is emphasized on the importance of training future specialists in intercultural communication, cultural, professional and personal communication. The effectiveness of the use of Country Studies materials as an integral part of the foreign language teaching process has been revealed. It is emphasized that Country Studies material contributes to the formation of a linguistically competent personality and the upbringing of patriotism and citizenship; the success of the use of Country Studies materials in the process of teaching a foreign language and culture is determined by their interdisciplinary character. The principles that substantiate the general-didactic requirements to the organization of training, on which the systematic model of the use of Country Studies materials is based, are considered. The knowledge important for teaching alongside with the educational purposes gained during the study of their native land (geographic studies, historical ethnography, literary ethnography).

Розглядаються особливості управління цілепокладанням при забезпеченні інформаційної стійкості режимів зондування оглядової РЛС при її придушенні активними завадами та інформаційними впливами, що заважають. Подолання складності процесів цілепокладання, обґрунтованості та оперативності прийняття рішень при дефіциті часу на його прийняття пов’язані із забезпеченням системності процесів цілепокладання, підвищенням рівнів їх інтелектуалізації та формалізації. Це сприятиме наданню бажаних властивостей багатоцільовим стратегіям та ситуаційному закону управління процесами РЕЗ та координації дій, що синтезуються в ході конфлікту. Особливості подолання складності вирішуваної проблеми пов'язані з системністю процесів цілепокладання, підвищенням їх рівнів інтелектуалізації та формалізації.. Підвищення рівня інтелектуалізації процесів цілепокладання забезпечується: декомпозицією загальної задачі цілепокладання на окремі більш прості підзадачі з ефективними рішеннями, які реалізуються у відповідних підсистемах САУуст (або базових об'єднаннях її функціональних елементів) на етапах інформаційного забезпечення, підготовки, прийняття та реалізації рішень на ієрархічних рівнях управління; когнітивним аналізом цілей та рефлексивним синтезом процесів цілепокладання з залученням можливостей спеціалізованої інтелектуальної системи підтримки прийняття рішень для посилення креативно-рефлексивних здібностей суб'єкта управління та підвищення рівня його професійних компетенцій; поєднанням універсальності етапів раціональних управління синтезом стратегії управління процесами РЕЗ зі специфікою конфліктних ситуацій, суб'єктністю, когнітивним та рефлексивним характером інтелектуального управління. Представлені способи та засоби часткової формалізації процесів цілепокладання, коли структурування головної мети проводиться з урахуванням належності до стратегій внутрішнього та зовнішнього управлінь РЕЗ, декомпозиції 2-хсторонньої динамічної моделі конфлікту між системами комплексу РЕП і РЛС, ієрархії рівнів управління, застосованих різних підходів до цілепокладання і кризисного управління в цілому, а також методів обґрунтування цілей, витрат ресурсів та і контролю якості досягнення поставлених цілей. Ці особливості дозволяють істотно знизити ступінь суб'єктивності керуючих рішень щодо цілепокладання, і домогтися їх обґрунтованості, повноти, несуперечності та узгодженості.