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WHO indicates that the purpose of actions aimed at strengthening public health protection is to ensure conditions under which people can remain healthy, able to strengthen health and well-being, and prevent deterioration of health. However, in the basic documents, there is no place for health-preserving physical culture and health-improving competencies of a person in the system of general efforts. The aim of the work is to reveal the need and place of health-preserving physical culture and wellness competencies of a person as a condition for ensuring and spreading a high level of public health in Ukraine. Material and methods. The study was organized at the Dnipro State Academy of Physical Culture and Sports, the Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology, the National Technical University “Dnipro Polytechnic” (all in Dnipro) and the Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University. The used methods of theoretical research were: study and generalization of data from domestic and foreign official and literary sources, as well as abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. Results. Conceptual principles and didactic technology of physical education of a non-professional physical education (NpPhE), with an emphasis on strengthening the general cultural component of the educational component “Physical education” in higher education, aimed at eliminating existing shortcomings. Provided with pedagogical technology, NpPhE contributes to the formation of the building blocks of one’s own health. And the system of effective pedagogical mechanisms of NpPhE is significantly different from the provision of information about health, which is the subject of modern valeology. In this context, the development of conceptual directions of creative valeology is relevant, as a means of supporting a person’s creativity in a safe effect on health. Namely, the formation in institutions of higher education of the builders of their own health. Conclusions. A system of pedagogical mechanisms is proposed, which is significantly different from just providing information about human health as a benefit/harm of influences and actions, which is what valeology is focused on. This is a prerequisite for the formation and development of creative concepts of modern valeology based on the improvement of cultural and practical components of the educational component “Physical education” in the conditions of a higher education institution for specialists who take care of building their own health from specialties related to civilians. In conditions where the majority of their graduates are engaged not in physical, but intellectual work, the further implementation of approaches related to professional-applied physical training for professional activities is something that it is time to abandon.

Мета. Дослідити сучасний стан і структуру національних сортових рослинних ресурсів, проаналізувати динаміку їхнього формування, встановити нові виклики та загрози, що постають перед національними інтересами й продовольчою безпекою держави. Методи. У процесі досліджень використовували загальнонаукові методи, зокрема гіпотези, спостереження, пошуковий з елементами екстраполяції джерелознавчої бази даних; аналізу, порівняльного оцінювання та синтезу для формування висновків. Результати. Фізико­географічне розташування України в центрі Європи визначає ресурсний експортно­імпортний сегмент сортів та гібридів, який залежить від міжнародних тенденцій і трендів продовольчого ринку. Останнім часом наша держава втрачає передові позиції на ринку сортових ресурсів сільськогосподарських культур. Частка сортів українських заявників у Державному реєстрі сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні, на початку третього кварталу 2024 року була меншою, ніж іноземних, і трохи перевищувала 44% (кукурудзи – 45,3%, соняшнику – 32,9%, овочів – 23,3%, ріпаку – 19,1%, буряків – 19,2%). Наразі збережено пріоритетність вітчизняної селекції для таких груп: зернові – 52,3%, кормові – 64,2%, лікарські – 88,7%. За прогнозами фахівців, найближчими роками три четверті вирощуваних у нашій державі сортів сільськогосподарських культур будуть мати іноземне походження. Ця ситуація спричиняє значне занепокоєння не лише через посилення імпортної залежності, але й реальну перспективу занепаду вітчизняної селекції та формування ризиків у сфері охорони прав на сорти рослин. Проаналізовано причини такого стану національних сортових ресурсів і тенденції розвитку галузі насінництва основних стратегічних видів з огляду на виробництво насіння як іноземної, так і вітчизняної селекції, частку якого на ринку встановлено під час досліджень. Визначено обсяги та основних виробників кондиційного насіння в Україні. Висновки. Проаналізовано стан сортових рослинних ресурсів, виявлено тенденції та основні проблеми, що виникають у процесі їхнього формування. Визначено головні напрями розвитку та імплементації до норм європейського вітчизняного законодавства у сфері охорони прав на сорти рослин і насінництва.

Мета. Здійснити комплексне вивчення та оцінювання нових сортів сої культурної [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] ранньої групи стиглості (тривалість періоду вегетацій – 91–110 діб) за морфологічними ознаками та основними господарсько­цінними показниками: врожайністю, вмістом олії та білка. Методи. Польові дослідження з кваліфікаційної експертизи сортів сої культурної виконували впродовж 2022–2023 рр. у десяти філіях Українського інституту експертизи сортів рослин (УІЕСР) в межах ґрунтово­кліматичних зон Степу, Лісостепу та Полісся. У процесі спиралися на чинні методики проведення кваліфікаційної експертизи сортів рослин на придатність для поширення в Україні (ПСП), визначення показників якості продукції рослинництва й відповідності сортів критеріям відмінності, однорідності та стабільності (ВОС). Результати. Здійснено оцінювання морфологічних ознак, урожайності та якості зерна нових ранньостиглих сортів української селекції, внесених до Державного реєстру сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні. А саме: ‘Златопільська’, ‘Кобуко’, ‘АФК Темпо’, ‘АФК Фест’, ‘Господиня’ та ‘Санрайз’. Найурожайнішими в усіх ґрунтово­кліматичних зонах виявилися сорти ‘АФК Темпо’ (Степ – 3,25 т/га, Лісостеп – 3,64, Полісся – 3,63 т/га) та ‘Кобуко’ (Степ – 3,03 т/га, Лісостеп – 3,68, Полісся – 3,42 т/га). Водночас ‘Златопільська’, ‘Кобуко’, ‘АФК Темпо’, ‘АФК Фест’ і ‘Санрайз’ формували максимальну врожайність у Лісостепу [від 2,89 (‘Златопільська’) до 3,68 т/га (‘Кобуко’)], а ‘Господиня’ – на Поліссі (2,83 т/га). Найвищим вмістом білка в зерні відзначились ‘Златопільська’ (38,4–40,3%) та ‘Санрайз’ (37,9–40,6%), олії – ‘АФК Фест’ (23,3–24,3%). Висновки. За результатами кваліфікаційної експертизи сорти сої культурної ‘Златопільська’, ‘Кобуко’ та ‘АФК Темпо’ рекомендовано для вирощування в усіх ґрунтово­кліматичних зонах; ‘Санрайз’ – у Степу та Лісостепу; ‘Господиня’ – у Степу та на Поліссі; ‘АФК Фест’ – лише в Степу. Ліпші показники якості за вмістом білка має насіння, одержане в лісостеповій зоні, а за вмістом олії – у степовій. Досліджувані сорти сої культурної відповідають критеріям відмінності, однорідності та стабільності, а також вимогам до придатності для поширення в Україні.

Introduction. The presence of broad-spectrum and high-amplitude electromagnetic interference (EMI) within a single-phase induction motor (SPIM) drive poses a significant threat to both the system and other electronic equipment. High-frequency (HF) models of electrical motors play a critical role in overcoming these challenges, as they are essential for characterizing electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in drives and designing effective EMI filters. The novelty of this study proposes an enhanced HF motor model based on transfer functions (TFs) to accurately represent the motor’s behavior at HFs for frequency-domain analyses in the range of 100 Hz to 30 MHz. Purpose. The equivalent HF model for a SPIM is discussed in this paper. The suggested equivalent circuit describes a motor’s common-mode (CM) properties. Methodology. HF model was developed by a frequency-domain analysis utilizing an experimental setup and MATLAB software. The motor impedance analysis is based on the measurement of variations in motor characteristics as a function of frequency in the CM setup. Originality. TF has been tuned using an asymptotic identification method of Bode to match the behavior of the real impedances of the motor parameters as a function of the frequency in the CM configuration. This tuned TFs are then synthesized into a comprehensive wideband EMC equivalent circuit model using the Foster network technique, which can be then simulated in any Spice-based simulator tools. Results. The proposed mathematical model was employed to conduct simulations, and the resulting predictions were validated against experimental data. CM response of the EMC equivalent circuit at low, medium, and HFs were compared between simulations and experimental measurements using Lt-Spice simulator software. Practical value. It is observed that results show satisfactory agreement with the measurements over a large frequency bandwidth [100 Hz–30 MHz], and the equivalent model of SPIM can be cascaded with other electronic and electrical modules to form a complete single-phase electric drive system model for fast analysis and prediction of system level EMI and electromagnetic sensitivity. References 37, table 5, figures 13.

Introduction. This paper presents the novel design and analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system that combines a wave energy converter (WEC) with a floating photovoltaic (FPV) system for offshore installation, with a specific focus on Oran as a case study. The purpose of integrating these two technologies is to harness both wave and solar energy, thereby maximizing energy output and enhancing the reliability of renewable energy sources in offshore environments. The goal of this study is to develop a hybrid system that leverages the complementary nature of WEC and FPV technologies to maximize energy output and improve reliability. By integrating these technologies, the system aims to overcome the limitations of standalone energy systems. The methodology includes selecting suitable WEC and FPV technologies, optimizing their configurations, and analyzing their combined performance under various environmental conditions. To assess the energy production potential, structural stability, and economic feasibility of the hybrid system, computational simulations and data analysis are employed. This comprehensive approach ensures rigorous testing and optimization for real-world applications. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in energy yield and system resilience compared to standalone WEC or FPV systems. The hybrid system shows enhanced performance, particularly in consistent energy output and structural robustness. These findings indicate that combining WEC and FPV technologies can lead to more reliable and efficient offshore renewable energy solutions. The practical values are significant, providing insights into efficient and sustainable offshore renewable energy solutions. By focusing on Oran, it offers a localized perspective that can be adapted to similar coastal areas globally, contributing to the advancement of renewable energy technologies. The hybrid system’s enhanced reliability and efficiency support the broader goal of sustainable energy development in marine environments, highlighting its potential for widespread application and impact. References 23, tables 4, figures 17.

Introduction. Spark-erosion processing of metals and alloys granules in working liquids is the basis of a several technological processes. Efficiency of energy use in them and parameters of the resulting product largely depend on the accuracy of stabilization and regulation of pulse power in each plasma channel between the granules. To achieve this, until now only the voltage and current of the discharge pulses in the entire layer of granules have been controlled. Problem. The measurement methods, which are used, are not effective enough for monitoring the parameters of individual plasma channels and predicting the size distribution of eroded metals particles at the stage of their formation. The aim of the work is to develop a method for determining the volumes of components of plasma channels in layers of metals granules during their spark-erosion treatment to predict the size distribution of eroded metal particles at the stage of their formation, as well as to simplify the method of spectrometric analysis of the elemental composition of substances surrounding plasma channels for the operational prediction of the chemical composition of resulting products. Methodology. A series of experiments were carried out on spark-erosion processing of Al and Ag granules layers in distilled water. Using a digital camera, images of the plasma channels in them were obtained. Based on the theory of pulsed electrical breakdown of liquid dielectrics, an analysis of the components of plasma channels was carried out. Using the specialized ToupView program, the volumes of equivalent ellipsoids of rotation were determined, approximating the halos of colored radiation likely arising from streamers, as well as the spark cores of plasma channels emitting white light. The shades of the resulting radiation were studied for several metals and working liquids. The obtained data were compared with the known results of spectrometric studies for the same elements excited by similar mechanisms. Results. The theory of discharge-pulse systems for spark-erosion processing of granular conductive media has been developed in the direction of new methods for monitoring the parameters of discharge pulses and predicting the chemical composition and size distribution parameters of eroded metal particles at the stage of their production. An optic-metric method has been developed for determining the volumes of halos and cores of plasma channels. A simplified spectral method for determining the chemical composition of erosion particles based on the shade of the resulting radiation was proposed. Originality. The developed new optic-metric method makes it possible to obtain information about almost every plasma channel, which refines predictions of the size distribution of erosion particles. To implement the method, general-purpose hardware and specialized software that is freely available are used. The developed method of simplified spectral analysis of excited atoms makes it possible to make preliminary predictions of the chemical composition of the obtained erosion particles already at the stage of their formation without the use of expensive specialized equipment. Practical significance. The ratio of the volumes of halos and cores of plasma channels between Al and Ag granules in distilled water was measured. An analysis of the emission spectra of plasma channel halos between Al, Ag and Cu granules in distilled water, Fe in ethyl alcohol, Ni-Mn-Ga and Ti-Zr-Ni alloys in liquid nitrogen, and Ti-Zr-Ni in liquid argon was carried out. Based on spectrometry data, the resulting shades of these radiations were substantiated and their description in the RGB system is given. References 56, table 1, figures 4.

Cerebral stroke consequence assessment in patients with residual schizophrenia is a complex clinical scenario questioning both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Aim. To assess the structure of neurocognitive dysfunctions in patients with residual schizophrenia with pronounced negative symptoms depending on a history of cerebral stroke. Materials and methods. In the period of 2020–2023, a clinical examination of 47 patients of Zaporizhzhia Regional Clinical Psychiatric Hospital and Veselovsky Psychoneurological Boarding School with a diagnosis of residual schizophrenia (ICD-10: F20.5) was carried out. Study groups were formed: G1 – 9 patients with residual schizophrenia and the history of cerebral stroke; G2 – 36 patients with residual schizophrenia without the history of cerebral stroke. Results. The DSM-5 neurocognitive functioning assessment system was used in the study, based on which a protocol for rapid testing of neurocognitive functions adapted for patients with residual schizophrenia was developed. The group of patients with the history of cerebral stroke has demonstrated lower results in attention allocation (p ≤ 0.05). This group has also shown relatively poor results in planning (p ≤ 0.05), error correction (p ≤ 0.05), inhibition (p ≤ 0.05) and flexibility (p ≤ 0.05). As concerning verbal ability, worse results of expressive speech (p ≤ 0.05), grammar and syntax (p ≤ 0.05) have been revealed in the group of patients with the history of cerebral stroke. In terms of perceptual-motor functions, the gnosis task has been performed worse (p ≤ 0.05) by the group of patients with the history of cerebral stroke. Differences in emotion recognition and theory of mind were insignificant between groups. Conclusions. An original neurocognitive function assessment protocol adapted for the Ukrainian-speaking patient population with residual schizophrenia has been developed. The patient population with residual schizophrenia and the history of cerebral stroke or without it has been examined with the use of the developed protocol for the assessment of neurocognitive functions. According to the obtained results, patients with residual schizophrenia and the history of cerebral stroke have demonstrated worse cognitive performance compared to those without the history of stroke.

The aim. To explore the current literature and key findings concerning the cytokine storm contribution to pathogenesis of COVID-19 complications and mortality, and summarize clinical and pathologic features of cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. A cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory state secondary to excessive production of cytokines by deregulated immune system. It manifests clinically as an influenza-like syndrome, which can be complicated by multi-organ failure and coagulopathy, leading in most severe cases even to death. Cytokine storm has recently emerged as key aspect in COVID-19 disease, as affected patients show high levels of several key pro-inflammatory cytokines, some of which also correlate with disease severity. The current review describes the role of critical cytokines in COVID-19-mediated cytokine storm. Key findings of the studies are provided further. A cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19. Impaired acquired immune responses and uncontrolled inflammatory innate responses may be associated with the mechanism of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Cytokine storm is defined as acute overproduction and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory markers, both locally and systemically. In COVID-19 patients, pyroptosis triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines and affects macrophage and lymphocyte functions, causing peripheral lymphopenia. Cytokine storm is characterized by a clinical presentation of overwhelming systemic inflammation, hyperferritinemia, hemodynamic instability, and multi-organ failure. The cytokine storm clinical findings are attributed to the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor.

The aim. To study the relationship between β1-, β2-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) gene polymorphisms and the effectiveness of bisoprolol and carvedilol in patients with heart failure (HF) and coronary heart disease. Materials and methods. We examined 201 patients with HF on the background of post-infarction cardiosclerosis. Control group included 43 healthy individuals of comparable age and sex. Genotyping was carried out for 3 polymorphisms (rs1801253 and rs1801252 of the β1-AR gene; rs1042714 of the β2-AR gene). The patients were divided into 2 groups: the first group included 104 (51.7%) patients who took bisoprolol during the year of observation; 97 (48.3%) patients of the second group were treated with carvedilol. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10.0 and SNPStats programs. Results. In patients with HF, the mutant C-allele (rs1801253 polymorphism) of the β1-AR gene was associated with a decrease in the probability of heart rate reduction >15 min-1 against the background of the use of β-blocker during the year (odds ratio [OR] = 0.42 [0.16-0.98], p = 0.041, recessive inheritance model; OR = 0.62 [0.40-0.97], p = 0.038; log-additive inheritance model). The probability of positive dynamics of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increased in carriers of the wild A-allele of the rs1801252 (Ser49Gly) polymorphism of the β1-AR gene (OR = 4.86 [2.35-10.08], p < 0.0001, codominant model; OR = 5.18 [2.51-10.68], p < 0.0001, dominant model; OR = 4.68 [2.26-9.68], p < 0.0001, over-dominant model; OR = 5.05 [2.48-10.28], p < 0.0001, log-additive inheritance model). The probability of an increase in LVEF within a year increased with treatment with carvedilol in homozygous mutant G/G rs1042714 polymorphism (Gln27Glu) of the β2-AR gene in patients with HF (OR = 6.09 [1.16-31.88], p = 0.038, dominant inheritance model). Conclusions. Patients with HF of ischemic etiology, carriers of the mutant C-allele of rs1801253 polymorphism of the β1-adrenoceptor gene, are worse responders to the use of β-blockers compared to patients with the wild G-allele (a lower proportion of patients with a decrease in heart rate >15 min-1: 6.8% vs. 14.5%, respectively; OR = 0.42 [0.16-0.98], p = 0.041). The frequency of an increase in the value of the LVEF >10% was higher compared to patients with the mutant G-allele (39.3% vs. 11.1%, respectively; OR = 4.86 [2.35-10.08], p < 0.0001) against the background of application of β-blockers. The use of carvedilol was more appropriate in homozygous carriers of the mutant G-allele of the rs1042714 polymorphism (Gln27Glu) of the β2-AR gene compared to bisoprolol (a greater proportion of patients with an increase in the LVEF: 17.6% vs. 9.1%, respectively; OR = 6.09 [1.16-31.88], p = 0.038). No probable associations of rs1801253 and rs1801252 polymorphisms of the β1-AR gene with the pharmacodynamics of bisoprolol and carvedilol in patients with HF of ischemic etiology were found.

A spectroscopic method has been developed based on measuring of beta-spectra, which takes into account the physico-chemical state of the investigated objects and the instability of electronic systems in field conditions. This method allows for the investigation of the 90Sr and 137Cs concentration in various objects with a change in the 137Cs/90Sr ratio from 1 to 100 with an error of better than 20 %. A methodology has been developed that takes into account the change in the density of the inanimate objects and is based on shifting of the peak position of the conversion electrons from the 137Cs decay. The verification of the methodology compared to radiochemical measurements of 90Sr in soil samples showed complete agreement within 10 - 15 %, with a change of the activity in the samples by four orders of magnitude.

The results of the validation of the code package MCPV for the calculation of radiation transport within VVER-1000 reactor type near-vessel space using a continuous-energy data library are presented. The validation is carried out based on the experimental data obtained in mock-up and full-scale experiments. It is shown that the code package MCPV can be used to simulate neutrons and gamma quanta transport through the complicated heterogeneous environment of a nuclear reactor and to obtain the valid values of the functionals of the neutron and gamma fluxes within VVER-1000 near-vessel space.

Current radiological conditions and the possibility of returning to economic use of radionuclide-contaminated agricultural lands of the Narodychi United Territorial Community of the Korosten District of the Zhytomyr Region were assessed. The lands had been withdrawn from use in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On the Legal Regime of the Territory Exposed to Radioactive Contamination as a Result of the Chornobyl Disaster" (Law) and marked in the State Land Cadastre of Ukraine as "radioactively contaminated land". It is shown that in accordance with the requirements of the Law on soil contamination density with 137Cs, 90Sr, 238-240Pu the lands currently do not belong to the zone of unconditional (mandatory) resettlement and even the zone of guaranteed voluntary resettlement and have no legal grounds for restrictions on their use. Predictive assessment of contamination of crops with 137Cs and 90Sr growing on the considered fields was performed. The assessments show which from the fields can be used to produce without countermeasure products below the permissible levels.

The reasons for the decrease in hydrocarbon production volumes of PJSC Ukrnafta were analyzed. It was established that the main one of them is the insufficient resource hydrocarbon base. It was determined that the following are the main directions of increasing the Company’s hydrocarbon reserves. 1. The discovery of new deposits is possible in sections of promising understudied sedimentary complexes on the Company’s deposits, uncovered by a significant number of wells. Probable reserves of hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Bashkir carbonate plate, the XIIa microfaunistic horizon at the base of the Upper Visean sediments (Eastern region), the Upper Cretaceous stria world (Western region) can be increased by 90-120 million tons in oil equivalent. 2. The expansion of the limits of the Company’s current special permits for already explored deposits of the Company’s deposits will make it possible to increase another 20-22 million tons in oil equivalent. 3. With regard to the latter, the paradigm of regeneration of deposits at a late stage of development or long-exploited deposits, re-increase of reserves and their involvement in development is gaining popularity. Revaluation of reserves of deposits of exhausted, but now regenerated, as well as depleted deposits can increase reliable reserves of hydrocarbons by 45-50 million tons in oil equivalent. In this way, the increased reserves of hydrocarbons as a result of the implementation of the above-mentioned main directions and the current residual reserves of the Company’s deposits will be a guarantee of a further significant increase in own production of hydrocarbons already in the next 3-5 years, the volumes of which may exceed: oil – 3.2 million tons, gas – 3.3 billion m³.

The article presents the results of monitoring observations on the temporal distribution of the qualitative and quantitative components of the Dnipro River suspended matter within Zaporizhzhia city. The research on the territory of this powerful industrial center of Ukraine with a developed metallurgical complex was carried out from 2015 up to 2019 and from the end of 2021 to the present time. The main task of the research was determining the distribution of iron and a group of heavy metals of anthropogenic origin in the composition of the river suspension, and identifying the connections of their concentrations and forms with the natural conditions of the region. Sedimentary matter from the water flows of Dnipro River within research area was sampled once per month using sedimentary traps developed by authors. The methods of electron microscopy (with microprobe analysis) and laser diffraction analysis were used to study the suspension granulometric and chemical composition in the Center for Shared Use of Scientific Equipment of the IGS NASU. SEM studies were carried using scanning electron microscope SEM JEOL-6490 LV (Jeol Ltd., Japan) with an energy dispersive spectrometer of the X-ray microanalysis system INCA Energy+ (Oxford Instruments plc., Great Britain). Particle size analysis was determined using the laser particle size analyzer Mastersizer 2000 with a Hydro 2000S wet dispersion module (Malvern Ins. Ltd, UK).The study results of the samples taken in the first year of hostilities in Ukraine revealed a number of features which were not observed in the previous series of studies. Those peculiarities are the following ones: reduction in the intensity of sedimentary matter accumulation; decrease of technogenic components in the suspension content (in particular, the amount of ferrous metals, changes in the ratio of condensed and dispersed iron particles of silt size, as well as the component composition of fragments of alloys of non-ferrous and ferrous metals). The obtained results may indicate the sensitivity of the component composition of the suspension to changes in the external environment in general, as well as the significant impact of the anthropogenic component on the distribution of iron in suspended matter.

This work examines the dark energy phenomenon by studying the Renyi Holographic Dark Energy (RHDE) and pressure-less Dark Matter (DM) within the frame-work of Saez-Ballester (SB) scalar-tensor theory of gravitation(Phys. Lett. A113, 467:1986). To achieve a solution, we consider the viable deceleration parameter (DP), which contributes to the average scale factor a=e(1/γ)[ √ (2γt+c1)], where γ, and c1 are respectively arbitrary, and integration constants. We have derived the field equations of SB scalar-tensor theory of gravity with the help of Kaluza-Klein FRW Universe. We have investigated cosmological parameters namely, DP (q), energy densities (ρM) and (ρR) of DM and RHDE, scalar field (ϕ), and equation of state parameter (ωR). The physical debate of these cosmological parameters are investigated through graphical presentation. Moreover, the stability of the model are studied through squared sound speed (vs2) and the well-known cosmological plane ωR - ω'R and all energy conditions and also, density parameters are analyzed through graphical representation for our model.

The development of new drug-like molecules based on 7-R-8-hydrazine derivatives of 1,3-dimethylxanthine is promising in view of the known pharmacological effect of theophylline and functional hydrazine derivatives. In silico methods make it possible to rationalize the synthesis and reduce the number of chemical compounds at the stage of virtual screening by eliminating potentially ineffective molecules. The aim of the work was to carry out а virtual design and predictive evaluation of pharmacological activity of new 7-alkyl-8-hydrazine derivatives of 1,3-dimethylxanthine by in silico methods. Materials and methods. To perform in silico prediction of the pharmacological potential of several new 7-alkyl-8-hydrazine derivatives of 1,3-dimethylxanthine, we used the online services. As 12 model compounds, we chose 12 derivatives of 5-(2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-8-yl)hydrazine)-5-phenylpentanoic acid with linear and branched alkyl substituents at the 7th position of the basic heterocycle: methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, n-butyl, i-butyl, n-amyl, i-amyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl. The use of the freely available web tool SwissADME made it possible to calculate physicochemical parameters and to determine the drug-likeness properties of molecules. And other Internet platforms allowed to predict the spectrum of biological activity of the target compounds. Results. In silico analysis of the pharmacological potential of model compounds was performed. Three biological actions (peripheral vasodilator, kidney function stimulant, lipoprotein lipase inhibitor) with high Pa values are predicted for all derivatives of the series. The ADME parameters of the molecules were evaluated and their potential drug-like properties were determined. Conclusions. It was established that the extension of the alkyl substituent at the 7th position of the basic heterocycle should lead to a deterioration of the ADME parameters of the molecules, potentially reduce their oral bioavailability, but should not radically affect their biological activity profile. Compounds 1–3 and 5 are predicted to be orally bioavailable. They should be characterized by a wide spectrum of biological activity with the highest probability of vasodilator effect on peripheral vessels. In the future, it is advisable to carry out targeted synthesis of hit compounds and thorough in vitro, in vivo studies, and for compounds with violated physicochemical criteria – structural optimization of molecules in order to find a lead compound.

Aim. Тo assess the frequency of extragenital pathology, features of obstetric and gynecological history and the course of pregnancy in women with a history of reproductive loss. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Municipal non-profit enterprise “Maternity house No. 9” of the Zaporizhzhia City Council with the involvement of 75 pregnant women with one reproductive loss in history. The control group consisted of 30 women without a history of reproductive loss. Women who had reproductive losses were divided into 2 groups. Group I (main group) includes 38 pregnant women who registered for pregnancy and began their participation in this study after the start of a full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine. II (comparison) group included 37 women who were registered for pregnancy before the start of the full-scale war. It should be noted that 17 pregnant women (44.7 %) had the status of an internally displaced person. The average age of women in group I was 30.10 ± 5.86 years, in group II – 28.80 ± 6.07 years, and 26.50 ± 4.95 years in the control group. The anamnesis data and features of the course of gestation were studied in all patients. Management of pregnancy and childbirth of women was carried out in accordance with the current Orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Variational and statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 13 program. Results. According to the results of the study, it was established that the frequency of extragenital pathology in women with one reproductive loss was higher, compared to women who had no such experience. Diseases of the cardiovascular and urinary systems occupy a leading place in this category of women. According to obstetric and gynecological anamnesis, a significant predominance among women of I and II groups of diseases of the reproductive system, compared to women of the control group, was established. Also, in the corresponding groups, a high frequency of miscarriage was established both in the period up to 12 weeks (28.95 % in the I group, 43.2 % in the II group against 6.67 % in the control group), and in the period of 12–22 weeks (34.20 % in the I group, 29.73 % in the II group vs. 13.33 % in the control group). Conclusions. Based on the conducted analysis, a high frequency of pregnancy complications was established for pregnant women who had a history of one reproductive loss. This contingent of women also has a high frequency of extragenital and gynecological concomitant pathology. Such results make it possible to assume a connection between the presence of one reproductive loss in women in the anamnesis and gestational complications of the next pregnancy.

Nowadays, cancer remains one of the main causes of death worldwide. Statistical data from various literary sources indicate that more than 130,000 people in Ukraine receive this diagnosis as a sentence every year. Cancer can affect any organs of the human body and, over time, the entire organism. In 2024, the agency of the World Health Organization on cancer and the International Agency of Cancer Research published the latest statistical estimates of this pathology in a global format, where prostate cancer is among the five most common oncological pathologies and takes the fourth place. Oncological diseases are one of the priority areas of healthcare development in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 1832 dated 07.10.2022 “On Approval of Priority Areas of Healthcare Development for 2023–2025”. It was this fact that determined the choice of the direction of this research in the matter of finding information on the provision of pharmaceutical care, namely the use of a drug – a rectal suppository for the treatment of prostate cancer. The aim of the work is to carry out a bibliometric analysis and further generalize the data of the scientific literature to study the prognostic value and features of the prescription of suppositories in the treatment of prostate cancer. Materials and methods. The data search was conducted in the PubMed electronic database using the following key terms: “prostate cancer and suppositories”, “prostate cancer”. To monitor and analyze international scientific research, with the help of visualization tools and modern SciVal citation metrics using the online platform, bibliometric analysis can be performed. Using the VOSviewer functional program, bibliometric networks were constructed and visualized. Results. A map of the relationships between the most used keywords on the topics of “prostate cancer” and “prostate cancer and suppositories”, grouped into clusters for the period from 1986 to 2024, was built. The clustering of the most used keywords on the subject of “prostate cancer” for the specified period is summarized. According to the bibliographic analysis, interest in the above topic was highest in 2014 and 2021. Conclusions. According to the bibliographic analysis, the interest in the subject of the patients’ treatment with prostate cancer disease continues to grow from 1998 up to the present. The analysis of publication activity using the visualization tool of bibliometric networks VOSviewer for the period from 2014 to 2024 for the key words “prostate cancer” has shown the presence of 14 clusters. The largest cluster is devoted to modern methods of prostate cancer treatment, studies of gene rearrangement, target therapy, carcinogenesis.

The activation of lipid free radical oxidation is a key stage in the development of many diseases and can lead to the emergence of related complications. To identify new synthetic compounds with antioxidant properties, it is necessary to conduct studies on various models of experimental free radical oxidation of biomolecules. Literature sources indicate that among the derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole, there is a significant number that possess high antioxidant activity. The aim of the study to assess the antioxidant properties of newly synthesized S-derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species accumulation in the superoxide dismutase system. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, we used one of the methods for assessing antioxidant activity by initiating free radical processes in vitro, specifically by inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Results. Twenty-three S-derivatives of 5-(thiophene-3-ylmethyl)-4-R-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols were investigated. The most effective compound was sodium 2-((4-phenyl-5-thiophene-3-ylmethyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate, which exceeded the activity of both reference drugs. Following in activity was compound 22, 1-phenyl-2-((4-phenyl-5-(thiophene-3-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)ethanol, which demonstrated an effect similar to that of emoxipine, while compound 7, 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-((5-thiophene-3-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)ethanone, was slightly less active. Conclusions. It was established that among the new S-derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole, some exhibit significant antioxidant effects that are comparable to or exceed the efficacy of reference drugs.

Plants of the Valeriana species are distributed in various parts of the world, especially in Europe and Asia. A high content of polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids with expressed biological activity, was previously identified within the herb of the studied Valeriana species. Morphological and anatomical data can be used in phylogenetics of species and genera to find out diagnostic and age-related characteristics of plants. This led us to microscopic studies of aerial organs of the above-mentioned Valeriana species. The aim of the work is to conduct a comparative study of the diagnostic features within the morphological and anatomical structure of Valeriana stolonifera and Valeriana collina leaves. Materials and methods. Both raw and dried plant material of V. stolonifera and V. collina was used for microscopic studies. Temporary micropreparations were made using generally accepted methods. The anatomical features of the raw material were examined using Carl ZEISS “AxioStar Plus” and “Primo Star”. Results. The study identified key morphological and anatomical features of the species, which should be considered for the identification and standardization of promising medicinal plant materials and within the development of methods of analytical and regulatory documentation. Conclusions. The key microscopic differences in the leaves of the studied species lie in the structure of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf blade. The upper epidermis consists of large elongate cells with wavy walls. The cells of the lower epidermis are smaller and have more sinuous walls compared to the upper epidermis cells. The degree of wall sinuosity varies between species – V. collina is characterized by more sinuous cells in both the upper and lower epidermis compared to V. stolonifera. The absence of stomata on the upper epidermis is a common feature for both species.

Purpose: To present our experience in the examination and treatment of patients with peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR). Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were finally clinically diagnosed with PEHCR in the 2022-2023 period. History was collected and patients underwent ophthalmological examination including visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and ocular ultrasound. All patients were treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. One patient underwent vitreoretinal surgery. Results: PEHCR was diagnosed in 11 patients (13 eyes), including two patients diagnosed with bilateral lesions. Clinical signs identified included a dome-shaped hemorrhagic detachment of the peripheral retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with massive exudations. One patient underwent vitreoretinal surgery for vitreoretinal hemorrhage. On B-scan ultrasonography, the PEHCR lesion commonly presented as a dome or plateau-shaped mass with hollow or solid acoustic quality. Ten patients were treated with intravitreal aflibercept. Conclusion: PEHCR is a chronic disease commonly associated with AMD. Detachment of the peripheral RPE is a major clinical manifestation of the disease, and may be complicated by sub-RPE hemorrhage in early disease. Anti-VEGF therapy is a major method of treatment whereas vitreoretinal surgery is indicated in complications accompanied by massive intravitreal hemorrhage or macula-threatening subretinal hemorrhage. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of this entity and demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the aforementioned treatment modalities for PEHCR.

Purpose. To describe clinical cases of optic nerve edema in inflammatory and ischemic neuropathies and features of optic disc architecture revealed by optical coherence tomography. Methods. 4 patients were examined. Two patients were diagnosed with optic neuritis, and the other two with ischemic neuropathy. Ophthalmoscopically, signs of optic disc edema were found in all patients. Visometry, ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used. Result. Changes in the architecture of the optic nerve head were detected in cases of optic nerve edema in inflammatory (2 patients) and ischemic neuropathy (2 patients). In all examined patients, according to the conducted study, the results of OCT showed that optic nerve edema, except for case № 4, does not extend to the temporal segment of the head. In cases of inflammatory damage, cases 1 and 2, optic nerve atrophy was observed at later stages during repeated examinations. A light crescent zone is observed in the peripapillary area, which separates the temporal border of the optic nerve head (sectoral atrophy). Conclusion. Optic nerve edema in inflammatory and ischemic neuropathies is characterized by an increase in the thickness of the nerve fiber layers and a change in the configuration of the disk, which later transforms into segmental atrophy. The changes in the architecture of the optic disc were found to be the basis of diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment in acute optic neuropathies.

Purpose. To study the influence of steppe and forest-steppe climatic conditions on the yield, oil content in seeds and fatty acid composition of oil in new sunflower varieties of high oleic and oilseed use. Methods. The research was conducted in accordance with “Methods of qualification examination of plant varieties for their suitability for distribution in Ukraine (general part)” and “Methods of qualification examination of plant varieties for their suitability for distribution. Methods of determining quality indicators of plant production”. The following methods were used in the research: laboratory, comparison, generalisation, mathematical statistics, analysis and synthesis to draw conclusions. Results. The fatty acid composition of the seeds of new varieties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) of high oleic and oilseed use, grown in different soil and climatic conditions, was studied. According to the results of the analysis in the steppe zone, the variety ‘LG50648’ has the highest economic and value characteristics: oil content (51,0%), oleic acid (85.1%), yield (3.11 t/ha); varieties ‘SULIANO’ and ‘MAS 908HOCP’ – yield (3.40 and 3.91 t/ha) and oleic acid content (85.8 and 86.1%) regardless of the gro­wing conditions. It was found that high oleic sunflower varieties ‘MAS 908HOCP’, ‘LG50648’, ‘SULIANO’ grown under steppe and forest-steppe conditions yielded higher quality oil. The maximum content of oleic acid in 2022–2023 was characteristic of the seeds of the varieties ‘MAS 908HOCP’ (86.1% in the steppe and 85.8% in the forest steppe) and ‘SULIANO’. The hi­ghest linoleic acid content was obtained in the seeds of the oilseed use varieties ‘STK104’ (62.9% in the steppe and 58.5% in the forest steppe) and ‘STK103’ (61.2% in the forest steppe). Among the high oleic varieties, the best results were obtained with ‘LG50648’ (5.7% in the steppe and 5.9% in the forest steppe). Conclusions. Oil content of sunflower varieties and fatty acid composition are determined by varietal characteristics of sunflower and environmental conditions. Modern sunflower varieties, which are included in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine, have high yield potential and can provide a large yield of vegetable oil per unit area. Agroclimatic conditions have different effects on the gross seed yield and oil quality in the conditions of the forest steppe and steppe of Ukraine.

Мета. Визначити особливості будови та забарвлення листкової пластинки, кори гілок; габітус крони; лінійні характеристики рослин; особливості квітування та плодоношення Liquidambar styraciflua L. і його культиварів. Надати рекомендації для їх використання в озелененні. Методи. Об’єктами досліджень стали культивари L. styraciflua, що ростуть у дендропарках, парках, скверах, садових центрах, розсадниках та на озеленених територіях в межах України. Рослини оцінювали за комплексною шкалою, представленою чотирма ступенями декоративності дерев і чагарників (дуже висока, висока, посередня, низька). У процесі досліджень послуговувалися методами спостережень, аналізу, порівняння, узагальнення даних, фотофіксації, а також описово­таксаційним. Результати. Здійснено комплексне оцінювання декоративності культиварів L. styraciflua (‘Worplesdon’, ‘Gum Ball’, ‘Rotundiloba’, ‘Albomarginata Manon’, ‘Oakville Highlight’, ‘Slender Silhouette’, ‘Fastigiatа’, ‘Pasquali’, ‘Stared’, ‘Thea’, ‘Aurea’, ‘Golden Treasure’, ‘Variegata’, ‘Golden Sun’, ‘Stella’, ‘Stella Rossa’) проти видових рослин. За результатами досліджень складено таблицю, що допоможе з вибором рослин ландшафтним архітекторам, працівникам розсадників і садових центрів, ботанікам та екологам, студентам і працівникам лісогосподарських та ботанічних установ. Надано рекомендації щодо використання культиварів L. styraciflua у ландшафтному будівництві. Висновки. За ступенем декоративності переважну більшість культиварів L. styraciflua – 13 – зараховано до І групи (дуже висока, 65–90 балів). Їх рекомендують для використання в озелененні міст і присадибних ділянок, створення різних за призначенням ландшафтних об’єктів. До ІІ групи (висока декоративність, 51–64 бали) належать два культивари, до ІІІ (посередня декоративність, 41–50 балів) – лише один.

Мета. Дослідити формування продуктивності сорту сої культурної ‘Говерла’ за використання різних елементів технології вирощування. Методи. Польові, лабораторні, статистичні (розрахунково­порівняльний, математично­статистичний). Результати. Встановлено ефективність весняного чизелювання за вирощування сої культурної сорту ‘Говерла’ в ґрунтово­кліматичних умовах Прикарпаття. Відзначено позитивний вплив досліджуваних способів обробітку ґрунту на фітосанітарний стан посівів. Зокрема, поєднання зяблевої оранки з весняним чизелюванням за внесення мінеральних добрив N30P30K30 та дворазового позакореневого обприскування посівів регулятором росту зумовило підвищення конкурентоздатності рослин проти бур’янів та знизило чисельність останніх на 46,2%, як порівняти з контролем. Виконання вищевказаних дій також сприяло збільшенню врожайності до 2,48 т/га, або на 57,0%, у середньому за три роки. Водночас зріс вихід кормових одиниць та перетравного протеїну – на 1,35 і 0,3 т/га відповідно. Висновки. Весняне чизелювання разом із зяблевою оранкою та раціональним поєднанням у системі удобрення побічної продукції попередника, запропонованих доз мінеральних добрив і регулятора росту в умовах Прикарпаття сприяли зниженню забур’яненості посівів на 46,2% та підвищенню врожайності сорту сої культурної ‘Говерла’ на 57,0%.

Introduction. Recently, three-phase induction motor drives have been widely used in industrial applications; however, the feedback signal failures of current sensors can seriously degrade the operation performance of the entire drive system. Therefore, the motor drives require a proper solution to prevent current sensor faults and improve the reliability of the motor drive systems. The novelty of the proposed research includes integrating the current sensor fault-tolerant control (FTC) function according to enhanced technique into the field-oriented control loop for speed control of the motor drive system. Purpose. This research proposes a hybrid method involving a third difference operator and signal comparison algorithm to diagnose various types of current sensor faults as a positive solution to enhance the stability of the induction motor drive system. Methods. A hybrid method involving a third difference operator for the measured speed signals and a comparison algorithm between measured and estimated current signals are proposed to diagnose the current sensors’ health status in the fault-tolerant process. After determining the faulty sensor, the estimated current signals based on the Luenberger observer are used immediately to replace the defective sensor signal. Results. The current sensor is simulated with various failure types, from standard to rare failures, to evaluate the performance of the FTC method implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Simultaneously, a fault flag corresponding to a defective sensor should be presented as an indicator to execute the repair process for faulty sensors at the proper time. Practical value. Positive results have proven the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed FTC integrated into the speed controller to improve reliability and ensure the stable operation of the induction motor drive system even under current sensor fault conditions. References 29, tables 3, figures 10.

Introduction. This paper delves into the practical application of multilevel technology, particularly focusing on the capacitor-clamped converter as a promising solution for medium-to-high voltage power conversion, with specific emphasis on direct AC-AC switching conditions. Problem. The limitations of conventional single-cell matrix converters (MC) in efficiency and performance for medium-to-high voltage power conversion applications are well-recognized. Goal. The primary objective is to investigate the performance of the 3 phase modular multilevel matrix converter (3MC) with three flying capacitors (FCs) modeling. This investigation utilizes the Venturini method for gate pulse generation, aiming to compare the performance of the 3MC with standard converter designs. Methodology. To achieve the research goal, the Venturini method is adopted for generating gate pulses for the 3MC, representing a departure from conventional approaches. Detailed simulations employing MATLAB/Simulink are conducted to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the 3MC in comparison to conventional converter designs. Results. The simulation outcomes reveal a significant reduction of 73 % in total harmonic distortion (THD) achieved by the 3MC. This reduction in THD indicates improved robustness and suitability for medium-to-high voltage power conversion systems necessitating direct AC-AC conversion. These results highlight the efficacy of the 3MC in enhancing power conversion efficiency and overall performance. Originality. This paper contributes novel insights into the practical implementation of multilevel technology, particularly within the realm of capacitor-clamped converters. Furthermore, the utilization of the Venturini method for gate pulse generation in the 3MC represents an original approach to enhancing converter performance. Practical value. The research findings present significant advancements in multilevel transformer technology, offering valuable guidance for optimizing transformer design in various industrial and renewable energy applications. These contributions serve to enhance the development of reliable and efficient power systems, addressing critical needs in the energy sector. References 54, tables 3, figures 4.

BACKGROUND. The war has a negative impact on patient care and the efficiency of the health care system; access to medical care is limited, coverage of preventive examinations and detection of tuberculosis (TB) are deteriorating. There is a threat of exacerbation of the epidemic situation with TB in Ukraine. OBJECTIVE. To assess the epidemic situation with TB during the war in Ukraine. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Comparison of data from the Ministry of health on TB (epidemiological indicators and indicators on detection, diagnosis and prevention) in the pre-war (2018-2021) and war (2022-2023) periods. RESULTS. The following were revealed: 1) a positive trend towards a decrease in epidemiological indicators of TB in 2018-2020, which slowed down in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and a negative trend towards an increase in almost all indicators of TB incidence, separate indicators of mortality from TB and its prevalence in 2022-2023; 2) significant increase in the incidence of TB among contacts and children; 3) increase by ⅓-. of mortality from TB in certain regions; 4) correlation between regional rates of morbidity, mortality and prevalence of TB. In 2018-2023, the following decreased: fluorography examination, tuberculin diagnostics, detection of TB during preventive examinations (by 2-4 times), preventive vaccinations for children of the first year of life, detection of newly diagnosed and recurrent TB by smear, preventive treatment in contacts. CONCLUSIONS. Incidence is a marker of response to negative external factors and the main criterion for assessing the epidemic state of TB during the war. Fluorography examination, tuberculin diagnostics, detection of TB during professional examinations, preventive vaccinations for children of the first year of life, detection of newly diagnosed and recurrent TB by smear, preventive treatment of contacts are the main criteria for evaluating the activity of the anti-TB service during the wartime, since they are the first to significantly respond to the challenges of war.

Aim – to analyze the current literature on the role of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of human genes in shaping the clinical course of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Results. Based on the results of the analysis and synthesis of the current literature on the role of SNP in shaping the clinical course and outcome of COVID-19, the clinical and prognostic significance of SNP of genes encoding receptors responsible for the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells has been demonstrated. The presence of the D-allele of the ACE gene (DD and ID genotypes) is associated with the highest risk of severe COVID-19, which makes it possible to offer it as an informative prognostic marker of COVID-19 severity. SNP of the TMPRSS2 co-receptor gene, known as the androgen responsive gene, at certain loci is prognostically important, as it leads to an increase in TMPRSS2 expression in men, which promotes virus fusion with the target cell membrane and has an unfavorable effect on the course of COVID-19 in men. The data accumulated in the current literature on the clinical and prognostic value of SNP host genes encoding the immune response has also been analyzed. The role of HLA SNP genes, genes encoding innate immunity factors (TLR), as well as genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, etc.) and acute-phase inflammatory components (CRP) in the development of severe COVID-19 and the risk of death has been demonstrated. Attention has been paid to the determined role of SNP in the ACE gene in the development of pulmonary embolism in patients with severe COVID-19. The article has analyzed publications on the SNP role of host genes in the development of clinical events that are currently interpreted as long COVID. The prognostic role of the IL-10 gene SNP and its receptor gene in the formation of long-term consequences of the new coronavirus infection has been demonstrated. Conclusions. SNP of host genes encoding receptors responsible for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells and SNP of genes encoding immune response have some prognostic value in assessing the risk of severe course and adverse effects of COVID-19. The accumulation of data on genetic risk factors for adverse outcomes of the new coronavirus disease will allow us to enhance the understanding of this infection pathogenesis, improve patient stratification and individualize therapeutic interventions.

Aim. To improve the results of surgical treatment for patients with severe non-cancerous diseases of the colon by developing and implementing the new type of pelvic small intestine reservoirs. Materials and methods. A new type of pelvic small intestine reservoirs has been developed and introduced into clinical practice to improve processes of intestinal digestion, absorption, anal retention after radical surgery for ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease with total colon involvement, familial adenomatous polyposis. Each of the reservoirs has been adapted to anatomical relationships between the small intestine and the debuccalized surgical anal canal depending on a radical surgery extent and a functional state of the small intestine. Pelvic small intestine reservoirs of a new type were used in 39 patients of the main study group, 21 (53.8 %) men and 18 (46.2 %) women. The patients’ age ranged from 21 to 43 years. The comparison group consisted of 42 patients. The patient groups were identical in terms of sex, age, diagnosis and complications of the underlying disease. Patients in the comparison group differed in that they underwent the well-known “J”-shaped pelvic small intestine reservoir procedures. Results. The number of postoperative complications was statistically significantly higher in patients of the comparison group due to acute and chronic complications, 33.2 % and 10.4 %, respectively. Indicators of intestinal digestion, absorption and anal retention were statistically significantly better in the majority of patients of the study group. The number of patients with I (mild) degree of pathological post-colectomy syndrome was significantly higher in the study group, and the number of patients with diarrheal syndrome and secondary anal incontinence syndrome was significantly lower. Positive results after the introduction of a new type of pelvic small intestine reservoirs were obtained by applying the following basic principles of their formation: the use of only known factors of physiological delay in the passage of contents through the small intestine, preservation of the small intestine wall anatomical integrity, location of the small intestine reservoir at a certain distance from the upper border of the rectal sphincters, as well as the reasonable expediency of choosing a method of forming the pelvic small intestine reservoir depending on the patient’s anatomy. Conclusions. The use of physiological factors of delayed passage of the contents in the small intestine, small intestine wall anatomical integrity preservation in the formation of pelvic small intestine reservoirs of the new type, the reservoir location at a certain distance from the upper border of the rectal sphincters has resulted in significant improvements in the functions of intestinal digestion, absorption, and anal retention. Practical application of the new type of pelvic small intestine reservoirs has helped to significantly decrease the incidence of postoperative complications from 33.2 % to 10.4 %, increase the number of patients with post-colectomy syndrome of the I (mild) degree from 47.4 % to 86.4 %, reduce the number of patients with diarrheal syndrome from 55.3 % to 8.1 %, and secondary anal incontinence syndrome from 36.8 % to 5.4 %.

The number of mature and elderly women is increasing all over the world. According to the World Health Organization, in most countries of the world, the life expectancy of women after the age of 50 ranges from 27 to 32 years. Thus, approximately one third of a woman’s life is lived after menopause. Aim. To analyze and summarize scientific data on cardiovascular and metabolic risks in perimenopausal and menopausal women based on the use of scientometric databases. Menopause should be considered as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which triggers a whole cascade of pathological changes in a woman’s body, including the development of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, an increased sympathoadrenal tone, endothelial function disorders, and inflammatory vascular reactions. CVD is known to be the leading cause of death among postmenopausal women associated with the loss of estrogenic protective effect on the cardiovascular system. Women with premature menopause have a 33 % higher risk of heart failure and a 9 % higher risk of atrial fibrillation. Metabolic syndrome is more common in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. It is defined as a cluster of disorders characterized by impaired glucose metabolism, high blood pressure, central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. It is the activity of low-density lipoproteins and an increase in the level of triglycerides that have serious consequences in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases and the development of atherosclerosis. Osteoporosis ranks fourth among non-communicable diseases after CVD, cancer and diabetes. Estrogen deficiency during menopause results in increased osteoclast resorptive activity, while osteoblast function remains relatively constant, ultimately resulting in bone loss. In the first postmenopausal years, a woman can lose up to 9–35 % of bone mass, postmenopausal osteoporosis affects between one third to a half of all women. Conclusions. Menopause is a difficult period in a woman’s life, during which the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders increases, as well as almost all somatic diseases are exacerbated. Therefore, proper assessment of such risks is mandatory to improve long-term CVD outcomes. Given this, it is the interdisciplinary interaction that is central to early detection of symptoms and diagnosis of climacteric disorders for the timely prescription of treatment. Physicians working with this contingent of women should apply a comprehensive approach to health care and quality of life preservation during the menopause transition, menopause and postmenopause.

Heart failure is one of the most important medical and social problems. Despite recent successes in the treatment of this disease, which have been achieved with guideline-recommended medical treatment, some patients become insensitive to the interventions. Refractoriness to treatment recommended by the guidelines means that patients cannot hope for symptom relief or prolongation of life. These individuals develop the phase of advanced heart failure and have the worst survival rates compared to other stages of chronic heart failure. In the absence of contraindications, heart transplantation is indicated for this group of patients. In the recent years, organ transplantation has been legalized and the work of cadaver donation institutions has been organized in Ukraine. These changes helped to significantly increase the annual number of heart transplantations in the country. The aim of the work is to systematize current knowledge about end-stage heart failure, to provide methods to timely diagnose advanced heart failure and indications for referral for heart transplantation. At least every tenth patient with heart failure may deteriorate to the advanced stage. The article details clinical trajectories of patients with heart failure, and a particular emphasis has been given to refractory patients in accordance with present guidelines and recommendations. The main pathophysiological links and corresponding clinical manifestations of advanced heart failure have been outlined. The problems of life expectancy prognosing and possible predictors of refractoriness to the treatment recommended by the guidelines have been discussed. Current diagnostic criteria for advanced heart failure have been specified, including physical, laboratory and imaging methods of examination. The principles of differential diagnosis, especially between symptomatic and advanced heart failure, have been considered. Triggers for referring patients to a heart transplant center have been detailed. Current guidelines for heart transplantation related to advanced heart failure have been given. Conclusions. Advanced heart failure is the progression of heart failure due to refractoriness to treatment. Diagnostic criteria for advanced heart failure have been developed relatively recently. This diagnosis requires an utmost understanding of pathophysiology and skills to examine cardiac patients using modern tools. Due to the extremely unfavorable prognosis, diagnosis of advanced heart failure is an absolute indication for referral to a heart transplant center.

Aim. To study the features of lipid metabolism disorders in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), depending on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and smoking factor. Materials and methods. The study included 142 ACS patients (mean age – 59.66 ± 0.78 years). All the patients were divided into two groups according to GFR. Group I comprised 57 individuals with GFR

Aim. To characterize iNOS expression indicators in the basal magnocellular nucleus of rats during early pathogenetic correction of neurodegeneration induced by intracerebroventricular colchicine administration. Materials and methods. The study was conducted using 50 male Wistar rats aged 10–11 months, which were divided into 5 experimental groups (n = 10). The control animals (group 1) were administered a 0.9 % NaCl solution intracerebroventricularly, while the other experimental group rats (groups 2–5) received a colchicine solution in the same manner. The following day, the animals from groups 3–5 were initiated early pathogenetic correction with citicoline (group 3), thiocetam (group 4), and HSF-1 (group 5) lasting 14 days. All the experimental animals (groups 1–5) were then euthanized with sodium thiopental, and their brains were extracted for histochemical, immunofluorescent, and biochemical examinations. Results. The study has demonstrated that intracerebroventricular administration of colchicine to rats was accompanied by morphological signs of neurodegeneration in the basal magnocellular nucleus and characterized by a significantly smaller area of chromaffin substance in the neurons of this structure by 39 % as compared to the control animals. At the same time, early pathogenetic correction of colchicine-induced neurodegeneration was associated with significantly larger values of Nissl substance area of the basal magnocellular nucleus neurons compared to the corresponding values in animals that did not receive the correction. Additionally, the nitrite level in the brain homogenates of rats administered colchicine without correction (group 2) exceeded the control (group 1) by almost 7 times, while the indicators in experimental groups 3, 4, and 5 exceeded it by 3.5, 2.9, and 3.8 times, respectively. However, no statistical differences were found between the control group and the correction groups in terms of nitrite content. Evaluating the expression of iNOS (the area of immunopositive cells and corrected total cell fluorescence, CTCF) in the basal magnocellular nucleus of the experimental rats it has been shown that the area was most affected in group 5 (HSF-1 correction), exceeding the control parameter by 18.9 %, group 3 (citicoline correction) by 14.7 %, and group 4 (thiocetam correction) by 17.1 %, with no statistical differences compared to group 2 (colchicine administration without correction). Meanwhile, the CTCF of iNOS+-cells in the basal magnocellular nucleus of the experimental animals was the highest in group 2 significantly exceeding the corresponding parameters in the control and correction groups. No significant differences were found between the control and correction groups in this parameter. Additionally, it is noteworthy that intracerebroventricular administration of colchicine to rats, compared to control animals, was associated with a significant double the number of iNOS+ cells in the basal magnocellular nucleus. However, early pathogenetic correction in groups 3-5 did not significantly affect the number of iNOS+ cells in the studied structure, as this parameter did not statistically differ from group 2, although significantly exceeding the corresponding parameter in the control group (group 1). Conclusions. Early pathogenetically substantiated correction with citicoline, thiocetam, and HSF-1 in colchicine-induced neurodegeneration in the basal magnocellular nucleus of experimental rats is accompanied by an increase in the area of chromaffin substance compared to rats that received intracerebroventricular colchicine without correction, as well as a reduction in nitrite levels in brain homogenates to the control level (sham-operated animals). In the basal magnocellular nucleus of experimental rats, under the influence of early pathogenetically substantiated correction of experimental neurodegeneration, iNOS expression indicators (area of immunopositive cells and CTCF) vary depending on the neuroprotectant used. The number of iNOS+ cells in the basal magnocellular nucleus of experimental rats in the correction groups does not change compared to the group that received intracerebroventricular colchicine without correction and is statistically higher than the corresponding indicator in the control rats.

Background. The massive russian military aggression against Ukraine has been continuing from February 24, 2022, and has caused the number of individuals who received combat wounds and psychological trauma to be significantly increased. After experienced traumatic events, the psychological changes appear first. They further strongly impact the physical condition of people. The acute stress which occurred after body injuring can further lead to the altering in the endocrine system. It is necessary to point out that during military conflict in Ukraine, the studying of hormonal influence on the particularities and rate of wound healing hasn’t been carried out. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the connection between wound volume and altering of some hormone levels in blood serum at different stages of wound healing process in male combatants. Materials and methods. One hundred and twenty male combatants who were divided into 4 groups of 30 individuals depending on the wound volume have taken part in our investigation. The first group was the minor injuries; the second group — the moderate wounding; the third group was the serious injuries, and the fourth group (controls) included not wounded combatants. The certain periodization has been used depending on the processes which occur in the body in particular period: days 1–3, 4–5 and day 14 after wounding. The average age of patients was 34.2 ± 4.3 years, average body mass was 78.0 ± 3.5 kg. The concentrations of human growth hormone, testosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, aldosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free levothyroxine and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were evaluated. Results. The activating of practically all chains and complexes of endocrine system is its usual reaction to the injury. The main links between wound volume and serum hormone levels of combatants at the different stages of wound healing process have been revealed in our research. Conclusions. The metabolic response which occurs in human body independently of trauma severity is associated with necessity of the functioning of all organs and systems at the highest level in order to save lives of victims. The altering of all kinds of metabolism occurs. The metabolic signs of urgent adaptation are formed in the acute period of wound healing process related to katabolic processes. After that, the normalization of homeostasis with activating of anabolic processes gradually occurs. A positive correlation was found between the hormone levels and severity and term of injuring of male combatants. The continuation of monito­ring the hormonal status of male combatants with the involvement of large number of participants and detailing of wound localization, endocrinological history, neurological and mental status, hemodynamic parameters and the system of homeostasis is appropriate.

Based on the monitoring of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights, the article reveals the state of observance of labour rights of civilian hostages. The article identifies problematic issues that obstruct the realisation of these rights of persons who have been deprived of their personal liberty as a result of armed aggression. It is noted that the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War prohibits the taking of hostages. Failure to comply with the principles of international humanitarian law by representatives of the Russian Federation leads to the inability to ensure the protection of civilian hostages in accordance with international norms due to the unresolved nature of this issue. The Russian Federation, despite international norms, keeps such persons in captivity, does not notify them of their detention, does not provide them with the appropriate status, as a result of which the detained person cannot appeal against his or her detention, has no opportunity to report it. According to international standards, victims of enforced disappearances have the right to compensation from the state, which provides them with the maximum possible rehabilitation. It is noted that the protection of the constitutional rights of civilian hostages is provided for by the Law of Ukraine “On Social and Legal Protection of Persons in respect of whom the deprivation of personal liberty as a result of armed aggression against Ukraine and members of their families has been established”. In addition, it is noted that civilian hostages have the right to keep their jobs, but the law does not provide for the payment of wages. The article establishes that it is impossible to properly exercise the labour rights of employees who have become civilian hostages guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine. The emphasis is placed on the legislative gaps that do not allow civilian hostages to exercise the guaranteed right to credit their insurance period. The article provides for the crediting of insurance periods to civilian hostages, which affects social guarantees and, subsequently, the level of pension provision. Due to the uncertainty of the payer of the unified social contribution, such credit is not given for persons in respect of whom the deprivation of personal liberty as a result of armed aggression against Ukraine has been established. Deprivation of personal liberty is the basis for postponement or extension of annual leave and is also included in the length of service that gives the right to annual basic leave. Civilian hostages are additionally entitled to a one-time voucher to maintain their competitiveness in the labour market through retraining, specialisation, advanced training, and education in professions and specialities for priority economic activities. It is found that the problem of civilian hostages is closely related to the problem of missing persons. It is proved that there is a need to expand the labour rights of civilian hostages by guaranteeing the payment of wages.

The article is devoted to the theoretical foundations of organisation and management of the process of countering criminal offences by the Security Service of Ukraine at critical infrastructure facilities. Modern technological systems and their parts related to critical infrastructure facilities are subject to unlawful encroachments. The negative dynamics of the level of threats and losses from criminal attacks on these objects requires solving existing problems, and therefore consideration of issues related to solving existing problems becomes relevant for scientists. The main purpose of the article was to study and solve the problem of organising and managing the process of countering criminal offences by the Security Service of Ukraine at critical infrastructure facilities. The methodological tools of the scientific research were based on theoretical methods of scientific knowledge; analysis and synthesis, logical and generalisation methods. Based on the results of the study, the article substantiates that an effective process of implementing organisational and managerial functions is a crucial element of organisational and tactical activities in the system of protection against criminal offences against critical infrastructure facilities and will contribute to achieving the goal of influencing the determinants of criminal offences at critical infrastructure facilities, while emphasising the importance of interaction with other governmental authorities, private enterprises and international partners. In this regard, the ways of solving the problems are proposed, in particular, the definition of the concept and content of the organisational system of the Security Service of Ukraine’s response to criminal offences at critical infrastructure facilities. In addition, the correlation between the concepts of “organisation” and “management” is determined, and their essence and significance are revealed. Taking into account the results of the study, the article identifies the directions for further scientific research, development of the problems of criminal law aspects of the Security Service of Ukraine’s counteraction to criminal offences at critical infrastructure facilities, as well as the essence and content of special management functions.

The article analyses the rights of women in the Ukrainian territories in the 16th – first half of the 17th century according to the Lithuanian statutes and customary law. The influence of the Orthodox Church on the marriage life of this period is highlighted, in particular, the attention is focused on the different views of the church and the community on marriage and divorce. According to the article, women’s personal and property rights were regulated by both certain legal provisions and customary law. In particular, on the basis of Lithuanian statutes, women enjoyed judicial protection, had rights in civil law relations when signing contracts and compensation for damages on an equal footing with men. The author emphasised that only those articles of the Lithuanian statutes that did not contradict the rules of customary law were implemented in practice. Customary law, transmitting the moral experience of generations, continued to have a decisive influence on the exercise of property rights and women’s rights in marriage until the end of the seventeenth century, when women's rights were fully protected. It is stated that from the second half of the seventeenth century, after the loss of autonomy by the Hetmanate, a period of restriction of property, family and social rights of women begins. The standard of spousal behaviour became the Domostroy, according to the provisions of which the parity between a man and a woman was completely cancelled. The wife's behaviour was clearly regulated, and in case of non-compliance with the proposed regulations, she was punished by both her husband and the church, which was completely contrary to both the Lithuanian statutes and Ukrainian customary law. It is emphasised that in developing effective mechanisms for ensuring women's rights in modern Ukrainian society, it is necessary to refer to the successful experience of observing women's equality in the sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth centuries, when the autonomy and independence of Ukrainian women became their main national features.

The research is devoted to the problems of legal provision of the rights of persons who receive rehabilitation assistance. The author examines the norms of international and national legislation that enshrine the rights of citizens in the field of healthcare. The works of scholars who have examined the peculiarities of exercising certain patients’ rights are studied. The article describes the legislative acts regulating the rights of a patient in a rehabilitation institution in Ukraine. It is indicated that certain patient rights are enshrined in the Civil Code of Ukraine and the Fundamentals of Healthcare Legislation. Special rights of the patients of rehabilitation institutions are provided for by the Laws of Ukraine “On Rehabilitation in the Healthcare Sector” and “On Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities in Ukraine”. The classification of patient's rights into socio-economic, legal, informational, ethical and those related to ensuring the quality of rehabilitation care is proposed. It is indicated that informational rights include the right to information about rights and obligations, diagnosis, functional limitations, nature of treatment, and preservation of medical confidentiality. It is concluded that socio-economic rights consist in the possibility of access to free rehabilitation services at the expense of budgetary funds under the programme of State medical guarantees. It is noted that ethical rights provide for a humane and respectful attitude of medical personnel towards patients. Among the legal rights of the patient is the possibility of judicial and administrative protection of the patient’s rights by applying to law enforcement agencies and courts. The patient has the right to qualified rehabilitation care. Proposals for amendments to the current legislation are made. The necessity to systematise patient rights and provide for them in a separate Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Patients’ Rights” is emphasised.

Methods of clay soils research that take into account the specifics of expert study of soil objects are defined. In order to classify a soil as clay, the mechanical composition is first examined. According to this indicator, clay soils are divided into loam, light clay, and heavy clay. Clay is classified as a mineral resource of national importance, while loam is classified as a mineral resource of local importance. These soils may be subject to illegal mining. The article analyses the possibilities of applying various methods for the expert study of clay soils, namely, the method of sedimentation analysis and the ‘field’ method. After establishing the mechanical composition and classification of samples as clay soils, it is recommended to determine the plasticity index, according to which the soils are classified as loams or clays. The analysis is described in accordance with the State Standard of Ukraine Б B.2.1-17:2009 “Bases and foundations of buildings and structures. Soils. Methods of laboratory determination of physical properties”. It is shown that in the course of forensic soil examination, the use of the “field” method in combination with the determination of the plasticity number allows soil samples to be classified as clay soils without the need for a long sedimentation analysis. The proposals presented in this article may be useful for selecting effective expert methods for the study of clay soils during the forensic examination of materials, substances and products in the expert speciality 8.8 “Soil Research”.

It is indicated that the moral and ethical side of public servants’ activities is still “terra incognita” for both the national legislator and the scientific community. By comprehending the position of past thinkers, the understanding of the fundamental role of moral and ethical norms in shaping the doctrines of the essence of social responsibility, including such a dimension as moral responsibility, is formed. The choice of one of the ethical norms of behaviour by a public servant is positioned as the quintessence of moral responsibility of public servants. The moral responsibility of public servants is an independent analytical and self-critical activity of a particular public servant based on his/her conscience, as well as on the system of moral and ethical coordinates formed at the level of established and supported by the management practices of daily activities of the staff of a particular public authority, local self-government body, civil society institution, which is embodied in the analysis of their own behaviour and its correlation with the proper moral standard of public servants’ activities. The essence of the moral standard itself is reduced to a model of generally accepted behaviour in Ukrainian society, formed on the basis of administrative and legal legislation, history of the national State-building, moral and ethical values laid down at the level of the principles of public administration, leading trends in scientific and technological progress, acceptable among the population of Ukraine, with due regard for the interests of the main national, racial, linguistic, religious and other minorities. The category of moral and ethical portrait of a public servant is proposed, which is understood as a set of organisational, managerial, institutional, financial instruments and mechanisms for disseminating opinions about a particular public servant and forming social perception at the level of the entire population or a certain part of it (service recipients, representatives of a region, field of activity, organisation) regarding the role, functions, purpose (vocation) and activities of such a public servant in general. In order to introduce high moral standards into the activities of domestic public servants, the following areas of improvement of their activities in the context of moral responsibility are proposed: restructuring of public morality in the context of understanding the activities of whistleblowers; increasing the authority of public authorities; development and adoption of the Code of Ethics for Public Servants at the national level.

The article substantiates the position that in the course of investigation of collaboration activities, it is important to involve competent persons in criminal proceedings. The author emphasizes that digital traces have a significant evidentiary potential, which, based on the results of expert research, i.e., on the basis of the implementation of procedural forms of using special knowledge, become the basis for obtaining procedural sources of evidence in criminal proceedings. It is determined that it is inadmissible during the investigation to neglect the prospects of these forms of use of special knowledge or to neglect the stage of preparation for the appointment of these examinations. It is noted that this may lead to the loss of evidentiary potential of certain material and digital objects. In this regard, an indispensable condition at the stage of preparation for the appointment of these expert examinations is to take measures to collect comparative samples for expert examination, to record them procedurally in the criminal proceedings and to send a qualified expert authorised to conduct this type of expert examination in a timely manner. Based on the study of law enforcement and expert practice and taking into account the provisions of theoretical research, the opportunities of modern expert research in proving the circumstances to be established in the course of investigation of collaboration activities are determined. Based on the results of the analysis of expert opinions, the study identifies typical mistakes that occur in the practical activities of pre-trial investigation bodies and provides recommendations for eliminating such shortcomings which affect the ability to solve expert tasks in particular and tactical tasks of investigation in general. Based on a generalisation of the expert examinations most often ordered in the course of investigation of collaboration activities, it is determined that comparative samples and objects sent for expert examination should be prepared, obtained and sometimes even manufactured in compliance with the following recommendations: 1) to ensure their receipt in the manner prescribed by the criminal procedural legislation; 2) to send for expert examination only those objects that meet the requirements of completeness and reliability, and in the case of portrait and handwriting examination – also comparison; 3) to seek advice from a forensic expert in the absence of the initiator of the expert examination of the necessary knowledge of the peculiarities of the preparation of comparative samples, as well as other information that should be communicated to the future expert.

Alongside the global evolution in societal relations, characterized by the advancement of democratization and the humanization of the social environment, the protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms has become paramount. In this context, the psychological well-being of law enforcement officers stands out as a critical concern, shaped by a multitude of factors. The intensity of this issue is magnified in countries experiencing military conflict, as the psychological burden on Ukrainian law enforcement personnel has escalated dramatically due to ongoing warfare. One of the most pressing concerns in this context is the use of lethal firearms. The professional duties of law enforcement officers are inherently stressful, exposing them to situations that can induce severe psycho-emotional disorders. The high-risk environment in which they operate, coupled with complex moral and ethical dilemmas and strenuous physical demands, highlights the urgent need for comprehensive psychological rehabilitation. Moreover, the challenges faced by law enforcement officers are not limited to the immediate dangers of their work. They also endure the long-term effects of repeated exposure to traumatic events, which can lead to conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. The societal expectations placed upon them, particularly in times of crisis, further exacerbate the psychological strain, as they are often required to make split-second decisions that can have life-altering consequences. In addition to addressing these immediate psychological needs, there is a growing recognition of the importance of preventive measures. This includes providing officers with ongoing mental health support, training in stress management techniques, and fostering a work environment that prioritizes psychological resilience.

At the stage of designing thin-walled aircraft structures, to simplify calculations, their cross sections are idealized. To do this, the section with the skin and the longitudinal elements reinforcing it is replaced (when determining normal stresses) by a discrete one, consisting of concentrated areas at characteristic points. In this case, the equality of the moments of inertia of the initial and discrete sections is preserved. Such idealization is used in the calculation of thin-walled rods for normal and shear stresses (Wagner model). For sections consisting of a system of rectangular strips of constant thickness, discretization allows to set approximate values of normal and shear stresses and accurately find the locations of the singular points of the bending center (in an open contour) and the center of rigidity (in a closed one). The discrete model of a strip consists of three lumped areas: two at the edges and one in the center. The paper proposes to extend the discrete model to sections in which the skin thickness changes according to a linear law. In addition to the rectangular strip, it is possible to use elongated triangles and trapezoids, replaced by three and four concentrated areas, respectively. The possibility of using a discrete model for calculating some thin-walled sections of open and closed contours is considered. The section of an open contour is studied - the problem of transverse bending without torsion of a channel having flanges with a linearly variable thickness. Differences in the flows of tangential forces calculated from the exact and discrete models are shown. The coincidence of the results in determining the position of the bending center according to two models was established. When studying the application of a discrete model to a closed contour, its simplified option is proposed. The problem of transverse bending without torsion and finding the center of rigidity in a section with a contour line in the form of a trapezoid with front and rear walls of constant thickness and upper and lower skins and a similar section with a contour in the form of a rectangle was considered. Differences in the flows of tangential forces calculated by exact and discrete models are established. For a closed section in the form of a rectangle, the decrease in the moment of inertia for torsion due to the redistribution of material in the cross section was studied separately. It has been established that when finding the position of the center of rigidity, the discrepancy between the results of the exact and discrete models in sections with geometric parameters close to real ones was less than 1% for a rectangular contour, and 4% for a trapezoidal contour. The results indicate the possibility of extending the application of the discrete model of thin-walled cross section to the design calculations of thin-walled rods with variable skin thickness, representing practical structures.

Small business branding is a relatively under-researched field, and available research largely excludes the African region. As a result, the brand development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in emerging markets is a topical issue. The aim of this study was to analyse whether brand development factors such as brand barriers, brand characteristics, perceived advantage, and brand perceptions are perceived by owners/managers as having a positive effect on retail SME brand development. A cross-sectional survey method was used to obtain data from 265 owners/managers of SMEs in South Africa using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling, with the results showing that brand barriers, brand characteristics, and brand perceptions have a significant positive effect on brand development, while the effect of perceived advantage was found to be insignificant. It is recommended that SME owners/managers invest more resources in brand development efforts and management develop better attitudes towards branding, as the study revealed that owner/manager perceptions of the brand and the branding process have the biggest impact on brand development. Further, SMEs are encouraged to find innovative ways to engage in brand development, considering that brand barriers do not seem to particularly affect a firm’s ability to engage in brand development. This study contributes towards an understanding of SME brand development in emerging markets, hence SMEs in these markets can benefit from its findings. The practical findings of this study should be of interest to SME owners/managers, as they carry the responsibility for the SME brand development process

Ebstein’s anomaly is a congenital heart disease in which the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve are displaced to the apex of the right ventricle, forming its atrialization. In contrast, the anatomical position of the anterior leaflet usually remains normal. The aim. To present and analyze a case of surgical treatment of Ebstein’s anomaly with a rare anatomy – isolated displacement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. Case report. We present a rare clinical case of isolated displacement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricular cavity with the formation of a right atrial aneurysm. The diagnosis was made prenatally and confirmed after the birth of the child by echocardiography. Surgical intervention was postponed and successfully performed at the age of six years due to the progression of tricuspid insufficiency and increase in the right atrial aneurysm. We achieved a reduction in the size of the right atrium (diameter 31 mm, volume 25 ml and area 10 cm2) and minimized insufficiency at the tricuspid valve. The total duration of the surgical intervention was 270 minutes. The intra- and postoperative periods were uneventful. The duration of the patient’s stay in the intensive care unit was 4 days. We believe that this pathology of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve should be interpreted as a variant of Ebstein’s anomaly. Conclusion. Isolated tricuspid valve anterior leaflet displacement with right atrial aneurysm is amenable to surgical correction with good immediate and long-term results.

The aim. To establish the role of the hereditary factor in the risk of developing premature coronary heart disease (CHD) based on clinical and genealogical analysis of pedigrees. Materials and methods. The study included patients with CHD. The total sample size was 286 people, the mean age of the patients was 58.8 ± 2.9 years. The material for the analysis was the data of a clinical and genealogical analysis, which included the collection of data from the proband about the number of relatives with an indication of consanguinity. On the basis of the obtained data, pedigrees were compiled and the coefficient of family aggregation (FA) was calculated. A comparative analysis was conducted between experimental (n = 108, 25-44 years old) and control (n = 178, 75-90 years old) groups. Results. As a result of the analysis of pedigrees, it was established that in patients who had premature CHD, which developed at the age of 25-40 years, there was a FA of cardiovascular diseases, as evidenced by the determined frequency of the hereditary burden of family history for cardiovascular diseases of 50.9%. When compared with the corresponding frequency in the group of elderly patients, the determined frequency of family burden of 24.2% which was significantly lower than that in young patients, p = 0.0001; χ2 = 33.12. The calculated coefficient of FA was 2.1, which indicates that the risk of premature CHD is two times higher in families with a burdensome family history of cardiovascular diseases. Analysis of the burdensome history of cardiovascular diseases considering the degree of kinship with the proband established that in patients of both groups, the burdensome history was observed with the highest frequency in relatives of the 1st degree of kinship: 86.2% in the experimental and 83.3% in the control groups. Conclusions. It was found that in families with a burdensome family history of cardiovascular diseases, the risk of developing premature CHD is two times higher, as evidenced by the calculated coefficient of FA - 2.1; p = 0.0001; χ2 = 33.12. It was found that in both groups of the study, the prevalence of family history of cardiovascular diseases prevailed, mainly among relatives of the first degree of consanguinity.

Purpose. The purpose of the presented review is to analyse the spread of the red mark syndrome (RMS) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykissWalbaum, 1792) from countries neighbouring Ukraine and summarise the ways and mechanisms of the spread of this disease in order to prevent the potential spread of this disease in specialized farms in Ukraine. Findings.The article provides data on the spread of red mark syndrome in rainbow trout from Europe, and methods of its prevention at fish farms. Special attention is paid to the spread of the disease in countries neighbouring Ukraine, which causes concern about the possible penetration of the pathogen into the territory of Ukraine. Geographic proximity to countries with confirmed RMS outbreaks, as well as the presence of developed aquaculture, in particular rainbow trout farming, increase the risk of introducing this disease. The cause-and-effect relationship of RMS is still unknown. A midichlorine-like organism (MLO) is considered the most likely causative agent, as all other possible agents lack sufficient evidence to associate them with RMS. Future studies should focus on confirming the causal relationship ofMLO with RMS and developing prevention strategies. The latent period of the disease is an important aspect that needs to be studied in detail.The use of new highly sensitive methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), will allow more accurate control of the dynamics of infection and determine the optimal time frame for taking fish samples for the purpose of isolating the pathogen.The hypothesis of the host’s hypersensitivity reaction to MLO as one of the reasons for the development of RMS requires further investigation. Understanding the factors that contribute to the development of RMS and efforts to isolate MLO are important for the development of targeted solutions to control the disease. Strategies may focus on helping to build up the host’s natural immunity against RMS, thereby avoiding the use of antibiotics. The risk of developing RMS in fish is thought to be multifactorial, with certain farming practices and environmental factors making some fish populations more susceptible to the condition.The role of water, eggs, environment, invertebrates and parasites as possible vectors of MLO requires additional research. Collection of up-to-date data on the incidence of RMS is important for a more accurate determination of its economic impact on trout aquaculture. Disease surveillance and broader data on the prevalence of RMS in Europe and the world should be implemented by conducting large-scale studies combining data from different institutions.This will increase the level of biosecurity and help develop effective risk management strategies, which will contribute to maintaining the stability of aquaculture in Ukraine. The potential economic consequences of RMS can be significant for Ukraine. Despite the low mortality, treatment and management costs can significantly affect the economics of aquaculture by increasing production costs. It is important to implement biosecurity measures, including control of live fish imports, regulation of aquaculture systems and increased biosecurity on farms. It is also necessary to conduct a study to assess the potential economic impact of RMS on the industry, which will help to develop effective risk management strategies and maintain the stability of aquaculture in Ukraine. Practical Value. Monitoring of salmon diseases in fish farming enterprises of Ukraine will allow determining the ecological niches of these pathogens and establish the potential risks of epizootics, primarily in the conditions of aquaculture.

The present study focuses on the deformation of neutron-rich nuclei near the neutron drip line. The nuclei of interest include 28O, 42Si, 58Ca, 80Ni, 100Kr, 122Ru, 152Ba, 166Sm, and 176Er. The relativistic Hartree - Bogoliubov (RHB) approach with effective density-dependent point coupling is utilized to investigate the triaxial deformation, and Skyrme - Hartree - Fock + Bardeen - Cooper - Schrieffer is used to analyze the axial deformation. The study aimed to understand the interplay between nuclear forces, particle interactions, and shell structure to gain insights into the unique behavior of neutron-rich nuclei. Despite these nuclei containing magic numbers, their shapes are still affected by the nucleons' collective behavior and energy levels. As the number of neutrons increases, the shape smoothly transitions from spherical to triaxial and then to prolate. The axial deformation analysis confirmed the results of the triaxial deformation analysis using the RHB method. An imbalance in the number of protons and neutrons can affect pairing energy, where extra neutrons can reduce overall pairing energy, and protons can disrupt the nucleon pairing due to stronger Coulomb repulsion between them.

Brief biography and scientific achievements of Yuri Georgiiovych Zdesenko in relation with his 80-th anniversary.