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Rodzice, jako pierwsi wychowawcy i nauczyciele dziecka są zobowiązani do zagłębiania się w podstawy teorii i praktyki pedagogicznej, do której należy również prawidłowy rozwój mowy dziecka. Współcześnie ze względu na postępującą cyfryzację świata, internat stanowi jedno z popularniejszych źródeł porozumiewania się i zdobywania wiedzy. Takim szczególnym miejscem dla rodziców stają się rodzicielskie fora internetowe, które stanowią prężnie działającą przestrzeń do dyskusji między rodzicami, przekazującymi sobie informacje o własnych doświadczeniach rodzicielskich, w tym treściom z zakresu logopedii. W artykule zostaną przedstawione badania dotyczące analizy rodzicielskich for internetowych z zakresie dyskusji o rozwoju mowy dziecka. Obszar ten tak bogaty w informacje badawcze, stał się podstawą do poznania sposobów komunikowania się rodziców, przekazywania informacji, zadawania pytań i udzielania odpowiedzi, ich korzystny bądź niekorzystny wpływ na rozpowszechnianie wiedzy logopedycznej, jak również poznać kulturę wypowiedzi i przestrzegania zasad netykiety użytkowników korzystających z rodzicielskich forów internetowych. Zgromadzony materiał badawczy, dotyczący dyskusji opierających się na wiedzy logopedycznej na rodzicielskich forach internetowych przedstawiony został w formie cytowanych rzeczywistych wypowiedzi użytkowników, nie poddanych żadnej obróbce stylistycznej i językowej.

Diabetes is a chronic disease, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, resulting from insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production. Among many types of diabetes, gestational diabetes (GDM) is a unique kind, correlated with numerous metabolic changes occurring during pregnancy, it develops around second trimester of the gestation and in most cases resolves after delivery. The prevalence of gestational diabetes is rising globally and becomes a significant public health concern. [48] According to the World’s Health Organization’s classification GDM is, apart from the diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), one of the main clinical forms of carbohydrate metabolism disorders occurring during pregnancy. So far, epidemiological data are ambiguous regarding GDM prevalence, this study estimates GDM frequency at 4–12%. [1] The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the topic of gestational diabetes, its prevalence, risk factors, importance of early detection, methods of glycemia monitoring and management strategies, including lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatment. Referring to the treatment, it also describes the preparation for pregnancy of people with preexisting DM1 and DM2 and the necessity to modify foregoing management strategies. Furthermore, it describes the most frequent early complications resulting from GDM as well as long-term outcomes for both mother and offspring.

Neuropathy is a damage, disease, or dysfunction of one or more nerves especially of the peripheral nervous system. One of the most common disease causing neuropathy is diabetes mellitus. Diabetic neuropathy is a serious consequence that arises when nerve tissue is damaged by prolonged hyperglycemia. It affects a considerable portion of those who have the disease. This article covers every component of this complexed disease. We will discuss the definition, etiology, risk factors that patients can control and that are uncontrollable, and forms of neuropathies linked to diabetes such as peripheral, autonomic and focal. For more clinical approach signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods which are a mix of clinical evaluations, neurological exams, electrophysiological testing, and, in certain situations, imaging modalities and complicated nature of treating diabetic neuropathy will be explored. Moreover, challenges in treating this disease and future directions and research will be elaborated. What is more it interdisciplinary care will be explored as a key element in addressing complexed nature of diabetic neuropathy. In addition to highlighting the complexity of neuropathy in diabetes mellitus and emphasizing the vital significance of early recognition and specialized interventions for the best possible patient outcomes, the article aims to present a thorough grasp of diabetic neuropathy.

Introduction: IBD-related arthritis (spondyloarthropathy) is the most common extraintestinal manifestation (EIM) of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is often considered a formidable clinical challenge. Emergence of TNFα-antagonists has revolutionised the clinical approach to management of IBD-related arthritis and remains the mainstay of the therapy. However, its use presents several limitations, underscoring the need for new treatment modalities. Recently, new agents have been approved for the management of IBD, although their influence on IBD-related arthritis has been scarcely investigated. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyse current literature regarding the efficacy of new agents used for treating IBD-related arthritis. Methods and Materials: Extensive research was conducted using the PubMed, ScienceDirect database and Google Scholar, with the primary focus on literature from the past 5 years. Firstly, potential novel treatment options for IBD-related arthritis were obtained. The names of the drugs were juxtaposed with terms related to “IBD-related arthritis” to gather data regarding their efficacy in said condition. Additionally, references from selected articles were included in the analysis. Results: Emerging treatment options show promising results in achieving remission of IBD-related arthritis. However, our study revealed research gap as the current literature lacks large-scale, prospective studies that assess the efficacy of the aforementioned agents in achieving a resolution of IBD-related arthritis. Therefore, the results of our study encourage further research, with special emphasis on large-scale randomised controlled trials.

Introduction: Medical education is a rapidly evolving field, necessitating adaptation to shifts in student demographics and societal needs. Balancing the demand for more healthcare providers must be accompanied by a focus on maintaining the quality of education. As certain conventional teaching methods lose favour, there is a continuous influx of new technologies that can be harnessed for the education of future doctors. Purpose of the study: The objective of this study was to gather and analyse literature on the utilization of new technologies in medical education and their influence on students, educators, and the overall quality of medical instruction. Material and methods: A review of the literature available on PubMed and a grey literature search was performed. We used such keywords like: “medical education”, “physician training”, “medical students”, “technology”, “elearning”, “new learning methods”. We also applied Bolean logical operators such as “AND”, “OR”. Results: Examining the gathered publications leads to the conclusion that a variety of new technologies are being employed in medical education, such as e-learning, telehealth, and virtual or augmented reality. While some function as alternatives to existing methods, others introduce entirely novel approaches. In general, these new technologies positively impact education by enhancing outcomes, increasing accessibility to education, and reducing the costs associated with the teaching process. Conclusions: The integration of emerging technologies has become essential in the preparation of future medical professionals. Despite the overall positive impact, there are apprehensions regarding potential long-term consequences for healthcare delivery. Subsequent studies are crucial to assess lasting effects, delving into how the integration of technology may shape the skills of healthcare professionals over time.

Introduction: Polyphenolic compounds are widespread in nature, contained in large quantities especially in fruits, vegetables, cereals and nuts. In recent years numerous attempts have been made to characterize their biological effects, with particular emphasis on their protective potential against the development of chronic diseases, including cancer. Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyze publications on the use of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of cancer, with particular emphasis on breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer - the four most common cancers in the Polish population. Material and methods: A review of the literature available on PubMed was performed using various combinations of keywords: 'polyphenols' + 'cancer', 'polyphenols' + 'oncology', ‘polyphenols’ + ‘chemoprevention’, ‘polyphenols’ + ‘chemotherapy’, 'polyphenols' + 'lung cancer', 'polyphenols' + 'breast cancer', ‘polyphenols’ + ‘colorectal cancer’, 'polyphenols' + 'prostate cancer'/'prostate gland cancer'. Results: The analysis of the collected publications allows to conclude that polyphenols exert multidirectional anticancer effect through antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and prosenescence activity. This effect has been demonstrated, among others, in relation to cellular models of colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer. Polyphenols also reduce side effects associated with the use of conventional anticancer therapies and increase their effectiveness. Conclusions: Polyphenols - both as independent compounds and components of complex anticancer treatment regimens - have chemopreventive and potentially chemotherapeutic effects. By influencing various stages of carcinogenesis - initiation, promotion and progression of cancer - they constitute a promising direction for the development of new, more effective forms of therapy and prevention of cancer.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that often causes ocular complications, of which keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), scleritis and episcleritis are the most common entities. When left untreated, they can adversely affect eye health and cause vision loss in severe cases. Therefore, early and effective treatment of ophthalmic complications may significantly improve visual outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compile and analyze the current literature on the treatment of the most prevalent ocular manifestation associated with RA. Special emphasis was placed on recently approved drugs and those in late-stage clinical trials. Methods and materials: Publication research was conducted using the PubMed database and Google Scholar with a primary focus on literature from the past 10 years. Firstly, common ocular complications of rheumatoid arthritis were identified and relevant treatment modalities were extracted for further analysis. Finally, the names of relevant drugs or drug classes were used along with the names of the aforementioned disease entities to discover clinical trials regarding their efficacy and safety. Additionally, references from selected manuscripts were included. Summary: The landscape of treatment for ocular complications associated with RA offers a promising future for patients and clinicians. Three new therapeutic modalities for dry eye disease have been approved in 2023, and three additional drugs are in late-stage clinical trials. Furthermore, recent advances in biologic therapy have shown considerable promise in treating scleritis, especially in patients refractory to conventional treatment or with severe symptoms of the disease.

The object of description in the following paper is the lexeme język. Linguistic analysis has been broadened by medical context, in which the author presents the content regarding the tongue as the first part of the digestive system, as a sense of taste, and finally, as vocal apparatus. For this purpose, the most important issues connected with the structure, physiology and pathology of the tongue have been presented. The second part of the discussion has been dedicated to the place of the noun język, along with its synonyms and derived forms in old and contemporary general Polish language, as well as dialects. The final part contains remarks on the functioning of the word język in Polish phraseology. This lexeme, as a polysemantic unit, happens to be the component of numerous petrified word combinations, whose meaning reflects the variety of references and contexts preserved in old and contemporary Polish culture.

Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Clavicle (CPC) is a rare condition stemming from incomplete clavicular ossification nuclei fusion. Our work discusses CPC’s history, etiology, clinical features, and methods of therapy. We especially emphasize athletes affected by this condition. Here we presents two clinical cases, treatment approaches and outcomes. CPC’s distinct presentation, often painless, with central clavicular discontinuity and swelling, allows to differentiate it from other conditions. However, in sport athletes, due to the significant physical exertion involved, symptoms can manifest. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management.

Introduction: MEN 2B syndrome is distinguished by the occurrence of medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, marfanoid features, and skeletal anomalies, including kyphoscoliosis, joint laxity, pes cavus, and, in a smaller number of cases, slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). Case report: We describe a case report of a 15-years-old patient with the diagnosis of the MEN2B syndrome with a rare manifestation of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE). A 15-year-old female presented to the orthopedics out-patient department (OPD) with complaints of pain around the right hip and knee and walking with a limp for approximately four months. Additionally, the feeling of enlarged thyroid gland was reported. X-ray confirmed the presence of the SCFE, while thyroid biopsy revealed the presence of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Thus, the diagnosis of MEN2B was made. Conclusion: Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) can occasionally be a manifestation of MEN 2B syndrome. It is important for physicians to be aware of this association, as it can contribute to the early detection of a potentially life-threatening condition.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on global mental health, affecting individuals of all age groups and various demographic backgrounds including athletes. Anxiety disorders have become more prevalent during the pandemic, attributed to factors such as quarantine, social isolation, fear of the virus, job insecurity, and the psychological impact of a pandemic. This narrative review aims to summarize the existing literature addressing mental health issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the associated risk factors and potential interventions. Additionally, the review explores the impact of COVID-19 on specific populations, including athletes, frontline healthcare workers, children and adolescents, and individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions. In addition, the review explores the long-term consequences of the pandemic on mental health, including the potential for a surge in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related disorders. Overall, this review underscores the urgent need for comprehensive mental health support and resources in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a global public health problem, and their incidence is continuously increasing. IBD is characterized by a relapsing nature and is associated with symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, malabsorption, and nutritional deficiencies. Patients affected by this disease are typically young individuals, and physical activity plays a significant role in this age group. Understanding the role of exercise and sports activities in individuals with IBD can help consider potential therapeutic interventions for these patients. Objective: The aim of this study is to summarize the knowledge regarding the role of physical activity in patients with IBD. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the following keywords: IBD, physical activity, stress and fatigue in individuals with IBD, anxiety in patients with IBD. State of knowledge: The role of physical activity in promoting health and preventing various diseases is well-established. However, there is limited research on the association between exercise and IBD. Conclusions: Physical activity, by reducing fatigue and stress, has a positive impact on the functioning of patients with IBD. There are reports suggesting a reduction in gastroenterological symptoms in patients after engaging in exercise. With appropriate control of the underlying disease using pharmacological and other recommended methods, participating in sports activities does not pose a barrier for patients. Physicians should encourage patients to engage in exercise with tailored intensity due to its beneficial effects on various aspects of life for individuals with IBD. Further research is necessary to explore this topic more extensively.

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common hormonal disorder in women and the leading cause of female infertility. Traditional therapeutic methods often do not yield the expected results, hence the need to explore new treatment strategies. Promising results have been observed in studies on inositol. Objective: The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the effectiveness and safety of inositol and herbal preparations in the treatment of PCOS based on available scientific literature. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using search terms: inositol, PCOS treatment, herbal medicine in PCOS. Current knowledge: Inositol is an oral supplement used in the therapy of PCOS. It is characterised by high safety and minimal risk of side effects. Herbal extracts alleviate symptoms in patients with PCOS. Conclusions: Analysis of scientific research has provided evidence of the effectiveness of inositol, particularly myo-inositol, in complementary therapy for PCOS. Herbal medicine also appears to be an effective supportive treatment. However, these substances should not be considered as primary therapy but rather as an adjunct. Only both - primary medications and complementary treatment methods, can yield a therapeutic effect.

Protective vaccinations are crucial for preventing infectious diseases and their complications, offering a high safety profile and minimal adverse effects. However, vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a public health concern, leading to outbreaks of communicable diseases. This study aims to investigate the attitudes towards vaccinations among doctors and nurses, as well as their knowledge level and vaccination frequency. The research employed a cross-sectional design and collected data using an anonymous questionnaire. The study was conducted in southern Poland, involving Primary Healthcare Centers and hospitals. A total of 878 paper surveys were collected among 542 doctors and 336 nurses.

Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic civilization disease that is associated with numerous complications and disturbances in laboratory parameters. One of the observed changes in laboratory studies of individuals suffering from diabetes is a significantly low level of sodium. Aim of study: The aim of study was to compare natremia with selected blood parameters determined on admission to hospital, and then to find correlation, if any, between those parameters. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 169 patients with diagnosed type 2 diabetes and the average age of 72.43±11.62 years. We tested the correlation between natremia and: total, LDL and HDL cholesterol; creatinine; potassium; calcium; eGFRCKD-EPI and alanine aminotransferase levels in the patients. Statistical analysis was run on STATISTICA 13. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney, Spearmans’ rank correlation and the Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to analyse factors affecting laboratory test results for the patients, perform correlation analyses and check the conformity with normal distribution, respectively. Research results: A positive correlation was revealed between LDL level and natremia (p = 0.023), as well as between natremia and chloride ion concentration (p < 0.001) in the patients’ blood. No correlation was found between natremia and sex, age, eGFRCKD-EPI, alanine aminotransferase, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, as well as calcium and potassium concentrations. Conclusions: Statistically significant correlations were found exclusively between LDL level and natremia, and between chloride and sodium concentrations. High LDL level was correlated with high natremia, which requires further research due to the scant literature. The sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations are known to be interconnected by the need to ensure the electrolyte balance, as seen in the Gamble diagram. The remaining parameters were not statistically significant.

Covid-19 can manifest with serious neurological complications and hypercoagulability. Latest data from China showed neurological complications in 36% of 214 COVID-19 patients- mainly ischemic stroke. Coagulopathy associated with Covid-19 was reported to increase the risk of stroke also in young adults without comorbidities. A 29-year-old patient with hypertension admitted to the hospital with dysarthric speech and balance disorders and dizziness with vomiting was referred for thrombectomy of an occluded basilar artery after ineffective RTPA therapy. After the thrombectomy, a gradual reduction in the neurological deficit was observed-the permeability of the basilar artery was restored. However, during the intervention, the posterior right cerebral artery was damaged and a short-term extravasation of the contrast blood to the subarachnoid space occurred. MRI showed minor multifocal ischemic changes in the area of the cerebellum, pons and cerebral peduncle. In the pre-hospital interview a week earlier, transient changes in smell and taste were noted. On the day of admission, the patient had a negative antigen and PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2- virus. Laboratory tests showed high D-Dimers (5696 H ng /ml) and reduced fibrinogen. After mechanical thrombectomy, the patient reported double vision when looking straight and left. He was correctly oriented with slight ataxia and a deficit of strength in the left limbs, meningeal symptoms were negative. It is important to understand the association between Covid 19 and the possibility of an ischemic stroke and coagulation changes in order to choose appropriate stroke treatment methods.

Background: We report the case of sulfonylurea induced hypoglycemia manifesting as acute encephalopathy with focal neurological signs misdiagnosed as posterior circulation acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and discuss the potential effects of hypoglycemia on central nervous system, as well as its differentiation from AIS. Case presentation: A 64-year-old patient with type II diabetes treated with glimepiride was transferred to the Department of Neurology after the procedure of radical prostatectomy. On admission, the patient was unconscious with four limb paresis and bilateral Babinski sign. Non-contrast head CT and CT angiography vessels did not reveal any abnormalities. Due to exceeded therapeutic window the patient was disqualified from intravenous thrombolysis. At the admission hypoglycemia was observed and promptly corrected with the 5% dextrose infusion. For the next 72 hours repeated intravenous glucose infusions were needed to maintain its levels above 70 mg/dl. Based on the absence of ischemic changes on MRI and repeated decreases in glucose level for the next 3 days, glimepiride induced hypoglycemic encephalopathy was diagnosed. Within 24 hours of admission the patient regained consciousness and eventually presented four-limb paresis as a result of prolonged neuroglycopenia. Conclusions: Prolonged insufficient brain nutrition can result in permanent or long-lasting brain damage, manifesting as impaired consciousness and focal neurological signs. Perioperative sulfonylureas intake may result in prolonged hypoglycemia.

This paper is devoted to the lexeme tchawica from a diachronic perspective. The first part is the description of a trachea (its functions and structure) as an anatomical organ, which is followed by the analysis of its etymology. The main focus of investigation is the description of tchawica in the history of the Polish language and dialects. For this purpose, synonyms, derivatives, variant forms (in terms of phonetics and morphology), names based on foreign words (derived from Latin and Greek), as well as hybrid names, have been pointed out. According to the analysis, these names are differentiated both in terms of motivation and form.

Już od wczesnego dzieciństwa, pod wpływem wielu czynników, kształtuje się u dziecka system wartości. Jednym z tych czynników jest literatura dziecięca, tworzona z myślą o dzieciach i dla nich, jako ta, która podaje pewne wzorce moralnego postępowania. W niniejszej pracy omówiona została kwestia kształtowania systemu wartości dziecka w młodszym wieku szkolnym poprzez dzieła literackie z odwagą w tle. Przedmiotem analizy jakościowej stały się: A. Lindgren, Bracia Lwie serce i C.S. Lewis Opowieści z Narni, które należą do klasyki literatury dziecięcej. Wybór powyższych książek wynikał głównie z chęci poznania sposobów wykorzystania powieści w edukacji dziecka w młodszym wieku szkolnym. Główny wątek artykułu został poprzedzony syntetycznym przeglądem literatury przedmiotu, w którym scharakteryzowano pojęcia literatury dziecięcej oraz literatury dla dzieci, wartości w życiu dziecka oraz rozwoju i funkcjonowania dziecka w późnym dzieciństwie. Analiza jakościowa wyżej wymienionych dzieł literackich dowiodła, że budowanie świata wartości dzieci w młodszym wieku szkolnym jest możliwe dzięki literaturze tworzonej z myślą o nich.

Assuming the perspective of a multi-aspect overview, in this paper a linguistic-cultural-terminological analysis of thyroid cartilage (Latin cartilago thyroidea) has been made, with special consideration given to its fragment known as laryngeal prominence, throat, apple of man or, most commonly, Adam’s apple. In the linguistic-anthropological part of the study, lexicographic and cultural contexts are considered, in which the word combination from the title is fixed. In turn, the medical description of Adam’s apple includes anatomical and physiological aspects, as well as relevant terminology.

Admission Cholelithiasis is one of the most common conditions in the abdominal cavity. The highest incidence is observed in highly developed or developing countries. Bile duct diseases often require surgical treatment, which is a great physical and mental burden for the patient. The perspective of the surgical procedure and the accompanying circumstances is a sense of insecurity and fear for the patient and his family. The fact of the prevalence of cholelithiasis and the effects of the disease may have an impact on the quality of life of people after gallbladder surgery. Objective of the work The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life of patients after resection of the gall bladder using laparascopy and traditional methods. Research methods As a research method, the diagnostic survey method was used, a standardized WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used, in which the analysis of the collected material referred to the somatic, psychological, social and environmental sphere. Results The obtained research results allowed to state that socio-demographic variables differentiated the patients' opinions on the subjective assessment of the quality of life and health. The place of residence does not have a significant impact on the quality of life. Key words: quality of life, gall bladder resection

Admission Primary health care is the first level of a professional medical service, to which patients with their ailments and health problems apply. Access to basic health care services should be free from any physical, organizational and financial barriers due to the willingness to use the services of various patients. Objective of the work The aim of the work was to get to know the expectations of women regarding the medical care provided in the gynaecological clinic. In order to achieve the research objective, the issues concerning, among other things, the level of satisfaction of women with the functioning and offering of medical services in the gynecological clinic as well as the expectations of women during visits to the gynecological clinic were chosen. Material and methods The research was based on the method of a diagnostic survey using a standardized questionnaire, which was addressed to women using gynecological outpatient services. Results The research shows that the most frequent respondents visited the gynecologist once every three years, (49.33%, n = 74). Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the professional activity of the surveyed women and the frequency of visits to the gynecologist (p = 0.004). The study showed that most often during the visit to the gynecological clinic, the respondents expected: gynecological examination (93.33%), cytological examination (83.33%) and breast examination (69.33%). Conclusions Expectations of women during a visit to the gynecological clinic concern primarily the obtaining of information on research and treatment. Women using the gynecological clinic are satisfied with the offered medical services and the way the clinic operates. Women aged 30-41 with higher education are significantly more satisfied with the gynecological clinic than women under 30 and over 40 years of age and with basic or vocational and married education.

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, accounting for nearly 1.7 million cases and over 0.5 million deaths worldwide. The basic solution is surgical treatment. The execution or closing of the variometer ends with the element of unpicking. Objective The ability to fight cancer is ongoing. Analyzed declared costs in the economic variety. Materials and methods The study was provided by a patient from Lublin in 2016. The concept of a diagnostic survey was used. Old planm and questionnaire. IZZ) by Z. Juczyński. Results In order to obtain the correct result, the following criteria should be applied: IZZycie 90.41 points, which corresponds to the standard 7-10 stena and is interpreted as a high result. Conclusions Patients admitted to the Lublin Oncology Center for treatment of breast cancer. In the studies, the most sensitive were psychological attitude and the lowest eating habits. In the time of interest, eating habits were not such statistical information. Key words: breast cancer, health behaviors

Obesity nowadays is a significant problem in developing countries and developed ones. Both the percentage of adipose tissue in the body and the proportion of muscle tissue affect the condition of the skeletal system. The common origin of adipose tissue and muscle tissue shows that overweight and obesity are not indifferent to the metabolism of bone tissue. Both malnutrition and obesity can lead to unfavorable health effects, contributing to the development of bone disorders and the occurrence of osteopenia, osteopenia with sarcoidosis, osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. Increased percentage of adipose tissue and/or muscle tissue during menopause may have an osteoprotective effect and thus prevent or relieve the effects of menopause in women or andropause in men. Research aimed at measuring the content of adipose tissue as a supplement to other diagnostic tests may contribute to the early detection and even prevention of osteoporosis. Key words: BMI, obesity, osteoporosis, osteopenia

The aim of the research was to analyse the rate of speech of physiologically and dementially ageing people with the following parameters in mind: the rate of speech and the rate of articulation, the ratio of pauses within the speech and their total duration, proper pauses and semi-filled pauses. The research data has been analysed with the use of Audacity software. Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney tests were utilised during the quantitative and the statistical stage of the study. The results obtained clearly show that the rate of speech of people with dementia is slower compared to the rate of speech of physiologically ageing people and to the control group, which consisted of children.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, progressive disease of connective tissue with an immunological basis. The quality of life of patients with RA is reduced due to progressive disability limiting the performance of basic everyday activities. Materials and methods: The research was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey, using a survey technique. The research tools included the HAQ questionnaire, the VAS scale and the survey questionnaire of own design. The research was conducted among 50 RA patients meeting the ACR and ELUAR classification criteria and with a positive RF result. Results: Patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis encounter many limitations in everyday functioning. The higher level of HAQ was found in persons over 65, with primary and vocational education, living in towns/cities, with marital status: single, divorced, widowed. Conclusions: The severity of pain assessed by means of the VAS scale significantly affects the quality of life of patients with RA evaluated with the HAQ questionnaire. Socio-demographic factors, such as: age, education, place of residence, marital status, significantly influence the value of HAQ. Patients over 65, with primary and vocational education, living in towns/cities, with single marital status, showed a significantly higher level of HAQ. There exists a correlation between the duration of the disease and the HAQ and VAS values. The stronger the pain experienced by patients, the higher the level of disability affecting the value of HAQ.

Background The purpose of the study was to investigate the anthropometric effects of sprint interval training (SIT) protocol on body composition and the circumferences of selected body segments in recreational long-distance runners. Methods A sample of 17 participants was randomized to receive sprint interval training (SIT; n=8) and continuous endurance training (CONT; n=9). CONT trained three to four times per week while SIT executed two interval training sessions and one continuous training session per week. The present study involved 4 to 8 min bouts in one interval training unit, whereas the control group trained from 40 to 150 min (40-50km per week). Training duration was 8 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures of body composition were determined by near-infrared interactance. Circumferences (chest, waist, calf and thigh of the dominant leg) were recorded. Results No decrease in body fat mass was observed in SIT. Additionally, post-intervention waist circumference significantly decreased (p

The civilizational progress has brought many conveniences that allowed us to choose leisure and recreation as the preferred way of spending our free time. The interest in the advantages of open-air activities keeps growing, together with the number of needs emerging with the constant improvement of the economic status of our society. Meeting those needs has become the aim of many projects. The more fashionable running becomes, the higher amount of people get interested in it and start running. The dynamic development of tourism related to running is a challenge for the tourism market. The astonishing popularity of this form of sport is especially visible in the number of people taking part in official runs and the growing number of the runs themselves. Promoting the region through active tourism is more than desirable. The goal is to show the right direction in creating the local society development strategies in fields such as health and active leisure for local governments. This direction is the proposition to create more running paths. The way of creating them has been described on the example of Świdnica city in Lower Silesian region ofPoland. The project should perfectly match the development strategy of the city and become helpful for the municipality. Having the area of the city and the number of its inhabitants in mind one could apply the guidelines written above to other cities with similar conditions without hesitation.

Admission Hypertension is a disease of the civilization. The prevalence of this disease in the Polish population ranges up to 30% and its prevalence increases with age. Comprehensive rehabilitation allows treatment in all areas of the patient's life that may affect his or her illness. It depends not only on the use of pharmacological or dietary treatment but also includes physical and psychosocial rehabilitation. Integration of all these elements allows the patient to be surrounded by professional treatment. Purpose of research The main purpose of the work is to define the role of rehabilitation in the treatment of patients with hypertension. Materials and Methods The test material is information obtained through an anonymous questionnaire, and the method is a diagnostic survey. The research was conducted at the Specialist Hospital in Biała Podlaska and the Regional Specialist Hospital in Lublin. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous, with a willingness to commit 50 people. Conclusions The results show that patients are aware of the severity of their disease and the need for change, as only 3% of the patients have not made any changes since the onset of hypertension. Among those who implemented the change, 56% of respondents noted the effects of lifestyle modification and the impact of the rehabilitation process. Discussion Respondents reported that they had noticed the positive effects of rehabilitation: they felt more comfortable after the procedure, reduced weight, began to modify their diet, and sometimes returned to work. Patients feel the need for change and their awareness of the contribution of rehabilitation in the healing process. Key words: hypertension, rehabilitation, lifestyle

Introduction: Nursing, as a profession related to the protection and salvation of life, appears as particularly difficult, complex and multi-tasking. There are a number of specific burdens on the specifics of the problem, which include, first of all, the occurrence of unpredictable situations that endanger the health and well-being of patients. All this makes the profession of nurse a particularly stressful job. Research shows that as a result of occupational stress, many nurses complain about health problems and disorders in the physical, psychological, emotional and social spheres. A large group of nurses also work in the workplace experiencing symptoms of burnout syndrome Purpose of the work: The main research problem of work is about the sources of stress that are taking place in the work of investigated nurses and how the respondents deal with stress. Material and Methodology: The study was conducted in 2015. They covered 150 nurses employed in hospitals and health clinics located in the Lubelskie voivodeship. A modified scale is used to determine the sources of stress for nurses: Situation at the workplace M. Frese, which enables diagnosis of four primary sources of occupational stress, ie: work related; Physical environment; Social environment and other stressors. Results: The results show that the most stressful factors in the work of nurses are: too much work, too much time pressure during tasks, Conflicts with superiors, too low pay and lack of development opportunities. Conclusions: Nurses were heavily exposed to psychological stressors affecting their work. Most of the nurses surveyed were satisfied with their work, but a significant percentage of the respondents reported symptoms of chronic stress and fatigue.

As a result of the changing demographic structure of society in Poland, ie the increase in the number of people aged 65 and over. As well as increasing exposure to carcinogens, the number of cancers and cancer deaths is increasing. Every woman showing concern for her own health and life should have knowledge about early detection methods of breast cancer as well as factors that contribute to its development. This conviction led to a series of studies aimed at verifying the level of knowledge of urban and rural populations in the area of breast cancer: prevention, early detection, prevention, and identification of sources of knowledge on the subject. Purpose of research The aim of the study was to determine the level of knowledge of women, rural and urban dwellers on breast cancer. Materials and Methods The study was conducted among 116 women living in Lublin Voivodship in 2015. Among 66 women surveyed (56.9%) came from the city, while the remaining 50 (43.1%) were rural residents. Selected research method was questionnaire survey of its own author. Conclusions Analysis of the results of the study shows that both women living in rural and urban areas have a high level of knowledge about breast cancer. Both groups are well aware of the risk factors for breast cancer. Women have the optimal knowledge of the area of breast cancer prevention. They often do not use it in practice or do so only when they notice disturbing symptoms. The main source of women's knowledge about breast cancer is the mass media. This implies the need to increase the participation of medical staff in educational activities.

Admission Breast cancer is a very insidious disease. For a long time it may not give any symptoms. That's why it is so important to be prophylactic, to have regular breast exams. Among breast cancer women is one of the most common oncological diseases in Poland and is a serious health, social and economic problem. Purpose of research The aim of the work is to assess the level of women on the prevention of breast cancer. It also defines what prevention is and how important it is. Materials and methods 50 women between 20 and 50 years of age were included in the study. The research was conducted in October 2016. Respondents were randomly selected. The method used in the study is a diagnostic survey. A research questionnaire was used as a research tool and a research tool to assist in obtaining research information. Conclusions Women know the main factors that increase the risk of breast cancer: age, genetic factors, contraception, physical inactivity and childlessness. The survey respondents admitted that they use prophylactic tests because they believe they can prevent the disease by 48%, the person is close or has had breast cancer 26%. Almost half of the respondents said that 48% of the respondents declared that the prevention of breast cancer was a lack of knowledge, because 26% of them lacked the knowledge, 26% had good health and 18 lacked the knowledge. %. Discussion Diagnosing the disease will reduce the mortality, so prevention activities that play a vital role in breast cancer prevention play a very important role. Dziukowa and Wesołkowska emphasize that early cancer (less than 10 mm) of the tumors detected does not cause metastasis to the lymph nodes, providing many years of survival and even cure in about 90%.

Venous leg ulcer is a chronic disease and is considered a multi-faceted problem. This condition requires care including social, economic, therapeutic, nursing care. Patients with ulceration feel rejection in the environment, lack of acceptance due to odor and secretion from the ulcer. These symptoms lead to partial or complete isolation and withdrawal from life in society. This condition requires interdisciplinary care, and treatment requires a lot of skill, work and sacrifice from the patients. Objective The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, knowledge of interdisciplinary care and self-care, in the life of each patient with venous leg ulcers. Material and methods The study was conducted among 60 people. The research material was collected at the Międzyleski Hospital in Warsaw in the Department of Dermatology in 2015. Selected research method was questionnaire survey of its own author. Results The survey showed that the phenomenon of interdisciplinary care, is only in the 8% known concept, more knowledgeable are lonely people living in large cities. Self-care does not associate with maintaining wellbeing and health. Respondents have knowledge of who is part of the interdisciplinary team, but they can not determine what the task is. Most respondents confirm that there is little availability for specialists, diagnostics, and that the cost of treatment sometimes exceeds the financial capacity of the sick. Disease significantly influences lifestyle change and triggers negative feelings in them, yet respondents are unable to introduce self-care in everyday life. Discussion It is therefore reasonable to say that the treatment of ulcers should be comprehensive and organized, consistent with the principles of modern medicine, and should be based on procedures and standards.

Admission The cerebral stroke is a direct distress of the health and the life. The patient with the suspicion of stroke requires urgent intervention irrespective of the course of manifestations and their degree of the intensity. During the help at the preclinical stage an evaluation of practical parameters and registering direction and dynamics of changes are most important in this respect. As part of dealing on the Hospital accident ward with the sick person with the stated cerebral stroke one should verify and implement changes in applied curing by team members medical lifeguards. Purpose of research Analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic standards is a purpose of the work applied with patients with the cerebral stroke at the preclinical stage and as part of the care on the Hospital accident ward. Materials and methods Information taken from medical documentation of course of the process of diagnostics and curing 130 patients with the diagnosed cerebral stroke at medical institutions in the province constitutes research material Lublin. Analysis of medical documentation covered years 2013 up to 2016. Discussion The most frequent object manifestations stated at patients from the examined group: giddiness, headache, disequilibrium, nausea and/or the vomiting, the dysphagia, visual disturbances, pareses and hypoesthesias. According to analysis results and with literature at sick persons with the cerebral stroke a computed axial tomography and a magnetic resonance, as well as additional examinations are made examinations leading the way. Conclusions According to the analysis of the results amongst early complications they observed: cerebral oedema, widen/ing moving the arrangement of the cellular brain, the secondary ischaemia of the haemorrhagic stroke. All described disorders of the awareness were diagnosed in the early phase of the cerebral stroke i.e. 4-5 hours from the beginning of the riot of any neurological warning signals.

Admission Epidemiological indicators show that the number of young people undergoing total knee arthroplasty increases. Knee implant prosthesis is a surgical procedure that involves replacing diseased cartilage and knee bones with artificial prosthesis. Research on the quality of life before and after endoscopic surgery is used to assess the effectiveness of medical activities. Purpose of research The aim of the study is to compare the assessment, quality of life of patients before the procedure of endoprosthesis and after knee arthroplasty. Materials and methods The study was conducted from February to November 2016. They covered 100 people under the care of an orthopedic clinic in the Independent Public Health Care Unit in Łęczna. Patients in the clinic were selected from 4 to 6 months after knee replacement. The method used in the work is a diagnostic survey. The research tool was a self-generated questionnaire. Discussion Implant of the knee joint replaces damaged parts of the knee. Endoprosthetic surgery is performed in patients with advanced degenerative joint disease. Studies have shown that the disease has largely affected the deterioration of patients' physical fitness. In the studies conducted by Słowińska I. and Małdyk P. performed operations did not completely eliminate the pain. Conclusions On the basis of the research, it was concluded that the main cause of the implantation of the prosthesis was a knee injury (54%). The disease affected the deterioration of physical fitness prior to implantation of knee arthroplasty in 28% of respondents; 34% said they were very good. The quality of life after implantation of knee arthroplasty significantly improved in 57% of respondents. Self-service after surgery has improved considerably in 23% of respondents.

Admission Epidemiological studies show that cardiovascular diseases are at the forefront of diseases affecting Polish society. Despite advances in modern medicine, every second person experiences acute or chronic cardiovascular complications. Purpose of research The purpose of this study was to assess patients' knowledge of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Materials and methods The paper used the method of the diagnostic survey, within the framework of the survey technique, and as a research tool - questionnaire survey of its own author. The survey was conducted June - August 2015 in the Independent Public Health Care Team in Włodawa. 60 people participated in the study. The group was divided - 30 people with hypertension and 30 people who are not sick or healthy people. Conclusions In the study group, the level of knowledge about the factors influencing the occurrence of hypertension is high both among the sick and the healthy. Most patients with hypertension have a healthy lifestyle associated with proper nutrition, alcohol avoidance, smoking, lack of stress and rational rest. Among prevention activities, both the sick and the sick proposed similar treatment. Discussion Patient knowledge about hypertension and its effects can affect the effectiveness of treatment. Medical education should be of paramount importance for medical staff, with particular attention to the self-control of blood pressure by patients. In summary, it is important to note that due to the high risk of complications, both treatment and prevention of hypertension are important.

Admission Breast cancer is one of the most common and most serious malignant neoplasms among women. The standard treatment for breast cancer is systemic therapy, which combines surgical treatment with other methods such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. A number of adverse changes that cause these methods in women's lives violate their balance in all dimensions of human functioning, which in turn affects the quality of life. Purpose of research The main objective of the study was to assess the subjective quality of life among women after surgical treatment of breast cancer. Materials and methods The study included 43 women before surgery, 40 women after surgery and 46 randomized women who were randomly assigned to a control group. Research works were conducted from September to November 2016 at the Center of Oncology in Lublin and Voivodship Specialist Hospital in Lublin. Discussion Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women after lung cancer. The standard treatment for breast cancer is systemic therapy, which combines surgical treatment with other methods such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. A number of unfavorable changes that cause these methods in women's lives violate their balance in all dimensions of human functioning, which in turn affects the quality of life. Conclusions Based on the results of the study, it can be said that the quality of life of chronic patients provides valuable information on their functioning and the side effects of treatment, which in turn can help to improve the level of health services provided and thus the patient's assessment and satisfaction with care.

Admission By analyzing the available scientific literature, it is possible to define ischemic heart disease as a set of disease symptoms that are a consequence of a chronic state of imbalance between the ability to supply nutrients and oxygen and the real need of myocardial cells for these substances. Adapting life-style behaviors to healthy living is a priority to prevent the onset and development of cardiovascular disease, especially ischemic heart disease, Purpose of research The aim of the study is to determine the health behavior of patients with ischemic heart disease. Materials and methods The study was conducted from 01.08.2015 to 28.12.2015 in a group of 35 people (15 women and 20 men). The research method used in the work is a diagnostic survey, the research technique used was a survey of its own author. Conclusions By analyzing the data collected, it is important to note that patients with coronary heart disease are often associated with health problems such as hypertension, diabetes and abnormal weight. The nutritional habits of the subjects studied can be described as abnormal, particularly the excessive intake of oily meat and too little fish intake. It has also been observed that most of the patients studied have familial predisposition to ischemic heart disease. Discussion Heart attacks occur mostly in people with obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. It is also closely related to ischemic heart disease. The health behaviors of patients suffering from Ischemic Heart Disease are moderately satisfactory and therefore the role of a nurse practitioner as a health educator is very difficult but essential in the prevention of ischemic heart disease.

Introduction. Practicing sports activities e.g. running exposes individuals to physical injuries. Aim. Aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of injuries in runners training long running in Wrocław. The second aim was to investigate injury risk factors in runners. Materials and methods. In the study participated 255 subjects (157 man and 98 woman). The subjects were members in a running association WKB PIAST Wrocław, PRO-RUN Wrocław as well as non associated runners. In the study a diagnostic survey was used. Results. In this study 61% (n=156) of participants were injured, while 39% (n=100) trained without any injuries. Conclusions. The runners suffered from overloads in plantar fascia, cuff muscles and quadriceps muscles. The main injury factors were improper training loads and training surface.

Introduction. Effective heart rate recovery is associated with higher levels of aerobic performance Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between level of aerobic performance describe of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) value and heart rate recovery (HRR) in road cyclist and footballers. Materials and methods. The study involved of 30 male trainees football in the Polish second leauge (n = 9) and road cyclists, members of the professional clubs (n = 21). Road cyclist were divided into terms of level VO2max into two groups RC1 (higher value) and RC2(lower value), based on the incremental exercise test. The test was performed on cycloergometer, and after the completion of the test for 5 minutes stayed seated for recorded of HRR. Results. The differences were not statistically significant. In the course of fast phase restitution lowest values showed subjects from the group of football players We also used a relative values with respect to the maximum heart rate (HRmax), and no significant differences were found between the groups. In any group there was no statistically significant correlation between the variables related to the HRR and the level of VO2max. Conclusions. Restitution of the fastest heart rate, also in relation to the HRmax was observed in the group of footballers. Road cyclists despite significant differences in the level of aerobic performance do not differ significantly of HRR.

The article presents the research into the interaction within the specific discourse based around the dialogue of people with stuttering disorder. The analysis of the dialogues was performed with the use of the theory of conversational strategies created by Aleks Awdiejew (2004). The dialogues were therefore analysed in terms of four (mutually dependent) basic conversational strategies: informational-verificative, axiological-emotive, behavioral, and meta discursive.

The article characterizes the pace of speech as a research category which gives us the ability to analyze both normative and impaired speech. The practical part consists of the description of the research process and the obtained results. It is preceded by the theoretical part which describes the notions of the pace of speech and the pace of utterance and their main components. Special emphasis has been put on the notion of pause. Additionally, selected quantitative and qualitative aspects of speech have been outlined, together with the ways of their analysis which include measuring tools (Audacity software) and statistical tests (Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney, Fisher-Snadecor).

Zawadka Magdalena, Michalik Joanna. Polimorfizm genu ACTN3 w sporcie i fizjoterapii = CTN3 gen polymorphism in sport and physiotherapy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):219-226. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.60224 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3750 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.07.2016. Revised 25.07.2016. Accepted: 12.08.2016. Polimorfizm genu ACTN3 w sporcie i fizjoterapii ACTN3 gen polymorphism in sport and physiotherapy Magdalena Zawadka1, Joanna Michalik2 1 Ośrodek Rehabilitacji, Instytut Medycyny Wsi im. Witolda Chodźki, Lublin 2 NZOZ Sanus, Lublin Autor do korespondencji: Magdalena Zawadka Instytut Medycyny Wsi, ul. Jaczewskiego 2, 10-090 Lublin magdalenazawadka91@gmail.com Tel. 517967452 Streszczenie Czynniki genetyczne mogą wpływać na wyniki sportowe. Genotyp ACTN3 R577X został powiązany z wynikami sportowymi i fenotypem mięśniowym. Gen ACTN3 kodujący białko α-aktynina-3, który ulega ekspresji w linii Z szybkich, glikolitycznych włókien mięśniowych ma związek z mocą i siłą. Czynniki genetyczne są zaangażowane w etiologię urazów tkanek miękkich i funkcjonowanie układu krążenia. Celem naszej pracy było zaprezentowanie przeglądu literatury. Niniejsze badanie pokazuje jak polimorfizm R577X ACTN3 może wpływać na wyniki sportowe i wystąpienie urazów. Jest wyraźnie ukazane, że czynniki genetyczne mogą mieć wpływu na trening sportowy i fizjoterapię. Słowa kluczowe: genetyka, włókna mięśniowe, urazy tkanek miękkich. Summary Genetic factors can interfere with sporting performance. The ACTN3 R577X genotype has been associated with athletic results and muscle phenotypes. The ACTN3 gene that encodes the α-actinin-3 protein, which is, only expressed in the Z line of fast glycolytic muscle fibres was found to associate with power/strength performance. Genetic factors are implicated in the etiology of soft tissue injuries and function of cardiovascular system. The aim of our study was to present review of literature. It is demonstrated in this study how R577X polymorphism in ACTN3 could influence on sport results and occurrence of injuries. It is clearly shown , that genetic factors may have implication in sport training and physical therapy. Key words: genetics, muscle fibers, soft tissue injuries.

Michalik Joanna, Zawadka Magdalena, Gawda Piotr. Wybrane techniki terapeutyczne wykorzystywane w zespołach bólowych i zespołach przeciążeniowych mięśni = Chosen therapeutic techniques used in pain syndromes and teams of strain muscles. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):249-256. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.60426 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3756 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.07.2016. Revised 08.08.2016. Accepted: 18.08.2016. Wybrane techniki terapeutyczne wykorzystywane w zespołach bólowych i zespołach przeciążeniowych mięśni Chosen therapeutic techniques used in pain syndromes and teams of strain muscles Joanna Michalik¹, Magdalena Zawadka2, Piotr Gawda3 1 NZOZ Sanus, Lublin 2 Ośrodek Rehabilitacji, Instytut Medycyny Wsi im. Witolda Chodźki, Lublin 3 Zakład Rehabilitacji i Fizjoterapii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie Joanna Michalik, Magdalena Zawadka, dr n. med Piotr Gawda Autor do korespondencji: Joanna Michalik Niepubliczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej „SANUS”, ul Magnoliowa 2, 20-144 Lublin JoannaMichalik21@wp.pl Tel. 600 065 151 Streszczenie Zespoły bólowe jako efekt przeciążeń są spowodowane długotrwałą dysproporcją a zdolnością wytrzymałości tkanki. Objawami tego typu dolegliwości są między innymi nadmiernie napięte mięśnie, skrócenie mięśni, ograniczenie ruchomości w stawie, promieniujący ból. Za leczenie zespołów przeciążeniowych odpowiedzialna jest terapia manualna oraz techniki energizacji mięśni tj., terapia punktów spustowych, poizometryczna relaksacja mięśni lub masaż poprzeczny tkanek. Celem naszej pracy było zaprezentowanie przeglądu literatury. Niniejsze badania pokazują jak techniki manualne działają na przeciążone tkanki. Jest wyraźnie ukazane, że wybrane techniki terapii mają pozytywne rezultaty w leczeniu zespołów przeciążeniowych. Słowa kluczowe: zespół przeciążeniowy mięśni, relaksacja mięśni, terapia punktów spustowych.

Admission Cholelithiasis is one of the most common conditions in the abdominal cavity. The highest incidence is observed in highly developed or developing countries. Bile duct diseases often require surgical treatment, which is a great physical and mental burden for the patient. The perspective of the surgical procedure and the accompanying circumstances is a sense of insecurity and fear for the patient and his family. The fact of the prevalence of cholelithiasis and the effects of the disease may have an impact on the quality of life of people after gallbladder surgery. Objective of the work The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life of patients after resection of the gall bladder using laparascopy and traditional methods. Research methods As a research method, the diagnostic survey method was used, a standardized WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used, in which the analysis of the collected material referred to the somatic, psychological, social and environmental sphere. Results The obtained research results allowed to state that socio-demographic variables differentiated the patients' opinions on the subjective assessment of the quality of life and health. The place of residence does not have a significant impact on the quality of life. Key words: quality of life, gall bladder resection

Obesity nowadays is a significant problem in developing countries and developed ones. Both the percentage of adipose tissue in the body and the proportion of muscle tissue affect the condition of the skeletal system. The common origin of adipose tissue and muscle tissue shows that overweight and obesity are not indifferent to the metabolism of bone tissue. Both malnutrition and obesity can lead to unfavorable health effects, contributing to the development of bone disorders and the occurrence of osteopenia, osteopenia with sarcoidosis, osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. Increased percentage of adipose tissue and/or muscle tissue during menopause may have an osteoprotective effect and thus prevent or relieve the effects of menopause in women or andropause in men. Research aimed at measuring the content of adipose tissue as a supplement to other diagnostic tests may contribute to the early detection and even prevention of osteoporosis. Key words: BMI, obesity, osteoporosis, osteopenia

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, accounting for nearly 1.7 million cases and over 0.5 million deaths worldwide. The basic solution is surgical treatment. The execution or closing of the variometer ends with the element of unpicking. Objective The ability to fight cancer is ongoing. Analyzed declared costs in the economic variety. Materials and methods The study was provided by a patient from Lublin in 2016. The concept of a diagnostic survey was used. Old planm and questionnaire. IZZ) by Z. Juczyński. Results In order to obtain the correct result, the following criteria should be applied: IZZycie 90.41 points, which corresponds to the standard 7-10 stena and is interpreted as a high result. Conclusions Patients admitted to the Lublin Oncology Center for treatment of breast cancer. In the studies, the most sensitive were psychological attitude and the lowest eating habits. In the time of interest, eating habits were not such statistical information. Key words: breast cancer, health behaviors

Admission Primary health care is the first level of a professional medical service, to which patients with their ailments and health problems apply. Access to basic health care services should be free from any physical, organizational and financial barriers due to the willingness to use the services of various patients. Objective of the work The aim of the work was to get to know the expectations of women regarding the medical care provided in the gynaecological clinic. In order to achieve the research objective, the issues concerning, among other things, the level of satisfaction of women with the functioning and offering of medical services in the gynecological clinic as well as the expectations of women during visits to the gynecological clinic were chosen. Material and methods The research was based on the method of a diagnostic survey using a standardized questionnaire, which was addressed to women using gynecological outpatient services. Results The research shows that the most frequent respondents visited the gynecologist once every three years, (49.33%, n = 74). Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the professional activity of the surveyed women and the frequency of visits to the gynecologist (p = 0.004). The study showed that most often during the visit to the gynecological clinic, the respondents expected: gynecological examination (93.33%), cytological examination (83.33%) and breast examination (69.33%). Conclusions Expectations of women during a visit to the gynecological clinic concern primarily the obtaining of information on research and treatment. Women using the gynecological clinic are satisfied with the offered medical services and the way the clinic operates. Women aged 30-41 with higher education are significantly more satisfied with the gynecological clinic than women under 30 and over 40 years of age and with basic or vocational and married education.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, progressive disease of connective tissue with an immunological basis. The quality of life of patients with RA is reduced due to progressive disability limiting the performance of basic everyday activities. Materials and methods: The research was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey, using a survey technique. The research tools included the HAQ questionnaire, the VAS scale and the survey questionnaire of own design. The research was conducted among 50 RA patients meeting the ACR and ELUAR classification criteria and with a positive RF result. Results: Patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis encounter many limitations in everyday functioning. The higher level of HAQ was found in persons over 65, with primary and vocational education, living in towns/cities, with marital status: single, divorced, widowed. Conclusions: The severity of pain assessed by means of the VAS scale significantly affects the quality of life of patients with RA evaluated with the HAQ questionnaire. Socio-demographic factors, such as: age, education, place of residence, marital status, significantly influence the value of HAQ. Patients over 65, with primary and vocational education, living in towns/cities, with single marital status, showed a significantly higher level of HAQ. There exists a correlation between the duration of the disease and the HAQ and VAS values. The stronger the pain experienced by patients, the higher the level of disability affecting the value of HAQ.

Background The purpose of the study was to investigate the anthropometric effects of sprint interval training (SIT) protocol on body composition and the circumferences of selected body segments in recreational long-distance runners. Methods A sample of 17 participants was randomized to receive sprint interval training (SIT; n=8) and continuous endurance training (CONT; n=9). CONT trained three to four times per week while SIT executed two interval training sessions and one continuous training session per week. The present study involved 4 to 8 min bouts in one interval training unit, whereas the control group trained from 40 to 150 min (40-50km per week). Training duration was 8 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures of body composition were determined by near-infrared interactance. Circumferences (chest, waist, calf and thigh of the dominant leg) were recorded. Results No decrease in body fat mass was observed in SIT. Additionally, post-intervention waist circumference significantly decreased (p