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Mast cell tumour is one of the most common cutaneous neoplasms in dogs, ranging from well differentiated to aggressive tumors with metastases. Currently, prognosis and therapeutic definitions of canine cutaneous MCTs are based on the histological grade of malignancy. Clinical examination and treatment were performed in Dnipro veterinary clinics and pathological analysis in the Department of Animal Anatomy, Histology and Pathomorphology, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University (Dnipro, Ukraine). Thirty-six dogs with a history of skin neoplasia were examined. Skin MCTs were diagnosed in 23 males and 13 females, aged between 5 and 15 years. No breed predisposition was found out in tested cohort. MCTs were located on the trunk (44.4%), limbs (33.4%) and less frequently on the head and neck, axillary, inguinal and perineal areas (22.2%). MCT was detected in 8 animals where the malignancy was systemic and develops metastatic spread to internal organs. Pathological diagnosis included cytopathological examination of tumor material, pathological analysis of samples obtained by incisional biopsy using haematoxylin/eosin and toluidine blue staining. According to the diagnostic criteria (smear cellularity, presence of cells with basophilic cytoplasmic granularity, size and number of cytoplasmic granules, presence or absence of mitotic figures, nuclear pleomorphism, presence or absence of binucleations or multinucleations, anisokaryosis), benign mast cell tumour (high grade) was diagnosed in 23 animals and malignant mast cell tumour (low grade) in 13 animals. These results were confirmed by histopathological methods using haematoxylin and eosin staining. Additional staining of histological sections with toluidine blue allowed differentiation of benign mast cell tumours into high-grade (38.9%) and intermediate-grade (5%).

The article examines the peculiarities of reproduction of archetypes in the translation of an artistic work. The interpretation of the concept of ‘archetype’, its classifi cations and levels of its mental representation in the text are studied herein. While examining the issue of universal and ethnocultural archetypes, the author of the article introduces the term ‘culturally determined archetypes’. The article contains the proposals as to the actions that are to be taken by a translator in the process of reproduction of the source language archetype in the target language, outlines what exactly it is necessary to pay attention to in order to properly translate the archetype. It is noted that if the archetypes are translated inadequately or inaccurately, the integrity of the literary work may be violated due to the partial loss of the symbolic meaning, or the emotional impact on the reader. It is proposed to include the archetypal analysis of the source and target texts to the translation studies analysis.

Purpose. To investigate the anthropogenic communication of the Cherkasy oblast as an ecosystem-forming component of the modern landscape structure of the area of research. Research materials and methods. Methods. On the principle of natural-anthropogenic coexistence general scientific and specific scientific research methods were applied. Results. The peculiarities of natural conditions and natural resources are determined by the geographical location within the borders of the Dniester-Dnieper and Left Bank-Dnieper forest-steppe regions of the East European plain country. The class of road landscapes of the study area is formed by the following types of roads, namely: automobile, dirt, forest and field roads, railways. In the landscape structure of Zvenyhorod district, the length of highways, unpaved roads, field and forest roads, railways. Uman district and Cherkasy district have the highest index of connectivity in terms of road length. The lowest indicators of the index of communication in terms of the length of highways in Zolotoniskyi district. Uman district has the highest index of communication in terms of the length of dirt roads, and Zvenigorodsky district has the lowest. Zolotoniskyi district and Cherkasy district have the highest index of communication in terms of the length of field and forest roads. The lowest indicator is Zvenigorodsky district, Uman district. Cherkasy district has the highest communication index in terms of railway length and Zvenigorodsky district has the lowest. Conclusions. The Zolotonisky district of Cherkasy region has the highest index of general anthropogenic communicability, i.e. it has the highest degree of anthropogenic transformation of the territory and anthropogenic load

The object of this research is the process of perception of individual objects in photos and videos for further analysis of the situation in the city. The subject of the research is image processing for selection, classification, and further use of the obtained information about the objects in the photo. The goal is to create information technology for the segmentation of individual segments in photos and videos obtained with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (in particular, drones) in urban scenes. Main tasks: analysis of existing methods of data segmentation; implementation of an algorithm that would perform segmentation of data by various terrain objects; software testing; and formation of research results. The following results were obtained: existing models of image segmentation were examined for limitations and shortcomings. On the basis of identified shortcomings, the requirements for the developed system were formed. During the analysis of the subject area, the main problems were identified and described and the task to be automated was determined. During the design of algorithms for solving problems, the sequence of the execution of each process was determined. The design of the software included a description of the information space of the system and the user interface. The user interface was chosen after analyzing the main types of user interfaces. To assess the quality of the data processing, existing metrics were used – IoU, pixel accuracy, and the discrepancy matrix. During testing, errors that occur during data segmentation and their causes were determined, after their elimination, the correct result of image segmentation was shown. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is that although there is still no segmentation method that fully satisfies all needs for the analysis of the category of images obtained by drones, the developed software allows uploading images and templates to them as benchmarks for artificial intelligence. perform segmentation and verify the correctness of this segmentation visually and using the IoU metric, the mismatch matrix. The software can be improved by automating the process of creating a reference pattern, training the model on more data, and integrating the created software into a larger system that would work directly with the drone.

Formulation of the problem. During of his activities, man sought to harmonize the territory that surrounded him. The environment had to perform not only utilitarian functions, but also aesthetic ones, to satisfy the needs of man in the contemplation of the «beautiful». This aspiration led to the formation and development of a special group of man-made landscapes – garden and park landscapes. Garden and park landscapes are the «smart» group of man-made landscapes, which constructively combines natural components with components formed as a result of economic, art human activity. The aim of the work. To develop and substantiate the periodization of the formation of garden and park landscapes of Central Europe for their detailed knowledge and rational development. The research methods. The performed periodization is based on two main research principles: historical and on the principle of natural-anthropogenic coexistence. General scientific and specific scientific research methods have been used. Presentation of the main research material. In the history of formation and functioning of garden and park landscapes of Central Europe it is necessary to distinguish the following periods: sacral; regular, in the structure of which the following directions are singled out and justified: residential, sacral-regular, and proper regular; landscape with romantic and realistic directions; constructive and eclectic. Each of these periods is characterized by the dominance in the structure of the landscape of natural or anthropogenic component, regular or landscape style of organization of the landscape, has a different level of transformation of the natural basis, a certain functional load, different owners. The landscape structure is formed by the corresponding types and subtypes of garden and park landscapes, which change according to the selected periods. The article shows the change in the genetic structure of garden and park landscapes in accordance with reasonable periods and directions of formation and development. Garden and park landscapes of Central Europe were organized within the channel, floodplain, floodplain-terrace, slope and watershed types of areas, the landscape structure of which was formed by the corresponding types and subtypes of man-made landscapes, represented by park plantings, regular gardens, ponds, canals, paths, stairs, palace, outbuildings, sculpture, garden furniture, etc. It is established that garden and park landscapes performed various functions, namely: economic, aesthetic, sacred, memorial, medical, are places of short-term rest and material manifestation of power and spirituality of owners.

The unrestrained development of cycling tourism requires an appropriate response from the State both at the legislative level and in the form of appropriate actions, namely: the construction of cycling infrastructure, the creation of which will positively affect the development of both transport and tourist infrastructure. This is explained by the conclusion that such concepts as «transport infrastructure», «cycling infrastructure» and «tourist infrastructure» are quite strongly interrelated and sensitive to each other in case of quantitative and qualitative changes in any of these infrastructures. In fact, the development of cycling infrastructure throughout the country will create conditions for the further development of domestic and inbound cycling tourism. The creation of cycling infrastructure in Ukraine (as part of the transport infrastructure) will lead to an increase in traffic safety and transport accessibility for cycling tourists of a significant number of the touristic, natural, historical and cultural resources. And this, in turn, will require the tourist infrastructure entities to continue its development in terms of providing appropriate specialized services to cycling tourists and meeting the standard needs of a growing number of tourists (for example, in the form of accommodation, catering, information, advertising, etc.). In addition to the direct development of the transport, cycling, and tourist infrastructures, related spheres of economic activity will be developed, ensuring their creation, existence and uninterrupted functioning. It is also important that the development of cycling infrastructure and the development of cycling tourism will lead to an increase in the number of jobs, profitability of transport, tourism and other spheres of economic activity and the State in general. And the most important in the case of creating a cycling infrastructure is the ability to meet the existing demand from potential and existing consumers of such services.

The article examines W.Shakespeare’s use of biblical allusions in the tragedy “King Lear” and peculiarities of their reproduction in the Ukrainian translation by P. Kulish. Such concepts as “allusion”, “bibleism” and “bibleme” are considered herein, as well as the specifi c features of their reproduction. It was established that the adequate reproduction of the biblical allusions of the source text was facilitated by translator’s thorough knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, as far as P. Kulish translated into Ukrainian “Pentateuch”, “Job”, Psalter, Gospel (co-authored with I. Puliui) and carried out the fi rst complete Ukrainian translation of the Bible (in co-authorship with I. Puliui and I. Nechui-Levytskyi). It was found that in some places properly reproduced biblemes were replaced during the editing process, which led to the loss of intertextuality. It has been clarifi ed that the source text contains the following implicit biblemes: the story of Job, intertexts of the Fall and fratricide, images of the Apocalypse and the suff erings of Jesus. It is established that the use of biblical allusions creates in the text the biblical archetypes of Christ, Job, the Devil, Cain and Abel, which is properly refl ected in the translation. It has been revealed that the translator’s ability to recognize a biblical allusion in the source text depends on the appropriate cognitive base that the translator has, as well as on the recipient’s linguistic and cultural competence which will enable proper interpretation. The possibility to recognize the proposed equivalent in the translated text, if we are talking about an allusion to a certain literary work, depends on the presence in the host culture of a translation of the text referred to by the original author and the reader’s level of familiarity with the denotations of the allusion. The conclusion has been drawn that when trying to fi nd an appropriate equivalent, it is important for the translator not to deprive the reader of the pleasure of decoding hidden meanings, that is, not to resort to overinterpretation in the explanation of the allusion.

After the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, the situation for families with young children with developmental delays or disabilities and children at risk was characterized by a significant loss of stability and predictability, which are necessary conditions for the child's development. The war destroyed the foundations of stable life, daily routines and relationships in families, on which the early childhood intervention is based. With the beginning of the war, the question arose about the ability of the early intervention service to carry out effective activities in support and accompaniment of families raising young children developmental delays or disabilities and children at risk. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the functioning and possibilities of the early intervention service in support and accompaniment of families with young children in a war situation. A questionnaire was developed for the research. The analysis of the obtained results was carried out using the method of constant comparison. It has been proven that the early intervention service makes it possible to provide support to parents, ensure their awareness, emotional stability, sensitivity, and supports the parents' ability to "see" the child, understand his real needs. And this creates favorable conditions for the formation of child-parent relations, allows strengthening the existing and finding new family resources for experiencing traumatic events related to the war situation.

Obesity is the accumulation of excessive adipose tissue in the body and is the most common nutritional disorder in pets. Obesity is one of the most prevalent health conditions in companion animals globally. It is associated with premature mortality, metabolic dysfunction, and multiple health conditions across species. Obesity is, therefore, of importance in the field of veterinary medicine. The regulation of adiposity is a homeostatic process vulnerable to disruption by many genetic and environmental factors. Among dogs, cases are found in 22–24 %, and among cats – in 20 % of animals that visited a veterinary clinic. Approximately one-third of cats older than 12 years of age may have a decreased ability to digest fat, whereas one in five may have a compromised ability to digest protein. More than 40 % of dogs between the ages of 5 and 10 years are overweight or obese. Among the risk factors that cause excessive fat deposition is noted: breed, age, sex, sterilization, lifestyle, endocrine diseases, drug treatment and contraception, feeding, social factor, and the number of animals in the household. Obesity, in turn, affects several metabolic processes and is a factor that affects the development of pathological processes: dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, excessive deposition of fat in the liver and pancreas, coronary heart disease, disease gallbladder, osteoarthritis, urethral sphincter dysfunction, may increase the risk of certain types of cancer. For research, two groups of cats aged 3–7 years were formed, but breed data were not taken into account. Laboratory blood tests confirmed the clinical observations of specialists regarding overweight cats. The pathoanatomical autopsy with subsequent pathohistological studies made it possible to finally confirm the diagnosis of obesity, which was accompanied by fatty dystrophy of internal organs.

Aralia tincture (Aralia elata) is a well-known adaptogen, so most of its effects that influence the body are associated with the general properties of this plant's preparations. They are metabolic regulators that increase the body's ability to adapt to various environmental stressors and prevent occurring damage. The purpose of this work is to determine the effect of various doses of A. elata roots alcohol tincture on the liver morphofunctional state of laboratory rats that are receiving a diet with excess fat. From 28 young laboratory rats that consumed an excess fat diet for 35 days, four groups were formed. Animals of the first group (control) received pure water without restriction; the second group – 0.1 % ethanol, and the third and fourth – received 0.1 % and 0.01 % alcohol tincture of Aralia (A. elata), respectively. After the experiment's completion, the absolute and relative mass and liver histostructure of animals were determined, and biochemical blood tests were performed to determine the main indicators of this organ's functional activity. In rats that were kept on the excess fat diet, the replacement of water with 0.1 % ethanol solution and 0.01 % alcohol tincture of aralia caused a decrease in the relative mass of the liver, and 0.1 % aralia alcohol tincture – caused a significant increase. It has been demonstrated that 0.1 % ethanol causes a significant increase in the total protein level in the blood. An analysis of the blood enzyme activity has shown that ethanol consumption reduced the activity of AST and ALT from the value of the control group, and the Aralia alcohol tincture returned these indicators to the level of the control group. The liver histostructure of rats in the control group was characterized by the appearance of signs of fatty degeneration along the periphery of the hepatic lobules, with the consumption of 0.1 % ethanol in addition to the excess fat diet, the accumulation of fat droplets was detected in both perilobular (around lobules) zone and in the center of the lobule itself near the central vein. In hepatocytes located along the periphery of the lobules, mainly large fat drops have accumulated, and in the center – small ones. The use of Aralia alcohol tinctures improved the liver parenchyma's morphological state. Fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was less pronounced. Fat inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes were small, diffusely located in the cytoplasm, and did not show cell destruction.

The relevance of the problem of determining toxic elements and micro-macroelements in biological fluids is increasing in connection with the pollution of the environment by such chemical elements as Lead, Fluorine, Cadmium, Mercury, Manganese, Copper, etc. Toxic elements in technological processing with gaseous, solid, and liquid waste enter the environment, forming artificial biogeochemical provinces in cities and industrial complexes. In this regard, the content of many chemical elements in the air, soil, reservoirs, and the organism of animals and plants, which the population uses as food products, increases. At the same time, trace elements are the essential catalysts of metabolic processes and play an important role in the body's adaptation. Metals are an essential structural component of biological macromolecules, ensuring their normal functioning. Although minerals do not have energy value like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, many enzymatic processes in the body are impossible without their participation. An excess of metal can lead to the development of a pathological process, and an imbalance between essential elements causes severe disturbances in body functions. In most cases, the elemental content of the blood (plasma, serum) is an informative indicator of the state of the animal's organism. The method for determining 17 metals (Aluminum, Stybium, Arsenic, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Ferrum, Lead, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Argentum, Sodium, Zinc, Sodium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium) in biological samples was validated ( blood, serum, urine) by the method of optical emission inductively coupled plasma and determined validation characteristics of the way, namely: limit of detection, the limit of quantification, accuracy, correctness, convergence, reproducibility, selectivity, linearity, working range. This method was found simple, sensitive, practical, and universal, as confirmed by LOD and LOQ data. The way shows good linearity in the range of 1–1000 µg/l, depending on the investigated metal. The way is selective and precise. The obtained validation data meet the requirements of the Eurachem Guidelines.

Було розглянуто основні міжнародні стандарти захисту та дотримання прав військовополонених та нормативно-правові акти, які їх регулюють. Виявлено, основні міжнародні стандарти, що регулюють захист та дотримання прав військовополонених, включають: Женевські конвенції, Додатковий протокол до Женевських конвенцій, Статут Міжнародного Комітету Червоного Хреста, Резолюція ООН щодо захисту прав людини в умовах протидії тероризму, ст. 3 Загальної Декларації правами людини, Конвенція ООН проти тортур та інші нормативно-правові акти. У рамках ООН також є низка резолюцій, спрямованих на захист прав військовополонених Застосування міжнародних стандартів щодо військовополонених формує систему міжнародного гуманітарного права. Існуючі міжнародні стандарти та національні закони та політики спрямовані на безпеку, здоров’я та благополуччя військовослужбовців, а також на запобігання порушенням їх прав під час збройних конфліктів. Визначено, що саме Женевські конвенції встановлюють мінімальні стандарти поводження з військовополоненими та цивільними особами, які перебувають у руках противника під час збройного конфлікту. Вимоги щодо утримання військовополонених включають: вимоги до харчування, дотримання норм гігієни, надання м права отримувати освіту та ще багато прав для полонених, а також вимоги щодо недопущення жорстокого відношення, приниження гідності тощо. Основними принципами принципи гуманності, відсутності дискримінації та взаємності. Судові справи щодо військовополонених вирішуються в Нюрнберзькому і Токійському судах, а інших спеціальних судів для військових не існує. На даний час виявлено ряд проблем з дотримання норм поводження з військовополоненими. Не вирішені проблеми вимагають пошуку нових шляхів до їх вирішення та покращення стану поводження з військовополоненими в світі.

This article presents current data on the impact of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) on pregnancy and perinatal consequences. The working theories of the pathogenesis of obstetric and fetal complications due to infection during pregnancy, already proven to date, are considered. Symptoms of COVID-19 disease, the risk of their development, and frequency of severe disease in non-pregnant and pregnant women of reproductive age do not differ significantly. However, there are powerful studies that have shown that this infection in pregnant women leads to a high probability of a dramatically severe and fulminant course. Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection have an increased risk of preeclampsia, incl. severe, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and increased levels of liver enzymes compared with pregnant women without infection. Women who have COVID-19 are twice as likely to have preterm rupture of the membranes and three times as likely to have a preterm birth compared to the not infected pregnant women. Vertical transmission of the virus from mother to fetus is likely, but data are insufficient to be certain. There is also insufficient evidence of an increased miscarriage rate and teratogenic effects of the COVID-19 virus. However, antenatal fetal death is statistically significantly more common in infected pregnant women than in uninfected pregnant women. Morphological and functional disorders in the chorion/placenta are the main pathogenetic factor in the development of preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, antenatal fetal death and impaired state of the fetus and children born by women with COVID-19. Many studies report that mothers with confirmed COVID-19 infection has asymptomatic babies. At the same time, some studies indicate adverse complications in newborns from infected mothers. The most common neonatal disorders in babies from pregnant women with COVID-19 are tachypnea, hyperthermia, and gastrointestinal disorders, in particular vomiting and flatulence.

In most cases, a dura mater defect is the result of a traumatic brain injury. Traumatic brain injury is an important issue, both medically and socio-economically, as it is accompanied by significant mortality and disability of patients of working age. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage is one of the most common causes of death in neurosurgical patients. Complications due to depressurization of dura mater and failure to close the defects of the membrane can be: cerebrospinal fluid leakage and cerebrospinal fluid fistula, infections and other complications that can lead to a longer period of hospitalization and treatment costs. Therefore, elimination of the dura mater defect is the most important element of surgical treatment and prevention of many intracranial complications, via preventive medical rehabilitation of neurosurgical patients. Despite the significant historical experience and practice of neurosurgical clinics, the issue of reliable sealing of defects of the dura mater defect still remains relevant. Over the past decades, various auto-, allo-, xenografts, and synthetic materials have been tested. Vitro studies investigated into the properties and compared the morphological characteristics of autografts: dura mater, supracranial aponeurosis and temporal fascia, xenografts: materials based on decellularized bovine and porcine pericardium, biomichannel differences between human dura mater, stretched polytetrafluoroethylene and materials made of bovine skin collagen and bovine pericardium. With the constant progress of chemical technologies, new substitutes for dura mater will be created, and they will be closer in structure to normal dura mater, such that will cause minimal inflammatory reactions or their absence, easy to use and biodegradable. Thus, the development and comprehensive research, including in-vitro and in-vivo experiments, as well as research on model animals, are an urgent issue of medical and biological nature, which aims to solve the problem of closing defects of dura mater without short-term and long-term postoperative complications and improve the quality of life of patients.

Lymph nodes are peripheral organs of hemo- and lymphopoiesis, their parenchyma is formed by lymphoid tissue and is divided into separate structural and functional lobules, each of which, in turn, is formed by highly and low-specialized cellular zones. The dynamics of age-related changes in the relative volume of the structural and functional zones of the lymph nodes parenchyma lobules in newborn calves of 10-, 30-, 120-day-old was determined. There were examined: superficial cervical, axillary, iliac, popliteal, medial retropharyngeal, caudal mediastinal, medial iliac, iliocolic lymph nodes. The relative volume of the deep cortex central zones units, lymph nodules, interfollicular zone and medullary cords was determined on thin paraffin histosections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In newborn calves, the lymph nodes lobules were formed, among the structural and functional zones the centers of the deep cortex units were most developed, the relative volume of which was 27–33% and the medullary cords – 21–31%, and the least ones were lymph nodules. The lymph nodules volume without light centers varied within 0.4–1.6%, with light centers – 0.3–1%. The interfollicular zone was 4–11%. During the first ten days of calf life, the greatest growth dynamics was observed in the deep cortex central zones units, the interfollicular zone, and the medullary cords. Until the age of 30 days, the dynamics of an increase in the relative volume of deep cortex units and interfollicular zone stabilized and showed a further tendency of insignificant growth. The most intense increase in the relative volume of lymph nodules was observed in 120-day-old calves. The volume of the medullary cords decreased in all the examined nodes in 30- and 120-day-old calves.

У статті проаналізовано окремі аспекти конституційно-правової відповідальності. Зазначено, що на порядку денному перед Україною поставлено завдання максимально адаптувати законодавство України до законодавства ЄС. Підкреслено, що на конституційному рівні як самостійний вид юридичної відповідальності конституційно-правова відповідальність не визнана, через що спостерігається відсутність нормативно-правової основи та дієвого механізму реалізації конституційно-правової відповідальності, і як результат, значна кількість порушень Конституції та Законів України органами публічної влади залишається без необхідного реагування. Зауважено, що чинним конституційним законодавством України встановлюються окремі підстави конституційно-правової відповідальності та визначаються специфічні конституційно-правові санкції, сама вона залишається законодавчо неформалізованою. З’ясовано зміст і складові юридичної відповідальності, включаючи і конституційно-правову відповідальність. Зроблено висновок, що виходячи з правової природи юридичної відповідальності, остання має передбачати негативні наслідки до суб’єктів, що порушують, ігнорують, не виконують правові приписи. Акцентовано увагу на проблемі розуміння та закріплення конституційно-правової та політичної відповідальності. Запропоновано на законодавчому рівні передбачити прагматичне поєднання реалізації конституційно-правової та політичної відповідальності. Визначено, що під конституційно-правовою відповідальністю органів і посадових осіб державної влади необхідно розуміти окремий вид юридичної відповідальності, що має політико-правовий характер, настає за скоєння вказаними суб’єктами конституційно-правового делікту та полягає у несприятливих, негативних наслідках, що передбачені нормами конституційного права. Зазначено, що чітке дотримання підстав притягнення до конституційно-правової відповідальності слугуватиме основою для забезпечення демократичності, верховенства права, законності, конституційності, забезпечення прав людини, народовладдя в конституційно-правових відносинах. Зроблено висновок, що суттєвим недоліком даної проблематики є фактично відсутність конституційного регулювання конституційно-правової відповідальності. Під час розкриття питання про конституційно-правову відповідальність виявлено міцні інтегративні зв’язки конституційно-павової відповідальності з іншими видами юридичної відповідальності.

Робота судової системи у воєнний час є предметом дискусії, оскільки, не зважаючи на те, що порядок роботи судів закріплений, частіше за все, в конституціях країн, існують різні прецеденти та досвід роботи судів в ситуаціях надзвичайного характеру. Суттєвими факторами впливу на роботу судів є безпеки суддів та інших учасників процесу по причинам окупації деяких регіонів, масованих обстрілів міст України, можливих диверсій тощо. В міжнародній практиці до ситуацій надзвичайного характеру належать: надзвичайний стан, воєнний стан, стан облоги, стан суспільної небезпеки, стан війни, стан напруженості, стан оборони, стан загрози, стан готовності. Незалежна Україна вперше за своє існування застосувала воєнний стан в 2022 році, після початку відкритої агресії з боку РФ. Окрім Конституції України, в період воєнного стану робота судів регулюється Законом України «Про правовий режим військового стану» та Законом України «Про внесення змін до Закону України «Про судоустрій та статус суддів» щодо зміни підсудності судів» №2112-IX. Головними аспектами роботи судів в Україні під час воєнного стану в 2022 році стало: робота судів не може бути зупинена; безпека людей є першочерговою метою; всі органи юстиції повинні розробити плани, які передбачають: заходи щодо збереження особових справ і персональних даних суддів і працівників; списки судових справ, що підлягають евакуації, а також тих, що підлягають знищенню; місця, куди будуть евакуйовані такі документи, та маршрути такого переміщення; питання евакуації інформаційних технологій та збереження даних; керівники органів юстиції відповідають за організацію невідкладних заходів; парламент має оперативно реагувати на необхідність законодавчого забезпечення сталого функціонування судової системи; влада має забезпечити інформаційну безпеку суддів та обмежити доступ громадськості до реєстрів, що містять інформацію про них; суб'єктам, відповідальним за формування Вищої ради юстиції, якнайшвидше сформувати її склад; при Раді суддів України створено оперативний штаб. Досвід України та зроблені владою висновки щодо дієвості такого алгоритму роботи судів в умовах воєнного стану можуть бути використаний країнами Європи.

У статті проаналізовано окремі проблеми удосконалення конституційно-правової відповідальності в контексті євроінтеграційних процесів в Україні. Зазначено, що на порядку денному перед Україною поставлено завдання максимально адаптувати законодавство України до законодавства ЄС. Підкреслено, що конституційно-правова відповідальність є важливою гарантією конституційного ладу України. Проаналізовано підходи до визначення поняття конституційно-правової відповідальності та її специфіки, з’ясувано проблеми її правового регулювання, на основі чого було сформулювано пропозиції щодо її удосконалення в контексті євроінтеграційних процесів в Україні. Здійснено аналіз рішення Конституційного Суду України від 7 травня 2002 року (справа щодо підвідомчості актів про призначення або звільнення посадових осіб), на основі чого дійшли висновку, що терміни «політична відповідальність» і «конституційно-політична відповідальність» є спорідненими, але не тотожними. Зауважено, що нині суттєвою проблемою є відсутність нормативного закріплення конституційно-правової відповідальності. Процесуальний порядок притягнення до конституційно-правової відповідальності відрізняється фрагментарністю та розрізненістю нормативного закріплення. Такі прогалини законодавства необхідно усунути шляхом прийняття нормативно-правового акту, який би врегулював ці питання. Зроблено висновок, що важливим видається розробка та прийняття спеціального Закону «Про конституційно-правову відповідальність в Україні», в якому доцільно чітко закріпити категоріальний апарат зазначеного виду відповідальності, визначивши коло суб’єктів, підстави та форми відповідальності, органи, що розглядають справи про конституційно-правову відповідальність і приймають відповідні рішення, можливість чи неможливість судового оскарження її застосування та інші питання. Підкреслено також, що суттєвим недоліком є також фактично відсутність конституційного регулювання конституційно-правової відповідальності. Запропоновано авторське визначення конституційно-правової відповідальності та зроблено висновок про те, що вона здійснює інтегративну (об’єднуючу) функцію в системі юридичної відповідальності. Визначено, що настання конституційно-правової відповідальності передбачає в окремих випадках притягнення до одного виду юридичної відповідальності, наприклад, адміністративної або кримінальної.

Starting from 2020 to the present day, because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the sphere of tourism and hotel industry, as well as in related areas, there has been a decline or even complete cessation of activity, as a result of which a significant number of enterprises have become bankrupt or in crisis. So there is a need to find such a way of development of the spheres of tourism and hospitality, which would provide an opportunity not only to preserve these areas, but also to provide, after leaving the pandemic, the conditions for their further development in such a manner that as many as possible business entities are involved in their activities. It is also necessary to take into account the demand of people – potential recreants (tourists and vacationers), which should be satisfied, despite the pandemic, because during isolation and restrictions in movement and communication with nature, a depressed and painful state occurs, which leads to a deterioration in efficiency and a decrease in the number of able-bodied personnel. As an instrument to overcome the existing crisis, it is proposed to create campsites with the involvement of all stakeholders from enterprises in the sphere of tourism, hotel and other industries. Such an approach makes it possible to work during a pandemic due to the lack of crowding in one place. At the same time, thanks to the differentiated approach when creating campsites, it is possible to satisfy the maximum possible range of demand from potential tourists and vacationers by creating conditions of stay that are different in comfort. As for the possibility of working not only during a pandemic, but also after its completion, camping is best suited for this, since when it is created, a stable entrepreneurial managed structure is formed – a territorial recreational system that becomes the core for the further development of tourism, hotel industry and other areas directly or indirectly related to their activities.

A feature of rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissue is that its structure is more developed than in other animal species. In rabbits it is composed of sacculus rotundus, vermiform appendix and Peyer’s patches. These immune formations contain an organized component of lymphoid tissue – lymphoid nodules (B-cell zone) and interfollicular region (T-cell). Secondary lymphoid nodules with germinal centers presented in them are formed due to antigen stimulation. The caecum of Hyplus rabbits at the age of 30 -, 60 - and 90-days was investigated. Each age group consisted of 5 rabbits. Experimental rabbits are clinically healthy, unvaccinated and untreated against ecto- and endoparasites. Peyer’s patches of the caecum were selected for the study and fixed in 10% of formalin. Subsequently, the specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin were prepared from the obtained samples. On the 30th day of life, Peyer’s patches in the cecum were detected by gross examination. On the histological level, they had formed interfollicular region and lymphoid nodules. In turn, lymphoid nodules were divided into primary and secondary ones. A well-defined mantle zone and germinal centers were observed in the secondary lymphoid nodules. The regularities of their area indicators increase (mean value, median and interquartile range (IQR)) and their correlation were studied. The most intensive growth of the mantle area and the germinal center was observed from the 30th to the 60th day. The relative area of the mantle zone and the germinal center as part of the secondary lymphoid nodule was determined. Its value did not change during the experimental period.

The article reveals the role of a folk fairy-tale in the process of forming younger school-children’s morality. The folklore genre is characterized as an effective means for humanistic upbringing of children. The author gives the criteria to follow when choosing folk fairy-tales to form moral-and-ethical feelings of primary classes pupils.

Respiratory foreign bodies are a fairly common and dangerous problem in pediatrics. According to the literature, 70 % of all cases are foreign bodies of the bronchi, most often in the right (up to 80 %). Diagnosis is based mainly on anamnestic data and clinical manifestations characteristic of a particular type of obstruction. X-ray examinations are performed in all cases of suspicion of a foreign body, but they are X-ray contrast in no more than 20 % of cases. That is if the fact of aspiration was forgotten or unnoticed, the diagnosis is difficult, especially with foreign bodies in small bronchi, which for a long time do not manifest themselves. Clinical signs already appear when chronic inflammation with a purulent process develops in this place, which leads to the complications — bronchiectasis, fibrosis, or pulmonary hemorrhage. At the same time treatment is often only operative. For clarity, we present a clinical case of late diagnosis of a small bronchial foreign body in an adolescent child. Its features are as follows: lack of anamnestic data on aspiration, relatively adult age of the child, X-ray non-contrast of a foreign body, atypical placement, preserved lung ventilation in the damaged area. This case once again emphasizes the need for vigilance of pediatricians regarding this pathology in children of any age. The only reliable method of early diagnosis of airway foreign bodies is tracheobronchoscopy.

The article is aimed at studying the nature of internal audit, analyzing the proposed by scholars definitions of the term of «internal audit» and comparing internal and external audits according to the main signs. After studying the various approaches to the definition of «internal audit» there comes an opportunity to give an authors’ interpretation: internal audit is a modern form of independent financial and economic control, which provides a comprehensive assessment of efficiency of the management system, the performance results of economic entity and involves the formation of an opinion on the results of its activities both in general and in terms of the structural units, as well as provides the necessary information to all the management services of the enterprise. When comparing the characteristics of internal and external audits, a conclusion is drawn that the internal audit is designed to solve functional tasks of the management of the organization and to make managerial decisions for an efficient operation of the enterprise. External audits are carried out in accordance with applicable law and are designed to provide reliable information to external users. The determining aspect is not always a clear understanding of the role of internal audit in the management process, which, in turn, leads to the fact that internal audit is implemented only to identify certain shortcomings, cases of falsification, etc. That is why internal audit should become a source of information, help managers and owners to objectively estimate the real situation of the organization and make the right managerial decisions.

Content, structure, diagnostics, and methodics of the work on development o f theatrical \ actor skills in preschool children is exposed to theoretical and experimental study.

This article deals with the questtion about the development of speech and mental activity б year old children at lessons of studing grammar material in the ABC period and also peculierities of psycological and linguistical raund of methodics of studing grammar offirst form pupils.

This article deals with the questtion about the youth clubs in out of school education and upbringing teenagers. With the help of the work o f youth cluds there is one more possibility of development pupils abilities, including them info the system of recearching and creative activity.

The article investigates the problem of studying a native language basing on stududent, speech activity at the elementary level a special aftention is paid to didactic conditions while using comunicative competence skill, of young pupils.

The morphological features patterns of the extra-organ and intra-nodal lymphatic channel in the domestic bull’s somatic lymph nodes were investigated. The method of indirect injection of lymphatic vessels a finely dispersed contrast mass (suspension of blue ink per 5 % solution (gel) gelatin) by interstitial administration was used. The distribution pattern of the contrast mass in the pre-nodal (afferent) lymphatic vessels, in the lymphatic intra-nodal collector and in the sinuses of the lymph nodes parenchyma was determined. It has been established that afferent lymphatic vessels on the surface of the lymph node capsule are divided into numerous branches that flow into the main lymphatic collector – the subcapsular sinus. The number of afferent lymphatic vessels branches corresponds to the number of the subunits of parenchyma’s lobules, the number of which is characteristic of each individual lymph node. Externally the parenchyma’s lobules in the lymph nodes of domestic bull are not visualized. In the middle of the lymph nodes parenchyma, its lymphoid lobules are bounded by large capsular trabeculae and peritrebecular sinuses. The parenchyma’s sinuses of the somatic lymph nodes in domestic bull are developed to varying degrees. The maximum capacity is characteristic of peritrabecular sinuses, which are filled with contrast mass firstly, and the minimum capacity is for cortical intermediate sinuses, which leads to uneven intranodal lymphodynamics, or different speed of lymph distribution inside the lymph node parenchyma. As a consequence of the uneven lymph distribution in the lymph node parenchyma’s sinuses is that antigen-presenting cells simultaneously «stimulate» different perisinusoidal sections of the parenchyma from the cortical plateau to the paracortical and medullary cords. The uneven intranodal lymphodynamics of the somatic lymph nodes’ parenchyma in the domestic bull is probably the main reason for the mosaic histoarchitectonics of the organ lymphatic lobules parenchyma with multilevel localization of the lymph nodes. The dynamics of lymph distribution in the lymph nodes parenchyma of a domestic bull has been established, which determines the simultaneous flow of antigens and antigen-presenting cells into different zones of lobule parenchyma, that can be ensuring factor for more effective implementation of the immunobiological function of these organs.

Objective. To study cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes after the duraplasty with autologous fascia, collagen-based material and chitin-chitosan membrane in early and late postoperative periods.Materials and methods. Chitosan-based films were made out of 3 % solution of chitosan for the research. We used 200 kDa chitosan (deacetylation rate 80–90 %) to produce chitin-chitosan membrane by using solvent evaporation method. For enhancing mechanical properties and reducing the degradation, chitin particles were added to the chitosan solution. Chitosan and chitin ratio was 80/20. The chitin/chitosan solution in Petri dishes was being dried out during 3 days at room temperature.Cerebrospinal fluid composition has been studied after the duraplasty with autofascia, collagen-based material and innovative chitosan-based graft in early and late postoperative periods. The duraplasty was performed by applying these materials to 90 Chinchilla rabbits breed. Animals were divided into three groups: I group — duraplasty using the fascia lata autograft, II group — duraplasty with the collagen-based material, III group — duraplasty using the chitin-chitosan membrane. The animals in the II and III groups were divided into 2 subgroups: A — plasty without fixing the material, B — plasty with fixing the material using atraumatic suture. CSF composition was studied before and after the operation had been performed in 2 weeks, 2 and 6 months.Results. The results of our study demonstrated the increase in density and protein level, the decrease in рН and glucose level and the extreme increase of cells, mostly neutrophils after the use of fascia lata for dural closure. At the same time, there were no substantial changes after dural closure with artificial collagen- and chitosan-based materials, the CSF composition normalized in 2 months after operation.Conclusion. The use of autologous fascia for duraplasty leads to an acute response of the cerebrospinal fluid in the early postoperative period and to residual pleocytosis. The chitosan-based graft application was followed by no complications at 6 months after surgery and only slight CSF response in the early postoperative period. There wasn’t any significant difference in CSF composition in chitosan- and the collagen-based material usage. Given the lack of changes in SCF tests between suture and no suture graft fixation except for a slight increase in erythrocyte number in the early postoperative period, the choice of material fixation method is entirely dependent on the clinical situation and does not affect the cerebrospinal fluid state.

The article is aimed at studying the level of financial security of the insurance market of Ukraine, taking into account the significant impact of this sphere of the financial market on the overall level of economic security of the country. The main essential characteristics of the financial security of the insurance market are defined and the main indicators of the financial security of the insurance market in Ukraine for 2016-2018 are analyzed, as well as their thresholds in accordance with the current legislation. To assess the level of financial security of the insurance market as an integral part of the country's economic security, the indicators proposed by the Methodical recommendations for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine were used, i.e.: insurance penetration rate, insurance density indicator, long-term insurance share in total premiums collected, level of insurance payments, share of premiums owned by non-resident reinsurers, and share insurance premiums for the three largest insurance companies in the total insurance premiums income. On the results of the study, an overall decrease in the activity of the insurance market during 2016-2018 and the volatile level of almost all major economic indicators are identified. The calculated quantitative values indicate close to dangerous level of financial security of the Ukrainian insurance market. On the basis of the analysis, internal and external threats to the financial security of insurance companies are determined, and methods of ensuring the financial security of the insurance market in Ukraine are identified and proposed. Significant variability of processes taking place in the Ukrainian market is noted, which makes it difficult to predict the future market situation. The results of the study can be used to further research the progress of economic processes in the insurance market of Ukraine in order to elaborate a strategy for its development.

У статті розкрито питання самовизначення кримських татар, їх становище на території Автономної Республіки Крим та відношення України до діаспори кримських татар. Проаналізовано політику Туреччини, спрямовану на захист тюркських етносів, які проживають на території України. Розглянуто постанову «Про Заяву Верховної Ради України щодо гарантії прав кримськотатарського народу у складі Української держави» від 20 березня 2014 року.,основною метою якої є збереження і розвиток етнічної, культурної, мовної та релігійної самобутності кримських татар як корінного народу і всіх національних меншин України. З`ясовано, що основним принципом, покладеним в основу цього документу, є реалізацію права на самовизначення кримськотатарського народу в складі України. Проаналізовано діяльність ТІКА – Турецького агентство співпраці й координації в Україні , зокрема допомогу, надану кримським татарам . Зроблено висновки, що Кримськотатарське питання є важливим об’єднавчим фактором відносин України та Туреччини.

Objective: to study the structural and biological evaluation of chitin-chitosan based membrane for dura mater replacement.Materials and methods. Chitosan-based films were made out of 3% solution of chitosan for the research. We used 200, 500 and 700 kDa chitosan (deacetylation rate 80–90 %) to produce chitin-chitosan membrane by using solvent evaporation method. For enhancing mechanical properties and reducing the degradation, chitin particles were added to the chitosan solution. Chitosan and chitin ratio was 80/20. The chitin/chitosan solution in Petri dishes was dried out during 3 days at room temperature.To obtain information about the structure of membrane surface and cross-section scanning, electron microscopy was performed.Hydrolytic degradation was studied by pouring into SBF solution. To determine the rate of enzymatic degradation, trypsin solution was used. To determine the mass loss percentage, we measured the sample weight after 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days after being in the appropriate solutions.Relative elongation and strength were measured by digital dynamometer to study membranes mechanical properties such as the strength and elasticity. MLO-A5 cells were used to assess biocompatibility of new materials.Results. Macroscopic view of obtained samples has shown their relative transparency with impregnation of chitin particle that elevated over the membrane surface without any diversity between different chitosan molecular weight samples.Due to scanning electron microscopy, principal diversity between the samples of different molecular weight has being seen: rough pore surface at 200 and 500 kDa and flat with minimal roughness surface of 700 kDa membranes. Cross-section of 500 and 700 kDa membranes are dense with no pores, but 200 kDa membrane are sponge like and it can be prediction for fluid sorption and cell migration during healing process.Chitin-chitosan membranes are biocompatible and degrade in aqueous and enzymatic solutions. Due to polysaccharide nature of chitosan and chitin, enzymatic degradation has shown higher trend compare to the hydrolytic ones. 200 kDa membrane degrades faster with final mass loss 83.2 % and completely due to porous structure that allows fluid sorption.Membrane mechanical parameters strongly depend on their structure. 200 kDa membrane has shown 2-fold higher elongation compared to 500 kDa and 3-fold — compared to 700 kDa ones. The compensation of mechanical forces ensured by porous structure is better than in dense ones. Tensile strength was in 2-fold better in 200 kDa membranes than in 500 and 700 kDa ones.Cell culture experiment has shown the better adhesion at the 3rd day for 200 kDa membrane and minimal cell adhesion for 700 kDa membrane, probably due to smooth surface. The reduction rate between all samples and PCT control differ a lot, except for 200 kDa membrane that has the same proliferation rate as TCP.Conclusion. Chitin-chitosan membranes, made from different molecular weight chitosan, are transparent and has appropriate structure for being used as a dura mater substitute. They are biocompatible and degrade in aqueous and enzymatic solutions. Due to porous structure, excellent mechanical properties as well as better cell adhesion and proliferation, 200 kDa chitosan membrane is more applicable for neurosurgical issues.

Метою даної статті є дослідження географічності освітньої галузі «Природознавство» в умовах Нової української школи. Основний матеріал. Нова українська школа – це явище супернове в українському науковому світі, яке розпочало свою «життєдіяльність» у 2017 році. Її основу формують дев’ять компонентів та десять ключових компетентностей. Відповідно до чинного Державного стандарту базової і повної загальної середньої освіти «Географія» є складовою освітньої галузі «Природознавство». Її мета – формування в учнів природничо-наукової компетентності як базової та відповідних предметних компетентностей як обов’язкової складової загальної культури особистості і розвитку її творчого потенціалу. Географія у баченні Нової української школи - це знання природничої освітньої галузі, метою якої є формування особистості учня, який знає та розуміє основні закономірності живої і неживої природи, володіє певними вміннями її дослідження, виявляє допитливість, на основі здобутих знань і пізнавального досвіду усвідомлює цілісність природничо-наукової картини світу, здатний оцінити вплив природничих наук, техніки і технологій на сталий розвиток суспільства та можливі наслідки людської діяльності у природі, відповідально взаємодіє з навколишнім природним середовищем. Географічний складник передбачає формування базових знань із таких питань: географія як наука; роль географічної освіти у життєдіяльності людини; Земля на географічній карті; географічні інформаційні системи; Земля як геосистема, рівні геосистем; географічні наслідки параметрів і рухів Землі; географічна оболонка; антропосфера; взаємозв’язок процесів у літосфері, гідросфері, атмосфері, біосфері, антропосфері; природні комплекси; ресурсний потенціал оболонок Землі, сучасні аспекти його використання; глобальні проблеми людства. Висновки і подальші дослідження. Порівняння змісту географічного компонента освітньої галузі «Природознавство» відповідно до чинного Державного стандарту базової і повної загальної середньої освіти (2011 р.) та прийнятого у 2020 р. Державного стандарту базової середньої освіти показало, що у новому документі закладено значно вужчий зміст сучасної географічної науки. Зокрема, географічна складова не передбачає формування у школярів базових знань із важливих питань регіональної фізичної та суспільної географії. Подальші наукові пошуки будуть спрямовані на побудову та обґрунтування оптимальної моделі формування географічної компетентності учня сучасного закладу загальної середньої освіти.

The article presents the results of research as to the influence of contour pruning on the illumination of parts of the crown of apple cvs. Wilmuta (Jonagold), Gala and Golden Delicious on M.9 rootstock (with manual correction of the space between trees). The illumination of trees is growing with the height increase; however the greatest value is detected at the top of the crown. The index is considerably larger in the case of contour pruning in the phase of a pink bud and the greatest influence on its change is caused by the action of the term of pruning

Наведено відомості щодо найважливіших показників якості води за довжиною Дніпра. Показано зміни середніх, максимальних і мінімальних значень. Встановлено, що невелика водність Дніпра у 2015–2017 рр., яка спостерігалася за умов високої температури повітря і води, позначилася на якості води, зокрема спричинила збільшення концентрації сухого залишку і водночас зменшення розчиненого кисню. Встановлено, що значним забруднювачем Дніпра є Бортницька станція аерації

This article presents the results of a study of biochemical indicators of systemic inflammatory response in infants after severe birth asphyxia. In a group of 34 newborns there were determined the indicators of inflammation: interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, interleukin-4, tumor necrosis factor α and the level of weighted average molecules. The study revealed that the course of systemic inflammatory response in recovered infants was caused by the activation of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4, which may have prevented the progression of systemic inflammatory response and the development of endogenous intoxication. The course of systemic inflammatory response in died neonates was characterized by activation of anti-inflammatory as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines with the simultaneous development of endogenous intoxication and abrupt inhibition of cytokine synthesis against the progression of endogenous intoxication on the 7th day of life.

In work questions of use of spreadsheets MS Excel for dynamic database creation with the enclosed structures are examined.

It is presented the conceptual model of a multimedia program-methodical complex which is the basis of the training system at the course «Management of a sea vessel». On an example of studying of a theme «Stability of a vessel» possibilities of use of spreadsheets Excel and Flash for learning efficiency increase are shown.

In article are considered a number of methods of mathematical modelling of economic processes and opportunities of use of spreadsheets Excel for reception of the optimum decision of tasks or calculation of financial operations with the help of the built-in functions.

The article deals with the problem concerning the practice of investigating deviant behaviour of teens in psychological and pedagogical literature. The problem of deviant behaviour is actual today for all the participants in educational process: pupils, pedagogues, parents.

Methods of students organization with the art texts in elementary grades is multidimensional. It provides the realization of all tasks of the subject of reading with the aim of studying of a specific product, characteristics of its genre, the level of the students' training. entirely of methodical tools of the textbook, the number of hours allocated to work the text. One of the important factors of art work of the word are emotions and the presence of reading experiences . Elementary school teacher must choose the ways of his work with the art work to make the vivid emotional feedbacks of the reader about the poetic word , to create emotional and aesthetic atmosphere .

The article deals with the problem concerning the role of group work in the process of schoolchildren learning. Group work in school didactics is considered to be a universal organizational form of educational process in modem schools. Scholars' and pedagogues' research on group work is supported by teachers in process of learning at school. However, a number of shortages of experimental checks on introduction of the forms of group work in educational process have caused numeral researches devoted to this problem.

The article deals with the problem concerning the role of pedagogical condition in the evaluation of pupils' cognitive activities. The system of education is Ю provide qualitively new level of general secondary, vocational and scientific training, all-round development of every person as a personality and the highest value in the society. According to the mentioned during the latest decades pedagogues have been improving forms and methods of training with the purpose of combining instructive, developing and educational objectives of the lesson. Significant place in didactics is taken among them by so-called non-traditional lessons.

The article deals with the problem of pedagogical conditions for putting o practice interactive methods of teaching in primary-school classes. The ways of improving the lesson, which are in the close interrelation with the organizational forms of younger schoolchildren learning activities in modern didactics are shown.

The article deals with the problem of peculiarities of putting into practice interactive methods of learning at the lessons of reading in primary school. The active model of learning provides the use of the methods stimulating cognitive and self-directed activities of a primary school pupil at the lessons of reading. Interactive learning comprises modelling life situation, using role plays, general problem solving though the analysis of conditions and an appropriate situation.

The article deals with the problem of speech culture organization for the 4-th form pupils at the native language lessons by means of folklore (spoken people’s creative work). The folklore promotes organization of the following positive qualities of the rising generation such as: audacity, honesty, adherence to principles, kindness and truthfulness, while using saying and proverbs in their speech pupils learn how to expound their thoughts and feelings clearly and laconicly, to put an intonation complexion on their speech and develop their ability to use a word creatively.