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In this work problems of water pollution and consumption are described. It is shown that the best option for high-mineralized water treatment is a reverse osmosis. Disadvantages of this method are presented. Ion-exchange method is regarded like the best option of water pretreatment before it reverse osmosis desalination. It is shown that for cation resin regeneration better to used concentrates from reverse osmosis desalination of water.

Дисертація присвячена розробці комплексних методів знесолення високомінералізованих вод. Досліджено процеси натрій-катіонного пом’якшення морської води. Було встановлено, що високоосновний аніоніт ефективно розділяє нітрати, сульфати та хлориди з можливістю одночасного пом’якшення води. Вивчено процеси електрохімічної переробки концентратів баромембранного опріснення води з отриманням окислених сполук хлору. Досліджено процеси електрохімічного концентрування розчинів хлористого натрію та кальцію. Вперше в процесах електрохімічної переробки хлоридних розчинів був застосований високоосновний аніоніт АВ-17-8 для фіксації окислених сполук хлору. Вперше вивчено процеси електрохімічної переробки хлоридних регенераційних розчинів в алюмінієві коагулянти. Запропоновані технологічні схеми опріснення високомінералізованих вод, які дозволяють отримати очищену воду при повній переробці утворених концентратів у цільові продукти. This dissertation is devoted to the developing of complex methods of highly mineralized water desalination. The processes of sodium-cationic softening and ion-exchange stabilization of water were studied. For the first time it was shown that water with high mineral content can be effectively softened on the strong-acid cation ion-exchanger with the following regeneration of ion-exchanger by solutions after baromembrane desalination of water. Using the concentrates with 4 % salt content provides complete desorption of hardness cations from ion-exchanger. According to the approach of complete factorial experiment а regression equation was obtained. It helps to establish a relationship between the concentrations of hardness ions in the filtrate water and a volume of passed solution and initial concentration of hardness ions. It was shown that the weak-acid cation ion-exchanger effectively sorbs the hardness ions from water solutions even at significant amount of sodium chloride. The results of ion-exchange separation of anions in sewage were described. It was shown that chlorides, nitrates and sulfates effectively separated on high-basic ion-exchanger AV-17-8. It was established that the efficiency of separation is reliant on initial concentration and ratio of these anions in a water solution. Generally, with the increasing of initial concentration of anions the efficiency of their separation is decreasing. Moreover, using AV-17-8 ion-exchanger in basic form provides simultaneously water softening. The processes of regeneration of high-basic anion ion-exchanger were studied. Using some reagents like ammonia, alkali, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or different chlorine salts helps in obtaining solutions, which are suitable for the future producing of mineral fertilizers. For example, the ion-exchanger in chloride, nitrate and sulfate form is regenerated by the subsequent exposure of ammonia sulfate and calcium chloride solutions. As the result, the solutions of mineral fertilizer and calcium sulfate were obtained. Generally, the ion-exchange separation of anions in sewage is better to use during the pre-treatment processes before reverse osmosis desalination of water. In this case, concentrates contains only chlorides anions. The processes of electrochemical treatment of liquid chlorides effluents were studied. It was shown that the intensity of electrochemical oxidation of chlorides is reliant on anode current density, initial concentration of chlorides and process time. During this process a some of oxygenated chlorides are lost due to degasification. The processes of electrochemical concentration of sodium and calcium chloride were studied. This action was held in three-chambered electrolyser with anionic membrane MA-41 and cationic membrane MK-40. The solution of sodium chloride in concentration of 180 g/dm3 was obtained. For the first time, for the prevention of degasification of oxygenated chlorides the high-basic anion ion-exchanger AV-17-8 was used. It helps to sorbs chlorite and hypochlorite anions. A capacity of ion-exchanger was raised to 3000 mg-ekv/dm3. The solutions of alkali and sodium carbonate were used for the regeneration of this ion-exchanger. The solution with 6,1 % oxygenated chlorides content was obtained. This concentration suits for the future using of such solution in water disinfection. For the first time, the electrochemical processing of liquid chlorides effluents in aluminum coagulants was studied. It was established that the efficiency of separation is reliant on process time and initial concentration of chlorides in solution. This action was held in three-chambered electrolyser. In the cathode chamber an alkali in concentration of 1400 mg-ekv/dm3 was obtained. In the anode chamber an aluminum coagulant in concentration of 16 % was obtained. The fundamental technological schemes of mineralized water desalination, which provides complete processing of generated waste, were proposed. Диссертация посвящена разработке комплексных методов обессоливания высокоминерализованных вод. Исследованы процессы натрий-катионного умягчения морской воды. Было установлено, что высокоосновный анионит эффективно разделяет нитраты, сульфаты и хлориды с возможностью одновременного умягчения воды. Изучены процессы электрохимической переработки концентратов баромембранного опреснения воды с получением окисленных соединений хлора. Исследованы процессы электрохимического концентрирования растворов хлористого натрия и кальция. Впервые в процессах электрохимической переработки хлоридных растворов был использован высокоосновный анионит АВ-17-8 для фиксации окисленных соединений хлора. Впервые изучены процессы электрохимической переработки хлоридных регенерационных растворов в алюминиевые коагулянты. Предложены технологические схемы опреснения высокоминерализованных вод, которые позволяют получить очищенную воду при полной переработке образованных концентратов в целевые продукты.

В роботі приведені результати іонообмінного розділення сульфатів та нітратів, хлоридів та нітратів, а також хлоридів та сульфатів на високоосновному аніоніті АВ-17-8. Запропоновані способи регенерації даного іоніту. The paper presented the results of ion exchange separation of sulfates and nitrates, chlorides and nitrates, chlorides and sulfates on high-basic anionite AV-17-8. Proposed regeneration methods of ion-exchange resin. В работе приведены результаты ионообменного разделения сульфатов и нитратов, хлоридов и нитратов, а также хлоридов и сульфатов на высокоосновном анионите АВ-17-8. Предложены способы регенерации данного ионита.

Nowadays, very urgent problems are the consequences of negative anthropogenic influences that have become global. Mankind is constantly increasing water consumption, exposing a hydrosphere by a large variety of influences. All sectors of industrial production associated with the use of water. Unfortunately, the efficiency of wastewater treatment is low. And in some cases, waste water discharged into water bodies without any treatment. As a consequence, in an aqueous environment are introduced foreign pollutants which are degrading water quality.Due to discharge of untreated sewage waters deteriorates physical, organoleptic properties; increases the content of hardness ions, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, toxic heavy metals; reduced dissolved oxygen in the water. As a result, occurred the phenomenon of eutrophication and increase the overall water salinity. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a new and improve the existing water treatment technology to ensure adequate efficiency of wastewater treatment.There are a number of methods that allow treating of waste water with high salinity level: reagent method, ion exchange, membrane technology. As a result of treatment by these methods, formed dangerous salts concentrates. Bury such concentrates are dangerous; therefore it is necessary to find a way of processing these concentrates with the possibility to obtain useful products. The aim of our work was to find the optimal conditions for the wastewater demineralization that contain sulfates and nitrates and recycling the concentrates to produce nitrate fertilizers. During an ion-exchange separation of sulfates and nitrates by anion ion-exchange resin AB-17-8, shows that with concentration of sulfate by 800 mg/dm3 and nitrates by 100 mg/dm3, separation is very effective. When the concentration of anions increasing the efficiency of separation is significantly reduced.Defined the conditions of anionite regeneration in sulfate form by sodium nitrate; conditions of sulfate removal from wasted eluate as calcium sulfate. Specified the dependence of water treatment efficiency from nitrates; water mitigation from basic form of the anionite (OH– or CO32–). It is shown that anionite in NO3– form regenerated at 99-100 % by using alkali, soda, potash and ammonia. Overall, received results provide effective separation of sulfates and nitrates and release them as pure substances.Keywords: ion-exchange, anionite, sulfates, nitrates., Вивчено іонообмінне розділення сульфатів і нітратів, розроблено методи їх вилучення з води у вигляді продуктів, придатних для подальшого використання. Показано, що розділення на аніоніті АВ-17-8 є ефективним за концентрацій сульфатів і нітратів до 800 і 100 мг/дм3, відповідно. Визначено умови регенерації аніоніту в сульфатній і нітратній формі.