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The defense-industrial complex is a component of the security and defense sector of Ukraine, the main task of which is the implementation of mechanisms of public-private partnership and militarytechnical cooperation with foreign countries for the production, supply of new and modernization of existing types of weapons, military and special equipment that meet the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other bodies of the security and defense sector, as well as to increase the export militaryindustrial potential of the country. Systematization of criminal offenses committed in the defense-industrial complex of Ukraine was carried out, divided into: self-interested encroachments on property (Articles 185, 191 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and abuse of office (Articles 364, 364-1, 365-2, 366, 367, 368, 369-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine); economic and criminal sabotage that undermines the economic security and defense capability of the country (Articles 330 and 333 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) – uncontrolled movement across the state border of Ukraine of information and products of defense importance that are state secrets or subject to special export control; the defense-industrial complex, as an object of destructive influence by hostile foreign policy agents, can become the cause of crimes against the interests of the state and national security, such as disclosure of state secrets (Article 328 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), espionage (Article 114 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), treason (Article 111 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and sabotage (Article 113 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). The conducted analysis of the criminal situation in the defense-industrial sphere proved the need for the implementation of a complex, systematic criminal-obstructive influence, including an operationalinvestigative one. Professional concealment of criminal actions by the participants through the use of a network of non-state economic entities and corruption connections is characteristic of such a militaryindustrial sector. Latency of tinted embezzlement schemes, carried out with the participation of illegally operating business entities, determines the priority of the work of operational units in identifying and documenting signs of criminal offenses in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to exploring the current issue of the lack of widespread application of public-private partnership in certain areas in Ukraine. The author points out the dependence in the legislation on public-private partnership between the decision of the public partner and the choice of the sphere that the private partner wishes to select. The article concludes on the necessity of complementing national legislation with various spheres where public-private partnership can be applied. These include the agricultural sector (agriculture), land relations, security and defense sector, housing and utility services in the context of construction and housing operation, as well as prevention, response, and minimization of the consequences of emergencies of technological, natural, and socio-political nature. Examples are provided to demonstrate the relevance of applying public-private partnership to spheres not mentioned in legislation regarding public-private partnership. In particular, an example is given of the presence of information on public-private partnership in documents of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Decrees of the President of Ukraine, etc. In addition, the author points out the problematic issues regarding the lack of proper regulation in the agricultural and land relations sectors, defense and security, as well as housing construction. The problems in these areas are caused, among other things, because of the absence of balanced state policies in the agricultural sector and land use. The lack of proper housing policy and a new Housing Code is also noted. The absence of the defense sector is also mentioned in the provisions of draft law No. 7508, adopted in the first reading in 2022. At the same time, to confirm the necessity of applying public-private partnership in the field of prevention, response, and minimization of the consequences of emergencies of technological, natural, and socio-political nature, the author cites an example from Japan, which is mentioned in the World Bank guide as the successful implementation of public-private partnership regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issue of proving by the defense the absence of a necessity to extend the pre-trial investigation. The purpose of the article is to identify the possibilities of proving the absence of a need for the pre-trial investigation term extension by the defense and the applicable arguments (based on case law). The article deals with the following issues: general issues of proof; arguments for the defense to object to the pretrial investigation extension; ways of proving the absence of a necessity to extend the pre-trial investigation and violation of the conditions for filing a motion. All issues are covered based on the case law of investigating judges. It is noted that the absence of a rule on serving a copy of the motion reduces the defense's possibilities, since the defense does not always get acquainted with the materials of criminal proceedings in accordance with Article 221 of the CPC of Ukraine. The author proves that the defense can prove that there is no need to extend the pretrial investigation term by denying compliance with the standard of promptness and reasonable speed of investigation and, as a manifestation of this, its effectiveness. In practice, this is done by substantiating the following: proof of the crime event; proof of the suspect's involvement in this event; circumstances indicating the complexity of the proceedings (special complexity, exceptional complexity); the list of procedural actions which require additional time to conduct or complete and the significance of the results of these procedural actions for the trial; the inability to conduct these procedural actions earlier; the time required to conduct or complete procedural actions (in full or at the request of the defense). The author emphasizes that the CPC of Ukraine needs to be amended to enhance the defense's capabilities by providing a copy of the motion to the defense and by requiring investigating judges to indicate and assess the defense's position if it is submitted in the form of written objections or other documents or expressed in court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that in the early days of June 2024, the judges of the Supreme Court appealed to the members of the Scientific Advisory Council with a request to provide scientific conclusions regarding case No. 466/525/22 (the case concerned the application of the provisions of Part 3 of Article 233 of the Criminal Procedure Code). It emerged from the appeal that the criminal proceedings based on the cassation appeal of the prosecutor against the decision of the Lviv Court of Appeals dated Octobe 2, 2023 were referred to the joint chamber of the Criminal Court of Cassation as part of the Supreme Court. In this scientific publication, the authors attempted to examine the situation that arises during searches in emergency cases within the framework of the problem of prioritizing the protection of human rights. It is argued that given the legal nature and content of the above constitutional provisions, it should be concluded that part three of Article 30 of the Basic Law of Ukraine should be interpreted as a direct effect provision. This means that it prevents a participant in criminal proceedings on the side of the prosecution (prosecutor, investigator, inquirer) from making a decision to enter a person's home or other property unless the case is urgent and the purpose does not comply with the provisions of the said provision of the Constitution of Ukraine, taking into account an individual assessment of the circumstances of a particular case. It is summarized that in the absence of a clear definition of the term «urgent» in the criminal procedure legislation, it is advisable to apply the principle of in dubio pro tributario (priority with the most favorable interpretation of the rule of law)). Given that we are talking about an exceptional case of restriction of the constitutional right to inviolability of the home outside of judicial control, it is important to apply a literal (not extended) interpretation of the content of part three of Article 30 of the Constitution of Ukraine. Therefore, the authorized participants in criminal proceedings, when deciding on an urgent search, are obliged to find out whether the delay during the reasonably foreseeable time required to apply to the investigating judge, obtain a search warrant and conduct it in the normal course of events will inevitably lead to the consequences provided for in Article 30 of the Constitution of Ukraine; what specific circumstances of the case indicate the urgency of the entry into the home or other property, which must be in direct causal connection with the loss (destruction, etc.) of property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of implementing the adversarial principle in the course of pre-trial investigation. Adversariality determines the image of the entire criminal process, since it implies its construction in which the functions of prosecution, defense and case resolution are separated from each other. This, in turn, gives the court’s verdict a special power of persuasion, increases its legal and social significance. The adversarial principle in the course of pre-trial investigation has its own structure, which consists of four interrelated elements: 1) the presence of the prosecution and the defense; 2) the presence of equal procedural rights for the prosecution and the defense; 3) the presence and clear separation of the functions of public prosecution, defense and trial; 4) the presence of an objective and impartial court. At the stage of pre-trial investigation, the adversarial nature of the parties is characterized by a number of circumstances, one of which is that the officials conducting the proceedings have power and administrative authority, unlike the defense. In the course of the study, the author substantiates the position that it is necessary to expand the powers of defense counsel with a view to intensifying his/her activities in implementing the principle of adversariality at the pre-trial investigation stage. In this regard, the author suggests that the CPC of Ukraine should include the following: a protocol form for recording the results of questioning of persons by the defense; provide for the liability of public authorities, local self-government bodies, enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and individuals for failure to comply with the defense’s requests for the provision of necessary items and documents; supplement the CPC of Ukraine with a rule imposing on the investigator, prosecutor the obligation to timely notify the defense counsel of the time and place of the investigative (search) action in which he or she has the right to participate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the consideration of certain aspects of the implementation of the suspect’s right to defense in the criminal process of Ukraine. It is noted that one of the principles of criminal proceedings is ensuring the right to defense. Thus, according to Article 20 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, a suspect, accused, acquitted, convicted person has the right to defense, which consists in giving him the opportunity to provide oral or written explanations about the suspicion or accusation, the right to collect and submit evidence, to take personal part in criminal proceedings, to use the legal assistance of a defender, as well as to exercise other procedural rights provided for by this Code. The author emphasized the multifaceted approaches to defining the definition of «protection», which is evidenced by the diversity of viewpoints of scientists on this issue. The article emphasizes that a person’s right to defense is connected with the initiation of criminal proceedings, namely from the time of entering information into the EDDR or informing a person of suspicion of committing a criminal offense and acquiring the status of a suspect. The participation of a defense attorney in the criminal process is an important guarantee of ensuring the suspect’s right to defense. An essential feature of the lawyer’s procedural status is the obligation to use the procedural rights granted to him in the interests of his client. It is noted that in European countries attention is paid to the principle of early access to legal aid. In order to effectively implement the suspect’s right to defense in the criminal process of Ukraine, it is also necessary to apply the precedent practice of the ECtHR. The author draws attention to the fact that among the main violations related to the participation of the defense counsel in criminal proceedings, it is appropriate to single out: failure to ensure the mandatory participation of the defense counsel in cases provided for by law; restriction of the right to freely choose a defense counsel; obstacles to the implementation of procedural rights, which are associated with obtaining free legal aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the peculiarities of implementing the adversarial principle in court proceedings. The adversarial principle is a general procedural principle of criminal procedure which today finds its main expression in court proceedings. Adversariality determines the image of the entire criminal process, as it provides for its construction in which the functions of prosecution, defense and case resolution are separated from each other. This, in turn, gives the court's verdict a special power of persuasion, increases its legal and social significance. The adversarial principle is characterized by the presence of four interdependent elements: the prosecution and defense; fixed means of activity of the prosecution and defense; separation of the functions of public prosecution, defense and trial; and an objective and impartial court. Removal of any of them would not only lead to incomplete content of the analyzed principle, but would also raise doubts about its actual existence. Only the presence of all these elements without any reservations, assumptions, exceptions, etc. allows to classify the process as compliant with the principle of adversariality. An important aspect of further development of legislation is to support and promote the process of competition, where the parties have equal opportunities to defend their interests. This contributes to the adoption of more reasonable and, accordingly, fair court decisions. In light of these objectives, it is necessary to actively work on amending the CPC of Ukraine to strengthen the principle of adversarialism and ensure a balance of interests of the parties at all stages of the criminal process. In this regard, it is proposed to: provide that when considering an appeal against a decision, action or inaction of an investigator or prosecutor, all interested parties should participate in the appeal process; supplement the CPC of Ukraine with the following provision: "the prosecution has the right during the trial to ask questions, submit its comments and objections regarding the procedure for conducting actions which are recorded in the protocol"; to extend the mandatory participation of a defense counsel to criminal proceedings concerning serious crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the crucial issue of the formation and evolution of the defense strategy of the Central region of the Alliance from 1949 to 1968. This region, being one of the most priority areas of NATO’s defense throughout the Cold War, holds significant importance for understanding the overall defense strategy. The article aims to evaluate the North Atlantic Alliance’s defense strategy in relation to its eastern borders, trace its evolution during the first decades, and discuss the means used to increase its effectiveness. The scientific novelty of the study lies in creating a holistic picture of the evolution of NATO’s defense strategy in relation to the Central region of a certain period of the Cold War, its components, and methods of strengthening. The article’s methodological basis is general scientific (logical, synthesis, and analysis) and special historical (comparative-historical, chronological, periodization) methods. The following general scientific methods of research were used: historical analysis, comparative analysis, complex analysis, generalization, and systematization. Conclusions. Over twenty years, the defense strategy of the Central region has undergone a significant transformation. At first, in the early 1950s, it relied exclusively on conventional forces, which had the task of delaying the invasion troops at the line of enormous water obstacles. But later, at the end of the decade, the strategy evolved to rely on nuclear forces, which were supposed to cause irreparable damage to the enemy. Which, as it became known later, did not live up to expectations. This factor forced the military leadership of the Alliance to balance both components of defense and change the strategy to be able to respond to a wide range of threats, from regional crises to military invasions. These threats could be solved by a large arsenal of means, starting with conventional defense forces and ending with strategic nuclear weapons.

The article highlights the problem of financing state budget expenditures in the conditions of the war and post-war market economy, which, for objective reasons, has a significant social burden. The study found that the new paradigm of public financing in the conditions of the war and postwar social-oriented market economy should solve three key tasks: to sufficient finance the defense sector of Ukraine, modernization of the army of Ukraine; to ensure the systematic growth of the main macroeconomic indicators, in particular, the inflow of new foreign investments and, as a result, and, as a result, guarantee an adequate and fair social security system for vulnerable segments of the population and certain social categories of citizens, including those participating in hostilities. The main macroeconomic indicators and indicators of the State Budget of Ukraine in 2018-2023 were studied, and the thesis of significant social pressure on the country’s budget was confirmed. The authours tracked changes in the structure of budget expenditures in 2018-2023 in various key sectors of the economy, in particular, a significant increase in expenditures from the State budget for the defense sector, which was caused by the war. In this regard, an attemt was made to analyse the best practices of foreign countries that faced the situation of limited budgetary funds, crisis tendencies in the economy, accumulation of social pressure and escalation of the military conflict. In particular, the experience of Israel, Turkey and China was analysed. Based on the analysis of the experience of other countries, the authours proposed a model of public-private partnership in the development and support of the post-war socially oriented economy of Ukraine. The model identifies the key participants and the relationship between them on issues of interaction in filling the main budget items, financing key investment-intensive sectors of the economy. The state investment platform «Advantage Ukraine» identifies the following investment-intensive sectors: logistics and infrastructure of 30 projects; defense-industrial complex from 10 projects; energy from 50 projects; agro-industrial complex from 300 projects; pharmaceuticals of 30 projects and others. Therefore, we can conclude that the state and the government are already moving in the outlined direction of public-private partnership, which actually makes the proposed model relevant. As a result of applying the proposed model of public-private partnership, its economic effect was determined, which boils down to the systemic macroeconomic growth of Ukraine, the scaling of investment projects, the development of science in Ukraine, and the overcoming of socio-economic contradictions in the development of Ukraine.

The article deals with the essence and peculiarities of the legal regulation of budget expenditures for the national security and defense sector in the conditions of martial law, and determines their impact on ensuring the country's economy, defense capability, as well as the security of the state and society. It is substantiated that ensuring the appropriate level of financing of the national security and defense sector is an important component for the effective functioning and protection of the state. It was found that the source of resources for the implementation of such priority functions of the state as ensuring national security and defense are the funds of the state budget and local budgets. The actual definition of the concept of «budget expenditures» was formulated, and the analysis of the main legal acts regulating the financing of the security and defense sector of Ukraine was carried out. The peculiarities of financing and logistical support of the national resistance in particular, and the national security and defense sector as a whole are highlighted. It is pointed out the need to make changes to regulatory legal acts to ensure proper financing of the national security and defense sector, taking into account the requirements for prevention and elimination of factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of corruption in this area. Proposals have been formulated to improve the current legislation of Ukraine in terms of ensuring proper financing of the national security and defense sector and effective use of budget expenditures for the specified sector in war conditions, in particular: increasing expenditures for the national security and defense sector and determining their optimal structure; filling local budgets due to effective actions of local authorities; development of a unified budget strategy for financing the security and defense sector; ensuring proper state control over budget expenditures for the security and defense sector by creating a separate independent unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the essence of the country's military expenditures. The dynamics of changes in military expenditures of countries in the context of changes in the geopolitical situation in the world and their impact and consequences on the social and economic support of the country in the conditions of hostilities and the post-war period were analyzed and studied. It has been proven that proper funding for ensuring the country's defense capability affects not only military strength, but also has a direct impact on economic processes. The study defines the concept of the country's military budget and its main elements. A comparative analysis of the military expenditures of individual countries of the world was carried out, the share of military expenditures from the country's total expenditures in monetary terms and in relation to the gross domestic product was determined. The impact on the migration processes that take place in the country during the period of military aggression and their possible consequences for the further development of the economy are studied. The main migration trends by age and gender are considered. Migration of the population outside the country in the short-term period and its return after the end of hostilities in the socio-economic effect, although it affects the reduction of the working population, but it makes it possible to reduce expenses for the support and ensuring the proper standard of living of such a population, and not its return after the end of the war can be catastrophic for the country as it affects the development of production potential during its post-war reconstruction, which will lead to a decrease in GDP. It was determined that the study of the need to conduct a balanced policy regarding military expenditures and take into account the consequences of such a policy is currently relevant from the point of view of economic, demographic and social processes. The main directions that must be taken to prevent economic decline and demographic crisis in the post-war period are defined. And the only possible way to increase the security level of citizens is the European integration of the country into the civilized world, participation in the military alliance of the leading countries of the world as a full member of NATO, as well as the development and strengthening of its own armed forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains an overview of the evolution of Ukraine-NATO relations from the beginning of our state's independence to the present. The author made an attempt to identify and characterize the main periods of the formation of Ukraine-NATO relations, to identify the key problems of partnership development. It is noted that at the beginning of independence, Ukraine chose a neutral and nonaligned status, and then declared multi-vectorism as the basis of foreign security policy, which was a historically determined necessity in the transition period. At that time, Ukraine remained in the field of interests of Russia, which sought to restore its position in the post-Soviet space, and therefore did not have the opportunity to fully integrate into the Euro-Atlantic structures. Due to the difficult geopolitical situation, Ukraine was forced to maneuver between the East and the West in order to establish itself in the international field and take its place in the European security architecture. In the 1990s, Ukraine-NATO relations developed quite briskly, but not enough for Ukraine to become a NATO member. However, Ukraine managed to gain the status of a special partner, which subsequently contributed to the deepening of bilateral relations. In the 2000s, Ukraine-NATO relations first intensified, and after Yanukovych came to power, Ukraine's Euro-Atlantic integration was suspended. The situation changed after the Revolution of Dignity, when pro-European democratic forces came to power. Further policy is aimed at deepening Ukraine's relations with the Alliance. Ukraine has finally decided on its course, but the necessary conditions must be met for successful integration. Also, for its part, NATO should conduct a more targeted policy regardless of Russia, which is not as strong as it has created an image of itself through propaganda. Ukraine receives the undisputed support of the Alliance, but, unfortunately, this is not enough to end the war and restore territorial integrity. Ukraine's accession to NATO would guarantee Ukraine's security on the one hand, and strengthen the Alliance's values on the other. Therefore, NATO needs more determination in Ukraine's accession to the Alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The article presents issues related to the first-instance jurisprudence in disciplinary cases of soldiers in the perspective of the provisions of the Act on Defense of the Homeland. The publication attempts to characterize disciplinary judgments in the proceedings in question. Both the formal and substantive aspects of decisions made in disciplinary proceedings against soldiers issued in the first instance cases were analysed. Material and methods The research was based on the dogmatic method. Results Summing up the considerations on the first-instance rulings in military disciplinary proceedings, the statement that the principle of an appropriate disciplinary response is of central importance in this matter is justified. Conclusions An appropriate disciplinary response is responsible for the implementation of universal justice for all repressive procedures within the meaning of iustitia communitativa. It allows for an appropriate reaction of the disciplinary superior to pathological behavior of soldiers in service, which dysfunctionalize or diffuse the activities of the Polish Armed Forces. It also allows for the protection of the legitimate interests of the accused soldier.

The article examines the organizational and legal principles of the advocate's activities in criminal proceedings. The authors noted that a major role in ensuring the rights and freedoms of individuals during criminal proceedings belongs to advocates, who must provide the necessary professional legal assistance to the participants in the process. But high-quality professional legal assistance of an advocate depends on many factors, both subjective and objective. It was determined that the quality of the legal regulation of an advocate's activity in criminal proceedings directly affects him and, secondarily, the person to whom he provides professional legal assistance. When conducting research, the authors take as a basis the fact that the participation of an advocate in criminal proceedings requires the presence of 2 legal statuses: 1) an advocate of Ukraine, 2) the status of a participant in a criminal proceeding (defender or representative). Based on this approach, the collection of evidence by the defense, the right to receive information and copies of documents in the context of maintaining the secrecy of the pretrial investigation, the recusal of other participants in the criminal proceedings in connection with the involvement of a advocate who is related to the participant in the criminal proceedings, the provision of professional of legal assistance by an advocate to persons whose procedural status is not regulated in detail analyzed. Investigating the organizational principles of an advocate's activity in criminal proceedings, the authors drew attention to the role of curfew in a advocate's work, insufficient research into the tactics of a advocate's tactics in criminal proceedings and methods of defense in proceedings regarding a separate category of criminal offenses. Based on the results, a conclusion was formed that among the outlined problems there is a regularity is connected with the fact that the Law of Ukraine "About Advocacy and Advocacy Activities" details separate provisions of the advocate's participation in criminal proceedings, which are not defined by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, in turn, causes their uneven implementation by the authorized subjects of the CPC of Ukraine. And the research direction of the advocate's participation tactics and methods of defense or representation in certain types of criminal proceedings is recognized as perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that the participation of a defense attorney in criminal proceedings at the stage of pre-trial investigation, especially in the conditions of martial law, is a complex process that requires attention and research. Depending on the context of the conflict and the specific circumstances, the participation of the defender may be limited or unavailable at all, which violates the principles of fair trial and equality. So, this article examines the participation of defense counsel in criminal proceedings during the pre-trial investigation stage, particularly in times of a state of war. The article analyzes the legal norms and procedural rules that define the rights and obligations of defense counsel during the pre-trial investigation. Specifically, it explores the defense counsel's right to participate in procedural actions, including the questioning of witnesses, experts, and suspects, as well as the examination of crime scenes and evidence, and access to case documents and materials. The research is based on relevant data, including the Presidential Decree No. 64/2022 and amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. By analyzing legislative acts, it is revealed that a state of war affects the participation of defense counsel in criminal proceedings. In particular, a state of war may lead to changes in the legal system, the adaptation of procedural rules, and the provision of conditions for the functioning of the justice system during challenging periods. Analysis of legislative acts and experience showed that additional measures and recommendations are needed to ensure the effective participation of the defender in the pre-trial investigation during martial law. It is important to develop mechanisms that guarantee the rights of the defender, in particular, access to information, the opportunity to participate in procedural actions and ensuring confidential communication with the client. In addition, attention should be paid to the education and training of lawyers so that they are ready to effectively defend the rights of suspects and accused persons in the difficult conditions of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on NATO’s nuclear policy in the face of Russia’s aggressive policy and threats from the Kremlin. The author examines the history of the nuclear policy of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization since the founding of NATO, as well as key aspects of the implementation of NATO’s nuclear deterrence policy. Part of the study focuses on the geostrategic aspects of NATO’s nuclear triad and covers the three components of the nuclear triad: strategic bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). It also examines specific aspects of the use of nuclear systems by the three main nuclear powers of NATO, namely the USA, the UK, and France, and the main geopolitical rivals of the Alliance, specifically the Russian Federation, taking into account Russian aggression against Ukraine, and the People’s Republic of China.

The purpose of the article is to research basis, experience, and practical ways of the implementation of U.S. security (defense) assistance to Ukraine. The current study considers the institutional and legal framework for providing U.S. defense support to Ukraine; explores the preconditions for strengthening U.S. military assistance at modern stage; analyzes the possible consequences of such support for the United States; gives an overall assessment of U.S. security assistance to Ukraine since 2014. The methodological basis of the study includes a set of general and special research methods. The systematic method allowed to consider the process of providing military assistance to Ukraine by the United States as a multilevel system. First, military support to Ukraine is considered in the format of mechanisms that promote comprehensive military assistance to Ukraine. Second, it is observed as an element of foreign policy strategies of the U.S. administrations since 2014. Third, the overall impact of U.S. assistance to Ukraine is studied in the format of a security environment at the regional and global levels of international relations. The comparative method helped to compare the volumes and effectiveness of security assistance under Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations. Statistical methods were used as the basis for the objective study and allowed to consider features and scope of assistance in the period from 2014 to 2022. The scientific novelty lies in one of the first attempts among Ukrainian authors to make an overall analysis of current situation in Ukraine, – active phase of Russian aggression against our state, – given the fact that domestic scientists are just beginning to study comprehensively foreign military and defense assistance that Ukraine receives from international partners, including the United States. In this regard, the authors pay special attention to reviewing American and British sources as well as current news and analytical reports. Summing up, the authors confirm significance of American security support for effective military counteraction to Russia and restoration of Ukraine’s territorial integrity.

On February 24, 2022, russia launched an all-out invasion of Ukraine. This situation has radically changed the relations between the states, marked a point of no return in the relations between the once fraternal peoples, changed the vectors and priorities for the further development of Ukraine, and created new challenges in all spheres of its life. Moreover, the war in the center of Europe affected the world economy as a whole and the economy of many individual countries, as well as migration and sociopolitical processes. All this was reflected in the change in the research priorities in the world and, in particular, in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to formulate generalized proposals on ways to counter russia’s military aggression. The article analyzes: World Military Strength Ranking 2022, losses of the russian armed forces as of 15.06.2022; changes in the number of personnel, weapons and equipment of Ukraine’s Armed Forces in 1991-2021. Also a comparative quantitative assessment of the armed forces of Ukraine and russia in 2021 was carried out, considering weaknesses and miscalculations in the formation and development of independent Ukraine that had allowed a full-scale war to take place on its territory. The military potential of the Ukrainian and Russian armies in 1991 and 2021 is compared, new types of weapons developed in Ukraine are considered. The results of Delphi analysis of the Ukrainian defense industry clusters necessary for asymmetric deterrence against an external aggression over the time horizon until 2030 are presented. The ways to provide Ukraine’s Armed Forces with the main types of weapons and military equipment are defined. The conducted research has allowed us to determine that russia, being a country with geopolitical ambitions, will always present a threat to Ukraine, so the national security of our country must be built with consideration for the military and economic strength of the aggressor country. Сonsequently Ukraine must enter into at least one military and economic alliance with other European and world countries. Moreover, Ukraine must have a strong diversified defense industry complex, which will produce its own competitive weapons and military equipment both independently and jointly with other European and world countries or under licenses from foreign manufacturers. Ukraine’s Armed Forces must have such a structure of their services and branches that would allow them to withstand threats from the russian armed forces or asymmetric types of weapons and military equipment that would make it possible to conduct the 2nd, 3rd and 6th generation war.

Wi-Fi technology is very relevant nowadays, as wireless communication has become a necessary part of our everyday life. Wi-Fi allows you to connect to the Internet on various devices, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, TVs, and others. In addition, Wi-Fi technology is constantly evolving and improving. New technology standards, such as 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), allow for improved data transfer speeds and greater resistance to interference and interference. However, with the popularity of Wi-Fi technology comes a greater threat to network security. Therefore, it is important to improve security methods and encryption algorithms for Wi-Fi networks to ensure their safety and security. The study of vulnerabilities of Wi-Fi WPA2 and WPA3 wireless communication protocols is very relevant due to the fact that wireless networks are an integral part of the modern world. Since hacker attacks on wireless networks have become widespread, researching WPA2 and WPA3 vulnerabilities is very important for ensuring the security of Wi-Fi networks. After all, WPA2 and WPA3 protocol vulnerabilities can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access to the network and obtain sensitive information such as passwords and user data. This paper will cover such topics as the vulnerabilities of securing WIFI networks using WPA2 and WPA3, the main means of protection against attacks, and a comparative characterization of these two security methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study purpose to describe the civil-military synergy in the management of Indonesia's national resources, a case study in the province of West Sumatra. Design/Method/Approach: The method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. Informants were taken using purposive sampling; data was collected through observation, interviews, and collection of documentation. Findings: The study results found that there are 3 (three) pillars that must be interrelated, namely the government, the people, and the military. The three are woven in a knot to strengthen a country. Practical implications (if applicable): It is established that good cooperation and coordination between the relevant agencies is needed to mobilize national resources for defense in a certain area. Paper type: theoretical.

Objectives Identify the links between state security and patriotism and the implementation of covid-19 orders and prohibitions Material and methods literature analysis non-standard observation analysis and logical construction Results It should be accentuated that patriotism requires different attitudes and behaviours in times of war, and different ones – in times of peace. Today, its manifestations are concern for the political fate of the homeland, respect for the law, and the Polish Constitution, but also concern for the good of the local community, for the family, respect for private and social property and the natural environment, diligent performance of duties in the workplace, fair payment of taxes regardless of financial status, placing the common good over one’s own, and caring for the good image of the country. Conclusions Security is a multi-faceted, ambiguous and very dynamic concept, in particular nowadays, in the light of a rapidly and constantly changing world and our approach to it. The author points out that one of the most major categories of security is state security, which until recently was essentially associated with external threats. Presently, the notions of state security and national security are inextricably bound with the notion of patriotism. And when properly understood, patriotism is a pillar of state or national security. Nowadays, patriotism is no longer a combat with the occupant, it is also not a fight with one’s own state; it is concern for national security and the state. It is working in harmony and with respect for the law, for the sake of one’s own homeland and fellow citizens.

The author has researched property relations of internally displaced persons, the peculiarities of which are determined by their legal status and the lack of sufficient legislative regulation to protect their property status. It has been emphasized that the realization of property rights occurs through the will and actions of the owner, which must fully comply with legal requirements, because the right of the owner to actions and the actions themselves – differ from each other. The difference between the content of a subjective right and its realization is, first of all, that the content of a subjective right covers only the possible behavior of an authorized person, and the realization of the right is a real, concrete action that leads to legal consequences. Therefore, the realization of property rights by internally displaced persons is absolute, i.e. absolute civil rights apply to an indefinite number of persons, except for the right of the owner. The legal categories of “realization”, “protection” and “defense” have been analyzed as integral components of the property right of internally displaced persons. It has been stated that protection is the category of the normal state of existence of the subjective right, and defense is the category of the subjective right in a violated state. It has been proved that in most cases people who have left their place of residence due to armed conflict or other forms of violence do not have a real opportunity to realize actual and sometimes legal (for example, due to the lack of proper documents on the property) possession. It indicates the need to introduce guarantees that will ensure not only the realization of property rights by internally displaced persons, but also the safety of their property. It has been offered to understand the guarantees of property rights of internally displaced persons as a set of methods, means and procedures aimed at ensuring the realization of their property rights. The author has formulated own definition and has suggested the classification of guarantees of property rights of internally displaced persons, with their division into general and special, as well as guarantees of the realization of the rights and guarantees of protection.

2019 marked 20 years since EU Member States decided to create a joint EU approach to security and defense. The paper raises the question on finding new approaches to provide security and defense in Europe in the current context, as well as the formation of a new paradigm for research on regional security in Europe. Traditional approaches to the study of European integration (neofunctionalism and intergovernmentalism) are of little use for theorizing the development of European defense in conditions of new challenges and threats to national and regional security, as well as transatlantic solidarity violations. The article studies European Strategic Autonomy (ESA), which refers to the ability of the European Union, in conjunction with Member States, to independently determine its own priorities according to which to take decisions and implement them in the fields of foreign policy, security and defense. ESA is not synonymous with independence, nor does it deny membership in military-political alliances, since a more realistic scenario implies positioning itself as a European pillar of NATO. The implementation of the idea of building a "european sovereignty" in the field of security and defense implies that the European Union should take bigger responsibility for its own security, the security of its neighbors, andshould strengthen its role in transatlantic relations without opposing NATO. In order to move from rhetoric to concrete policy steps, the EU needs to develop a plan of measures for political, institutional and industrial action. It means that achieving real autonomy requires time and joint efforts by EU institutions and Member State governments. However, political and institutional autonomy can be built exclusively within the whole Union, while military-industrial autonomy can be initiated and implemented by a group of the most economically and technologically advanced EU Member States.

The author of the article substantiates the relevance and timeliness of the systematization of the subjects of national security and defense of Ukraine. On the basis of generalization and analysis of the current legislation in the field of national security and defense, the author has defined the system of subjects of national security and defense of Ukraine as follows: 1) management subsystem (the President of Ukraine); 2) controlled subsystem: security forces – law enforcement and intelligence agencies, state agencies of special purpose with law enforcement functions, civil defence forces and other agencies; Defense Forces – the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as well as other military formations, law enforcement and intelligence agencies, special purpose agencies with law enforcement functions formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine; defense-industrial complex; citizens and public associations; 3) auxiliary parts of the system (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, judicial agencies, international institutions). It has been offered to amend Part 1 of the Art. 12 of the Law of Ukraine “On National Security of Ukraine”, supplementing the four interconnected components of the security and defense sector with a fifth one – leadership in the field of national security and defense. At the end of the list contained in Part 2 of the Art. 12 of the Law of Ukraine “On National Security of Ukraine”, we consider it necessary to add the phrase “and other authorized agencies”, since the existing list of agencies that are part of the security and defense sector is not exhaustive. The main subjects of national security and defense of Ukraine have been characterized.

The formation and development of the policy of national security of the Baltic States from the moment of independence has been considered. The impossibility of using the Soviet model of security in the Baltic States was discovered primarily because of the radically different size of states, the nature of threats and resource potential, as well as its non-compliance with the security models in force in the EU and NATO. Accession of the Baltic States to the EU and NATO changed the situation with ensuring national security in the Baltic States. Membership in NATO provided the countries of the region with access to collective defense, which they became part of. At the same time, the Baltic countries were forced to consider the problem of security in the context of providing international security, which at the beginning of the XXI century. is characterized by the expansion of asymmetric threats. This led to a radical change in the defensive concepts and concepts of national security in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in accordance with the principles of the UN, NATO and the EU. It is established that in the EU there is a difference in the vision of the nature and origin of security threats between Western European, Eastern European and Mediterranean countries. And even in the Baltic countries, the same threats can be in one country in the list of external threats, while in others - internal ones. The orientation of the Baltic States in the field of security in NATO, and not in the EU, is due in particular to the fact that the security problem in the Eastern Partnership region has not been adequately reflected in EU policy as a tool for its solution. It has been established that a key political document reflecting the common vision of NATO's objectives is strategic concepts that directly affect the content and direction of national security policies of NATO member states. Each of the following Strategies aims to ensure a qualitative modernization of the Alliance, turning it into a multifunctional mechanism for responding to crises. The paper analyzes the evolution of the strategic concepts of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization from the end of the 1990s to the present time, as well as their influence on the development of the policy of national security and defense of the Baltic States. The emphasis is placed on the absence of the problem of maintaining state sovereignty in the conditions of the state's membership in NATO. In order to maintain stability in the Baltic Sea region, the Baltic States seek to strengthen military-political cooperation in all critical sectors with the countries of the Northern region of Europe and Poland. Relations with Russia are mainly based on international treaties signed with Russia by the EU and NATO. Bilateral cooperation with the United States, as well as the activities of the Baltic States in NATO and the EU, remain of strategic importance to ensure their safety.

The article touches upon Romania’s path towards obtaining its NATO membership, as well as the prerequisites of shaping of its international image in the sphere of security. The external reasons of activating Romania’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization have been analyzed, and the fundamental geopolitical factors of Romania’s importance and contribution to the Transatlantic and regional security have been outlined. The article also reveals the basic stages of rapprochement between Bucharest and NATO in 1990 – 2004. Special attention has been paid to the process of the Romanian military sector reforming in early 1990s, which constituted an essential element of the country’s gaining membership in the Alliance. Some comparisons of the Romanian and Ukrainian paths towards obtaining NATO membership and introducing their Euro-Atlantic integration have been made. It is concluded that en route towards NATO, not only did Romania succeed in holding some essential reforms of the social and political sectors to fulfill its Euro-Atlantic aspirations, but it also has found itself in a particularly profitable situation of the international security situation’s transformation. What is more, Romania did prove itself as an important strategic partner with its geopolitical and geographical position in the Black Sea basin and in the Balkans. Today, these factors continue contributing to Romania’s importance for NATO’s practical activities aimed to provide peace and security to the Black Sea region.

The article touches upon to investigation of the particularities of foreign policy’s implementation and the EU leading states positions’ coordination. The position of leading states politicians towards strengthening of EU security and defense sphere cooperation has been studied. The factor of Permanent structure cooperation (PESCO) creation and the rationale for its expediency has been underlined. The article deals with migration crisis in the EU, the reaction of the European politicians to this issue and the consequences that manifested in the elections to the Italian parliament. The reforms having support of the leaders of France, Germany and Italy have been analyzed. It is concluded that the leading EU member states such as France, Germany and Italy have to coordinate their policies for the successful functioning of the EU. These states are the most important economic powers of the European Union, and the economic success of the entire structure depends on the stability of their economies. However, other countries have their own specific views and, sometimes, are not ready to compromise. It is likely that actually the French ideas of creation of European securtity and defense autonomy might spring to life, taking into account the strengthening cooperation of France with Germany and Italy in this sphere. The leading partners of France are ready for serious partnership between their military-industrial enterprpises.

Western Balkan countries have made great progress in reforming their security and defense policies in accordance with NATO membership requirements and the Partnership for Peace Program. However, based on the security and national security documents of these countries, there are some key risks that could destabilize the region and cause re-emergence of armed conflicts, including conventional reactions. Among them most important are the threats of political - nationalistic / ethnic and religious nature, those of statehood, as well as of the controversial / indefinite borders. In essence, in spite of the formal commitment of all Western Balkan countries to good neighbourly relations and to make a contribution to regional stability and security, within them still predominates a certain visible level of anxiety due to a lack of clarity of confidence in the future behaviour of some of the other states in the region. Also, the creation of the Kosovo Army will have a significant impact on changing the regional balance of power. NATO's involvement in the Balkans has had four main results. First, its military involvement as a repressive and stabilizing force has discouraged armed conflicts and has transformed the Western Balkans from a region of war-torn societies and hostile neighbourly relations to a relatively stable one. Second, NATO exerted a decisive influence on changing solid balance structures and doctrines of mass armies based on territorial defense and rejection; this, the national armed forces became a professional army, and their offensive capabilities against their neighbours diminished in a meaningful way. Third, NATO's enlargement to the Western Balkans played an essential role in the final conclusion of the country's individual borders in the region. Fourthly, the Partnership for Peace put all hope for any bilateral or regional countervailing cooperation in the field of defense, transforming cooperation exclusively through Brussels at a price to be paid for membership.

Purpose: determine the quantitative indicators of the game actions of the central blocking amateur teams in competitions under the aegis Volleyball Federation of Kharkiv region. Material & Methods: an analysis of statistical data obtained as a result of pedagogical observations of the execution of blocks in 36 games (116 games) by 10 players of this role was carried out. The following methods were used: analysis of scientific methodological literature; pedagogical observation, methods of mathematical statistics. Results: quantitative indicators of gaming actions of players related to the execution of blocks, in particular, the distribution of loading of game zones by attacks, the distribution of the number of blocks of different species by zones, the distribution of the number of fines of their attackers are determined. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the actions of the players during blocking in various defense zones was carried out. Conclusions: the results can be used to solve the problem of increasing the effectiveness of the game of central blocking volleyball teams in the process of training and competition.

The article touches upon the impact of the Russian aggression in Crimea and in Donbas region in 2014 on the European countries’, as well as the EU and NATO’s revision of their respective military and security policy. The role of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in strengthening the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s contemporary position in Europe has been unfolded. The divergence of the foreign and security policy intercourse of the European states caused by geography, history and military factors has been analyzed. Thus, the article reveals the Central and East Europe’s rising focus on the Russian aggression in Ukraine and the impact thereof on shaping the subregional security policy. On the other hand, the states of West Europe pay way less attention to considering the conflict as an element of their security strategy. However, a series of divergences does exist within the East and Central European political elite when it comes to determination of their respective countries’ situation in the contemporary security map of the continent within the framework of the so-called “Ukraine crisis”. For instance, one can distinguish Bulgaria and Czech Republic as black sheep of the post-socialistic Europe when it comes to the general security and political course of the East and Center when it comes to the Ukrainian issue. The article as well shapes the background and the essence of Germany’s leading role in the common foreign and security policy of the EU. It is concluded that NATO should concentrate on its traditional military activity aspect and thoughtfully cooperate with the EU to succeed in resolving issues of the European collective security.

From the beginning of The North Atlantic Pact has been based on the concept of collective defense. This assumption takes on meaning after 2014. The annexation of Crimea to Russia and the hybrid war in Ukraine are confirming the Increase of military threat to the NATO border states, Including Poland. None of the eastern flank countries it would be able to oppose Russian aggression themselves. The Decisions are Strengthen the eastern flank are going to Effectively deterring threats from military escalation. This action take place thanks to the presence of international contingents.

Having the task of fulfilling his/her duty in criminal proceedings, which is mostly to protect the rights and legitimate interests and to improve the client’s situation, an attorney-at-law should go beyond the exercise of available rights, he/she should look for and use the chance to implement such rights and to identify the situation in which they are best used. The efficiency of defense counsel’s efforts depends directly on the procedural opportunities as a set of the rights and conditions (situation) for exercising them. For an attorney, the most important aspect is not the very fact of being aware of the procedural form of interim measures and the suspect’s rights when the former are imposed, but how and when these rights can be used to ensure efficient protection. So far, the issue of procedural opportunities available to defense counsel in the context of ensuring client’s (suspect’s and accused) rights and interests in case of bail are lacking attention on the part of Ukrainian scholars. The purpose of the article is to analyze the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine (Ukraine’s CPC) and the law application practice which currently exists in our State regarding the use of bail in criminal proceedings, in particular, as regards resolution of problems arising in connection with the defense exercised when the said procedural measure is applied. Procedural opportunities available to defense counsel in criminal proceedings are a set of his/her statutory rights and availability of an admissible situation allowing for skillful exercise of these rights. Therefore, in case an interim measure is imposed, it is not only about whether a defense counsel has procedural rights to be used when choosing, changing or canceling this measure, but also about the skills, conditions and techniques of their appropriate exercise, if this is necessary in a certain situation, as well as about the prospects and the possibility of using the same. Bail is an unlimited-term interim measure involving certain duties assigned to the suspect and the accused. As soon as the period for which these duties are imposed expires, the ruling by which bail is set also terminates. Procedural opportunities open to defense counsel in such a situation are, using the procedural rights available to him/her, to arrange that bail is returned to the bailor. Upon expiration of the term for which a duty or duties are set by the ruling of an investigating judge or court on imposing bail as an interim measure, if these duties are not continued according to the statutory procedure, this clearly indicates that bail as a pre-trial restriction is terminated, since otherwise the essence and the significance of this measure as such is lost. In this case, defense counsel can actually use his/her right to submit to the investigating judge a motion to return bail, and this creates a procedural opportunity for him/her to protect the client’s interest. Although bail as an interim measure is inseparable from the duties for which it is imposed, when the question arises about expiration of the term of a respective duty, it is this duty secured by bail that should be continued rather than the interim measure proper – bail. However, Ukraine’s CPC does not provide for such a ruling by investigating judge. Therefore, defense counsel has a procedural opportunity, using his/her right to appeal against an investigating judge’s decision and being guided by the opinion of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court, to file an appeal against the said decision. Procedural opportunities of defense counsel in criminal proceedings as a set of his/ her rights and the presence of a situation in which the same can be exercised, is a real mechanism to ensure the suspect’s rights, including in case bail is imposed in criminal proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of legal procedural relations that arise between the defender and other subjects during the collection of materials. The author considers two main ways of collecting materials based on the independence criterion: collecting materials by a defender himself or herself and collecting materials with the help of other subjects. The author examines certain aspects of the right to collect materials by the defender, in particular, the rights of the defender to temporally access objects and documents, obtain experts' conclusions and samples for examination, including biological samples, on the defender's request and obtain objects and documents withdrawn at a search by the investigator or the prosecutor on the decision of the investigating judge. Examining these questions, proposals for solving some problems have been made. The author has distinguished three groups of legal procedural relations arising during the collection of materials: 1) procedural relations between a defender and other subjects during collecting of materials by a defender himself or herself; 2) procedural relations arising directly between a defender and an investigating judge; 3) procedural relations between a defender, an investigating judge, and subjects authorized to conduct procedural actions on the entrustment of the investigating judge. Thus, each group of relations is described and their specific characteristics are given. A proposal is made to establish new power of the investigating judge, namely, to issue orders on conducting procedural activities to compensate the inability of a defender to obtain needed materials independently. The author sees a particular importance in this function to ensure adversarial proceedings at the stage of a pre-trial investigation. This new activity of the investigating judge is needed to be further implemented in the criminal procedural law mainly with the aim of creating an effective mechanism for preparing a defender to participate in the consideration of questions on the determination, change or abolishment of measures to ensure criminal proceedings by the investigating judge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an attempt of philosophical comprehension, which aims to combine the tools of the military vision of future collisions and the hope of future existence, despite all the possible barriers and troubles. The gradual demilitarization of the strategy changes the intention of the vision of the expected confrontation with the knowledge and arrangement of future existence. In this research used such methods as comparative analysis and reconstruction of the influence of military and non-military strategies on the formation of the prospect. As result, the strategy of hope described as a transition from a hasty pursuit of victory to a rational understanding of the operational map of the desired future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to analyze the dynamics of technical and tactical actions in defense during the match in basketball major league team. Material and Methods: the methods were applied to analyze and summarize the literature, analysis of statistical reports, teacher observation of competitive activity, methods of mathematical statistics. Results: by monitoring and analyzed dynamics of technical and tactical actions in the defense during a game of basketball at the major league team. Conclusions: basketball players show the highest indicators in the third quarter and at the end of the match – in the fourth quarter there is a gradual decrease in indicators such as: the rebounds, block shots, fouls and steels, and the increase – missing the shots, ball loss.

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The purpose of this article is to determine the positive and negative aspects of the Annual National Program under the auspices of the Ukraine–NATO Commission for 2017. During writing, the author used the following methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction, deduction. The main obtained conclusions are as follows: this document requires considerable funding and attention from the President and the Government; an active practical position should be advocated by the relevant ministries, departments and structures, which distribute among themselves the authority to implement the provisions of this document; issues of resource support and information security require a balanced approach, especially in those aspects that are of greatest value; the most attention should be paid to the Second Section, which is devoted to security and defense issues: they are the basis of cooperation between Ukraine and NATO, and therefore should be most carefully worked out and practically implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted the question of research of factors which influence on changing of the mode of operations of electric motor of compressor, which in same queue influence on the degree of heating of isolation of winding of anchor ED.

Copyright of Law of Ukraine is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)