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Purpose. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the experimental composition of artificial feeds on the productive performance and economic component of growing carp in ponds. Methodology. The study was conducted in 2023 in ponds of the State Enterprise “Nyvka” (Kyiv). Two groups of Nyvka scaly carp (1+) were formed, which were grown in analogy 0.5 ha ponds at a stocking density of 1.5 thousand fish/ha. The control group of fish was fed with a commercial feed with a protein content of 25 % for 112 days. The feed of the experimental group of fish was supplemented with a complex of feed additives: 0.2 % of the phytogenic additive Inulin and 0.04 % of precipitated sulphur (feed). The study results were analysed using methods generally accepted in fish farming. During the growing season, similar growing conditions and systematic monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of the aquatic environment and the development of the natural food supply in the experimental ponds were ensured. After catching, size and weight parameters were studied, weight gain and the economic component of carp rearing were analysed. Findings. During the period of carp growing, the water conditions did not differ significantly and met fish farming standards. The water temperature ranged from 18 to 28°C. The average seasonal values of the main hydro chemical parameters were within the normative values, except for some excess of free ammonia (0.11 – 0.20 mg/dm3) and iron (1.48 – 1.61 mg/dm3), as well as a significant increase in chloride content (112.9 – 113.3 mg/dm3), but this phenomenon is typical for the water supply source of this farm. The development of the natural food supply in the ponds was satisfactory, the average seasonal biomass of phytoplankton was at the level of 23.14 mg/dm3 in the control, 43.0 mg/dm3 in the experiment, zooplankton — 7.26 and 13.05 g/m3, respectively, zoobenthos — 0.63 and 0.44 g/m2. The results of the study showed the effectiveness of experimental carp feeding in ponds. It was found that the average weight of the caught fish at the end of the growing season in the experimental group was 4.4 %, and, accordingly, fish productivity was 6.0 % higher than in the control group, and the feed conversion rate was 7.4 % lower. Considering the cost of fish seeds and feed spent on growing, 7.3 % of additional profit was obtained by feeding the experimental diet. Originality.For the first time, the effectiveness of the complex use of Inulin and feed sulphur in carp feeding was determined in accordance with the pharmacological characteristics of these feed additives, productive and economic parameters of cultivation. Practical value. As a result of the implementation of the proposed method of improving the digestibility of feed components, it will be possible to increase the fish productivity of ponds and, accordingly, reduce feed costs for cultivation, as well as improve the quality of fish products. This creates an opportunity to expand the use of semi-intensive and resource-saving pond aquaculture technologies.

Purpose. To characterize age-1+ hybrids obtained from the crossing of Galician framed carp (GFC) and Antoniny-Zozulenets framed carp (AZFC) according to a set of commercial conditions in comparison with parental lines. Methodology. The objects of the study were age-1+ hybrids of the reciprocal crossing of Galician and Antoniny-Zozulenets carps grown in pond conditions of the “Karpatskyi Vodogray” LLC. The study was conducted at the end of the growing season according to methodological recommendations. The body of the experimental carp for analysis was divided into its constituent parts: scales, fillet with skin, entrails, fins and bones. In the process of work, blood was removed, its weight was attributed to the entrails. The head was separated from the carcass by breaking it off between the occipital bone and the first vertebra.Each part was weighed separately and presented as a percentage of the total body weight. Findings. The obtained results showed that the yield of the main part of the fillet with skin in crossbred groups of age-1+ carp was 48.7–52.0% and was higher compared to purebred offspring.In comparison with the original maternal line, crossbred age-1+ ♀GFC ×♂AZFC had a higher index of relative fillet weight by 3.15%, and the similar 1.6% superiority was observed in crossbreds ♀AZFC × ♂GFC. At the same time, with an increase in the average weight of age-1+ by 28.9–68.6% in the 2023 studies, the relative weight of the carcass increased by 2.4–11.0%. At the same time, the relative weight of the head decreased by 5.3-6.1%, and the relative weight of the entrails increased by 0.7-4.7%. In general, the inedible part of the studied groups of fish was in the range of 27.2–32.4%. In terms of the yield of fillets per 1 ha of fattening pond, the superiority of interbreeding groups of age-1+ was 31.5–62.7%. The obtained results indicate the expediency of their use as new highly productive commercial lines in pond farms of the Polissiya zone. Originality. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the nutritional value parameters of age-1+ carp from reciprocal crossings of Galician and Antoniny-Zozulenet framed carp and the original pure lines cultivated in the conditions of Ukrainian Polissiya was carried out. Practical value. The obtained results will complement the studies of previous years and will allow providing recommendations on the use of these hybrids for commercial cultivation in the Polissiya zone of Ukraine.

Morphological methods of fish research provide an opportunity to study their biological systems – cells, tissues, and organs in normal and pathological conditions – in depth at all levels of structural organization. The work aimed to investigate the morphological features of localization of skin pigment cells in scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) of different ages. The study was conducted in the laboratory of complex ichthyopathological studies at the Department of Ichthyology and Zoology of the Belotserkiv National Agrarian University. One-, two-, and three-year-old scaly carp from the feeding ponds of PJSC “Chernigivrybhosp” were used. From which the scales were removed, skin samples of scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were used as material for research. Tissue samples were taken from freshly caught fish for the research. Our study established that pigment cells in carp of different ages were localized in the upper and lower layers of the dermis and hypodermis and in the lateral connective tissue septum at the level of the lateral line that divides the lateral muscles. In addition, in the carp of the same age, in contrast to the older age groups, isolated clusters of pigment cells were observed in the loose connective tissue between the muscle fibers of the superficial lateral muscle. During the histological examination, we also discovered the presence of pigment cells in the skin, particularly melanophores. Thus, the skin of peers of scaly carp was located in single clusters and had a rounded shape and a concentrated distribution of melanin pigment. Many melanophores were observed in the lower layer of the dermis at the border with the hypodermis. In the area of the lateral line, in the connective tissue septum, at the level of the deep lateral muscle, large strands of melanophores were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To provide a comprehensive characterization of productive and biological parameters of crossbred age-1 and 1+ carps obtained from the crossbreeding of the Halych and Antonino-Zozulenets intrabreed type of Ukrainian carp breeds in the 2nd year of life and to conduct a comparative analysis with pure parental lines. Methodology. The material for the study were age-1+ individuals of the Antonino-Zozulenets and Halych carps. The main productive and biological parameters were studied during spring and autumn harvests as well as test fishing during the growing season according to generally accepted methods in fish farming. The external evaluation of the experimental groups was carried out according to the following parameters: body weight and length, body height, body girth. Measurements were made with a centimeter tape with an accuracy of 1 mm. Individual weighing was carried out on electronic commercial scales with an accuracy of 1 g. Based on the results of the measurements, the main exterior parameters were analyzed and determined: body length to girth ratio, body length to height ratio, body length to head length ratio. Findings. The study showed that among the reciprocal crossings of Halych and Antonino-Zozulenets carps, age-1+ carps obtained from the crossing of an Antonino-Zozulenets framed female and a Halych framed male were characterized by a higher growth rate. The superiority over the pure line of the Antonina-Zozulenets carp was 21.4% and the Halych carp — 14.1%. At the same time, the daily growth rates during the growing season were in the range of 1.31 - 4.16 g. The survival rate in crossbred age-1+ carps from crossing ♀AZFC x ♂HFC was 90%, ♀ HFC x ♂ AZFC - 94%, pure lines of the Halych carp 85%, Antonino-Zozulenets — 92%. Based on the average values of individual body weight and survival rate, the fish productivity was in the range of 481.8 - 681.3 kg/ha. Originality. For the first time in the conditions of Ukraine, a comparative analysis of productive and biological parameters of reciprocal offspring of the Halych and Antonino-Zozulenet carps in the second year of life was carried out in comparison with pure lines. Practical value. The results of the analysis of productive and biological parameters will allow providing recommendations on the use of these hybrids as new promising lines for commercial cultivation in the Polissia zone of Ukraine.

Purpose. Provide a comprehensive productive and biological characterization of carps of the new selective breeding type, the first generation — Nesvich zonal type in the first year of life. Methodology. The study was conducted in fish farms of the Lviv and Volyn regions of Ukraine. The material for the study were young-of-the-years and age-1 carps of Nesvich zonal type. The main productive and biological parameters were studied during test harvests during the growing season according to generally accepted methods in fish farming. The external evaluation of the experimental groups was carried out according to the following parameters: body weight and length, body height, body girth. Measurements were made with a centimeter tape with an accuracy of 1 mm. Individual weighing was carried out on electronic commercial scales with an accuracy of 1 g. Based on the results of the measurements, the main exterior parameters were analyzed and determined: body length to girth ratio, body length to height ratio, body length to head length ratio. Findings. The study showed that young-of-the-year carps of Nesvich zonal type were characterized by high productive parameters. The average individual weight was 39.3–55.0 g for framed and 42.0–67.9 g for scaled forms. According to winter hardiness, with the survival rates in the range of 80.5 - 84.5%, scaled forms of carp had the weight loss of 8.6 - 10.3% while framed carps had 9.1 - 9.8%. Originality. The results of the study on growing the first selection generation of young-of-the-year and age-1 Nesvich carp, which will be submitted to the approval of this zonal type as an intrabreed type of Ukrainian framed and scaled carp breeds, are provided. Practical value. The results of the analysis of productive and biological parameters will allow providing recommendations on the use of this zonal type as a new type for commercial growing.

The aim: study the effect of the synthetic anabolic steroid 19-nortestosterone on the fractional composition of blood plasma proteins, as well as the total protein and albumin content, indicators of the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, macro- and microelements in the fish hepatopancreas. Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted on two-year-old carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which were kept for 24 hours in aquariums with a volume of 40 dm³ with different concentrations of 19-nortestosterone in water at optimal temperature, oxygen content, and pH. Spectrophotometric methods and an automatic biochemical analyzer were used to determine metabolic indicators in fish, and disk electrophoresis in PAGE was used to determine the fractional composition of proteins. Results. It was established that the steroid hormone 19-nortestosterone, the concentration of which in the water of the fish of the experimental groups was 50 and 200 µg/dm³, respectively, increased the level of total protein and albumin, the concentration of glucose, triglycerides, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus and iron in the hepatopancreas and did not affect the calcium content. In the blood plasma of carp, kept in water with a concentration of 19-nortestosterone of 50 µg/dm³, the content of proteins with a molecular weight of 240-231 increases; 215-179; 169-146 and 105-95 kDa, decreases - 35-33 kDa, fractions of proteins with a molecular weight of 228-220 appear; 116-105 and 48-44 kDa. An increase in the concentration of 19-nortestosterone in water to 200 µg/dm³ increased the content of proteins with a molecular weight of 240-231 and 215-179 kDa in the blood plasma of fish, and decreased it by 35-33 kDa, causing the redistribution of individual protein fractions due to the appearance of proteins with a molecular weight of 240-228; 116-105 and 48-44 kDa in the absence of proteins 42-41; 38-36 and 24-20 kDa. Conclusions. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the anabolic synthetic steroid 19- nortestosterone stimulates the biosynthesis of proteins, the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and its effect on the content of minerals in the hepatopancreas and the fractional composition of blood plasma proteins in carp fish was proven [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To provide a comprehensive characterization of the first selective breeding generation of the Antoninsko-Zozulenets intrabreed type of Ukrainian carp breeds in the 4th and 5th years of life based on productive and biological parameters. Methodology. The material for the study were age-3+ and 4+ individuals of the Antoninsko-Zozulenets intrabreed type of carp. The main productive and biological parameters were studied during spring valuation and autumn harvest according to generally accepted methods in fish farming. The exterior assessment of the experimental groups was carried out for following parameters: weight, length, height and body girth. Measurements were made with a centimeter tape with an accuracy of 1 mm. Individual weighing was carried out on electronic commercial scales with an accuracy of 1 g. The main exterior indices were analyzed and determined based on the measurement results: girth index, body length to height ratio, head length to body length ratio. Findings. The conducted study showed that the yield from wintering was in the range of 91.31–92.25% for age-3, and 90.68–91.78% for age-4 fish. At the same time, weight loss was 6.43–7.65% in the third year of life and 5.74–7.46% in the fourth year of life. The survival rate of age-3+ fish was 95.3 - 96.6%, age-4+ 95.9 - 97.2%. The average weight of age-3+ framed and scaled carps was 3835.0±77.27 g and 3740.0±120.50 g, respectively. The weight gain during the season was 2.0 kg in scaled and 2.1 kg in framed carps. The average individual body weight of age-4+ fish was on average 5060.0±110.54 g for framed individuals and 4900.0±117.26 g for scaled ones. The weight gain of scaled Antoninsko-Zozulenets carp was 1.8 kg, framed carp - 1.9 kg. According to exterior parameters, age-3+ and age-4+ fish had higher values of the body length to height and condition factor, but were inferior in terms of the head length to body length ratio compared to their peers with the scaled cover. Originality. For the first time in the conditions of Ukraine, a comparative analysis of fish productive and biological parameters of the replacement brood stock of the first selective breeding generation of the Antoninsko-Zozulenets intrabreed type of the Ukrainian framed and scaled carp breed was carried out. Practical value. The use of brood fish of a new intrabreed type with defined features of the genotype will allow obtaining new promising lines for industrial cultivation at different levels of intensification of aquaculture and in different climatic zones as well as hybrids between geographically isolated populations.

Purpose. Analysis of the state and prospects of the use of vegetable proteins of various methods of manufacture in carp feeding in view of their functional and technological characteristics as well as in accordance with their impact on fish productive parameters and the functional state of the fish body. Findings. The world resources of animal and vegetable protein were characterized, a comparative analysis of nutrition, digestibility and functional characteristic data of feed components was carried out. The protein needs of carp, the main object of aquaculture in Ukraine, were examined. It is noted that vegetable proteins are widely used in carp feeding, but there are a number of limiting factors for the complete replacement of animal proteins with vegetable ones. In particular, the main such factors are the content of anti-nutrients, low digestibility and unbalanced amino acid composition of feed components of plant origin. Modern approaches to the introduction of plant proteins into the composition of feeds have been analyzed, which allows increasing the efficiency of their use in animal husbandry in general, and in fish farming in particular. The expediency of using plant proteins processed by a technical method, single-cell proteins obtained by fermentation, concentrates produced by the extraction method, hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as whey-purified protein isolates in feed production were characterized. The effect of their use in fish feeding on the physiological and biochemical parameters of the fish body is considered. It is noted that the composition and digestibility of vegetable proteins may differ depending on the source and processing method. A comparison of the economic feasibility of feeding vegetable and animal proteins to different types of fish was made. The expediency and prospects of using vegetable protein in the conditions of aquaculture in Ukraine and in the cultivation of carp are outlined. Practical value. Modern approaches to the use of vegetable protein in fish feeding increase its biological value and availability of nutrients, which allows obtaining additional increases in the weight of fish, reduce production costs and improve the quality characteristics of the grown products.

This article presents a study of the technology of growing carp (Cyprinus carpio) using different stocking densities in feeding ponds. Carp is one of the most common and essential freshwater fish species for commercial farming and consumption. The study was conducted over several months, with an assessment of carp's growth, survival, and productivity when using different stocking densities in feeding ponds. Different stocking densities included low (sparse), medium, and high (dense) carp individuals per unit area. To experiment, four groups of carp individuals were kept in feeding ponds at different stocking densities from 2,000 to 3,500 specimens per hectare of water area. Using extensive planting material of carp with an average weight of 55 g makes it possible to obtain commercial carp with an average weight of 485 g to 650 g during a two-year cycle of cultivation in the conditions of the second fish farming zone without reducing fish production. At the same time, the largest concentration of carp was obtained in a pond with sparse planting of annuals – 2.0 thousand specimens/ha. An increase in the planting density of yearlings of carp to 3.5 thousand units/ha led to a decrease in the average daily weight of two-year-old carp to 510 g while maintaining a high fish production of 1122 kg/ha. At the same time, a hydrochemical analysis was carried out in the ponds, and the amount and biomass of the natural feed base (phyto-, zooplankton, and zoobenthos) were determined. The analysis of the research results indicates that the stocking density of carp has a significant impact on its productivity. The sparse stocking conditions promoted more significant growth and better development of the fish, which may be due to less competition for food and space. On the other hand, high stocking density led to a slight decrease in growth and did not affect survival and fish productivity. The results of this study have practical applications for fish farms engaged in the cultivation of carp. They emphasize the importance of an optimal balance between the number of fish, the availability of natural feed, and the area of the feeding ponds in order to achieve maximum growth and productivity with minimum costs of keeping and feeding the fish. Such research will help improve fish farming technologies and optimize production processes to ensure sustainable and efficient development of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To provide a comprehensive characterization of the first selective breeding generation of the Antoninsko-Zozulenetsky intrabreed type of Ukrainian carp breeds at the 3rd and 4th year of life based on piscicultural and biological parameters. Methodology. The material for the study were age-2+ and age-3+ Antoninsko-Zozulenetsky carps. The main piscicultutral and biological parameters were studied during spring valuation and autumn harvest according to generally accepted methods in fish farming. The external evaluation of the experimental groups was carried out according to the following parameters: body weight and length, body depth, body girth. Measurements were made with a centimeter tape with an accuracy of 1 mm. Individual weighing of fish was carried out on electronic commercial scales with an accuracy of 1 g. Based on the results of the measurements, following exterior parameters were analyzed and determined: girth index, body length to depth ratio, head index. Findings. The study showed that both age-2 and age-3 framed carp had a lower weight loss rate of 11.95 and 10.11%% compared to 12.89 and 12.73%% in the scaly form. The yield from wintering was within 88.6–89.8% of age-2 fish and 88.9–89.3% of age-3 fish. The average body weight gain age-2+ framed carp during the season was 1.3 kg, the scaly carp - 1.1 kg. On the fourth year of life, this parameter in scaly carp was 1.6 kg, framed carp - 1.5 kg. Survival rate during the growing season was higher than standard values and was on average 96.8% in age-2+ fish and 95.9% in age-3+ fish. According to external parameters, age-2+ framed carp had higher values ​​of the body length to depth ratio by 0.3, compared to their peers with a scaly cover. The advantage of this experimental group was also in terms of condition factor: 2.56 versus 2.26. On the other hand, among age-3+, scaly individuals had an advantage according to the body length to depth ratio. Age-3+ framed carp prevailed in terms of the condition factor. Originality. A comparative analysis of piscicultural and biological parameters of the replacement and brood stock of the first selection generation of the Antoninsko-Zozulenetsky intrabreed type of carp was carried out in the conditions of Ukraine for the first time. Practical value. The use of brood fish of a new inbred type with defined features of the genotype will allow obtaining new promising lines for industrial cultivation at different levels of intensification of aquaculture and in different climatic zones, as well as hybrids between geographically isolated populations.

Purpose. To create stocks of age-1 and 1+ carp produced with the use of defrosted and native sperm and provide the comprehensive characteristics of their quantitative and qualitative parameters. Methodology. The material for the study were age-1 and 1+ Nyvky scaly and non-scaly carp. Main quantitative and qualitative parameters were studied during spring assessment and autumn harvest using conventional aquaculture methods. Stocking density of age-0+ fish for wintering was 10 thousand kg/ha, age-1 fish – 1 thousand fish/ha. The exterior assessment of multiple age groups was carried out using following parameters: body weight and length, body depth, body circumference. Measurements were done using a measuring tape with a precision of 1 mm. Fish were weighed individually on electronic balances with a precision of 1 g. Following main exterior indices were determined and analyzed: circumference index, body length to depth ratio, head index. Findings. The study showed that age-1 fish produced from defrosted sperm had 0.25 and 4.5% higher survivability during wintering with the prevalence of non-scaly carp, however they were characterized by higher weight loss: 1.13% for scaly carp and 1.65% for non-scaly carp. Age-1+ fish produced from defrosted sperm prevailed over their age-0+ by weight by 2.69% for scaly carp and by 7.34% for non-scaly carp. However, fish of the experimental group were characterized by lower survivability by 1.0% and 3.25% compared to the control group. Fish productivity parameters during the study period varied from 810.7 to 1056.0 kg/ha. Originality. For the first time in Ukraine, a comparative analysis of quantitative and qualitative parameters of age-1 and 1+ carp produced with the use of defrosted and native sperm was performed. Practical value. Use of the method of cryopreservation of sperm obtained from brood fish with desired peculiarities of genotype allows improving creation of highly productive stocks using methods of individual selection, getting highly productive crosses as well as hybrids between geographically isolated populations.

Purpose. To study the effect of addition of hulless oats during the growing period on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of replacement-brood stock of carp. Methodology. The replacement-brood stock of Lubin intra-breed type of Ukrainian scaly carp strain, which were kept in ponds of State Enterprise Experimental Fish Farm of Lviv Research Station of the Institute of Fisheries of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (IFNAASU) was used for the study. The stocking density was 1000 fish/ha. The experiment was based on four experimental groups. Carps of the first experimental group were fed during the entire growing period with a feed mixture with the addition of hulles oats in the amount of 10 %, while carps of the second group were fed with a feed with the addition of 30 % of hulless oats. The third experimental group received a feed mixture in June – July, and hulless oats in August. The control group of carp was fed with the feed mixture throughout the entire growing period. The stocking density of fish was 1000 fish/ha. Piscicultural studies were conducted in accordance with current methods. Sampling of water for chemical analysis and its processing in the laboratory was carried out according to O. Alokin according to the Standard of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine. Haemoglobin content was determined by the haemoglobin-cyanide method. Blood erythrocytes were counted in a Goryaev chamber. Abundance and weight of natural feeds in ponds were determined according to I.A. Kyseliov, V.I. Zhadin. Zooplankton biomass was determined using tables of individual weights of F.D. Mordukhai-Boltovskoi. Analytical processing of the material was performed using MS Excel. The criteria for the analysis of indicators were their mean (M) and mean deviation (m). Findings. Peculiarities of growth, development of carp and efficiency of feed usage with the addition of hulless oats on the background of similar satisfactory growing conditions were studied. It was found that additional feeding of carp with hulless oats at an amount of 30% was effective. In particular, its addition resulted in an increase in individual weight by 31.1% and survival rate by 2.33%. Studies of the physiological functions of the body of experimental fish during the growing period after adding the hulless oats into the main diet provided an opportunity to recommend its use in the feeding process of age–1+carp in order to increase fish productivity. Originality. The advisability of using hulless oats in the feeding of replacement-brood stock of juvenile carp was studied in Ukraine for the first time. The analysis of productive, physiological and economic indicators has been carried out. Practical value. The results of a comprehensive assessment of piscicultura; and biological parameters provide recommendations for the use of hulless oats in the feeding of replacement-brood stock of juvenile carp.

Topicality. The article presents data and substantiates the feasibility of ultrasonic processing use while cleansing the carcass of commercially caught pond fish from scale on the example of carp. Purpose and methods. The aim of this research is to improve the process of cleansing carp Cyprinus carpio carcass from scale using ultrasonic processing by estimating the practical model that describes the relationship strength scale-skin fish. In the course of the study, analytical, theoretical and experimental methods have been applied, using control and measuring equipment of appropriate accuracy, standard methods for examining food raw materials, modern methods of mathematical statistics, correlation analysis, and computer technologies. Results. Based on the results of experimental data evaluation, the theoretical dependence of the scale-skin bond strength on the mass of pond fish carcass has been confirmed. The conducted experimental studies made it possible to determine the strength of the scale-skin bond for pond fish carcass in the native and chilled states, and to calculate, based on the experimental data, the value of the k3 coefficient for carp. While using this, it becomes possible to calculate the strength of the scale-skin bond for carcass of any weight group in theoretical way. Experimental studies gave an opportunity to fix the change in the strength of the scale-skin bond for carp carcass of industrial catch in conditions of storage in a chilled form. This dimension was found to vary a little, and the scale-skin bond strength in the native state could be used in order to elaborate the specification for the scale removal device. The dynamics of changes in the strength of the scale-skin bond under the influence of ultrasonic processing of fish raw materials was determined. It was revealed that the greatest influence on the change in the scale-skin bond was exposed to ultrasonic vibrations with a frequency of 22 kHz. So, the use of the specified frequency reduced the processing time by 27...34% for carp. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the selected frequency (22 kHz) has the highest oscillation amplitude of ultrasonic end of the emitter. Conclusions and discussion. It has been established that the ultrasonic frequency, the mass of fish carcass and the duration of processing have a decisive influence on the efforts of the scale-skin bond. The scale-skin bond ratio for Cyprinus carpio carp carcass in the native state was calculated, the value of which is 2.29. During the experimental studies, it was highlighted that the magnitude of the scale-skin bond coefficient for carp carcass changes insignificantly, and the strength of the scale-skin bond in the native state can be used to elaborate the terms of reference for the apparatus for removing scales. The greatest influence on the change in the scale-skin connection in conditions of ultrasonic processing was recorded at an oscillation frequency of 22 kHz. Prospects for further scientific research are to found the implementation of a complex process for cleansing fish carcass from scale, in particular, removing the fish guts, which can affect the reduction in the energy content and material consumption of the corresponding processes.

Purpose. Analysis of productive and economic indicators in the cultivation of age-1+ carp as a result of the use of prebiotics based on mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) in feeding. Methodology. Four ponds were used, two of which were experimental and two control ponds, which were stocked with age-1 scaly carp with an average weight of 76–77 g at a stocking density of 2200 specimens/ha. Fish of Experiment 1 and Control 1 were fed with extruded feed with a protein content of 23%, fish in Experiment 2 and Control 2 were fed with a grain mixture with a protein content of 19%. 0.05% prebiotic based on MOS "Actigen" was added to the diet of experimental groups of carp throughout the growing season. Optimal conditions for carp farming were ensured including control over oxygen, hydrochemical and hydrobiological regimes in ponds, which were measured according to the generally accepted methods in fish farming. Fishery and economic indicators of growing age-1+ were determined after harvesting fish in autumn. Findings. Major hydrochemical parameters in all ponds were within the normative values. The average seasonal biomass of forage organisms of zooplankton and zoobenthos during the growing season did not differ in the experimental ponds and amounted to 10.33-16.23 g/m3 and 1.23-2.96 g/m3. A positive effect of the use of prebiotics based on MOS in the feeding of age-1+ carp was established. When the prebiotic was given as a part of the extruded feed, the average weight of fish was higher by 11.5%, and fish productivity by 22.7% relative to the control group, while the cost of feed for cultivation was lower by 20%. When it was added to the grain mixture, these values were higher by 12.9%, 16.3% and 16.7%, respectively. The profit, as a result of the use of the prebiotic based on MOS in the composition of the extruded feed increased by 43.3% compared to Control 1, and by 19.1% compared to Control 2 when it was added to the grain mixture. Originality. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the use of the prebiotic based on MOS in the composition of extruded feed and grain mixtures was performed taking into account productivity and economic indicators. Practical value. The obtained results indicate the feasibility and effectiveness of the use of prebiotics based on MOS in the feeding of age-1+ carp. Introduction of experimental additives to feeds of different composition helps to obtain additional growth and increase the economic component in the cultivation of carp to marketable condition.

Purpose. To evaluate the reproductive indicators and exterior characteristics of the breeding brood stock of the Galician carp group at the original farms, namely farms "Korop" and "Dzherelo", State Enterprise "Lviv Experimental Station". Methodology. The study was conducted according to generally accepted methods in fish farming and breeding using statistical processing and data analysis. The productive features of the Galician carp were improved by the method of mass selection and directional selection. The tasks of the selection were to obtain a breeding stock of the Galician group, which will ensure the production of offspring with high individual weight in the first year of life. Findings. The age of maturity in brood Galician carp was 3-4 years in males and 4-5 years in females. After pituitary stimulation in the conditions of industrial reproduction, a positive reaction of the brood fish was established, which exceeded 92%. When forming breeding stocks of Galician carp in the first year of life, the intensity of selection was 15%. Directional selection on the basis of average individual weight started on the second year of life. The intensity of selection of age-1+ Galician carp group was 50%, then this parameter exceeded 85%. Reproduction of the Galician carp group occurred in spawning ponds and in industrial conditions. Working fertility of females was 1256.0 ± 132.80 thousand eggs, relative fertility - 127.5 ± 5.52 thousand eggs/kg, which was quite high in comparison with the Ukrainian framed carp. During the reproduction of Galician carp in ponds, the yield of three-day-old larvae from one nest amounted to 241 thousand individuals. According to the obtained data, based on the exterior indicators, the Galician carp group is characterized by a high-backed physique and fleshy structure, which is preserved throughout life. In view of the conducted study, the Galician carp group fully complies with the requirements of the Regulation on approbation of selection achievements in animal husbandry and can be submitted to the relevant authorities for consideration and approval as an intrabreed type of Ukrainian framed and scaly carp breeds. Originality. The analysis of reproductive indicators of the breeding brood stock of Galician carp will serve as a basis for the presentation of this group in the status of intrabreed type and its approval as a selection achievement. Practical value. The obtained results will contribute to the expansion of the Galician carp group both in the aquaculture of Ukraine and abroad. Breeding brood material as an object of selection will be involved in work with framed carp mixes.

Purpose. The aim of the work was to study certain morpho-physiological parameters of carp as a result of additional introduction of a mycotoxin sorbent to a feed with signs of spoilage. Methodology. During 2019–2020, two experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The first one included 7 groups-analogues of age-1+ Nyvky carp, 20 fish in each group, with an average weight of 22.5 g. The control group of fish was fed for 24 days with a compound feed with signs of spoilage, «Mykosorb» was additionally added to the diet of the experimental groups in the amounts of 0.05, 0.1; 0.15; 0.2; 0.25 and 0.4%, respectively. The second group included 4 groups of age-1+ fish, 12 fish in each group, with an average weight of 20.0 g. The diet of the control group was identical to that of the first experiment, and the experimental groups with the addition of 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1% of «Mycosorb», respectively. During the study, optimal conditions for keeping fish were provided. Fish after were measured and weighed at the end of the experiment and their weight gains were analyzed according to generally accepted methods in fish farming. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of lipid peroxidation products depending on the composition of the diet were studied. Findings. The studies used compound feed with signs of spoilage as a result of violation of their storage technology, which identified three groups of toxins: Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol. As a result of the first stage of the study, the rates of application of mycotoxin sorbent into the diet of carp at amounts of 0.05 - 0.2% were determined. At the same time, there was no clear proportional pattern of changes in the average weight of fish depending on the amount of introduction of «Mycosorb», the value increased in all experimental groups compared to the control by 0.4 – 15.2%. Muscles of age-1+ fish were found to have higher (p

Purpose. To investigate the effect of feeding carp with hulless oat during pre-spawning period on the reproductive functions of female carp as well as on qualitative characteristics of the obtained eggs. Methodology. The objects of the study were females of the Nyvky intra-breed type of the Ukrainian scaly carp breed, which were kept during the pre-spawning period in pond conditions of the State Enterprise “Nyvka” of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS of Ukraine. Females were divided into 3 groups. The first group (Experiment I) was fed with 30% hulless oat, the second (Experiment II) with 100% hulless oat. The control group of fish (Control) was fed with a grain mixture. Experiments were conducted in accordance with current methods used in aquaculture. The mass fraction of protein was determined by the Kjeldahl method, the fat content was determined by S.V. Rushkovsky method. Determination of total lipids was performed by the Folch method. Sampling of water for chemical analysis and its processing in the laboratory was carried out according to O.A. Alokin method according to the Standard of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine. Analytical processing of the material was performed using MS Excel. The criteria for the analysis of studied parameters were their mean values (M) and standard deviations (m). Results. According to studies, the use of 30% hulless oat in the feed of female carp during the pre-spawning has a positive effect on their production of eggs, as evidenced by an increase in relative fertility by 15.6%, fertilization rate by 4.0%, and survival of the obtained 3-day-old larvae by 5.0%. According to biochemical parameters of eggs, there was an increase in the amount of essential amino acids by 3.04 and 2.01 g/100 g of protein, and fractions of lipids responsible for energy storage, in particular triglycerides, by 11.56 and 5.62%, phospholipids by 3.65 and 2.37%, and fatty acids by 5.33 and 3.11%, respectively, according to the experimental groups. Instead, cholesterol levels decreased by 13.4 and 25.2%. Temperature, oxygen, and hydrochemical regimes in the hatchery were within aquaculture standards, except for permanganate oxidation and total iron and chlorine ions. Originality. The prospects of using hulless oat in feeding brood carp were studied in Ukraine for the first time. The analysis of reproductive parameters of female carp as a result of experimental feeding and evaluation of the qualitative characteristics of eggs and offspring obtained by the method of factory reproduction was conducted. Practical value. The results of a comprehensive assessment of aquaculture and biological parameters will provide recommendations for the use of hulless oat in feeding female carp during pre-spawning period.

Purpose. To study the effect of the feed factor on the functional state of the carp body (Cyprinus carpio L.) under the conditions of growing in a model recirculation system of complex purpose with the use of intensive technologies. Methodology. The experimental part of the study was performed at the laboratory of the Scientific and Research Lab “Aquaculture Perspectives”, Scientific and Research Laboratory of “Physiological and Biochemical Studies named after S. Pentelyuk”, Scientific and Research Laboratory of Ecological and Chemical Analysis and Water Monitoring of the State Education Institution “Kherson State Agrarian and Economical University” and at the laboratory of the “Kherson Production and Experimental Hatchery of Ordinary Fish Breeding”. Carp growing was carried out in the model installation of tanks recirculation type with using intensive technologies, alternative energy sources, method of gas-discharge visualization. During the experiment following was performed: clinical examination of fish, control of growth rate and weight gain, survival rate, physiological state and morpho-functional parameters of blood in accordance with conventional methods. Findings. The general functional state of the organism of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in ontogenesis was investigated against the background of activation of adaptive-compensatory mechanisms, metabolic processes under the influence of the food factor under rearing conditions in a model system for complex purposes in aquaculture. Positive results of analysis of morpho-functional, biochemical parameters of carp blood were obtained when feeding with a feed mixture from natural fodder and biologically active substances. The degree of influence of the fodder factor as a corrector of metabolic processes in the carp organism when growing the marketable mass has been studied. Originality. The conducted analysis of gas-discharge visualization of static GDV-gram parameters of optoelectronic emission of young-of-the-year carp showed differences in functional activity in the organism of fish from the experimental group in relation to the control group, which was also substantiated and argumentative by the parameters of carp blood and development rate. Practical value. The proposed method of feeding carp in the recirculation system contributes to the correction of metabolic processes in their body, which makes it possible to reduce the cost through the use of natural feed, the cultivation of which is introduced into the recirculation system, the formation of a mixture of our own production, using the GDV-method diagnostics of objects and energy-saving elements in technological map.

Purpose. The aim of the work was to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of using the prebiotic "Actigen" in the process of commercial cultivation of carp taking into account productive and economic indicators. Methodology. The study was conducted in 2019, using three ponds, two of which were experimental and one control, which were stocked with age-1 scaly carp with an average weight of 55 - 56 g at a stocking density of 1000 specimens/ha. Carp of the experimental groups were fed during 90 days of the growing season with a feed with supplemented with the prebiotic "Actigen" at the amount of 0.025% (Experiment 1) and 0.05% (Experiment 2). Optimal conditions for carp keeping were provided during the study with the control of oxygen, temperature, hydro-chemical and hydro-biological regimes of the aquatic environment and analysis of the efficiency of cultivation at the end of the growing season according to generally accepted methods in aquaculture. Piscicultural and economic indicators of age-1+ carp cultivation were determined at the end of the growing season. Findings. Conditions for growing carp in experimental and control ponds were satisfactory. No dependence of the hydro-chemical regime of experimental ponds on the composition of the diet was found. The average seasonal biomass of food organisms of zooplankton and zoobenthos during the growing season was 10.81 – 20.64 g/m3 and 0.47 – 0.73 g/m2, respectively, and served as an additional source of food for carp. It was found that the average weight of age-1+ carp, which was fed with the feed with the addition of 0.025% and 0.05% of prebiotic supplements, was higher by 11.9% and 22.2%, respectively, fish productivity – by 12.1% and 23.1%. The feed conversion rate was lower by 9.5% and 19.1% relative to the control. The cost of additionally obtained fish products when fish were fed with a feed supplemented with the prebiotic at the amount of 0.025% was 4290 UAH/ha, 0.05% - 8190 UAH/ ha. The contingent income, including costs for feeds and fish seeds using 0.025% and 0.05% prebiotic, was 20.9% and 33.6% higher, respectively, than in the control group. Originality. The effect of prebiotic "Actigen" on productivity and economic indicators in the process of growing age-1+ carp was studied for the first time. The implementation of this task provided an opportunity to increase the fish productivity of ponds by feeding fish with an artificial feed of improved composition. Practical value. The obtained results testify to the expediency and efficiency of using prebiotic "Actigen" in fish farming. Reducing the cost and obtaining additional gains in the cultivation of fish products is provided by improving the quality characteristics of feed.

Purpose. Study of the effect of amaranth feed additive on the peculiarities of growth, development, feed efficiency and economic component when rearing age-1+ carp; as well as the reproductive performance of female carp based on an analysis of its nutritional and biologically active properties. Methodology. Two experiments were conducted in which the effect of feeding of age-1+ and female carp with seeds of Ukrainian high-yielding forage amaranth with biologically active properties "Kharkiv-1" on physiological and productive parameters was analyzed. Carp were fed with granulated compound feed with a protein content of 23%, which was additionally supplemented with ground amaranth seeds by granulation method in the amount of 10% to replace the cereal component, pre-subjected to heat treatment. Piscicultural, breeding, hydrochemical and hydro-biological studies were carried out according to conventional aquaculture methods. Findings. The main hydrochemical parameters were found to be within piscicultural standards. Development of phyto-, zooplankton and zoobenthos on average for the season both in terms of quantity and biomass practically did not differ in both ponds. When determining the efficiency of the use of ground amaranth seeds in the feeding of age-1+ carp during the growing season, an improvement in piscicultural parameters was found. In particular, the average weight of fish caught at the end of the growing season in the study group was 10.5%, respectively, the fish productivity was 12.2% higher than in the control, and the feed cost was 10.3% lower. Taking into account the cost of fish seeds and the cost of feed growing, an additional income 9.3% was obtained. It has been found that the addition of amaranth to the diet of female carp during pre-spawning retention positively affects the production of eggs, their fertilizing capacity, and the viability of larvae obtained. Accordingly, an increase in relative working fertility by 3.4%, the percentage of fertilization of eggs by 3%, and the yield of 3-day larvae by 6.7% in the experimental group were observed. Originality. During the study, based on the analysis of the nutritional and biologically active properties of amaranth, for the first time its effect on the productive performance of age-1+ carp and the reproductive parameters of female carp was studied, as well as the effectiveness of its use in the diet. Practical value. Finding feed components with high protein content and suitable for introduction in natural environment of Ukraine is topical and necessary to meet the needs of fish industry. Accordingly, the study of the efficiency of introducing amaranth into the diets of different age groups of carp will have a positive effect on growth, survival and reproductive performance, and will also reduce feed costs.

Aeromonosis of carp fish is one of the most common diseases of pond fish, which causes significant loss for fisheries: fish mortality is from 10 to 90%. For fish treatment antibacterial drugs such as nitrofuran, antibiotics, feed antibiotics, as well as dyes are used. Despite the significant benefits of using antibiotics, it is now believed that overuse of any antibiotic substance over a period of time can lead to a local population of bacteria resistant to them. Therefore, probiotics have several advantages over existing vitamin and antibiotic drugs: they are technological in animal use; low toxic; cheap; simple and environmentally friendly production; high economic efficiency of application. Here are the results of studies of the influence of the synbiotic drug “Enteronormin” with iodine and selenium on the indices of nonspecific resistance to the organism of carp affected by bacterial aeromonosis. The research was conducted under the conditions of aquariums at the Lviv Research Station of the Institute of Fisheries of NAAS. The control group, which consisted of clinically healthy fish, received only 3% starch suspension, the 1st experimental group (E1) — aeromonosis affected carps who were given only 3% starch suspension, the 2nd experimental group (E2), which consisted of carps affected aeromonosis, through the probe within 7 days was administered the drug “Enteronormin” at the rate of 2 mg per 1 kg of fish weight in the composition of 3% starch suspension. Before feeding for the carp drug was activated for 14–16 hours water enriched with Iodine and Selenium ions in the Iodis + Se form (TU U 15.7-30631018-011:2011). Studies have shown that a disease associated with the bacterial form of aeromonosis has an immunosuppressive effect on the body’s natural resistance. In particular, there was a decrease in the phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes and lysozyme activity of the blood serum against the background of an increase in the content of circulating immune complexes and phagocytic index. The rehabilitative effect of the enteronormin synbiotic drug on the investigated indices of cellular and humoral setions of nonspecific resistance of fish organisms affected by bacterial aeromonosis was ascertained.

Fish bacterial infectious diseases are a signifi cant problem for aquaculture, often leading to massive fi sh deaths and signifi cant economic losses. For fi sh treatment often used antibacterial drugs: nitrofuran, antibiotics, feed antibiotics, as well as dyes. Finding eff ective drugs and studying their eff ects on the body of fi sh are relevant. Nowadays, diff erent groups of substances, including probiotics, are off ered as an alternative to increase the growth of animals and to combat pathogens. Here are the results of studies of the infl uence of the probiotic drug "Enteronormin" on the indicators that characterize the status of T- and B-cell immunity of carp aff ected by bacterial Aeromonosis. Enteronormin is a probiotic supplement , wich contains a bacteria complex - Enterococcus spp, Bacillus subtilis spp, Lactobacillus spp; and excipients - chitosan, peptone enzymatic and ground sugar (РП № ВВ-00427-02-12 від 13.04.2012). The research was conducted under the conditions of aquariums at the Lviv Research Station of the Institute of Fisheries of NAAS. The control group, which consisted of clinically healthy fi sh, received only 3% starch suspension, the fi rst experimental group (D1) - Aeromonosis aff ected carps who were given only 3% starch suspension, the second experimental group (D2), which consisted of carps aff ected Aeromonosis, through the probe within 7 days was administered the drug "Enteronormin", at the rate of 2 mg per 1 kg of fi sh weight, in the composition of 3% starch suspension. Before feeding for the carp drug was activated for 14-16 hours water enriched with Iodine and Selenium ions in the Jodis + Se form (TU U 15.7-30631018-011: 2011). It is established that the disease of carp on Aeromonosis leads to changes in the number and functional activity of immunocompetent blood cells. The inhibition of lymphocytogenesis and functional activity of immunocompetent cells in carp blood in a disease associated with the bacterial form of aeromonosis was ascertained. The use in the experimental carps group in the composition of 3% starch suspension of the drug "Enteronormin" had a normalizing eff ect on the state of T-cell specifi c protection, but did not signifi cantly aff ect the amount of EAC-RUL and their functional activity.

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to investigate the feasibility and efficiency of the use of milk thistle in the process of commercial cultivation of the common carp in terms of productive and economic indicators. Methodology. The study was conducted in two experimental and control ponds, which were stocked with carp yearlings at a density of 1000 ind./ha. The carp of the first experimental group during the growing season were additionally fed with a diet containing 1% of milk thistle, while the second experimental group – 5%. During the work, optimal conditions of carp cultivation were maintained. The dissolved oxygen, temperature hydro-chemical and hydro-biological regimes of the aquatic environment were monitored and the efficiency of cultivation at the end of the growing season was analyzed by conventional methods. Findings. In general, the conditions of fish cultivation in the experimental and control ponds were satisfactory. No relationship was observed between the hydro-chemical regime of the experimental ponds and the diet composition. The average seasonal biomass of feed organisms of zooplankton and zoobenthos during the growing season were 4.22 – 5.11 g/m3 and 1.37 – 1.62 g/m2 respectively, and equally contributed to the process of carp cultivation both in experimental variants and in the control. It was found that the average weight of carps fed with diets contained 1% and 5% of ground milk thistle was higher by 7.3% and 5.6%, respectively, fish productivity – by 9.8% and 7.2%. At the same time feed costs per kilogram of production decreased by 5.9% and 8.8% compared to the control. The cost of additionally obtained fishery products when supplementing the diet with 1% of milk thistle amounted to 11849 UAH/ha, 5% – 10217 UAH/ha. The attributable profit, including costs of feed and fish seeds, when using 1% of milk thistle was 13.1% higher than in the control, 5% – 0.7% higher in the control group. Scientific novelty. According to a wide range of biologically active properties of milk thistle, the effect of this additive on the productive and economic indicators in the process of age-2 carp has been studied for the first time. The implementation of this practice provided an opportunity to increase fish productivity by feeding fish with artificial feeds of improved composition. Practical value. Reducing the cost and obtaining additional weight gains during the cultivation of aquaculture products can be ensured by improving the quality characteristics of fish feeds, and, accordingly, the physiological parameters of age-2 carp organism.

Purpose. To investigate the efficiency of the supplementation of the basic diet of age-3 carp with the prebiotic "Actigen" in pond conditions. To provide control over the aquatic environment conditions, to determine the effect of the tested supplement on the fish productivity of the experimental ponds and feed costs for fish cultivation. Methodology. Experimental studies were conducted at the fish farm “Karpatskiy Vodograi” LLC of the Pustomyty district of Lviv region under the conditions of similar ponds with one source of water supply. Ponds were stocked with scaly carp yearlings with an average weight of 55 - 58 g, at a stocking density of 1000 fish/ha. The control group of fish was fed with a balanced compound feed, while three experimental groups were supplemented with 0.025% “Actigen” by granulation using the granulation method (Experiment 1); 0.05% (Experiment 2) and 0.075% (Experiment 3). The duration of the study was 60 days. Hydrochemical, hydrobiological and oxygen regimes of the aquatic environment were monitored during the growing season. Hydrochemical and hydrobiological studies were conducted according to the methods described by Alyokin O. A, Zhadin V. I. and Krazhan S. A. Findings. Satisfactory conditions for carp cultivation were ensured during the growing season. The main parameters of the chemical composition of pond water were in accordance with the fishery standards, there were no peculiarities of changes in these parameters depending on the composition of fish diet. The dissolved oxygen concentration in water ranged from 3.8 to 8.8 mg/dm3. Quantitative development of zooplankton during the growing season was characterized by average parameters. The total number of zooplankton in the ponds ranged from 26.0 to 426.0 thousand ind./m3, and the biomass - from 2.20 to 11.19 g/m3. It was found that the use of the prebiotic Aktiben prebiotic for feeding age-2 carp at the rate of 0.05%, 0.025% and 0.075% had a positive effect on the fish productivity in the experimental ponds: the average fish weight exceeded the values of the control group by 6.3%, 21.3% and 1.3%, respectively. fish productivity increased by 10.0%, 31.0% and 1.2%. In the same time, the feed costs for carp cultivation decreased by 1.1 (0.025% of the supplement) and 1.3 times (0.05% of the supplement) relative to control. Originality. For the first time, the effect of the prebiotic action of "Actigen" was investigated, when it was introduced into the basic diet of age-2 carp on productive indices and feed costs. Practical value. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of using Actigen in aquaculture and the prospect of further studies of its effect on the physiological and biochemical parameters of fish body.

The following article presents a new raw component in compound feed for carp – feed concentrate produced from cereal production waste. The feed concentrate is based on several types of cereal fodder meal - wheat, pea, barley, as well as wheat bran and unshelled oat grain. The feed concentrate is balanced according to the needs of carp and can be used as feed for carp instead of wheat grain or as a part of compound feed for carp. Heat-moisture processing of compound feed before extrusion is one of the main stages that further ensure the stability of technological processes and the final quality of the feed concentrate. The amino acid composition was determined at various temperatures of the feed concentrate after heat-moisture treatment of + 40, 60, 70 and 80º С at a constant moisture content of the concentrate of +282° С. Amino acid score has been calculated for feed concentrates that have been exposed to various heat treatments. The amino score was calculated in relation to the carp's need for essential amino acids. It was found that an increase in the temperature of the concentrate during heat-moisture treatment leads to a decrease in the content of essential amino acids. For example, the total content of methionine and cysteine in the composition of the feed concentrate at a temperature of +75° C was 0.46%, with the minimum allowable total content of these amino acids in the composition of feed 0,5%. Heat-moisture treatment at a product temperature above +75° C leads to a decrease in the content of essential amino acids and the biological value of the feed concentrate. The process of extrusion of feed concentrate from waste of cereal production has been studied. The glucose content in the feed concentrate was studied at various extrusion modes. The glucose content indicates the degree of modification of the starch during the extrusion process, and the more glucose the product contains, the better it is absorbed by the carp. When extruded with an increase in temperature, the starch passes into a viscous-flowing (gelatinized) state, forming a so-called melt, the cooling of which also leads to the formation of a three-dimensional gel network. The feed concentrate granule becomes monolithic in structure; it becomes quite hard and can harm the intestines of carp. Therefore, it contains wheat bran in an amount of 1%, as a component that is able to weaken the feed concentrate granule. The degree of starch destruction in the composition of the extruded feed concentrate with the addition of wheat bran reached its maximum and the granule became porous, its hardness decreased. It was detected that when the temperature of the feed concentrate after extrusion rises above +100°C, the biological value of the feed concentrate decreases, and it becomes unbalanced in the content of such essential amino acids as lysine, threonine, methionine and cysteine. Therefore, the optimum product temperature after extrusion is +90-100˚C. The effectiveness of extruded feed concentrate was determined in the composition of granulated feed for two- and threeyear-old carp. The feed ratio of the compound feed containing the feed concentrate was 0.9 units, which is 64% lower than of the control compound feed, which includes a non-extruded grain group that is not balanced in terms of carp needs.

Purpose. To study the effect of bentonite mineral added to the basic diet of age-1 carps on the content of lipids and their individual classes as well as on the chemical composition of muscles to establish the efficiency of its optimal rates for carp feeding. Methodology. The study was conducted at the laboratory of fish feeds and feeding of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS in conditions of aquariums-analogues for 27 days. The object of the study were age-1 Nyvka scaled carp. The experiment included one control group and five experimental groups. Carp of experimental groups were fed with feeds with added bentonite ratios as follows: 0.1%, 0.2%, 2%, 5%, and 10%. The determination of the content of common lipids was carried out by Folch’s weight method, the content of individual lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography. The weight content of protein was determined by Kjeldahl method, fat content – by S.V. Rushkovsky method. The experimental works were conducted according to generally accepted fisheries methods. Findings. The study analyzed the effect of feeding age-1 carps with non-activated bentonite clay in the composition of basic ration on biochemical parameters of fish organism. A comparison of the efficiency of the use of this dietary supplement at different concentrations during fish growing in laboratory conditions was carried out. The conducted experimental studies showed that addition of bentonite to feed composition at an amount from 0.2% to 5% of feed weight contributed to an increase in triacylglycerol and decrease in cholesterol ester content in the muscles of age-1 carp. In addition, a 10% increase in phospholipids (P

Purpose. To determine the efficiency of using amaranth (Amaranthus) in carp feeding under standard rearing conditions and under the effect of stress-factors common in aquaculture, in order to activate the antioxidant protection system of their organism. Methodology. Fishery and hydrochemical studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods. The protein content was determined by the Bretford method. The concentration of diene conjugates was studied using a method based on the reaction of the optical density of a heptane isopropanol lipid extract. Determination of the concentration of TBA-active products was carried out spectrophotometrically by a color reaction with thiobarbituric acid. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined as the percent of the inhibition of nitrosin tetrazolium reduction reaction in the presence of phenazine methosulfate. Catalase activity was determined by changing H2O2 concentration. Findings. The research was conducted in the aquaria room of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS. The effect on the antioxidant protection system activity of the organism of carp yearlings after addition of amaranth to their diet in the amount of 10% has been analyzed. Rearing was carried out under standard conditions and under the effect of stress-factors that are common for fish culture: pollution of the aquatic environment caused by the introduction of intensification measures; complex contamination of water with simultaneous decrease in the dissolved oxygen content. The research showed that the additional feeding of amaranth to carps under standard conditions of cultivation, there was a certain tendency to an increase in the content of SOD in muscle and hepatopancreas (by 5.9–8.3%) and to an increase in the content of lipid peroxidation products (by 14.3–15.7%). The effect of stress factors showed more marked tendencies. Thus, in polluted water, the activity of SOD in muscle significantly increased (p˂0.01), at the same time, the content of diene conjugates (p˂0.01) increased. In hepatopancreas, a tendency to a 2.9% increase in the activity of catalase and a 44.1% decrease in the content of diene conjugates was observed. Under the complex effect of stress factors, the activity of catalase and TBA-products in muscles tended to decrease, diene conjugates tended to increase, while SOD increased (p˂0,01). In hepatopancreas, there was a tendency to an increase in the content of catalase and SOD, respectively, by 16.5% and 5.9%. At the same time, the content of products of lipid peroxidation — TBA products (p˂0,01) and diene conjugates (p˂0,001) reduced. Originality. The analysis of anti-oxidant properties of amaranth and the degree of the effect of feeding this additive to carp yearlings on the antioxidant protection system activity of their organism under standard conditions of cultivation and the effect of stress-factors common for aquaculture have been analyzed. Practical value. Supplementation of carp diet with amaranth in production conditions can be used as a way to reduce the degree of adverse effects of common environmental stress-factors (contamination as a result of intensive measures and decrease in dissolved oxygen content in water to critical values) on the functional state of fish organism by increasing the antioxidant protection system activity.

Purpose. To characterize some physiological-biochemical peculiarities of cross-bred carp of the first generation from crossing Antoninsko-Zozulenets and Lubin intrabreed types of Ukrainian framed breed. To establish the peculiarities of protein metabolism in the organism of the studied carp groups. Methodology. Classical biochemical methods of the determination of protein concentration and ratios of its fractions in tissues were used for the study. Findings. Peculiarities of protein metabolism in the organism of cross-bred carp of the first generation from crossing Antoninsko-Zozulenets and Lubin intrabreed types of Ukrainian framed breed were demonstrated. In particular, data on protein content in skeletal muscle tissues and hepatopancreas of the studied fish groups were provided. Scientific novelty. An analysis of protein metabolism in the organism of cross-bred carp of the first generation from crossing Antoninsko-Zozulenets and Lubin intrabreed types of Ukrainian framed breed was performed for the first time. Practical value. Protein metabolism defines physiological-biochemical homeostasis of fish organism in a significant degree. Therefore, protein concentration in tissues as well as the ratio of some protein fractions play an important role in the evaluation of biological peculiarities of the examined carp groups and reflect the functioning of major metabolic systems in fish organism.

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Purpose. The main purpose is developing effective measures for stocking the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir with valuable fish species by studying the biological and fishery aspects of the formation and exploitation of their commercial stocks. Methods. During the work, we used the generalized results of integrated hydrobiological studies performed in 2015-2017. Materials were collected in the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir using standard fishing gears for fish sampling. Collection and processing of phyto-, zooplankton and zoobenthos samples were carried out using conventional hydrobiological methods. Calculation of fish seed amounts was carried out using classical fishery and ichthyological methods. Findings. The status of fish feed supply of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir and its production potential was determined. Based on the obtained data, we calculated the potential productivity of the reservoir. It was found that the reservoir had certain feed supply reserves allowing large scale stocking with the juveniles of commercial fish species. The recommended amounts of reservoir stocking in 2017 were calculated as follows: 570 thousand 1+ carp (weight 100-130 g); 1560 thousand 1+ silver carp (weight of 100-130 g); 400 thousand 1+ bighead carp (weight of 100-130 g); 220 thousand 1+ grass carp (weight of 100-130 g); 135 thousand 0+ tench (weight of 10-20 g); 83 thousand 0+ pike (weight of 100 g); 83 thousand 1+ pikeperch (weight 100 g). Scientific novelty. The presented results of the study of the state of fish feed supply in the reservoir allow stocking with the calculated amounts creating the bases of the rational use of aquatic bioresources with the preservation of the productive potential of commercial fish species exploited by commercial fishery in the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir. Practical value. Stocking the reservoir with fish allows improving the overall ecological status of the reservoir and increasing fish productivity under the conditions of commercial fishery exploitation.

Purpose. To study the effect of thistle seeds introduced into the basic diet of carp, the functional state of antioxidant protection (AOP) and the formation of lipid peroxidation products (LPP) in fish hepatopancreas. Methodology. The study has been carried out at the Lviv Research Station of the Institute of Fisheries in duplicate. The first replication was done in 2013, the second one in 2014 at industrial conditions of ponds with similar areas and with the same source of water supply. The object of the study were age-2 Lubin scaled carp. The experiment consisted of four variants and lasted 60 days. The control group of carp received a complete combined feed without additives during the entire growing season, while the experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received feeds supplemented with 1, 5 and 10% of milled thistle. Thistle was introduced into the feed composition by granulation method. At the end of the experiment, tissue samples of the experimental groups of fish were taken for biochemical analysis. We used 10% tissue homogenates of carp hepatopancreas. We investigated the concentration of diene conjugates using a method based on the reaction of optical density of lipid heptanizopropanol extract. The determination of TBA-active products was carried out spectrophotometrically based on the color reaction with tiobarbitur acid. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was studied by determining the percentage inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction reaction in the presence of fenazynmetasulfate. The activity of catalase was analyzed based on the concentration of H2O2. The determination of protein content was performed by Bradford method. The processing of experimental results was performed by variational statistics. Statistically significant difference was assessed using a Student t-test. Findings. As a result of experimental studies in industrial conditions in duplicate, we detected AOP activation and reduction in LPO process intensity in hepatopancreas of all three experimental groups of carp, which received the feed supplemented with 1, 5 and 10% of milled thistle as compared to the control. This trend was more pronounced when using 1 and 5% of this additive in feed composition. In particular, the SOD content significantly increased (P

Purpose. Establish and compare the content of the total lipids in the liver, skeletal muscle, gill and brain pond carp active life condition and under artificial hibernation carbon. Methodology. The experiments were conducted on the Ukrainian scaly carp breed (Cyprinus caprio L.) weighing 250–270 g. To conduct research to form two groups (control — 5 copies of the fish and an experimental — each point hypobiosis exposure to 5 copies of the fish). Introduction of fish hypobiotically state conducted for the use of a patented model artificial hibernation. The selection of material performed by opening the first and second fish group on the 3, 6 and 24 hours of exposure, then it is frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Lipid extraction after homogenization of brain tissue, liver, skeletal muscle and gills was performed according to Folch. The content of the total lipids (from the weight of the dry residue) after extraction was determined using the gravimetric method. The separation into individual lipid fractions were determined thin layer chromatography by plates "Silufol". Quantitative determination of total phospholipids — hydroxamate method; cholesterol — colorimetric method with three ferric chlorides. All the results are treated variation-statistical method using the Student's t-tests. Findings. These results suggest that the content of total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol in the tissues of the carp pond in the active state of life is significantly different. The content of the total lipids in the liver, skeletal muscle, gill and brain in a carp pond introducing carbon dioxide into a state of artificial hibernation (hypercapnic hypoxia-medium) is reduced in comparison with the control. Under these conditions, noted a slight increase in tissue phospholipids, as well as a significant increase in cholesterol and the coefficient (CL/PL), especially in the liver, indicating that the use of lipids in energy and adaptation processes. Originality. Lipid composition studied liver, skeletal muscle, gill and brain carp active life condition and carbon dioxide under artificial hibernation. The content of the total lipids in the tissues of the research carp throughout the exposition of artificial hibernation carbon dioxide decreases, indicating that the use of lipids in energy processes. The growth of the content of phospholipids and cholesterol in the tissues of the carp in the conditions of artificial hibernation carbon dioxide leads to the development of adaptive adaptation of organisms to the environment. Practical value. The results make it possible to assess the redistribution of lipids in fish tissue of the body due to changes in environmental conditions (artificial carbon hibernation).

Purpose. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the effect of the cryoselection of carp sperm of multiple age groups depending on the quality of thawed sperm after modification of the composite cryoprotective medium, which was used for the dilution of native sperm before freezing. Methodology. Coenzyme B12 (cobamamide), blood plasma of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), which was subjected to natural cold-acclimation, and purified protein antifreeze tmAFP isolated from larval mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), which also was subjected to natural cold-acclimation, were sued as modifiers. Findings. The results of the study demonstrated that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the defrosted sperm, results of the incubation, rearing of embryos and larvae of Nyvky scaled carp (NLC), as well as fish culture parameters of produced young-of-the-year depended from on the composition of cryoprotective medium. The best results were demonstrated for the experimental groups, obtained with the use of the cryoprotective solution supplemented with purified antifreeze protein tmAFP. The larvae obtained from the sperm cryopreserved with the addition of cryoprotective medium TmAFP had better resistance to dehydration, surpassing the experimental groups obtained from the modifiers of Prussian carp plasma and cobamamide. There is a consolidation in the action of the related extracellular cryoprotectors, which were isolated from the cold-resistant organisms. And carp produced with their used demonstrated better performance during their rearing. The fact can be established that the manifestation of cryoselective effect depends on the integrity of sperm hereditary material and does not depend on the effect of extremely low temperatures on the cell membranes. Originality. There were the first experiments, where Prussian carp plasma and antifreeze protein tmAFP were used as extracellular cryoprotectors. Practical value. The modifications of composite cryoprotective media with the use of extracellular cryoprotectants and cobamamide examined in this paper can be recommended for the cryopreservation of carp sperm with a goal to create cryobanks of fish genetic resources as well as for their large scale reproduction.

Purpose. To determine the effect of milk thistle on the intensity of oxidative processes in carp under the conditions of experimental toxic contamination with lead. Methodology. Experimental works were conducted in laboratory conditions. The object of the study was age-1+ carp, which were divided into three groups of 12–15 fish in each. Carp of the group 1 (intact), which received 3% starch paste through a probe, were used as a control. Carp of the group 2 were kept during a month in water, in which lead salts (PbNO3) were introduced at quantities corresponding to 10 maximum allowable levels calculated as metal ions. Carp of the group 3 during a month were kept in the same environment of dissolved lead salts and received 3% starch paste through a probe together with ground seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) at a quantity of 80 mg/kg of fish body weight. We examined the effect of milk thistle on lipid peroxidation (LPO) and enzyme activity of antioxidant defense system (ADS) in carp organism under conditions of lead contamination. TBA-active products were assessed baed on the content of products which reacted with 2-thiobarbituric acid (malondialdehyde). The level of oxidative damage to lipids was also evaluated based on the content of accumulated lipid hydroperoxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined in the reaction of quercetine oxidation. Catalase activity was assessed in the reaction with ammonium molybdate. Numeric data were processed by biometric method of variation nonparametric analysis using Microsoft Excel and Statistica 6.0. Differences between the values were considered statistically significant: p

The influence of xenobiotics, in particular, the antibiotic chlortetracycline, anabolic steroid nandrolone and anthelmintic albendazole, on carp fish depends on their concentration in water and is associated with a change in a number of morphological indices and physiological and biochemical mechanisms in the process of their adaptation to the action of xenobiotics of water, and as shown by the study - total content and fractional composition of blood plasma proteins. In model experiments carried out on the bogs of carp, the main objective of which was to investigate the influence of xenobiotics of anthropogenic origin on the fractional composition of plasma proteins, it was established that for a short exposure (72 hours) and low concentrations of nandrolone 0.1 mg / dm3 (the first experimental group) and (0.5 mg / dm3 second experimental group), only slight changes in the protein content with a molecular weight of 25, 35-50 and 100-140 kDa in the water of the aquariums are observed at constant values of the parameters of other fractions. With an increase in the concentration of nandrolone in aquarium water up to 1.0 mg / dm3, the protein content with a molecular weight of 450 kDa and above increased by 91%, 340 kDa by 78%, 260 kDa by 101%, 70 kDa by 149%, 50 kDa - 111%, 25-50 kDa - 35-62% compared to control. Consequently, anabolic steroids, getting into the water at low concentrations do not affect, and in high stimulate biosynthesis processes of proteins in tissues, two decades of carp. The intolerance (12 hours) of carps in an aquarium with an anthelmintic concentration of albendazole in water of 0.2 mg / L varied only with individual fractions of blood plasma proteins of fish. The increase in the concentration of albendazole in water to 0.5 mg / L and especially to 1.0 mg / L affects the protein spectrum of blood plasma fish to a large extent, reducing the content of most proteins of low and high molecular weight fractions. It was found that chlortetracycline in the concentration of 1.10 mg / dm3 did not affect, and when it increased in water to 3.15 and 6.30 mg / dm3, it reduced the level of proteins in the blood plasma of the carp in 3 days, with a molecular weight of 340-450 kDa, and higher and contributed to the appearance of protein fractions with a molecular weight of 140 - 200 and 70 - 90 kDa. Investigated xenobiotics chlortetracycline, nandrolone and albendazole, in the above-mentioned concentrations in water and short-term exposure of fish, did not affect their behavior, the number of respiratory movements and the tomographic indices of the internal organs. The state of the external body covers, as well as the organoleptic indices of the internal organs of fish of experimental groups for the effects of various concentrations of the studied xenobiotics, did not differ from the similar characteristics of the control group carps. The obtained results testify to the important role of blood plasma proteins in the mechanisms of their adaptation to the action of xenobiotics of water, in particular anabolic steroid nandrolone, antibiotic chlortetracycline and anthelmintic albendazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the literature resources and own researches concerning biological value indicators of Kremenchug reservoir freshwater fish. The expediency of using this material to expand the range of biologically valuable food. These fish species are characterized by high reproductive capacity, rapid growth, low feed costs, which makes them valuable perspective objects for cultivation and industrial processing. The results of studies of chemical, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral composition of carp, silver carp and beam meat and values their safety are given. It gives a comparative analysis of nutritional value of carp, bream and silver carp, as one of the perspective industrial processing objects. The differences in the studied parameters of these fish are indicated. The given results of studies of the general chemical composition of these species of freshwater fish indicate that the raw material is high in protein and medium fat, and the protein contains all essential amino acids. The results of analysis of the mass fraction of toxic elements in the investigated species of freshwater fish are presented. It was found that the available heavy metals in the silver carp, carp and beam organs and tissues are less than established limits. It indicates, however, that the freshwater fish species selected for research are food-safe and can be used for further industrial processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of power supply of various carp tissues under the influence of high water temperature are investigated. It was established that the processes of energy generation and energy consumption due to the unfavorable temperature factor in the tissues of the muscles, gills and liver of the mentioned species of fish are characterized by different intensity. In the muscles and gills, the content of adenine nucleotides at a temperature of 26°C is sharply reduced, whereas in the liver the change in the values of these indicators is not so pronounced. The ratio of ATP:ADP:AMP in almost all investigated tissues with a gradual increase in temperature from 24ºС to 34ºС is violated in the direction of increasing the proportion of AMP. In the case of adenylates energy charge, the results may indicate an inactivation of the ATP decomposition, as well as the inclusion of a compensatory mechanism of the carp by the body, aimed at preventing a decrease in the energy supply of tissues. The value of the main bioenergetic coefficients in the corresponding tissues at a temperature of 26°C is also reduced, but with a further rise in temperature to 34°C, the difference with the control decreases, which may indicate the development of adaptation to the adverse factor. The paper shows the dependence of the course of energy metabolism reactions, namely the exchange of adenylates, in carp tissues on the oscillatory regime of high water temperature. The obtained data indicate a different degree of energy supply of tissues of one organism under non-typical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials of the aquacultural characteristic of the fourth and fifth generation of the Scaleless common carp of the Nyvka Plant Line and reproductive indexes of the females of the fourth selection generation are presented.

Studied nutrition of Lyubinskui scaly carp fingerlings in the application of measures of intensification of natural forage and the introduction of fodder zooplankton. It is shown that carp fingerlings are ensured of natural food only until mid-July, later in the diet dominated by artificial feed and detritus, and the intensity of nutrition are depended of the feeding.

A new method of bred larvae selection on the base of their reaction on stream in hydrodynamic gutter was established and offered to fish production. Differences of economically useful and biological indices in one year old selected groups were also established.

The content of metallothioneins (MT) determined by two methods (by zinc and copper content and by cadmium saturation), protein carbonyls and superoxide anion have been compared in the liver and gills of carp Cyprinus carpio from two water basins (relatively clean (A) and situated in the industrial site (I)) during three seasons. The temporal dependence is revealed in the A group and less in the I group according to the Factor analysis. The higher levels of MT, protein carbonyls and superoxide anion, as well as low bioavailability of essential metals manganese and, especially, iron were detected in carp from the industrial site.

The effect of fluctuations in temperature and dissolved oxygen in natural waters in the passage of the embryonic development of carp, grass carp and carp. It found that at higher water temperatures atypical and reducing the dissolved oxygen is substantially reduced viability of fish embryos. These conditions are easily stay ut potent teratogens, causing delay passage of the embryonic stages of development, changing the mass-dimensional characteristics of the larvae and are the cause of the abnormally developed individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]