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Аналізуються правові відмінності в регулюванні національних збройних сил між держава­ми-членами ЄС і те, як ці відмінності становлять значні перешкоди для створення єдиної армії Європейського Союзу. Дискусія охоплює історичні спроби та поточні дебати навколо європей­ської оборонної інтеграції, підкреслюючи напругу між національним суверенітетом і колектив­ною безпекою. У статті розглядається роль НАТО, різні національні інтереси, а також правові, політичні та фінансові виклики, які перешкоджають створенню згуртованих військових сил ЄС. Ці фактори сприяють подальшій залежності від національних оборонних структур і НАТО, а не до формування єдиного європейського військового утворення. Автор приходить до висновку, що до основних причин, чому ЄС, можливо, не створить спіль­ну армію найближчим часом належать: національний суверенітет (кожна країна ЄС має власну армію і військову політику). Багато країн бояться втратити контроль над своєю національною безпекою та суверенітетом, передаючи ці питання на рівень ЄС), різні стратегічні інтереси (кра- їни-члени ЄС мають різні зовнішньополітичні та безпекові інтереси, що ускладнює формування єдиного підходу до питань оборони), членство в НАТО (більшість країн ЄС також є членами НАТО, вже мають систему колективної безпеки, яка функціонує протягом десятиліть, створення окремої армії ЄС може викликати дублювання функцій і навіть суперечки з НАТО), фінансові ви­трати (створення та утримання армії на рівні ЄС вимагало б значних фінансових витрат, що може бути надто обтяжливим для деяких країн, особливо на тлі економічних труднощів), політична воля (для створення спільної армії потрібна сильна політична воля та згода серед усіх членів ЄС. На даний момент такої єдності немає), інституційні та юридичні виклики (впровадження нових інституційних структур та юридичних рамок для спільної армії потребувало б значного часу та зусиль, що також гальмує процес). Доведено, що ці чинники роблять створення армії ЄС склад­ним і, довготривалим, проте можливим процесом.

Introduction and objective Osteoporosis is a disorder that leads to a decrease in bone mass, accompanied by a disruption in bone structure, resulting in an increased risk of bone fractures. It affects a large number of people worldwide and constitutes a significant social and economic problem. It primarily affects older individuals, especially postmenopausal women. Fractures associated with osteoporosis diminish the quality of life. Osteoporosis often remains asymptomatic and is difficult to diagnose, typically identified incidentally following a low-energy fracture. Diagnosis of osteoporosis involves measuring bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Osteoporosis is diagnosed when bone mineral density is found to be more than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean bone mineral density of healthy young adults with peak bone mass. Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include lack of physical activity, calcium deficiency in the diet, and alcohol consumption. Review methods The article was based on scientific papers retrieved from the PubMed website and scientific literature. The focus was on papers from 2016 to 2024. Articles written in English were utilized. Brief description of the state of knowledge Physical activity encompasses any muscular movement that increases energy expenditure beyond the resting metabolic rate, including weight-bearing exercises, strength training, high-intensity strength exercises, and balance and mobility training. Weight-bearing exercises yield the best results in osteoporosis prevention, recommended to be performed three times a week. Summary Physical activity is a scientifically proven preventive factor against osteoporosis, reducing the frequency of falls and increasing bone mineral density. Initiating physical activity at a young age yields significant benefits for bone strength.

Obesity is a chronic disease that requires diagnosis and treatment. Excess body fat and metabolic disorders, resulting from the disease, are associated with the risk of numerous complications. Among the most widespread are type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and sleep apnea syndrome. Weight reduction significantly improves prognosis, and can mitigate or even reverse complications. A dietary method gaining popularity recently is intermittent fasting. It involves alternating periods of eating and fasting according to a fixed time schedule. There are different types of diet, differing in the length of the fasting period. Intermittent fasting affects the human body by regulating the diurnal rhythm, inducing metabolic switching, that is switching from using glucose as an energy source to lipid oxidation, and by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. The effects of the diet, proven in clinical trials, include weight loss, improved glucose tolerance, lowered hemoglobin A1c and insulin levels, and improved tissue sensitivity to insulin. However, there is no evidence supporting the superiority of intermittent fasting over continuous calorie restriction. Intermittent fasting also carries a risk of adverse effects, the most serious of which are hypoglycemic episodes. These occur especially in people with type 2 diabetes and taking diabetes medications. Although intermittent fasting appears to be a promising strategy in the fight against obesity and type 2 diabetes, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects on the human body.

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in sauna bathing and its role in health aspects. However, there are few studies focusing on the association between regular sauntering and the risk of dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Considerably better understood are the effects on the cardiovascular system. This study delves into contemporary scientific research on Finnish saunas, exploring their potential correlation with Alzheimer's disease prevention, their impact on vascular health in adults with cardiovascular disorders, and their association with reducing the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scientific studies published in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were analyzed, including terms related to Finnish sauna, dementia, COPD and cardiovascular disease. The methodological quality and results of each study were evaluated. Sauna bathing in addition to being a relaxing lifestyle habit, remains a potential additional strategy which can be used in improving cardiovascular function in adults with well-controlled cardiovascular disorders. A limited amount of research has been identified on the correlation between sauna bathing and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and COPD. The accumulating evidence suggests that frequent sauna bathing may reduce the risk or severity of several vascular and nonvascular conditions including COPD and also moderate to high frequency of sauna bathing was associated with lowered risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Further research is required, especially large-scale cohort studies with repeated measurement on sauna to establish the potential mechanisms linking sauna bathing and either memory diseases or COPD and better understand the relationship between sauntering and cardiovascular health. Upcoming studies may become very promising for the development of sauna bathing as a new non-pharmacological treatment or prevention of various diseases and improvement in the quality of life.

Russia's aggression against Ukraine is undoubtedly a tragic event that will bring various, often difficult to predict, consequences at many levels of functioning. Certainly, the mental health of war victims faces many challenges. The mental health crisis that occurs during war is a public health problem.28 One of the main disorders that appear in people directly or indirectly related to war is PTSD. It arises as a result of experiencing extremely dangerous, terrifying events that go beyond one's ability to cope and is manifested by symptoms such as: obsessive, persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, avoidance of factors causing a "return" to traumatic memories, excessive arousal and a sense of constant threats.8, 10 Many factors influence the occurrence of PTSD. It is extremely important to look at the reasons that make it difficult to obtain support. mental health and improving the support system. Ukrainian children and youth deserve special attention here. A developing young society must face particularly great challenges, and it is their mental well-being that guarantees better development of the entire nation. Every effort must be made to ensure that citizens of a country at war receive adequate support. We have many methods of help, from basic emergency support, through a wide range of psychotherapy, to medications in the most severe cases. Additionally, the knowledge of the existence of a phenomenon such as post-traumatic growth may give hope and motivation to act to people in mental crisis struggling with symptoms of PTSD. However, the war continues and there will be more and more victims struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health disorders. We cannot determine at this point how much damage this conflict will cause. However, it is worth acting now to prevent and limit the tragic consequences of the situation in which Ukraine finds itself.

Introduction: The popularity of cosmetic treatments is increasing, including treatments using polydioxanone (PDO) threads. Among the various complications that PDO threads can cause are swelling, skin dimpling, paresthesia, thread visibility/palpability, infection, and thread extrusion. On the other hand, it is an alternative to surgical facelift. Purpose of work: To collect information on the complications after PDO threads for facial lifting. Summary: In the literature review, there were reported complications after PDO threads for facial lifting as edema, allergy, inflammation, infection, skin dimpling, contour irregularity, visible threads, hematoma, thread extrusion, and incomplete facial paralysis. Knowledge of complications after face lifting with PDO threads allows us to prepare for these side effects and act appropriately in the event of their occurrence, thus avoiding the long-term effects of the cosmetic procedure.

Дослідження цієї теми є важливим і актуальним у відповідності до багатьох причин. Так, ефективне та справедливе регулювання процедур прийняття та оскарження нормативно-правових актів на цьому рівні є критичним для забезпечення прав та інтересів громадян на практиці, а процеси децентралізації зумовлюють необхідність вивчення даної тематики саме через призму місцевих органів влади. У статті використано такі методи дослідження як порівняння, аналіз, індукція та дедукція. В ході дослідження отримано результати, що полягають у формуванні чіткого бачення нормативно-правових актів, якими регулюються процедури прийняття та оскарження нормативно-правових актів місцевих рад в Україні, виділено існуючі правові проблеми та запропоновано шляхи їх вирішення. Основними проблемами нормативно-правового регулювання досліджуваної тематики визначено недостатню чіткість дефініції поняття «нормативно-правовий акт» та звуження кола суб’єктів оскарження, порівняно із Конституцією. Урахування наведеного у даній статті сприятиме удосконаленню правового регулювання розглядуваної проблематики та подальшого застосування правових норм. Дослідження обраної теми є важливим для розуміння та вирішення актуальних проблем в частині нормативно-правових основ функціонування місцевого самоврядування та забезпечення гарантій захисту прав громадян на місцевому рівні. Додаткове дослідження цієї теми дозволяє глибше зрозуміти роль місцевого самоврядування у забезпеченні гармонійного функціонування суспільства та визначити можливі шляхи удосконалення нормативно-правового регулювання. Зокрема, в контексті розгляду проблем недостатньої чіткості дефініції поняття «нормативно-правовий акт» та обмеження кола суб’єктів оскарження нормативно-правових актів, виявлені в даному дослідженні. Важливо підкреслити необхідність забезпечення прозорості правових процесів на місцевому рівні. Результати цього дослідження можуть служити основою для подальших реформ у сфері місцевого самоврядування та створення ефективних механізмів захисту прав громадян на місцевому рівні.

Objectives The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal status of a special negotiations team as a temporary participating entity in the Act on companies established as a result of cross-border transformation, merger or division. Material and methods The article uses the legal dogmatic method. Results Based on the directive of contractual freedom, I am of the opinion that there are no legal barriers that might prevent the parties from including other important issues in the agreement, for example those related to the legal mechanisms of maintaining the negotiations confidential. The special negotiations team may also include in the agreement a consent for limiting the employees’ participation rights in a company created as a result of trans-border transformation, merger or division of companies. Conclusions The special negotiations team as an entity of a participatory nature has a temporary status, because its main task is to enter in the participatory agreement with the competent body of the company. Upon concluding the agreement, the team is dissolved ex lege.

Objectives The right to obtain information from the employer is fundamental for the activity of trade unions. In the Polish labour law system, a pluralism of normative approaches functions in this matter. As a result, in practice we are dealing with a specific interference of competences of trade unions. In order to obtain specific information, they have to reference different legal bases. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive presentation of this complex issue. Material and methods Analysis of regulation Results introduced in this matter, as well. Conclusions To sum up this discussion on the right of trade unions to information, I would like to conclude that, in the Polish labour law system, we are dealing with a pluralism of normative solutions in this matter. Individual provisions regulate the issue of access to information in various ways, not only in the subjective, but also in the procedural aspect. In this respect, we are dealing with a specific interference of competences of trade unions. In order to obtain specific information, they have to reference different legal bases. Due to that, I recommend, de lege ferenda to unify the legal regulations in a single legal standard, which should ideally be included in the Act on trade unions. Another disadvantage of the currently existing legal regulations is the lack of universal prerequisites for the refusal to provide information by the employer. In its consequences, it leads to chaos and various conflicts with trade unions. Due to the above, I suggest that specific material law and procedural regulations should be introduced in this matter, as well.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has lasted for over 2 years and has resulted in more than 486 million cases and over 6 million deaths worldwide. Pregnant women are a special group of society exposed to severe or unpredictable course of infection. Purpose of work: Assessment of awareness and willingness to vaccinate pregnant women against COVID-19 and reasons influencing this decision. Materials and methods: The proprietary online survey addressed to women in Poland during pregnancy and women who were pregnant in the period from December 27, 2020 (introduction of the vaccine in Poland) to 20.03.2022. The study included a total of 518 respondents of reproductive age, among which 398 have a university degree and 108 have secondary education. 376 respondents got vaccinated against COVID-19 — 120 before getting pregnant, 199 during pregnancy and 57 after giving birth. Summary: Most of the surveyed women (321) hadn’t had a positive PCR test for COVID-19 until the day of the survey, but 38% had a positive PCR test. Asked about reasons for getting vaccinated during pregnancy, most of the respondents stated that people should get vaccinated against COVID-19 in general, they got vaccinated because of the baby’s health, and that they acted according to the recommendations of The Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians and the World’s Health Organization. On the other hand, most of the women didn’t get vaccinated because they were afraid of the side effects, there is not enough research on the topic, and they believe that the vaccination is ineffective. Additionally, 154 respondents were encouraged by the doctors to get vaccinated in opposite to 21 who were discouraged by the doctor. The majority of the respondents are aware of the great risk of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Therefore, they got vaccinated against COVID-19 to minimize the risks of the infection.

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic skin, mucous membrane, and nail disease. Lichen planus is a rare skin condition occurring in less than 1% of the general population, affecting both children and adults. Oral lichen planus (OLP) involvement is much more common. It is an autoimmune disease caused by T lymphocytes, with epigenetic factors playing a significant role in the development of autoimmune skin diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of non-coding RNAs, play a substantial role in regulating the immune response.1 The etiology of lichen planus in not fully understood. It can be triggered by antihypertensive drugs, beta-blockers, infections, viral hepatitis, psychological stress, and others. Cases of lichen planus appearing after recovering from COVID-19 have been reported, as well as a significant increase in cases after COVID-19 vaccination.2–5 Diagnosis is based on clinical presenstation and characteristic histopathological findings. The disease is often self-limiting, accompanied by persistent itching and painful erosions of the mucous membrane, affecting the patient’s quality of life and mental well-being. First-line treatments inculde topical corticosteroids and/or oral corticosteroids. There are reports of new potential treatments, such as biologic drugs (anti-IL12/13, anti-IL17) and Janus kinase inhibitors. Consequently, a dramatic change in lichen planus treatment can be expected in the near future. The majority of patients suffering from lichen planus develop metabolic syndrome which is the cause of other diseases. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge about lichen planus and its variants.

В статті представлено результати ретроспективного аналізу двадцяти летальних випадків пацієнтів із ВІЛ-інфекцією/СНІД та поєднаним криптококозом. У процесі дослідження визначались наявність, кількість та локалізація клітин гриба, морфологічні особливості, а також характер і виразність запальної клітинної реакції у тканинах легень і нирок, проводили клініко-морфологічне співставлення отриманих результатів. Патоморфологічна характеристика ураження нирок і легень поліморфна, представлена множинними фокусами некрозу в окремих випадках запальноклітинною реакцією у вигляді формування гранулематозного запалення, а також скупченням криптококів. Макроскопічна картина мало специфічна. Це зумовлює необхідність проведення не лише рутинного гістологічного, а й додаткових гістохімічних методів діагностики. В усіх проаналізованих випадках криптококове ураження було генералізованим на тлі вираженого імунодефіциту. Характер і виразність патологічних змін залежить від численних факторів, провідними з яких є рівень імуносупресії, проведення етіотропної терапії та тривалість захворювання.

Objectives The article presents issues related to the first-instance jurisprudence in disciplinary cases of soldiers in the perspective of the provisions of the Act on Defense of the Homeland. The publication attempts to characterize disciplinary judgments in the proceedings in question. Both the formal and substantive aspects of decisions made in disciplinary proceedings against soldiers issued in the first instance cases were analysed. Material and methods The research was based on the dogmatic method. Results Summing up the considerations on the first-instance rulings in military disciplinary proceedings, the statement that the principle of an appropriate disciplinary response is of central importance in this matter is justified. Conclusions An appropriate disciplinary response is responsible for the implementation of universal justice for all repressive procedures within the meaning of iustitia communitativa. It allows for an appropriate reaction of the disciplinary superior to pathological behavior of soldiers in service, which dysfunctionalize or diffuse the activities of the Polish Armed Forces. It also allows for the protection of the legitimate interests of the accused soldier.

The paper considers the nature of input data used by Data Science algorithms of modern-day application domains. It then proposes three algorithms designed to remove statistical anomalies from datasets as a part of the Data Science pipeline. The main advantages of given algorithms are their relative simplicity and a small number of configurable parameters. Parameters are determined by machine learning with respect to the properties of input data. These algorithms are flexible and have no strict dependency on the nature and origin of data. The efficiency of the proposed approaches is verified with a modeling experiment conducted using algorithms implemented in Python. The results are illustrated with plots built using raw and processed datasets. The algorithms application is analyzed, and results are compared.

Introduction and purpose: Kombucha is a fermented beverage, usually made by fermenting sugared black or green tea with the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). Kombucha has gained increasing popularity in recent years, mainly due to the fact that it has been associated with some health effects. The aim of the study is to review the articles available in the PubMed database in order to learn about the health benefits of Kombucha consumption. State of knowledge: Kombucha is a source of phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals, amino acids, enzymes, proteins and other compounds which influence biological activity. Scientific research on Kombucha has shown that it exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerogenic and antidiabetic properties. It also has a good influence on the digestive system. Kombucha consumption helps to lower cholesterol level, stimulates liver detoxification processes and also supports the proper functioning of the immune system. These properties depend on the various factors such as used products, concentration of bacteria and yeast, duration of fermentation or temperature. Summary: Kombucha tea is known as a nutraceutical. It could be used as a dietary supplement. Most of the trials have been conducted on rats or mice. Kombucha has only been involved or tested in a few human trials. It is important to spread awareness among the population about this product and its impact on people’s health, conduct more research and standardise the production methods of this beverage.

Introduction and purpose Art-therapy is a therapeutic method which uses art as a tool to achieve benefits in physical and mental health. This kind of psychotherapy uses artistic media as a basic form of communication. As an additional form of treatment, combined with medication, it helps not only to explore a patient’s difficulties and problems but also to overcome them. Art-therapy is playing an increasing role in the context of health in individuals struggling with different diseases, especially with the mental ones. This is a growing field of research and the aim of this brief review is to provide an update on the positive effects of art-therapy and to list health problems in which it would be significant to use this kind of therapy. Materials and methods A search was conducted using PubMed and GoogleScholar data bases. Articles were searched in English using the following key words: “art therapy”, “psychodrama”, “dance movement therapy”, “music therapy”, “creative art therapy”. Description of the state of knowledge Art-therapy has a wide range of benefits in chronically ill patients. Most common are the awareness of the emotions and behaviors and helping to deal with them, helping to deal with the process of treatment. The literature also draws attention to other results such as increasing self- esteem and improving the quality of life. Summary Art-therapy is associated with health benefits in people struggling with different health problems. Art-therapy has great potential to participate in future basic and adjunctive therapy but further research is needed in this area.

Introduction and purpose Traditional Chinese herbal medicine is an integral component of a comprehensive healing system known as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Within TCM, herbs are utilized to rebalance the energy forces of Yin and Yang, which flow through imperceptible channels within the body with the aim of restoring energy equilibrium. It is important to acknowledge that herbs have the potential to exert significant effects on the body comparable to pharmaceutical drugs, and therefore, should be approached with equal caution and respect The aim of the study was to present the current state of knowledge about the potential use of Chinese herbs in the treatment of certain dermatological and endocrine diseases. State of the knowledge Chinese medicine has found application in various diseases and health conditions, both physical and mental. In the studies delving into dermatological diseases, Chinese medicine therapy resulted in a reduction in chronic urticaria activity and psoriasis area severity index. In addition, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) effectively improved the response rate and reduced the maximum nodule diameter of benign thyroid nodules. Furthermore it was reported that certain Chinese herbs improve the functioning of mitochondria in β-cells contributing to better management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Conclusion Chinese medicine seems to be a valuable supplement to conventional medicine in the treatment of some chronic diseases. Simultaneously, our focus should be on the development of a new wave of pharmaceutical products that guarantee high efficacy and low toxicity conforming to international standards. It is imperative to enhance research in Chinese medicine and advance engineering technologies to ensure the superior quality of TCM preparations.

Introduction and purpose: For all skin types, micro-needle radiofrequency (FMR) can be a safe and effective aesthetic medicine procedure for the treatment of various dermatological and aesthetic conditions. The aim of the study is to present the mechanism of action and assess safety, treatment efficacy, and possible side effects on the basis of a review of the scientific literature. Description of the state of knowledge: FMR uses micro-needles to penetrate the skin to a depth of up to 4.5 mm and deliver radiofrequency current in a fractional manner, producing the controlled fractions of micro-injuries in the dermis, inducing neocollagenesis, neoelastinogenesis, and angiogenesis. FMR has a wide range of positive effects such as skin rejuvenation, skin tightening, facial and body scar remodeling, and hair growth through transdermal collagen induction. Summary: Increasingly, patients are looking for minimally invasive methods of skin tightening and fat remodeling. In response, Aesthetic Medicine has proposed a combination of two techniques, micro-needling and radiofrequency. As more and more studies are showing the effectiveness and efficiency of this procedure, also emphasizing its safety, minimal risk of serious side effects, and ease of use, micro-needle radiofrequency is being proposed as an attractive answer to people's desires for a less invasive method of skin rejuvenation. However, further research in this area is needed to optimize the parameters of the treatment to achieve the best results.

Introduction and purpose: Varicose veins of the lower limbs are quite common and common disease. Their presence may be associated with the occurrence of a number of symptoms that negatively affect the quality and comfort of life, such as swelling, leg pain and cosmetic defect.The aim of the study is to review the available literature and articles available in the PubMed database in order to learn about the pathophysiology of varicose veins, methods of diagnosis and the most popular methods of their treatment. State of the knowledge: Varicose veins are described as fusiform dilatation of superficial veins with accompanying elongation and characteristic twisting. The main cause of their formation is insufficiency of the venous valve apparatus. Genetic and individual factors such as sex, age, and excessive body weight also have an impact. The diagnosis is based primarily on the physical examination of the patient and the Doppler ultrasound examination of the veins. Management options for varicose veins range from conservative management including pharmacotherapy to invasive and surgical methods, each of which has both advantages and disadvantages. Summary: Making a diagnosis of varicose veins usually does not cause many difficulties. There is no one-size-fits-all treatment method. When choosing it, many aspects should be taken into account, such as the patient's preferences, severity of disease symptoms, and the patient's general condition.

Introduction and purpose: Microneedle mesotherapy is a non-surgical method consisting in controlled micropuncture of the skin with very thin needles, associated with the insertion of active substances into it. It is used in many fields of medicine, diseases, as well as cosmetic defects associated with the symptoms of skin aging. The aim of this review is to summarize the side effects described in the literature that may associated microneedle mesotherapy. The review was based on the available data collected in the PubMed database searched using the keywords "mesotherapy", "adverse effects", "side effects". Description of the state of knowledge: Complications of mesotherapy can be divided into infectious and non-infectious as well as local and systemic. The most common and best known are bruises and swelling caused by local inflammation caused by certain substances. More serious complications include anaphylaxis, skin necrosis, granulomas, cellulitis, and infectious complications. Summary: Mesotherapy is a commonly performed procedure not only by doctors, but also by non-medical people. Both patients and operators tend to underestimate the potential side effects of this method. We hope that raising awareness and paying attention to the errors made will contribute to reducing the complications associated with this procedure, as well as to its standardization.

Introduction and purpose: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) also known as acne inversa is a chronic, inflammatory dermatosis with predilection to apocrine gland-rich regions. It is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in most commonly used and emerging treatment options of HS. A brief description of the state of knowledge: The primary defect in HS pathophysiology involves follicular hyperkeratosis with occlusion of the pilosebaceous apparatus, followed by follicular rupture and immune responses. It typically develops after puberty with deep-seated painful nodules, abscesses, sinus tracts and scars. Due to the permanently painful, odorous lesions, hidradenitis suppurativa is one of the most distressing dermatological diseases with a substantial impact on patients’ quality of life. Inflammation in patients with HS is not limited to the skin but is systemic. Patients with HS frequently have significant comorbidities like metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, spondyloarthropathy, inflammatory bowel disease and depression. Treatment is challenging and consists of pharmacological and surgical techniques, which must often be combined for best results. Materials and methods: A search was conducted using PubMed and GoogleScholar data bases. Articles were searched in English using the following key words: “hidradenitis suppurativa”, “acne invera”, “treatement”, “management”, “biological treatement”. Summary: Therapeutic options have rapidly evolved in the last decade and include the use of topical therapies, systemic antibiotics and a wide range of immunosuppressive medications such as anti-TNF-α biologics, but the number of therapies approved for HS is limited.

Introduction and purpose Breast cancer (BC) management includes local therapies surgery, radiotherapy and systemic – hormonotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy. However, some adverse events of these treatment strategies limit their wide administration in BC therapy. The aim of the study was to present adverse effects in the management of BC, prevention and treatment of them. State of the knowledge Surgery of the breast leads to lymphedema, pain, and anatomical changes. The most characteristic adverse event of radiotherapy is radiation dermatitis which is more probable among obese, older patients, females, and smokers. Other side effects are pneumonia, cardiac and pulmonary injury. Chemotherapeutics lead to complications such as anthracyclines-induced cardiotoxicity. As a consequence of endocrine therapy, patients are affected by vasomotor, musculoskeletal, and vulvovaginal symptoms. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which are usually mild. When severe irAEs occur, immunosuppressive drugs are used. Depending on stage, toxicities of the therapies can lead to interrupting the treatment of BC. Moreover, drug resistance is an important therapeutic obstacle in BC treatment. Conclusion The application of a diversity of drugs in the treatment of breast cancer is associated with adverse effects which limit its efficacy. It is vital to develop novel, targeted therapeutic methods to optimize outcomes of patients. Given the adverse effects of breast cancer therapies and drug resistance, it is vital to develop novel, targeted therapeutic methods.

Introduction and purpose: Ashwagandha (fam. Solanaceae) also known as Withania somnifera, is an herb commonly used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is sometimes called Indian ginseng or winter cherry and it is used for its extensive health benefits for millennia as a Rasayana. Ashwagadha supplementation is playing an increasing role not only as an adaptogen, but is beneficial in the context of health in individuals struggling with obesity. This is a growing field of research and the aim of this brief review is to provide an update on the positive effects of Ashwagandha supplementation on the health of those dealing with obesity. Description of the state of knowledge: Ashwagandha has a wide range of positive effects, most common are sedative, anti-stress, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects. The literature also draws attention to other results such as binding insulin sensitivity, increasing endurance, effects on adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Ashwagandha lowers blood cortisol levels, inhibits fat accumulation and the expression of genes involved into excessive fat tissue accumulation. Summary: Regular intake of Ashwagandha is associated with health benefits in people struggling with obesity. As an adaptogen with adipogenic potential, Ashwagandha has great potential to participate in future adjunctive obesity therapy and the prevention of other similar and obesity-related diseases, but further research is needed in this area.

Introduction and purpose Depression is the most common mental disorder, but the exact mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of depression remain unknown. Abundant research evidence suggests that changes in the gut microbiota play a key role in the pathophysiology of depression through the brain-gut-microbiota axis. The aim of this study was to present the current state of knowledge on the role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis and treatment of depression and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target for depression A brief description of the state of knowledge The digestive tract and the processes which are set in it as well as the inhabitting microorganisms have a significant impact on our mental health and mood. The scientific research repeatidly confirm a strict relationship between the digestive and nervous systems. A microbiome-based approach is becoming increasingly prevalent in the understanding and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, especially depression. Antidepressants which are today the first-line therapy in the treatment of this disease are based inter alia on the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory mechanism of action. Conclusion Immune cells which are settled in the intestines affect not only our physical health but also the mental one. Due to the relationship between depression and the gut microbiota, we have many treatment options that involve direct modification of the composition of the microbiome which include prebiotics, probiotics (psychobiotics) and faecal microbiome transplantation.

This paper discusses the latest data on the production of selected paper and paperboard, plastic, glass, wood and metal packaging. During the study period 2016-2020/2021, there was an increase in the production of selected paper and paperboard packaging compared to 2016. There has been an increase in the production of paper sacks and bags, cartons made of paper or paperboard other than corrugated and cartons made of paper or paperboard. Among plastic packaging, the production of plastic bags and sacks played a significant role and has been growing steadily since 2016. The production of glass packaging (clear glass bottles with a capacity of less than 2.5 liters for beverages and food) increased between 2016 and 2021. Flat pallets were the dominant product among wood packaging in 2020. The decline in box pallet production was significant not only relative to 2019, but also relative to 2016. In the group of metal packaging with a capacity not exceeding 300 liters, the highest production was recorded for barrels and similar containers for any material (excluding gas), made of aluminium. It reached 93228 tonnes in 2020 and was 2.4% higher than in 2019. The packaging market in Poland and worldwide has been gradually increasing its value over the past years. The production of packaging in Poland in the coming years should grow dynamically, although not as fast as before. Undoubtedly, today the biggest challenge for the packaging industry is the rising prices of raw materials, which can negatively affect the profitability and liquidity situation of manufacturers. In particular, the prices of plastics have gone up considerably, but the costs of pulp, metals, wood and glass are also increasing, so the raw material pressure is now affecting the entire packaging industry

У статті на підставі чинного законодавства з позиції адаптації національної нормативно-правової бази до вимог Європейського Союзу розглянуто захист інформації у контексті забезпечення інформаційної безпеки. В основу методології наукового дослідження покладено факторний, причинно-наслідковий аналіз, спрямований на виявлення обставин для комплексного та системного дослідження характеру впливу захисту інформації на інформаційну безпеку. Актуальність дослідження зумовлена впливом розвитку інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій на захист інформації у контексті забезпечення інформаційної безпеки. Зазначено, що інформаційна безпека охоплює захист конфіденційності та забезпечення стану захищеності конституційних права і свободи людини та громадянина, передбачає можливість доступу та використання інформації, ставлячи питання про захист інформації. Захист інформації забезпечує цілісність, достовірність, точність та повноту інформації. Нормативно-правове регулювання захисту інформації включає норми, які впорядковують суспільні відносини, що виникають у процесі інформаційної взаємодії між фізичними та юридичними особами та державою. Вказано, що розвиток цифрової економіки зумовили необхідність внесення поправок у правове регулювання захисту інформації, яке не встигає адекватно реагувати на зміни у технологічному та соціальному аспектах у соціумі. Підкреслено необхідність захисту комерційної та професійної таємниці, державної таємниці, інсайдерської інформації, персональних даних. На підставі аналізу реалізації захисту інформації щодо забезпечення конфіденційності стосовно інформації обмеженого доступу у контексті забезпечення інформаційної безпеки визначено ряд закономірностей, які враховані у визначенні тенденцій щодо захисту інформації. Зазначено, що захист інформації повинен бути нормативно закріплений щодо усіх видів інформації обмеженого доступу.

Due to the growing interest of consumers in the consumption of fresh products with increased shelf life, producers must provide modern and safe packaging. This is a challenge for food packaging and acts as a driving force in the development of new and improved concepts of packaging technology. The article presents the essence, types and classification of packaging as a factor influencing the choice made by the consumer. In addition, the main attention was paid to the definition of knowledge and attitudes of consumers to this type of packaging used in the food market in the food industry. From the point of view of food consumers, the most important role of packaging is to ensure food safety throughout the logistics chain, from producer to consumer. Smart packaging is packaging that is equipped with features that allow it to track the goods through the logistics chain or control the internal and external environment of the packaging, as well as communicate with the consumer. Such packaging can not only control the quality and safety of the product, but also report its condition to a potential consumer or manufacturer. The advent of intelligent packaging systems has contributed to another important change in the existing perception of packaging, as it transforms the traditional communication function of packaging into an intelligent communication function. Another solution for innovative food packaging is active packaging. Active packaging is a system that, due to chemical, physical and biological actions, actively changes the conditions inside the packaging in order to extend the shelf life and preserve the original quality and sensory properties of food. In active packaging, the product, the environment and the packaging interact, thereby increasing product quality, shelf life and durability. Reasonable and active packaging, in addition to the function of protecting the product from the reaction of external factors and attracting the attention of the customer, is aimed at informing potential buyers about the condition and quality of goods and interaction with packaged foods

У статті на основі оцінки стану справ із залученням і утриманням талантів у вітчизняній сфері публічного управління зроблено висновок, що ця проблема в Україні знаходиться тільки на початковій стадії свого вирішення, в зв’язку з чим в якості ключової умовиїї позитивного вирішення сформульовано і обґрунтовано рекомендації щодо виправлення ситуації шляхомвнесення доцільних змін в панівну парадигму традиційного мислення вітчизняних державних службовців як виконавців керівних вказівок. На основі аналізу відомих моделей інтелектуальної активності особистості та врахування потреби українського суспільства в трансформації зразків мислення публічних управлінців обґрунтовано доцільність доповнення існуючого процесу відбору кандидатів на посади в системі за рівнем компетентності додатковими тестами на виявлення та оцінку їх мисленнєвих характеристик. В якості рекомендованої для цього моделі запропоновано оригінальну інтерпретаціюмоделі множинного мислення особи як комбінації конвергентного, дивергентного і латерального мислення, якаможе і повиннастати основоюдля виявлення і залучення, навчання і розвитку, використання і утримання в системі публічного управліннянайбільш кваліфікованих і талановитих особистостей.Сформульовано необхідні для масштабної зміни парадигми мислення державних службовців умови поширення рекомендованої моделі мислення працівника системи публічного управління, а також її наукового і навчально-методичного супроводу.

Introduction and purpose Soy as a rich source of isoflavones has become a focus of interest because of its positive health benefits on numerous diseases, particularly hormone-related cancers. The aim of this study was to present the current state of knowledge on the role of soy in the development of breast, ovarian, endometrial, and prostate gland cancer. A brief description of the state of knowledge Soy components reduce inflammation, stress oxidative and inhibit proliferation of breast, ovarian, endometrial, and prostate cancer cells. Isoflavones such as genistein, daidzein, S-equol via activation of estrogen receptors, inhibit aromatase synthesis and may decrease the risk of estrogen-dependent cancers. Moreover, soy food products have the potential toregulate molecular pathways of AR and reduce testosterone levels. It leads to a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Furthermore, increased consumption of soy protein and isoflavones decreased the risk of mortality from cancers. Conclusions Soy foods and their isoflavones are associated with reduced carcinogenesis. A higher amount of soy intake can have positive benefits for prevention of cancers including breast, prostate gland, endometrial and ovarian cancer.

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the urology outpatient clinic and provide objective data for the allocation of the resources during the pandemic. Materials and methods. The patient records who were admitted to our Hospital Urology outpatient clinic during March 20th - May 29th, 2019, and March 20th - May 29th, 2020 has been evaluated and constituted two groups as Non-Pandemic Group and Pandemic Group according to application date. Groups have been compared according to demographic and cohort-specific variables. Results. There has been a statistically significant difference between groups according to age, gender, admission, prescription, and hospitalization rates. During the pandemic period, we found that the rates of patient admission, frequency and the number of hospitalizations decreased, and the rate of prescribing increased. Also, we found that male patients aged 18-65 years were admitted more frequently during the pandemic period. The analysis of the subgroups constituted according to diagnostic segmentation revealed that the patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and pediatric urology patients decreased while infertility and infection groups were increased. Conclusion. The urology outpatient clinic has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic from various perspectives. This alteration should take into consideration for the planning of the services during a pandemic.

У публікації констатовано підстави проведення реформування охорони здоров’я в Україні зважаючи на кризову медико-демографічну ситуацію та потребу збереження й покращення здоров’я не тільки як факту відсутності захворювань чи фізичних дефектів, а й як факту повного фізичного, психічного та соціального благополуччя населення. Проаналізовано ключові кроки, що були зроблені у контексті впровадження реформи системи охорони на первинному рівні здоров’я з позиції діалогічної моделі змін, яка передбачає орієнтоване на результат структуроване планування та проведення діалогу зацікавлених сторін протягом чотирьох етапів: вивчення та залучення; розбудова та формалізація; впровадження та оцінка; подальший розвиток, відтворення / інституалізація. Кожен із чотирьох етапів діалогічної моделі змін включає кроки, яких варто дотримуватися, щоб будь-яка ініціатива досягла поставленої мети. Діалогічна модель змін пояснює, що потрібно врахувати для однозначного сприяння діалогу та орієнтації на результат. Доведено, що результат реформи системи охорони здоров’я, як і будь-якої іншої, залежить від досвіду управління процесами та змінами, ґрунтовного розуміння концепції змін, вміння всіма зацікавленими суб’єктами процесу реформування аналізувати та оперувати інформацією. Підсумовуючи позитивні досягнення реформи системи охорони здоров’я – забезпечення державних гарантій надання медичних послуг відповідно до видів медичної допомоги; розвиток ефективної та доступної мережі закладів; безперервне покращення якості медичної допомоги; впровадження електронної системи охорони здоров’я; забезпечення пацієнтів лікарськими засобами тощо, акцентовано на потребі комплексного застосування організаційного-управлінського, інформаційно-комунікаційного, фінансово-економічного, нормативно-правового та інших механізмів для ефективного впровадження реформи системи охорони здоров’я через призму діалогічної моделі змін.

The article investigates the development of E-commerce business models and highlights its current problems. The aim of the article is to research the application features of E-commerce models, forms and instruments, as well as to define its basic challenges at the present stage of world economic development. The article explores the current state of E-commerce market development both worldwide and in Ukraine. This allows determining the mainstream of E-commerce market - growth of M-commerce and transnational online trade. The article analyzes the activities of leading global marketplaces and offers their performance comparison. It defines the basic modifications in E-commerce models and singles out the key problems in this field thus enabling domestic enterprises to improve the efficiency of their Internet business activities. Key words: E-commerce, Internet, marketplace, M-commerce

The article examines the history of the archaeological research of ancient Halych from the middle of the 19th to the end of the 20th century. Whereas ancient Halych was one of the leading cultural centers of Kyiv Rus, its studying will help us to show the place of Ukraine and Ukrainians in global ethno-cultural processes.

Dislocation of a temporomandible joint (TMJ) is a rare disfunction, which has multiform background divided into imbalance in the function of neuromascular component or structural deficit. A 48-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery of the Medical University of Lublin due to continuation of a treatment of TMJ dislocation. Previous hospitalization was performed a few months earlier. Reposition in general anaesthesia was used as a treatment, however it ended up with defeat. Current hospitalization with open surgery reposition was scheduled. Bilateral condylectomy was prosecuted. After surgery correct movability and proper anterior-posterior placement of mandible were achieved.

Dislocation of mandible is relatively uncommon disorder of temporomandibular joints. Disorder can occur during extreme dilation of mouth such as yawing, during dental treatments or endoscopic examination. 47- year old patient was admitted to the Department of Maxillo-facial Surgery in case of bilateral mandible dislocation. In this case the reposition in general anaesthesia was performed but ended up with failure.

Some circular and parabolic convergence regions for branched continued fractions of special form are established.

The borrowing process of Italianisms and Venecianisms in Croatian Čakavian local languages of Dalmatia Italian and Venetian loanwords in the territory of Dalmatia were the result of complex, lengthy and intensive contacts, first Croatian-Romanian and later Croatian-Italian. In Dalmatia these are the Roman languages which have clearly indicated their presence in vocabulary and numerous works of linguists and dialectologists were devoted to this phenomenon. Apart from linguistic sources, also the historical ones inform us about multiculturalism and bilingualism, which developed in the Dalmatian cities. The outcomes of language contacts are numerous linguistic borrowings from Italian and Venetian dialect in Čakavian lexical system. The adaptation process of Venetian and Italian borrowings occurs at the phonological, morphological and semantic level. This article describes only the adaptation at the morphological and linguistic level in the language system of Čakavian dialect. It should be noted, however, that a linguistic borrowing is adapted at the phonological level first. As it is clear from the material discussed, a linguistic borrowing goes through three phases of transmorphemisation. At the formative level, Čakavian lexical system was enriched by new suffixes. At the semantic level, we can see that a borrowing in the recipient language retains the original meaning, there is also an expansion or a narrowing of the meaning compared to the one of the donor language. The most productive class of borrowed words are nouns, verbs are more rarely borrowed, as well as adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and interjections. It seems that the cause of the advantage of nouns borrowed over other parts of speech lies in their semantics.

Goal. Analysis of the effect of load inductance at the output of the class D amplifier for different values of the duration of «dead time» and assessment of the adequacy of existing mathematical models for calculating the THD at the output of the amplifier depending on the duration of «dead time». Methodology. The study of the effect of «dead time» on the THD was performed using a computer model of the half-bridge converter board EPC9035 from Efficient Power Conversion. This board contains GaN transistors EPC2022 eGaN®, the corresponding control driver and other necessary elements for operation. The use of GaN transistors has made it possible to investigate the operation in a wide range of frequent switching, both to control the motor and to amplify the audio signal. Results. It is established that the value of load inductance affects the level of nonlinear distortions caused by «dead time». At inductance values that provide a constant sign of the output current, a difference arises between the duration of the input and output pulses, which increases the THD. At inductance values, when the choke current changes sign during a pulse, there is no error between the duration of the input and output pulses. Changing the inductance changes the relationship between the error signal and the non-error signal. THD changes accordingly. At high conversion frequencies, the voltage spikes caused by the choke current through the built-in diodes during the dead time are partially compensated by overcharging the output capacitance of the transistors, which also reduces harmonic distortion. Originality. For the first time, the value of the THD at the outlets in the fallowness of the different indices of the inductance of the choke and the theoretical calculation of the value in the results of the computer model was obtained. Practical significance. The dependence of the THD values on the inductance of the choke for converters with a switching frequency range from 1 kHz to 400 kHz, which allows them to be used both to control the motor and to amplify the audio signal.

The human genome is contained in chromatin, which is a complex macromolecular complex. It is made of DNA, histones and non-histone proteins. The structure of chromatin and the process of its rearrangement regulate the process of transcription, and hence gene expression. Deacetylase (HDAC) is a group of enzymes that catalyzes the cleavage of acetyl groups from lysine residues in histone and nonhistone proteins. This reaction is catalyzed by zinc or NAD + ions [3]. Histone deacetylases are present in the cytoplasm or nucleus of eukaryotes [4, 5]. These enzymes have been divided into 5 classes (I, IIa, IIb, III and IV) due to the similarity in structure and origin. Vorinostat is one of the most studied HDAC inhibitors. It belongs to the second generation polar-planar hydroxamic acid derivatives that inhibit class I and II histone deacetylases. Panobinostat and belinostat are HDAC inhibitors derived from hydroxamic acid that have also entered clinical trials. Valproic acid, from the group of aliphatic acids, belongs to inhibitors of class I and IIα deacetylases and is an established drug anticonvulsants. Histone deacetylase inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of neoplasms because they influence the action of factors related to cell proliferation, may cause cell cycle arrest, and coordinate the action of apoptotic factors and induce apoptosis. There are several deacetylase inhibitors available as drugs and are in different phases of clinical trials. They differ in potency and enzyme specificity. However, it is still unknown which deacetylases are essential for initiating and sustaining metabolic pathways leading to tumor development.

Sirtuins is a group of nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD +) - dependent, which have deacetylation and ADP-ribosylation activity. They work by detaching the acetyl group from the lysine residue of the histones, thanks to which they influence the control of gene expression. There are 7 classes of sirtuins due to the type of enzymatic activity and the cellular compartment in which they occur. They have a significant impact on the cell cycle, cellular process, including glucose metabolism, fat differentiation, fatty acid oxidation, neurogenesis, carcinogenesis and the aging process. Due to its unique properties, compounds are sought that can control the concentration of sirtuins in the body. One of such substances is resveratrol. It is a naturally occurring polyphenol that has a number of positive effects on the body. It works by increasing the concentration of NAD +, which is a sirtuin cofactor. It occurs naturally, and its greatest concentration is found in grapes and peanuts. It has a beneficial effect in the treatment of pancreatic, colon, breast, prostate and liver cancer. Research indicates that there is a potential for resveratrol supplementation to have positive health effects. However, there is still a need for more research on resveratrol, particularly in animal models. Determining the effectiveness of this chemical as an anti-cancer agent can be a major area of research and clinical trials.

Nanotechnology is a new, interdisciplinary field of science, the products of which are nanoparticles, i.e. structures that, thanks to their unique physical and chemical properties conditioned by their nanometric dimensions, have found wide application in medicine, pharmacy and biotechnology. Currently, they play a particularly important role as drug carriers, antibacterial and antiviral substances. They are also used in diagnostics, genetic tests, and increasing the accuracy of biological tests. The enormous possibilities of nanoparticles concern their potential use as drug delivery systems, factors improving the quality of anticancer radiotherapy and supporting molecular imaging, as well as compounds with highly bactericidal, fungicidal and antiviral properties. Therefore, it is crucial to implement therapies based on nanoparticles into clinical trials, as they can be an excellent diagnostic and therapeutic tool for many diseases, including cancer. However, it is necessary to overcome certain barriers due to the nature of some nanoparticles, such as problems with biodegradability and porosity. Despite the benefits of using nanostructures, the possibility of side effects caused by the action of metal nanoparticles absorbed by organisms has not been ruled out.

Carotenoids are compounds of natural origin and are a product of secondary metabolism of plants and bacteria. These are chemically unsaturated hydrocarbons that act as dyes with a wide range of colors. These compounds are stored in chloroplasts and chromatophores. In living organisms, they are used in the photosynthesis process, have a protective function in the photooxidation process and are designed to neutralize free radicals. Due to the difference in structure, the molecules were divided into 2 groups, i.e. orange - carotenes and yellow - xanthophylls. Due to their unique antioxidant properties, they are widely used in the cosmetics industry. Carotenoids as antioxidants have a beneficial effect on human health and well-being. Currently, the most popular compounds that are used in cosmetology are carotene and lycopene. The development of cosmetology followed the development of biochemistry, chemistry, pharmacy and medicine. Compounds used in care products can be obtained as extracts from plants or obtained by chemical synthesis or biotechnological processes. It can be seen that in recent years the awareness of the use of cosmetic products has increased. This contributed to the increased interest in cosmetics of natural origin. Thanks to the interest in natural / ecological products, we have the opportunity to get to know biologically active substances better and to fully use them in cosmetology, pharmacology and medicine.

Proteins are the basic building blocks of the human body. Most proteins, after fulfilling their function, are degraded with the help of a multi-catalytic proteolytic complex - the 26S proteasome, thanks to its prior labeling with a poly-ubiquitin chain. The ubiquitin-proteasome complex is involved in the control of many important cellular processes. It is involved in the cell cycle, cell proliferation and growth, apoptosis, control of receptor function, quality of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, immune response, stress response and other extracellular factors. The dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an important role in the development of many neurodegenerative and neoplastic diseases, as well as diseases with an immune and infectious origin. Accordingly, research is being conducted where the UPS complex is the target of therapeutic activities. Specific proteasome inhibitors are used in cancer therapy. The first to be approved by the FDA was bortezomib, which is a peptide derivative of boric acid. It has the ability to initiate the process of apoptosis by inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB protein, which is a transcription factor. This compound is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and malignant lung and breast cancers. There are also studies on the combination of proteasome inhibitors with other chemotherapeuticam. There is still growing interest in research aimed at obtaining substances that allowed to control the mechanisms of proteolytic degradation.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder, that affects large intestine. The symptoms of IBS include: abdominal pain, discomfort, change in bowel habits and disordered defecation. The causes of irritable bowel syndrome have not yet been fully investigated and determined.Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita) is a hybrid type of mint, a cross between watermint (Mentha aquatica) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). Peppermint oil is produced in the proces of steam distillation of fresh leaves of peppermint.The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases. The first step was to find proper publications from the last 30 years. The second step was to carry out an overview of the found publications.Based on the results of mentioned studies it can be concluded that peppermin oil is effective in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome due to providing global symptom improvement and significant reduction of abdominal pain, and its short-term use is safe. However, further research is needed to estabilish the role of peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and to determine the optimal duration of treatment, dosage of peppermint oil, and its possible side effects related to long-term usage.

The formation of a thrombus in a vein leads to a narrowing of its lumen and a reduction in blood flow, which results in the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). It manifests itself in most cases, including pain, swelling and redness of the affected limb. Data published in 2007 indicate that in 6 European Union countries as many as 370,000 deaths per year are a consequence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is 75% a consequence of hospitalization. [2] [11] The causes of blood clots are found in the factors of the so-called Virchow triad. The main risk factors for venous thromboembolism as well as its complications of pulmonary embolism include thrombophilia, advanced age, previous VTE, immobilization of trauma or surgery. In the diagnosis of VTE, the determination of D-dimer level plays a key role.

Goal. To analyze the efficiency and EMI of a half-bridge converter built on GaN transistors at different switching frequencies and to issue recommendations for its application. Methodology. An EPC9035 development board from Efficient Power Conversion was selected for research. This board is a half-bridge converter built on the EPC2022 eGaN® transistors and contains a driver for controlling these transistors. To simplify the assessment of the conversion efficiency, it is suggested to use a computer model of the development board and LISN, which simulates the active load with the LC filter. Results. Simulation results of the converter efficiency with the nominal values of the elements according to the EPC9035 manual showed significant deviations from the calculated values at frequencies above 50 kHz. This is explained by the presence of inrush current through transistors. The inrush current depends on the «dead time» between the intervals when the transistors are open and the delays specified in the SPICE model of LM5113 driver. To reduce the amplitude of inrush current and, accordingly, to increase the duration of the «dead time» interval, it is proposed to double the capacitors responsible for the formation of this interval. Simulation of the converter efficiency with the doubled values of the circuit elements showed that the results almost coincide with the calculated values of the efficiency in the range from 0.05 MHz to 5 MHz. The converter on the EPC2022 transistors has the highest efficiency at 50 kHz which decreases by 0.03-0.04 at 500 kHz. Therefore, it is recommended that the operating frequency should be set close to 500 kHz. Simulation of EMI levels resulted that the difference in the duration of the «dead time» does not have a significant effect on the levels of simulated EMI. The largest difference between the simulation results and the experiment is observed at frequencies about 30 MHz and is 3-6 dB. Originality. For the first time, the computer model was used to calculate the efficiency of a half-bridge converter on GaN transistors at different frequencies. Practical significance. Considering the high output current, high operating voltage and short switching times, GaN transistors are promising for use in pulse generators, power supplies with operating frequencies exceeding 500 kHz, and in powerful Class D hi-fi amplifiers with small dimensions, such as automotive ones.

Falls have been recognized by the WHO as one of the most significant problems in aging societies. In the elderly after 65 years of age, they cause 90% of the fractures of the proximal femoral bone (bkk) and 100% of the forearm fractures [5].They usually occur when walking (most often), getting up and sitting down. The consequences of falls, as well as themselves, can be prevented by supplementing vitamin D3 [6] [8] regulating the body's calcium-phosphate homeostasis. It improves neuromuscular function, including the mechanism reduces the frequency of falls. It also affects response time and balance. The concentration of vitamin D3 in the body is variable. Depends on endogenous biosynthesis and food supply. It also shows seasonal fluctuations. Its deficiencies lead to not only orthopedic and dental complications. It has been proven that there is a decreased level of 25 (OH) D3 in serum and such diseases as diabetes, hypertension, depression,neuro-degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and increased likelihood of cancer, especially breast, prostate, and colon cancers [15].