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On 18 October 2023, the Constitutional Tribunal handed down its second 'revolutionary' verdict in three months on the grounds of property tax (ref. SK 23/19), once again stating the unconstitutionality of the provisions of the law governing it - this time only with regard to a specific interpretation of the provisions. Indeed, the Court found that both the definition of a building and the provisions on property tax rates are unconstitutional to the extent that they would result in the recognition that garages with separate ownership located in residential buildings are to be taxed at the rate for other (higher) buildings and not at the rate provided for residential buildings.

Because COVID-19 has been recognised as one of the most important pandemics in the history of humankind, in recent years many scientists have investigated the effect of the disease on various aspects of mental and physical human health. This article presents a literature review regarding the effect of SARS CoV-2 infection on the symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment of diabetes. It discusses the effect of infection with virus SARS-CoV-2 on the course of type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as the frequency of occurrence of the disease in patients affected by COVID-19. Moreover, it presents information on the pharmacotherapy and way of providing services by doctors during the pandemic. According to the literature, infection with virus SARS CoV-2 causes a general inflammation of the organisms and numerous metabolic and hormonal disturbances, and therefore affects the course of diabetes. It may lead not only to serious metabolic complications in the course of early diabetes, but also to the development of the disease. It was determined that infection with COVID-19 in diabetes patients (mainly type 2) increases the risk of complications (such as acute respiratory failure, multi-organ failure, and death).

Introduction: The percentage of the population struggling with the problem of obesity has been steadily increasing in recent years, both among adults and children. Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from a positive energy balance, which does not tend to disappear spontaneously. The etiology of obesity is multidimensional, it is caused by genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. As a result, excessive amounts of adipose tissue are deposited in the body, which leads to an increased risk of various systemic diseases, including cancers of the digestive system. Aim of the study: This review aims to show the relationship between overweight and obesity and the increased incidence of gastrointestinal cancers. Materials and methods: An analysis of previous works present in the PubMed database was performed, using the following keywords: obesity, overweight, obesity and cancer, cancer. Results: The results of the presented publications show the presence of a positive correlation between overweight and obesity, especially abdominal and the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancers.

Introduction and aim of the study: Botulinum toxin, produced by anaerobic bacteria of the Clostridium botulinum family, is one of the most potent organic compounds known to man. Despite its toxicity, it has found widespread use in medicine. From applications in aesthetic medicine, through the treatment of various disease entities, botulinum toxin has become an extremely valuable tool in the hands of doctors. The aim of this study is to review the latest research on the use of botulinum in medicine, with an emphasis on its safety and effectiveness. Methodology: The review work is mainly based on articles searched in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases in the years 2016-2023. The study was conducted by reviewing keywords such as "botulin", "botulin toxin", "botulin treatment", "botulin aesthetic". Current state of knowledge: Botulinum is used in the treatment of such disease entities as hyperhidrosis, cervical dystonia, migraines, neurogenic bladder, as well as in the treatment of scars and wrinkles. The use of botulinum in medicine is safe, provided that it is used by qualified specialists and in appropriate doses. An area that requires further research is the impact of long-term botulinum therapy on the antibodies produced against the toxin. Additionally, an important area for further research is patient monitoring, appropriate dose adjustment and frequency of administration, which in turn can increase the effectiveness of treatment. Summary: Botulinum toxin is an effective tool in medicine, which has many applications. However, as with any drug, it requires appropriate use and understanding of potential side effects. Further research and education are key to fully exploiting its potential and assessing the risk associated with long-term use.

Introduction and purpose: High Flow Nasal Therapy is quite new respiratory support method, although recently it became more popular – especially during COVID-19 pandemic. Physiological mechanisms as well as main applications were observed and described in several randomized controlled trias and metaanalisys. The purpose of this review is to present fundamental studies and indicate applications of this method. Brief description of the state of knowladge: Breathing mixture with a maximum flow 60l/min needs to be heated and humidified to protect the airways from dryness. Optimal humidity improves mucocilary clearance, reduces inflammation of the airways and energy expenditure, especially in acute respiratory failure. High flow nasal therapy may imrpove the mechanics of breathing also by washout of nasopharyngeal dead space and generating positive airway pressure during exhalation, which keeps airways open and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. High flow therapy can be use in many different applications but at Intensive Care Unit the most important are: acute hypoxemia, during extubation or rest breaks from NIV. It is important to monitor the patient and predict the need for intubation on time. There are physiological states that we shoud focus on: respiratory rate, dyspnea or work of breathing, but it is good to know ROX index which can be helpful to assess the success of the therapy. Summary (conlcusions): High flow nasal therapy is a simple and safety respiratory support method that can be applicable at Intensive Care Units. It can lower the intubation numbers and help during NIV rest breaks. High flow nasal therapy is a very promising method for all patients with respiratory failure but it is important to monitor the patient and not delay the intubation.

Introduction and objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic condition characterized by progressive damage to the joint cartilage and bone. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has gained increasing interest as a potential therapeutic approach for relieving symptoms and improving joint function. The aim of this article is to present the current knowledge regarding the PRP preparation method, mechanisms of action, and treatment outcomes in OA based on scientific literature and recent research. Materials and methods: A review of scientific literature available on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Via Medica journal database was conducted using relevant keywords. State of knowledge: Platelet-rich plasma is obtained from the patient's own blood using differential centrifugation method, resulting in a concentration of platelets (PLT) that is 300-700% higher compared to the baseline. PLTs release various biologically active substances, including growth factors, which stimulate tissue repair and regeneration processes. Numerous studies have shown that PRP administration in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and hip joints leads to pain reduction and improved joint function. The therapeutic effect yields long-lasting results, lasting up to 12 months after the completion of the treatment. Conclusions: The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of osteoarthritis presents a promising alternative to conventional therapies. However, further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of PRP on a larger sample size and assess the long-term effects of this therapy. Knowledge regarding dosage, treatment protocols, and the duration of therapy remains limited.

Modafinil is used to treat narcolepsy with cataplexy and is also being extensively studied to find new therapeutic uses. In recent years, there have been reports suggesting the potential benefits of modafinil in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses such as depression and bipolar depression. In the case of depression, modafinil can be used as an adjuvant or as monotherapy in patients who do not respond sufficiently to antidepressants. Studies have shown that modafinil improves symptoms of depression, reduces fatigue and improves cognitive function. There are also reports of a beneficial effect of modafinil in the treatment of seasonal depression. For bipolar depression, modafinil can be used as an adjunct therapy during the depressive phase, particularly in patients experiencing slowness, lethargy and loss of pleasure. Studies suggest that modafinil may improve depressive symptoms without inducing manic episodes. There are also data indicating modafinil's potential efficacy in treating negative symptoms and improving cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. In conclusion, modafinil appears to be a promising drug in aiding the treatment of various psychiatric illnesses.

In this review paper, we delve into the potential applicability of psilocybin - a naturally synthesized psychedelic substance found within select species of fungi, as a prospective avenue for depression treatment. Depression, a widespread psychological malady affecting countless individuals across the globe, often proves stubborn against existing treatment modalities, necessitating exploration into new options. The spotlight has increasingly been cast on psilocybin, thanks to its promising therapeutic capacities for a spectrum of mental health disorders, notably including depression. This article dissects the operational mechanisms of psilocybin, referencing germane clinical trials, and weighing the prospective risks and rewards related to its usage. Pooled findings from an array of clinical studies hint at the possibility of psilocybin furnishing swift and lasting advantages for managing depression and similar disorders. Trial participants who underwent a combined regimen of psilocybin and psychotherapy recorded enduring alleviation in their anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psilocybin has been observed to trigger modifications in neural activity, predominantly in the brain's default mode network (DMN) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These alterations have been correlated with a decrease in self-oriented cognitive processes, an uptick in positive emotional states, and the facilitation of neuroplasticity. When compared with standard antidepressant medications, the symptomatic improvements seen with psilocybin were largely equivalent. Preclinical investigations have also underlined psilocybin's potential in augmenting neural plasticity and neurogenesis, thus hinting at its possible utility in the fields of neurosurgery and neurooncology.

Introduction Premature birth is one of the most common problems in neonatal care and affects from 6 to 14% of pregnancies (frequency depends on geographical factors) [1]. Prematurity is the cause of almost half of deaths of children younger than 5 years old [3]. The most frequent and one of the most severe risks of preterm births is bronchopulmonary dysplasia (also called a chronic lung disease in some sources). Aim of the study The aim of this study is to collect data on both new and traditional ways of prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in a population of infants born preterm (

Glosowany wyrok Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 18 sierpnia 2020 r., sygn. II GSK 30/18, dotyczy poziomu kwalifikacji merytorycznych kandydata do zawodu radcy prawnego. NSA sformułował tezę, że powinny być one jak najwyższe, aby zapewnić prawidłowe wykonywanie tej profesji. Zarówno tezę, jak i prowa­dzącą do niej argumentację należy zaaprobować. Z uwagi na to, że czynności składające się na świadczoną przez osoby wykonujące zawód zaufania publicznego pomoc prawną mają zróżnicowaną postać i rozległy zakres, konieczne jest posiadanie odpowiedniej wiedzy i umiejętności. Minimalny osiągnięty przez kandydata poziom kwalifikacji wyrażony pozytywnym wynikiem egzaminu powinien oznaczać wypełnienie wszystkich stawianych radcy prawemu wysokich wymagań. Celem egzaminu zawodowego jest dopuszczenie do wykonywania zawo­du radcy prawnego osób, które będą reprezentowały wysoki poziom przygotowania zawodowego, co w szer­szym kontekście stanowi ochronę interesu publicznego.