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Introduction: Infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) pose a significant clinical challenge due to increasing antibiotic resistance. This study analyzes the effectiveness of ceftazidime/avibactam treatment for KPC infections, focusing on 30-day mortality and comparing results with control groups treated with different antibiotics. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of six cohort studies, comparing thirty-day mortality in patients treated with ceftazidime/avibactam with control groups using other antibiotics. The studies included patients infected with KPC, and the analysis focused on therapeutic effectiveness. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to compare the results in terms of 30-day mortality in groups treated with ceftazidime/avibactam compared to control groups using different antibiotics. Conclusions: Data analysis from various studies revealed varied 30-day mortality outcomes in groups treated with ceftazidime/avibactam compared to control groups using different antibiotics. Ceftazidime/avibactam proved to be more effective in all studies, reducing mortality rates compared to other treatment regimens. We emphasize that emerging antibiotic resistance, especially in the case of KPC, requires a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Despite promising ceftazidime/avibactam results, factors such as overall patient health and treatment delays may influence final therapy outcomes. We also highlight controversies regarding combination therapy vs. monotherapy, necessitating further research. Our work underscores the importance of monitoring the effectiveness of KPC infection treatment and exploring new therapeutic strategies. Further clinical studies are essential to develop a fuller understanding and optimal therapeutic protocols in the face of the growing antibiotic resistance problem.

In 2019, according to WHO estimates, 262 million people were affected by asta, resulting in 455,000 deaths. Asthma, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes reversible bronchoconstriction, making it difficult for patients to breathe. Exacerbations of the disease can be caused by a variety of factors but share similar symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. Severe asthma exacerbations are defined as symptoms that do not respond to inhaled medications and improve only after oral or intravenous steroid administration. Asthma-related deaths often occur during exacerbations. Vitamin D, which is produced naturally in the body and found in some foods, is a steroid-derived vitamin. Adequate doses of this vitamin, administered through medication or supplements, can be used to maintain its proper levels in the organism. Vitamin D is essential for regulating calcium levels in the body and for bone remodeling. It also has immunomodulatory effects, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. This partly explains its association with changes in the airway epithelium that occur as a result of inflammation in asthma. The study aims to summarize the current knowledge on the relationship of vitamin D with asthma symptom control. The present study is based on literature available in scientific databases from 2013-2016, such as PubMed, Corchane Library and Google Scholar, using the following keywords: "vitamin D" and "asthma." Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in children and adults worldwide. A critical analysis of the literature reveals that the therapeutic administration of vitamin D has no apparent advantage in treating asthma, especially in children. Nevertheless, for adults with mild asthma, vitamin D supplementation shows promise for improved outcomes. However, there is a pressing need for large-scale clinical trials to determine the efficacy and safety of this therapeutic approach for both age groups.

Introduction: Diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, a common manifestation of gallstone disease, is mainly based on advanced endoscopic techniques such as ERCP and EUS. Since the 1970s, ERCP has been a key method in the diagnosis and treatment of choledocholithiasis, allowing direct visualization and therapeutic interventions. However, technological developments have brought the emergence of EUS as a complementary tool, providing high-resolution imaging of the bile ducts. Understanding the diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic options and complications of both modalities is key to optimizing the care of patients with bile duct stones. Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to review and compare various diagnostic methods of bile duct stones, as well as to assess their effectiveness, accuracy, and potential complications. Materials and methods: We searched electronic sources, aspecially in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as ,,endoscopic ultrasonography”, ,,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography” and ,,choledocholithiasis”. Conclusions: With the use of modern technologies, such as endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and retrograde choleangiopancreatography (ERCP), it has become possible to diagnose bile duct stones more accurately and introduce more effective and less invasive therapies. The development of the availability of diagnostic tests, especially those that do not require invasive procedures, has helped reduce the risk of complications. EUS may be the preferred tool of choice for patients with gallstones, as it is associated with a lower risk of complications compared to ERCP alone. Decisions regarding the use of specific diagnostic and therapeutic modalities should be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account medical and economic considerations.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) one of the most common chronic disease in Europe, can affect every part of the body including the skin. Metabolic changes during the progress of diabetes mellitus , influence the occurence of various dermatoses such as Acanthosis nigricans, Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, bullosis diabeticorum, eruptive xanthomatosis and diabetic dermopathy. On the other hand, there are allergic skin reactions as a consequence of insulin infusion, diabetic pills treatment and using diabetic devices like insulin pumps and glucose monitors that can improve patiens glycemic control and their quality of life. Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to present skin manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus patients. The importance of early detection skin changes and its significance are also analysed. Material and methods: We searched electronic databases, using keywords such as „Diabetes Mellitus” , „ Skin dermatoses assosiated with diabetes mellitus „ and „Acanthosis Nigricans” Conclusions: Human skin is a reflection of the processes that take place in the body. The characteristc dermatoses that appear on it, can be a clue for the doctor and help him in the diagnostic process and proper control of diabetes. Technological progress has led to the develompent of specialized devices to control the glycemia of patients, however, this is often associated with the deterioration in the well-being of patients and the benefits of treatment ,by reverse allergic skin reactions to contact with the equipment.

Rhinophyma is defined as a progressive, deforming, nodular enlargement of the sebaceous glands caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous follicles. It is assumed to be the final phase of chronic rosacea occurring mainly in Caucasian men. This disease negatively affects the quality of life of patients due to decreased self-esteem and depressive disorders. Nasal deformation by narrowing the nostrils impairs the physical performance of patients and even leads to the development of sleep apnea. Treatment is mainly based on surgery to remove pathological tissue. The literature also provides the possibility of therapy using ablative techniques and laser therapy.

The main aim of the following study is to review current knowledge on Influenza. Influenza, also known as the flu, is an acute, infectious disease which attacks the respiratory system. The disease is caused by the influenza virus, of which there are 3 types. The most common is type A of influenza virus. It is transmitted between people by the droplet route, with cases occurring particularly frequently during seasonal epidemics. This is why the most important form of prevention is maintaining personal hygiene and isolation of sick people. Another form of prevention is a vaccine for the influenza virus developed with new variants every year. The flu causes a variety of symptoms from many systems but can also be asymptomatic. Diagnosis of the illness is based on clinical criteria and the results of diagnostic tests for which there are established criteria of legitimacy. Most common and sufficient curation for an illness is a symptomatic treatment but there is also a causal treatment for influenza. However certain conditions are required for its implementation. Influenza is usually a mild disease, but there are present cases of serious complications. Groups particularly exposed to severe and complicated courses of the disease are pregnant women, children and patients with multimorbidities. Currently, the co-occurrence of influenza with Covid-19 infection is particularly dangerous, which constitutes a new challenge for the global health care system.

INTRODUCTION: Diet is an integral element of every individual's health. Its impact on the functioning of the human body has fascinated scientists for years. One of the diets that alters the mechanism of the body's functioning is the ketogenic diet. The impact of the ketogenic diet on various disorders is still under investigation. It is known to have shown numerous benefits in reducing epileptic seizures, but its impact on other neurological disorders is less known. In this literature review, the efficacy of ketogenic therapies was assessed in Alzheimer's disease. AIM OF STUDY: Review of the current literature (since 2018) on the effects of implementing a ketogenic diet in patients with Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review was based on data gathered from the PubMed database using the keywords: 'ketogenic diet in Alzheimer’s disease,' 'ketogenic therapies Alzheimer disease,' and 'ketogenic diet in neurological disease’. SUMMARY: The ketogenic diet enhances the daily functioning of Alzheimer's patients. It significantly improves their cognitive functions, and changes in brain blood flow are visible in imaging studies. The ketogenic diet also positively modulates the gut microbiome in Alzheimer's patients. It represents a promising option in combating cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Urinary tract stones are a common condition that significantly reduces quality of life. A proper diet is an important factor in the prevention and treatment of lithiasis and, for this reason, dietary interventions have become an essential part of treatment. In our review of the literature, we analysed the individual components of diet in terms of the risk of developing urinary tract stones. A number of dietary guidelines have been developed to reduce lithogenic factors in the urine, such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid. Current guidelines recommend increasing the intake of fluids, increasing the intake of fruit and vegetables, using a balanced calcium supplementation and limiting the supply of sodium and especially animal protein. Based on these recommendations, a vegetarian diet containing dairy products combined with calcium supplementation appears to have the lowest risk of developing urinary stones. However, there are still many uncertainties in this area, and research needs to continue and be expanded to include the influence of diet type on the risk of lithiasis. This will allow us to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing the disease process and to create clear guidelines in the field of urolithiasis in the future.

Introduction and purposeArtificial intelligence (AI) is more advanced than ever and finds more and more new applications. Attempts are being made to use computer data analysis in medicine. The aim of this study is to summarize the knowledge on the use of AI in the diagnosis of breast, prostate, skin and colorectal cancer with particular emphasis on the applications and effectiveness of AI in making diagnoses. A brief description of the state of knowledgeThe most frequently used form of artificial intelligence in diagnostics are algorithms that analyze databases and recognize patterns. They can capture the features of samples characteristic of tumors, such as abnormal cells in the biopsy material or the alarming size and color of the skin lesion. Additionally, AI is capable of analyzing magnetic resonance images, radiographs, and other standardized test results. In most cases, AI is more effective than clinicians, sometimes as effective as they are, and almost never less effective. As a rule, the most accurate and adequate diagnosis can be obtained by joining the forces of AI and medical specialists. Working with learning algorithms requires the use of very extensive data sets. Every effort should be made to protect sensitive information from patients' medical history. ConclusionsThe results of research on the effectiveness of AI in cancer diagnostics are very promising. Further research and development of information technology systems may positively affect the quality and effectiveness of tumor diagnostics.

Background: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignant neoplasm, which occurs in the majority of cases postmenopausally. The current standard of treatment is surgical - total hysterectomy. However, it may also occur in younger patients, who are planning pregnancy and want to choose fertility-sparing treatment. For those patients oral high dose progestin therapy with or without hysteroscopic resection should be proposed. It is usually a good option for women with well-differentiated (G1) cancers. For patients with higher grade (G2, G3) or contraindications to progestins, fertility-sparing treatment of endometrial cancer seems impossible. Case report: We present the case of a 34-year old woman diagnosed gynecologically due to abnormal bleeding from the genital tract. Based on USG, she was diagnosed with endometrial polyp. As a treatment, hysteroscopic resection was performed. In the histopathological evaluation G2 endometrial cancer was diagnosed. The standard approach would be a total hysterectomy, but the patient was interested in fertility-sparing options. Due to contraindications to progestins a total hysteroscopic resection was performed counseling the patient about the risks of a novel approach. Histopathology revealed no residual disease and no other lesions during the first year of observations occurred. Conclusion: Total hysteroscopic resection without further progestin therapy may offer the possibility to treat G2 endometrial cancer despite contraindications to the administration of progestins. Our case report should also encourage further evaluation of fertility-sparing management of endometrial cancer with higher than G1 grade.

Introduction and purpose: The problem with infertility affects between 8 and 12% of reproductive-aged couples. Among the reasons, smoking, adulterated food, hormonal disorder are featured. Our purpose is to check how micronutrients impact fertility.Brief description of the state of knowledge: Micronutrients deficiency, specifically zinc and selenium deficiencies have also unpropitious impact on fertility. In this review, the potential role of these microelements in male and female reproductive health is considered. Zinc had been proved to regulate sperm motility, spermatogenesis and reduce oxidative stress. Lower delivery of selenium decrease testosterone level by causing changes in receptor of the luteinising hormone. It is also compared with lower spermatozoa concentration. In this review the role of iron, manganese, lead, nickel, copper, magnesium and cobalt is described as well. Summary: Deficiencies of some micronutrients may make worse the fertility. That’s the reason why additional supplementation may be important in the treatment of infertility.

Introduction and objective: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a severe genetic disorder being manifested by several symptoms such as infantile hypotonia and poor thriving outcomes, low height, hyperphagia, endocrine, reproductive and internal malfunctions and malformations. In the disease treatment, growth hormone (GH)-replacement therapy is commonly carried on. In this article, we sum up the latest clinical trials’ results concerning the effectiveness and safety of GH-replacement therapy.Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Taking into consideration six clinical trials performed in the years 2019-2020, most of them showed positive results of GH-replacement therapy in PWS patients, not only in case of better motor skills or body composition, but also concerning their social and adaptive functioning. Moreover, as for the cessation of GH treatment, some authors seem to highlight no deterioration in cognitive functioning in patients who attained adult height after GH-treatment.Summary: GH-replacement therapy seems to be a good therapeutic option for PWS-affected individuals. Nonetheless, in our research we did not come across on any clinical trials with more than one-year-long observations. Thus, on the long term, these results can not exclude a gradual deterioration of cognitive functioning.

Introduction and purpose: Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) are associated with epigenetic regulation of gene expression. They are responsible of adequate action of not only histone proteins, but also crucial cell cycle proteins, such as p53, NF‐κB or alpha tubulin. Recent studies have shown the connection between expression of HDAC and carcinogenesis and impact of HDAC inhibitors on cancer therapy. The aim of the study was to review the recent studies on HDAC inhibitors efficiency in the treatment of hematologic neoplasms and solid tumors. It is a study review from 2010 to 2020 using the PubMed database and ClinicalTrials.gov. Description of state of knowledge: Most studies related to HDAC inhibitors impact in hematological neoplasms, such as multiple myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas and acute myeloid leukemia. Among studied agents panobinostat, vorinostat and showed efficacy. Moreover, some HDACi demonstrated effectiveness in solid tumors treatment, foremost vorinostat in breast cancer and entinostat in non-small cell lung lymphoma. Summary: Including HDAC inhibitors in tumor treatment could be beneficial for patients, especially those with advanced, relapsed or refractory hematologic neoplasm. However, further studies are necessary to confirm their efficacy and to reveal side effects.

Introduction and purpose: Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common conditions in childbearing. It is estimated that 10-15% of mothers develop PPD. Oxytocin has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders including PPD. The aim of this study is to, on the base of recent studies, investigate whether oxytocin has an impact on PPD and if it can be used as a way of diagnostic indicator or treatment. Brief description of the state of knowledgement: Studies indicate that there is a relationship between oxytocin and PPD. Depression and anxiety after delivery were observed more frequently among women with lower oxytocin plasma levels. Basing on the oxytocin plasma levels in the third semester of pregnancy, the risk of PPD can be predicted. This relationship was observed in women who were breastfeeding as well as in those who cessed. Some studies indicate that depression development may be inhibited thanks to oxytocin. Exogenous oxytocin has been proven to improve prosocial behaviour and reduce negative emotional responses in mother-children relations. It may also increase mother’s attention to baby. Some studies have stated that intrapartum oxytocin administration decreases the rate of PPD symptoms but studies on treatment with oxytocin are not unanimous. Conclusions: Oxytocin plays an undeniable role in pathophysiology of postpartum depression and it may be regarded as a diagnostic indicator and therapeutic target. However, more studies are needed to clarify this intricate relationship.

Introduction and purpose: Amyloid Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is progressive, cachectic neurodegenerative disease. The lack of effective therapy, which could prevent disease progression and minimize degeneration of motor neurons, contributes to unceasing exploration for novel therapeutic methods. Nanotechnology remains one of the most promising areas among novel agents in neurodegenerative diseases treatment. Recent studies have shown that application of nanoparticles for drug delivery might develop greater effects in ALS treatment.The aim of the study is to analyze literature (database PubMed) for potential nanotechnology usage in ALS therapy.A brief description of the state of knowledge: Nanotechnology is one of the most promising agent in many aspects of medicine, for example drug delivery, cancer therapy and wound healing. There are different kinds of nanoparticles for example gold, silver, metal-oxide, silica, lipid-based. There was one randomized clinical trial that used nanoparticles to improve bioavailability of turmeric, potential anti-inflammatory agent, in patients with ALS. This study showed that using nanoparticles is safe. Most of the recent analysis were carried out using animal models. Promising results were demonstrated in many studies. Conclusions: The available research confirms the usefulness of nanotechnology in increasing the effectiveness of ALS treatment. Animal studies have produced surprising results. Nanoparticles can improve the absorption of drugs and bioavailability, affecting the clinical improvement of patients, which gives new possibilities and therapeutic perspectives for patients with ALS. Personalized therapy based on using molecules and profund control of such therapy can greatly improve the effectiveness of treating people with ALS.

Introduction and purpose: Vegan and vegetarian diets rise in popularity. Their succes can be attributed to growing ecological awarness and trends in culture. Opponents criticise these diets as incompletely nutritional. In this review, we would like to summarise the state of knowledge over effects of vegan and vegetarian diets on skeletal system. Bone Mineral Density is a widely used indicator of likelyhood of fracture and develompent of osteoporosis. Comparing that parameter between vegans and vegetarians and non-vegans can lead to conclusions about bones’ health. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Lower intake of calcium and vitamins (D3, B12) in vegans and vegetarians can lead to lower bone mineral density and higher risk of fracture. Although, with supplementation of those nutrients negative effects are greatly reduced. Higher bone mineral density in non-vegetarian subjects can be result of higher body mass, gender and other factors. Plant-based diets are less acid-forming than their counterpart, resulting in lower bone resorption and reduced loss of calcium. Conclusions: Vegan and vegetarian diet can result in lower boner mineral density. However, if applied correctly, with supplementation of lacking nutrients, or enriching the diet with dairy products it may not lead to any negative effects on bones. Substances contained in plants, more frequently eaten by vegans and vegetarians may have positive effects on bone mineral density.

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer affecting women and the most lethal cancer among the gynecological cancers. Because of the lack of specific symptoms and no special screening tools, it is recognised in an advanced stage. In addition, drug resistance in ovarian cancer is so frequent, that genes and cross-talks between some important pathways are still analysed. In this review, the major and recently identified molecular mechanisms of drug resistance, including platinum, taxane, bevacizumab and PARPi resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer from relevant literature have been investigated.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an acute, life-threatening condition that occurs either spontaneously or as a complication of cytoreductive antitumor therapy, and occurs in both children and adults. As a result of TLS, intracellular components are released into the extracellular space, leading to dysregulation of the body's homeostasis due to the accumulation of uric acid, phosphate and potassium ions, and hypocalcemia, which may lead to cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, or kidney failure.

Artykuł koncentruje się na analizie dyskursu prasowego dotyczącego oświaty i szkolnictwa polskiego na Białorusi w latach 2014–2016 w tygodniku «Głos znad Niemna na uchodźstwie». Sytuacja polskiej mniejszości na terenach Białorusi była zawsze trudna ponieważ polityka władz białoruskich skupiała się na niszczeniu wszystkiego co związane było z polską kulturą oraz posiadającego polskie korzenie: inteligencja, szkoła, teatr, prasa. Sytuacja Polaków należących do polskiego społeczeństwa zamieszkującego obszar poza granicami we współczesnej Białorusi wydaje się być skomplikowana. Z jednej strony, stanowią oni duży odsetek społeczeństwa na Białorusi, jednakże z drugiej strony, znaczna ich część ma problemy z zachowaniem polskiej tożsamości. Polska prasa na Białorusi odgrywa ważną rolę w procesie tworzenia i rozwoju świadomości narodowej. Przez wiele lat tak ważną rolę odgrywał tygodnik «Głos znad Niemna na uchodźstwie» wydawany przez organ prasowy Związku Polaków na Białorusi. Analiza dyskursu prasowego okazała się być szczególnie pomocna w odniesieniu do spraw etycznych oraz mniejszości narodowych. Przeprowadziliśmy analizę pięciu wybranych artykułów w odniesieniu do oświaty i szkolnictwa polskiego na Białorusi na łamach tygodnika «Głosu znad Niemna na uchodźstwie». Zaobserwowaliśmy jakie tematy porusza się w prasie w odniesieniu do polskiej oświaty, czym jest dyskurs i tworzenie, rodzaje stosowanego słownictwa oraz struktur, jak i osiągnięte zmiany w zachowaniu oraz mentalności czytelników.

Prolactin is a hormone secreted by lactotrophic cells of the pituitary gland and its main function is stimulating lactation. Binding prolactin by its membrane receptor leads to the activation of signalling pathway that enables cell proliferation and differentiation. Due to this mechanism, the potential oncogenic role of the hormone is of great interest. Prolactin and its receptor have many forms and a complicated signalling pathway, that is why defining prolactin’s specific role in cancerogenesis is difficult and poses a serious challenge. Researches also indicate an important role of extra-pituitary prolactin synthesised in many other tissues in the process of cancerogenesis. This article focuses on connection between prolactin and breast cancer, as it is the most common cancer in women. In several studies, prolactin and its receptor were significantly associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Recent research papers focus also on the treatment of breast cancer, using knowledge about prolactin and its role in the development of the tumour.

Introduction: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a severe condition that can be the source of significant morbidity and mortality. It is the major complication of venous thromboembolism (VTE) which, by occluding the pulmonary arterial bed may lead to an acute life-threatening state. The clinical management of patients with acute pulmonary embolism has rapidly changed over the years. After the diagnosis of the PE, the anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy is initiated. Most commonly, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), unfractionated heparins (UFH), fondaparinux or vitamin K antagonists are used for the anticoagulant therapy. However, LMWH are still uncertain agents, both in the PE prophylaxis and in the high-risk PE cases. Objective: The aim of the article is to assess the effects of LMWH in the pulmonary embolism prophylaxis. State of knowledge: A range of clinical and epidemiological studies have shown the relationship between the anticoagulant therapy using the LMWH in the PE prophylaxis. Lower risk of not only PE but also therapy-induced haemorrhages, blood clots and embolisms recurrences were proven in several meta-analyses. Moreover, the LMWH therapy seems to have a better impact on prevention of VTE symptoms and post-surgical embolisms than other anticoagulant agents. However, some studies have shown that the therapy using LMWH can be replaced with another anticoagulant with a comparable risk of complications. Conclusion: In the light of this informations, it is surely possible that the LMWH has a better impact in the PE prophylaxis and post-surgical complications prevention than other agents. Still, we can face various results of the studies but the effectiveness of their activity in most cases leaves no doubt for the reasonableness of their usage.

The transplantology is a branch of medicine, which has recently developed significantly. Nevertheless, despite a constant need for organs for transplantations, there is still no increase in supply for them. According to the Polish data, in 2018, only 629 new potential organ donors were registered in total and only 500 of them became so-called real donors. This data should provoque programmes to be created which would raise awareness of this problem. In the article, the results of the survey concerning university and high school students’ attitudes towards this issue were contained. As it turns out, not only young society’s attitude, but also its awareness of the organ transplantations should be taken care of.

Thyroid hormones show not only genomic, but also nongenomic activity, which is related to specific membrane, cytoplasmic and organelle receptors. The best known receptors are located on the alpha-V-beta-3 integrin of cell membrane. Their stimulation results in an activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which directly leads to an inhibition of apoptosis and increased proliferation of tumor cells, as well as promotes angiogenesis and metastasis formation. In ovarian cancer cells L-thyroxine is proven to be involved in MAPK activation as well as in the up-regulation of expression and enhanced cellular accumulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which results in an inhibition of neoplastic cells apoptosis.

On a Certain Phonetic Feature of Wymysorys: An Analysis of Areal Aspects In Wymysorys, also known as Vilamovicean (a Germanic language spoken in Wilamowice, a small town in the south of Poland), velarized laterals [ɫ] have turned into [w]. This shift is characteristic of some Polish and German dialects, although in the latter it only occurs under certain conditions. Since Wymysorys displays a strong influence of Polish in many other respects, this change is more likely to have stemmed from contact with Polish. O pewnym szczególe z wilamowskiej fonetyki – próba analizy w kontekście arealnym W wilamowskim welaryzowane [ɫ] (kontynuant średnio-wysoko-niemieckiego l) przeszło w glajd [w]. Zmiana ta charakterystyczna jest dla różnych języków Europy, w tym dla polszczyzny i niektórych dialektów niemieckich (w tych ostatnich jednak zachodzi jedynie w pewnych warunkach). Silny wpływ polskiego na wilamowski (obserwowany nie tylko w fonetyce) uprawnia do stwierdzenia, iż omawiana zmiana jest wynikiem oddziaływania polszczyzny i dokonała się w ostatnim pokoleniu użytkowników wilamowszczyzny.

Many GPs are increasingly dealing with patients complaining of ailments likely to suggest gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). These symptoms include heartburn, abdominal pain, and a feeling of esophageal reflux (regurgitation). GERD is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases that gastroenterologists meet in their practice (1, 2). In North America the problem is affected from 18.1% to even 27.8% of the population. The situation is similar in Europe, where the proportion of people with reflux symptoms is in the range of 8.8% - 25.9%. Among European countries, the prevalence of GERD symptoms is higher in the north of the continent than in the south. The growing problem of overweight and obesity that makes GERD more and more recognized in the population of children and adolescents (3) is a worrying fact. Interestingly, reflux-related complaints are much less frequent in eastern Asia, affecting only 2.5% -7.8% of the population (4).

Introduction: Phimosis is one of many conditions which causes concern among parents of young boys. It appears when the foreskin of the penis cannot be pulled back past the glans. The main reason is the foreskin opening tightness or narrowing. This defect can be congenital or acquired. The condition is diagnosed on the basis of a physical examination performed by a physician.Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to present the disease unit with a special focus on proper medical diagnosis and treatment.Summary: It should be noticed that in most cases phimosis is a physiological state. Surgery is not recommended at this time. Then parents or caregivers should be advised about the nature of the child's condition to avoid possible complications and to provide appropriate care for the patient.

Prolactin is a hormone secreted by lactotrophic cells of the pituitary gland and its main function is stimulating lactation. Binding prolactin by its membrane receptor leads to the activation of signalling pathway that enables cell proliferation and differentiation. Due to this mechanism, the potential oncogenic role of the hormone is of great interest. Prolactin and its receptor have many forms and a complicated signalling pathway, that is why defining prolactin’s specific role in cancerogenesis is difficult and poses a serious challenge. Researches also indicate an important role of extra-pituitary prolactin synthesised in many other tissues in the process of cancerogenesis. This article focuses on connection between prolactin and breast cancer, as it is the most common cancer in women. In several studies, prolactin and its receptor were significantly associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Recent research papers focus also on the treatment of breast cancer, using knowledge about prolactin and its role in the development of the tumour.

Introduction: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a severe condition that can be the source of significant morbidity and mortality. It is the major complication of venous thromboembolism (VTE) which, by occluding the pulmonary arterial bed may lead to an acute life-threatening state. The clinical management of patients with acute pulmonary embolism has rapidly changed over the years. After the diagnosis of the PE, the anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy is initiated. Most commonly, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), unfractionated heparins (UFH), fondaparinux or vitamin K antagonists are used for the anticoagulant therapy. However, LMWH are still uncertain agents, both in the PE prophylaxis and in the high-risk PE cases. Objective: The aim of the article is to assess the effects of LMWH in the pulmonary embolism prophylaxis. State of knowledge: A range of clinical and epidemiological studies have shown the relationship between the anticoagulant therapy using the LMWH in the PE prophylaxis. Lower risk of not only PE but also therapy-induced haemorrhages, blood clots and embolisms recurrences were proven in several meta-analyses. Moreover, the LMWH therapy seems to have a better impact on prevention of VTE symptoms and post-surgical embolisms than other anticoagulant agents. However, some studies have shown that the therapy using LMWH can be replaced with another anticoagulant with a comparable risk of complications. Conclusion: In the light of this informations, it is surely possible that the LMWH has a better impact in the PE prophylaxis and post-surgical complications prevention than other agents. Still, we can face various results of the studies but the effectiveness of their activity in most cases leaves no doubt for the reasonableness of their usage.

The transplantology is a branch of medicine, which has recently developed significantly. Nevertheless, despite a constant need for organs for transplantations, there is still no increase in supply for them. According to the Polish data, in 2018, only 629 new potential organ donors were registered in total and only 500 of them became so-called real donors. This data should provoque programmes to be created which would raise awareness of this problem. In the article, the results of the survey concerning university and high school students’ attitudes towards this issue were contained. As it turns out, not only young society’s attitude, but also its awareness of the organ transplantations should be taken care of.

Thyroid hormones show not only genomic, but also nongenomic activity, which is related to specific membrane, cytoplasmic and organelle receptors. The best known receptors are located on the alpha-V-beta-3 integrin of cell membrane. Their stimulation results in an activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which directly leads to an inhibition of apoptosis and increased proliferation of tumor cells, as well as promotes angiogenesis and metastasis formation. In ovarian cancer cells L-thyroxine is proven to be involved in MAPK activation as well as in the up-regulation of expression and enhanced cellular accumulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which results in an inhibition of neoplastic cells apoptosis.

Introduction: Phimosis is one of many conditions which causes concern among parents of young boys. It appears when the foreskin of the penis cannot be pulled back past the glans. The main reason is the foreskin opening tightness or narrowing. This defect can be congenital or acquired. The condition is diagnosed on the basis of a physical examination performed by a physician.Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to present the disease unit with a special focus on proper medical diagnosis and treatment.Summary: It should be noticed that in most cases phimosis is a physiological state. Surgery is not recommended at this time. Then parents or caregivers should be advised about the nature of the child's condition to avoid possible complications and to provide appropriate care for the patient.

Many GPs are increasingly dealing with patients complaining of ailments likely to suggest gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). These symptoms include heartburn, abdominal pain, and a feeling of esophageal reflux (regurgitation). GERD is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases that gastroenterologists meet in their practice (1, 2). In North America the problem is affected from 18.1% to even 27.8% of the population. The situation is similar in Europe, where the proportion of people with reflux symptoms is in the range of 8.8% - 25.9%. Among European countries, the prevalence of GERD symptoms is higher in the north of the continent than in the south. The growing problem of overweight and obesity that makes GERD more and more recognized in the population of children and adolescents (3) is a worrying fact. Interestingly, reflux-related complaints are much less frequent in eastern Asia, affecting only 2.5% -7.8% of the population (4).