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The work is aimed at improving thermomechanical compressors designed to provide recondensation systems of cryogenic liquids. A promising field of use of thermocompressors can be the river tanker fleet designed for the transportation of cryogenic products, for example, liquefied gas. High-pressure throttle cycles are usually used in gas recondensation refrigeration units. Known schemes of liquefied natural gas recondensers in tanks of medium and small capacity based on single-stage cryogenic gas machines (CGM). They implement the reverse Stirling cycle, and the working medium is helium. The resource of single-stage CGM Stirling is limited. In addition, they do not exclude the leakage of helium due to the sealing of the compressor piston. Promising gas coolers are Gifford cryogenerators with a remote compressor. Their advantage is the reduction of the number of moving nodes and points of potential refrigerant (helium) leakage. The use of Gifford coolers allows utilization of low-temperature heat by thermome-chanical compression of the working fluid. The principle of operation of thermomechanical compressor units is based on the consumption of thermal energy to compress gases and mechanical energy to drive the compressor itself. It is proposed to use the energy resources of cold and heated streams on LNG tankers or LNG bunkering vessels. The low-temperature flow is vaporized gas taken from the tank in the form of main engine fuel or formed in the bunkering process. The warm source can be outboard water or engine exhaust gases. The introduction into practice of a new type of coolers based on the combined use of thermocompressors and gas cryogenerators will make it possible to increase the period of undrained storage of low-temperature liquids and reduce the volume of potential emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The research aims to analyze dynamic energy modeling of buildings using EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder software. The primary goal is to assess the energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and energy balance of buildings, taking into account various aspects such as ventilation and dynamic changes in temperature and humidity. Methodology. EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder software were utilized to create detailed dynamic models of buildings. Special attention was given to modeling ventilation and studying the energy balance. Various ventilation modeling algorithms were compared to determine their impact on energy efficiency. Findings. Energy flows in buildings based on dynamic energy balances for the heating period were investigated. A detailed analysis of the influence of ventilation on dynamic energy balances in the studied residential building room was conducted. Originality. This research offers a new perspective on dynamic energy modeling of buildings, expanding knowledge in this field by focusing on ventilation and energy balance aspects. The results contribute significantly to the development of approaches to improve energy efficiency, creating new opportunities for practical applications in engineering design and building operation. Practical value. The obtained results are an important contribution for engineers and designers developing strategies to reduce energy consumption and optimize energy use in buildings. The research can serve as a guide for the practical implementation of dynamic modeling in the planning and operation of buildings to achieve optimal energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the current state of development of the alternative energy market in Ukraine. An analysis of the energy market of Ukraine was made and the main factors stimulating the development of alternative energy were determined. These factors include legislative, economic, technological, administrative, geographic, and informational psychological factors. Changes in legislation related to the use of renewable energy sources are analyzed. A plan for the development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine is being considered. Today, most countries are trying to change their development scenarios to meet the ever-increasing energy needs. They do this by introducing new policies and focusing on alternative energy and energy efficiency issues. The transformation of energy markets is an important manifestation of modern energy trends. In this context, the achievements made within the framework of the Third Energy Package of the European Union regarding the creation of the European Union energy market should be particularly important. The analysis of the consequences of the transformation of energy markets in accordance with the Third Energy Package of the European Union allows to determine the main features and trends of the development of modern energy and to form connections between the subjects of the energy market in the next 10-20 years. All European countries have set targets for renewable energy. The European Union aims to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050.To achieve this goal, the European Union has launched its most ambitious package of measures, the European Green Deal, which aims to help people and companies in Europe achieve a sustainable green transition. In the light of the current pandemic, growing competition, globalization and ongoing European integration, research into the development of alternative energy is particularly important for Ukraine. Changes to the «green tariff» for wind and solar energy are presented. The paper shows that modern technological trends and improvement of energy efficiency and energy security of the country require changes in electricity production and are important for the country as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Study of the dynamics of formation of biometric indicators, biomass yield and energy potential of sorghum varieties in the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory and statistical methods were used. Five registered varieties of sorghum, viz: 'Huliver', 'Dovista', 'Zubr', 'Su' and 'Tsukrove' served as the object of research. The measurement of biometric indicators of plants, the calculation of biomass yield and energy potential were carried out in accordance with approved scientific and methodological recommendations. Results. The most rapid growth in height of sorghum was observed during the interphases of "seedling - leaf-tube formation and leaf-tube formation - flowering". At the end of the growing season, plants of the varieties 'Huliver' (237.2-245.1 cm), 'Tsukrove' (218.0-227.2 cm) and 'Dovista' (205.6-220.9 cm) were the tallest. 'Hulliver', 'Tsukrove' and 'Zubr' were characterized by the largest photosynthetic leaf area, they produced the largest biomass and were characterized by the highest energy efficiency of cultivation in terms of energy productivity (EPс equal to or greater than 60.0 GJ/ha) and energy efficiency coefficient (Kee equal to or greater than 4.0). Conclusions. The highest biomass yield by dry residue was found in the sorghum varieties 'Huliver' (15.4 t/ha), 'Tsukrove' (15.2 t/ha) and 'Zubr' (12.5 t/ha). The same varieties were characterized by high energy productivity (the difference between the energy stored in biomass and the energy used to produce it) - 65.3, 64.9 and 56.8 GJ/ha respectively, with a Kee value of 4.0 or more, which characterizes the average level of biomass production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work analytically investigates a new recuperative-transformer system with subcooling of the recirculation flow of furnace cooling, which increases the heat-technological and energy efficiency of furnace units, expanding the technical and economic efficiency of industrial heat supply. The basis of the research is the conclusion that the application of heat pump technologies for energy saving in the production of building materials in rotating furnaces with the utilization of low-temperature gas-air flows is very promising. It is noted that the stabilization of the thermal mode of furnace cooling during the year is an important technical and economic task aimed at improving the thermal process and energy saving, primarily for the firing zone. An analytical study of the recuperative transformer system with subcooling of the recirculation flow was conducted. The equation of the heat balance of the heat extraction system of the gas-air circuit in the process of furnace cooling is presented. The transfer of heat absorbed from the surface of the furnace in recuperative heat exchangers, as well as in the evaporator of the thermotransformer circuit of the vapor compression heat pump is described. A generalized dependence was obtained for the heat flow of furnace cooling and a low-potential source in the gas-air circulation circuit of the heat supply system. The dependence for the real conversion factor is determined. A graphical interpretation of the dependence of the effective conversion factor on the ratio of the consumption of the heating medium and the heated medium is presented. It is emphasized that the results of the study of the rational interrelationship of the initial and mode parameters create a basis for the engineering development of the proposed heat supply systems based on the stabilizing cooling of the rotating furnace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human global anthropogenic influence forces the developers of household refrigeration equipment to reconsider their attitude towards absorption refrigeration devices (ARD). The working body of ARD consists of natural components – water-ammonia solution (WAS) with the addition of inert gas (hydrogen, helium or their mixture) and is absolutely environmentally safe – it has zero values of ozone-depleting potential and the potential of the "greenhouse" effect. Absorption refrigeration devices have a number of such unique qualities, such as: silence, high reliability and long service life, absence of vibration, magnetic and electric fields during operation; the possibility of using several sources of energy in one device – both electric and alternative; the possibility of working with low-quality energy sources, in particular, electric energy, in the range of network voltage 160...240 V. At the same time, ARDs have higher energy consumption compared to similar compression models. In this work, an attempt is made to analyze the energy characteristics in a wide range of regime parameters using the thermodynamic parameters of real ARDs obtained by various researchers. The developed method of thermodynamic calculation of a typical absorption refrigeration device, which is based on the results of experimental studies of typical real models, allows variant calculations for a wide range of operating parameters. It is shown that a decrease in the average evaporation temperature leads to an increase in heat loads on the ARD elements, i.e. freezers always have large weight and size characteristics, compared to refrigerating chambers of medium cold. The limitation of the maximum boiling temperature in the ARD generator was found, which is determined by the corrosion resistance of the wall material. It has been shown that ARDs of tropical design with a working pressure of 30 bar in the system require high energy consumption, compared to similar models for a temperate climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concerned with assessing and analyzing the energy efficiency of the Ukrainian economy by types of economic activity. The study analyzes the place of Ukraine among other countries according to international rankings (indices): the Energy Transition Index, the Trilemma Index of the World Energy Council (WEC), the International Energy Security Risk Index. It is found that Ukraine’s positions in international rankings determine a number of interrelated problems of energy, economic and environmental development of the country, among which one of the major ones is the high energy intensity of GDP. The dynamics of energy intensity of GDP in some countries of the world and in Ukraine is analyzed. A matrix for estimating the energy efficiency of economies of countries (groups of countries) according to the criteria of direction and intensity of changes and the level of energy intensity of GDP is proposed. It is examined what structural changes occurred in the energy sector and economy of Ukraine by the type of continuity of the production process and the level of energy intensity in the final consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER) and production output. The specific weight of characteristics of groups of foreign economic activity of Ukraine in the final consumption of FER and production output is analyzed. The related indices are computed and directions of structural shifts in foreign economic activity in final consumption of FER and production output are determined. A general characterization of consistency of structural shifts in final consumption of FER and production output due to foreign economic activity and their groups in Ukraine is formed. The carried out study allowed to determine that the high energy intensity of Ukraine’s GDP is a consequence of the peculiarities of the structure of the national economy, shifted towards more energy-intensive industries and technological lag of most sectors of the economy from the level of developed countries. It is determined that, in general, in the structure of the economy of Ukraine there were coordinated minor changes in the final consumption of FER and production output. However, in parts of the group of foreign economic activity related to industries with a continuous type of production process with high and medium energy intensity, there were significant uncoordinated negative structural changes both in the final consumption of FER and in production output. Some increase in energy efficiency of the national economy was caused by a reduction in production volumes in highly energyintensive industries with a continuous production cycle. Thus, despite the high rate of decline in the energy intensity of GDP in Ukraine, its energy intensity remains one of the highest in the world (exceeding the world average by 2.1 times), which determines the unsatisfactory energy efficiency of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal. Assessment of the influence of textural-structural and physical-mechanical characteristics of ferruginous quartzites in deep quarries of Kryvbas on the energy efficiency of production and enrichment of raw materials during its technological processing in the conditions of formation of an eco-industrial park. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach to the problem of assessing the textural, structural and physical-mechanical characteristics of ferruginous quartzites and the problems of energy efficiency and enrichment of mineral raw materials in the regional consideration of the Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin. In accordance with the specifics of research aimed at achieving the tasks set and obtaining technological dependencies, the following methods were mainly used in the work: analytical, graphoanalytic and mathematical statistics. Results. Quantitative relationships of iron content depending on the physical and mechanical characteristics of quartzites and technological enrichment indicators are revealed. It is established that when forming ore flows in the quarry, it is necessary to take into account not only the iron content of general and magnetic, but also the physical and mechanical properties of types and grades of ores, their textural and structural features, the presence of harmful impurities and the granulometric composition of ore in the quarry, which significantly affect the efficiency of the enrichment process and its energy consumption. It is noted that the increase in energy efficiency is achieved by introducing reasonable management and technological measures, taking into account the influence of textural, structural and physical-mechanical characteristics of ferruginous quartzites in the quarry on the quality indicators of further processing of mineral raw materials at the ore processing plant. Scientific novelty. The dependencies and interrelations of natural-geological, physical-mechanical, technical, organizational and environmental factors, and their combined impact on the efficiency of technological processes of extraction and processing of ferruginous quartzites, provided that rational energy consumption is observed, are established. Practical significance. The results obtained are important and useful for determining the energy efficiency of enrichment processes in the iron ore industry in the context of persistent environmental deterioration, significant fluctuations in price characteristics in the iron ore raw material markets and difficult business conditions at mining enterprises due to the negative impact of previous non-cost-effective activities and quarantine restrictions due to the global pandemic in recent years.

The electromechanical water supply system of a multi-storey building based on a switched reluctance motor is considered. A simulation model of the hydraulic network and criteria for evaluating the quasi-steady modes effectiveness of pumping equipment are given. A study of a centrifugal pump operational and energy characteristics has been carried out when adjusting its rotational speed to determine the frequencies at which the compliance of the pump pressure and flow with the hydraulic network requirements is ensured. Simulation models of control systems have been developed that provide the switched reluctance motor speeds at levels corresponding to specified flow rates of the hydraulic system pumping equipment, by means the phase voltage pulse-width regulation or the phase current limitation level adjustment. Comprehensive studies and comparative analysis of the switched reluctance centrifugal pump drive control principles were carried out according to the criteria for evaluating energy efficiency when regulating the rotational speed and changing the switching angles. As a result of this study, it was found that both pumping unit drive control principles provide its necessary productivity and are close in efficiency - a slightly higher efficiency can be achieved using the phase voltage pulse-width regulation of the switched reluctance motor with a changing the switching angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability and energy efficiency of the technical operation of the ships refrigerant plants largely depends on the timely detection of shortcomings in the operation of the mechanisms, and the adoption of timely objective decisions based on the received in real time and processed thermodynamic parameters using programmable logic controllers (PLC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at studying the features of energy saving at a manufacturing enterprise and establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between energy saving and product competitiveness. Due to analyzing and generalizing the research results of domestic and foreign scientists the views of researchers on the process of energy saving at a manufacturing enterprise are systematized; the growing role of energy saving in ensuring energy efficiency and, consequently, product competitiveness is established. The research results show that energy saving at an enterprise is one of its most important assets, the impact of which on the level of product competitiveness is becoming increasingly important in the face of the exacerbating energy and environmental crises. Energy saving, basically focusing on the intensification of production processes and use of energy and energy resources, on the one hand, reduces the level of specific energy consumption and, consequently, the price of the released product while maintaining or increasing its quality; on the other hand, it reduces the carbon loading on the environment, thus contributes to the growth of the company's image among its consumers and partners. Both components are the most important factors in ensuring product competitiveness. The development and implementation of energy saving measures at industrial enterprises, with regard to the industry-specific character of economic entities, market conditions, and the requirements of environmental standards can serve as prospects for further research.

The influence of various factors that can affect the efficiency of pulsed barrier discharge treatment in the air of atmospheric pressure of a model sample of contaminated water in the droplet-film state was investigated. The impurity in the water was an organic dye (methylene blue) with an initial concentration of 50 mg / l. Water consumption was 2–4 l /min, the characteristic diameter of the droplets was 1.7 mm, and the film thickness at the electrodes was about 0.15 mm. The water was treated in a flat discharge chamber with gas gaps of 3.36 mm and glass dielectric barriers, and in addition in an ozonation chamber, which used ozone that had not previously been useful. The discharge was excited by short ~ 100 ns pulses from voltage up to 21 kV, which provided the current density amplitude up to 1.7 A / cm2 and their energy up to 140 mJ. The decomposition time of the impurity and the energy efficiency of the discharge depending on the pulse repetition frequency of 25–300 Hz were studied. The discharge had the highest energy efficiency at frequencies of 25-50 Hz, at which the energy yield, which corresponds to 50% decomposition of the impurity, reaches ≈270 g / kWh, and for 90% decomposition − 60 g / kWh. As the pulse energy increases, the transparency of the solution for ultraviolet light increases, which is associated with the splitting of stable benzene rings that is part of the impurity molecule. No noticeable effect of water and gas consumption (0.36-1.5 l / min) on the research results was found. References 15, figures 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic situation in Ukraine is dynamically regressing under martial law and needs an immediate reduction in energy costs in everyday life and industry. The introduction of new efficient technologies and equipment that can intensify technological processes will help reduce energy costs and obtain new energy-efficient equipment. This article proposes the use of a mobile technological complex for the production of dispersed systems based on water-soluble polymers. The article considers the formation of water-soluble polymers based on dry substances of guar and xanthan gum and carboxymethylcellulose (WSP). Such water-soluble polymers, in addition to high technological characteristics, have significant adhesive properties, which greatly complicates the process of their production. WSP is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, mining, textile, paper and construction industries, agriculture, oil production, industrial wastewater treatment, soil stabilization, etc. A new area of application of WSP is the preparation of liquid heat storage materials used in thermal energy storage (TES) and ensuring stable operation of the heat supply system. However, with widespread use, several negative technological phenomena cause significant energy costs to obtain a homogeneous solution. To overcome these negative factors, the use of a mobile technological complex is proposed, which makes it possible to obtain a high-quality homogeneous water-soluble polymer both in the laboratory and industrial production conditions. The operation of the mobile technological complex is based on the three-stage mixing of the components in a certain sequence, which is due to the chemistry of the process of dissolving solids. The mobile technological complex provides for the use of an original magnetic mixer at the initial stage for pre-activation of water and highquality mixing of the WSP, and at the end of a modernized mixing reactor for additional mixing of the solution. The main effect from the introduction of a mobile technological complex is a reduction in the cost of the final product and the time of the technological process, which leads to a decrease in the consumption of energy resources in mixing processes, an increase in productivity, and a reduction in the specific energy intensity of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Comparative analysis of energy consumption indicators of electric motors of different energy efficiency classes in an electric drive of a centrifugal pump with power of 11 kW of a water supply system with throttle regulation. Methodology. In this paper a comparison of energy consumption of 11 kW pump units with induction motors of energy efficiency classes IE1 and IE2 is presented. The induction motors are powered directly from the mains. Both considered pump configurations have the same fluid flow rate characteristic of open pump systems. The amount of water consumed by the pump is adjusted by throttling. Results. The results on the daily and annual energy consumption of the two considered pump system configurations are obtained. It is shown that the pump unit using the IE2 class motor provides the annual energy savings of 9.65 thousand rubles and the life cycle energy savings of 158 thousand rubles compared to the IE1 class motor. The payback period of the IE2 class motor is calculated, which is 5 months if a new installation is commissioned and 2 years if the motor is replaced in an operating installation. Practical value. Nowadays the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union mainly use electric motors of the lowest energy efficiency class IE1, according to the IEC 60034-30 Standard (GOST IEC 60034-30-1-2016). However, according to the decision of the Commission of the Eurasian Economic Union, since the 1st of September, 2021 all general-purpose motors shall not be less efficient than the IE2 efficiency level. Therefore, the analysis of the economic effect of replacing IE1 class motors with IE2 class motors becomes relevant for the countries of the Eurasian Union. Pump drives are one of the most important consumers of electricity. Most of the pump drives are powered directly from the mains.

The article is aimed at assessing the efficiency of use of energy resources at the national level. According to the carried out analysis of the policy of various countries in the energy sector, it is possible to allocate the following models of building up the country’s energy sector: national-monopoly and national-competitive. The indicators of energy consumption and energy efficiency, functionally related to the main indicator of the country’s economic development – the production of gross domestic product per capita – are considered. The energy consumption and energy efficiency indexes in Ukraine for 2007–2019 are calculated. The accomplished forecast of changes in the per capita energy consumption index and the efficiency of use of energy resources based on exponential smoothing demonstrates the effectiveness of the chosen Energy Strategy of Ukraine. This makes use of the MS Excel «forecast sheet» package, allowing to build up three scenarios of changes in energy consumption and energy efficiency indices for the period of 2020–2024: realistic, pessimistic and optimistic variants. It is proved that the general low level of energy efficiency in Ukraine is primarily related to the deterioration of fixed assets and technologies, the crisis status of the economy as a whole and an inefficient energy policy of the State. It is proved that constant monitoring of the indicative indicators of energy saving and energy efficiency at various hierarchical levels of the economy will allow to implement optimal managerial decisions on energy development, control of energy costs, timely prevention of occurrence of crisis situations. Prospect for further research is to build up a model of social behavior of agents based on sociability (micro-environment) and the degree of diversity of elements (macro-environment), as well as the model of the ecosystem of agents for energy saving issues on the basis of the conception of «predator-prey».

The energy efficiency of a pulsed barrier discharge in air was investigated when it treated a model water sample in a drop film state containing an organic dye (methylene blue) with an initial concentration of 50 mg/l. The water consumption was 4 l/min, the characteristic droplet diameter was ~1 mm. Water treatment was carried out in a coaxial discharge chamber with a gas gap of 3.2 mm and additionally in an ozonation chamber. The discharge was generated by short ~ 100 ns voltage pulses of ≈26 kV, which provided a current density with an amplitude of ≈ 1.3 A/cm² and a pulse energy of ≈ 140 m J. The time of decomposition of the impurity and the energy efficiency of the discharge were investigated as a function of the pulse repetition rate of 25−300 Hz. The discharge had the highest energy efficiency at frequencies of 25-50 Hz, at which the energy yield corresponding to 50% decomposition of the impurity is about 100 g/kW h. It is shown that most of ozone, one of the main oxidants generated by the discharge, dissolves in water in the discharge chamber. The concentration of ozone at the outlet from the discharge chamber can reach 2.2 mg/l. The remaining ozone is absorbed by the model solution (about 60%) in the ozonization chamber. References 16, figures 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of thermodynamic analysis of the hybrid mechanical compression-ejector cooling machine (MC-ECM). The technological scheme of the MC-ECM represents two independent systems working on separated cycles: a mechanical compression refrigerating machine (MCRM) and an ejector cooling machine (ECM). MCRM is the two-stage refrigerating machine with R744, in which heat dissipation is carried out at transcritical temperatures. ECM is the ejector refrigeration machine with two-stage generation, which is a utilization machine in relation to the MCRM. The ECM’s working fluid is R601b, which belongs to the group of natural refrigerants. Utilization of high-temperature heat, which is a direct discharge of MCRM, helps to increase the energy efficiency of MCRM and reduce the consumption of external cooling medium. It is proved that the achievement of the maximum MC-ECM’s efficiency is possible only with a certain combination of key parameters that ensure the maximum efficient use of heat regeneration between the cycles of MCRM and ECM. These parameters are the pressure of R744 in the gas cooler pGC, the generating temperature tG in the first and second stages of the ECM’s generator and the evaporating temperature tE0 in the evaporator ECM. The basis for the study was the energy analysis of the MCRM and ECM cycles, both separate and integrated into the system due to common characteristics. The results of calculations of the hybrid cooling system for evaporating temperatures from –30 °C to 0 °C using refrigerant R601b in the ejector cooling cycle show that COPMCRM reaches 1.88-3.62 for high COPECM, equal to 0.41-0.51. The relative increase in СОР compared to the usual two-stage cycle of MCRM with R744 is 25.4-30.3%. The introduction of the hybrid mechanical compression-ejector cooling machines on environmentally friendly working fluids is a promising area of commercial refrigeration equipment improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at studying the features of energy saving at a manufacturing enterprise and establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between energy saving and product competitiveness. Due to analyzing and generalizing the research results of domestic and foreign scientists the views of researchers on the process of energy saving at a manufacturing enterprise are systematized; the growing role of energy saving in ensuring energy efficiency and, consequently, product competitiveness is established. The research results show that energy saving at an enterprise is one of its most important assets, the impact of which on the level of product competitiveness is becoming increasingly important in the face of the exacerbating energy and environmental crises. Energy saving, basically focusing on the intensification of production processes and use of energy and energy resources, on the one hand, reduces the level of specific energy consumption and, consequently, the price of the released product while maintaining or increasing its quality; on the other hand, it reduces the carbon loading on the environment, thus contributes to the growth of the company’s image among its consumers and partners. Both components are the most important factors in ensuring product competitiveness. The development and implementation of energy saving measures at industrial enterprises, with regard to the industry-specific character of economic entities, market conditions, and the requirements of environmental standards can serve as prospects for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here have been defined: general problems of the domestic renewable energy sector such as inefficient use of energy resources; constant increase of prices for fuel and energy resources; unavailability of stable energy supply; delayed construction and commissioning of «alternative» power plants; complex process of obtaining of the «green» tariff in the National Commission by the power facility; seasonal construction of solar plants (before the sunny period in the spring, or before the winter period in the autumn), which requires large land plots, etc. The article refers such problems in renewable energy financing as: limited financial resources; lack of effective mechanisms for tranforming people's savings into investment; high level of investment risks; imperfect tax system; undeveloped corporate securities market. It has been proved that the prospects of financing renewable energy projects to be increased presented the primary task. The latest researches and publications in the field of renewable energy financing have been analyzed. It has been determined that both general and partial problems of financing renewable energy projects in Ukraine as well as the prospects for their further development remain unresolved. The author has investigated the problems and perspectives of financing renewable energy projects in Ukraine, as well as development of practical recommendations for the development of domestic renewable energy. The used methods: economic-statistical and abstract-logic, system approach, comparative analysis. The main directions of Ukrainian energy supply through regional projects, strategies and tactics have been highlighted. Here have been identified the most significant economic factors influencing Ukraine's energy efficiency such as state tariff policy in the field of fuel and energy resources; state fiscal policy in the field of energy saving; the policy of fuel and energy supplying organization; financial incentives for energy efficiency improvement; investment opportunities. The types of basic technologies of renewable energy in Ukraine have been generalized. The energy consumption on the basis of renewable energy sources and the total amount of energy from renewable sources in Ukraine for three years have been analyzed. The author has proposed the model of the financial-economic mechanism of state regulation of the renewable energy development in Ukraine, which would provide the state with the energy autonomy and ecological.

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Purpose. The main purpose of the study is to create energy-efficient solutions when designing the lighting of the entrance group for the case when the object must provide round-the-clock operation Methodology. To achieve this goal, a method for multi-level connection of light sources of different intensities has been developed. The control of the processes of level regulation is carried out using motion sensors. Results. The modern level of LED products makes it possible to use LED lighting sources as universal ones, allowing you to implement any design solution. The introduction of motion sensors as elements for regulating the intensity of light allows to obtain more than 50% energy savings. Interesting design solutions help create light accents without creating too much lighting on certain objects. Scientific novelty. The work combines multilevel lighting systems using motion sensors as switches operating at night. The authors proposed a sequence of connecting the levels of the system to create the most comfortable stay and a good first impression of the institution. Such a system makes it possible to use lighting not only for practical purposes, but also for the most attractive visual appearance. Practical significance. The versatility of this methodology allows it to be applied to objects of various purposes, including round-the-clock service. However, it is important to plan for such a lighting system even at the design stage of the building in order to obtain the maximum economic benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current state of Ukrainian energy industry development is characterized by a number of negative trends: the share of fossil fuels in total energy consumption is the largest; the share of renewables is rather low and remaining almost unchanged for many years; Ukraine is dependent on imported energy sources; the indicator of energy intensity of GDP is one of the highest in Europe and in the world. The Ukrainian Energy Strategy provides to reach the share of primary energy supply from renewables to increase to 25% by 2035. Accordingly, enterprises need to increase energy efficiency and implement renewable energy projects. However, most of the business entities are limited in their own sources of financing, and therefore it is necessary for them to have state financial support and additional loan funds. In order to stimulate the development of renewable energy projects in the world, a wide range of strategies are used, including regulatory and voluntary ones. Currently, only three of them are used to promote renewable energy projects in Ukraine «feed-in tariffs», tax incentives and privileged mode of connection to the electricity grid. In addition, there are several opportunities for grant and credit financing. However, at the current stage of development of renewables in Ukraine, these mechanisms of financial support are not enough, since investing in this area remains rather risky. Therefore, in order to boost investment in renewable energy projects, it is proposed to apply additional instruments of state promotion of the latest technologies in this area, improve the regulatory framework, increase awareness of enterprises about the possibility of preferential crediting and increase public activity in relation to decarbonization and environmentalization of production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Development and analysis of the main indicators of the investment project of the thermo-modernization of the student campus KPI and energy consumption management for the development of monitoring and integration in the educational process. Method. The technical and economic analysis with use of engineering methods of calculation, experimental measurements with use of the laboratory equipment is executed. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, specific methods (grouping, comparison, generalization), statistical data processing, modeling in specialized software products are used. Results. Reduction of total consumption of energy resources, as well as monetary costs for their payment; creation of conditions and tool base for research works; improving the quality of educational services, involving students in energy audits; software development and creation of an automated energy consumption monitoring system. Scientific novelty. A comprehensive approach to the development of investment projects to improve the energy efficiency of campuses, taking into account technical, economic and environmental indicators with in-depth engineering analysis of the characteristics of buildings and their engineering systems. New approaches to the development of an automated workplace of an energy manager with structural elements of the software of the energy monitoring system are proposed. Practical significance. An investment project of complex thermal modernization of student campus buildings and modernization of engineering networks of individual buildings with a choice of equipment and development of placement schemes has been developed. The main technical, economic and environmental indicators of the project are determined. An important educational direction is to involve students in the process of developing investment projects using modern technologies on the example of campus facilities, which will create an environment for comfortable learning conditions and research. The implementation of the investment project will allow to create a modern energy-efficient site with the use of innovative solutions on the basis of the existing old building stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Energy saving in agriculture is a complex management process that requires the rational organization of technological and other related processes based on a systems approach. Methods. The article uses the theoretical provisions of management theory in the context of the organization of energy saving management in an agricultural enterprise. At the same time, general scientific methods are used, namely: monographic, abstract and logical, graphic. Results. Certainly, agricultural production is associated with the use of energy from nature, human labour and artificial energy. In the context of energy saving, artificial (exhaustive) energy is considered in terms of reducing its consumption in the production process. It is established that the provision of energy saving is due to rational organizational actions, which include: economic and energy audit, the formation of special measures, implementation of developed measures, monitoring of energy saving. The basis for ensuring these actions is the regulation of management processes in order to achieve a high level of energy saving. It is substantiated that energy saving processes in an agricultural enterprise take place in symbiosis with state and regional authorities, industry entities, as well as a group of stakeholders. At the same time, the coordination of all the system elements actions allows to achieve a high potential of interaction in the context of energy saving. In this case, it is important to identify the primary energy saving factor that initiates these processes and creation of an energy saving management system based on this factor. Discussion. The results of the study offer basic provisions for the development of the organizational structure of agricultural enterprises that implement the concept of energy saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of research is the heat-technological systems of sugar production and the heat-technological complex as a whole. A modern sugar factory is a complex hierarchical system of inextricably interconnected elements, and its basis – a heattechnological complex – combines the elements of technological, heat transfer, and mechanical equipment, in which complex physicochemical processes are simultaneously realized, closely interacting. Given the complexity of the internal relationships of processes, their parameters and characteristics, it is necessary to systematically approach the analysis of real functioning, performance evaluation and the solution of optimization problems of the complex as a whole, as well as its individual subsystems and elements. In this work, it is proposed a method for thermodynamic analysis of the heattechnological complex of sugar production as a single thermodynamic system, which allows to analyze the main factors influencing the energy efficiency of the complex regardless of the course of processes implemented within the system. The methodology is based on a joint analysis of the general synthetic and analytical balances of mass, energy and entropy. This model has a deep physical foundation, because the material balance equation is an integral form of the law of conservation of the quantity of matter, the energy balance equation is an integral form of the first law of thermodynamics, and the entropy balance equation is an integral form of the second law of thermodynamics. The main objective of the methodology is a quick assessment of the excellence of the heat-technological complex and its definition of «energy-saving potential». Also, the application of the principle of energy compensation of irreversibility and entropy criteria allows to determine the sources and causes of system imperfections, and imperfections are compiled to help develop a system of measures to increase the efficiency of the optimal sequence complex. Therefore, the proposed methodology of thermodynamic analysis, in contrast to the methods based on exergy characteristics, provides a comprehensive analysis, operating only with the fundamental laws and principles of classical thermodynamics. It can also be used both to optimize the energy characteristics of existing ones and to design new sugar industry enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the issue of energy efficiency in the context of a modern building, taking into account both economic indicators and environmental performance and personal comfort of users. The relevance of the indicated direction in Ukraine, the structure of energy consumption and the potential in the field of energy efficiency are noted given the already existing results. Regulatory documents and legal acts, including the Law of Ukraine “On Energy Efficiency of Buildings”, defining the requirements for buildings, certification procedures, energy audit and fixing the priority directions of the state development were reviewed. We set out the principle of determining the appropriate level of energy efficiency and its dependence on some technical, social and economic parameters, where the priority is given to the implementation of complex energy-saving solutions, with the need to ensure a uniform impact on the characteristics of the building and its engineering systems to achieve the highest result. The article discusses the features of modern building automation systems related to their division into energy efficiency classes and the corresponding sets of characteristics and functions to be implemented. It also describes methods for assessing the impact of the system on the energy performance of the building and the estimated expected economic benefits for each of the classes identified. Parameters and phenomena that may distort these results are reviewed. Building analysis allows you to determine the optimal structure and function of the automation system to reduce the necessary costs or more rational use of material resources. As a result, the perspective direction of development of the building automation industry was determined, referring to the information received, their influence on the parameters and the role in the energy consumption indicators of the building [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the danger of implementing energy efficiency measures in the premises of educational institutions without taking into account the impact on humans. It is established that certain measures on the one hand raise the temperature in the classrooms, bringing it closer to comfortable, on the other hand worsen the air quality, which directly affects the body of people who study and teach. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and compare not only the energy consumption for heating, but also their impact on air quality, in particular the concentration of carbon dioxide. The aim of the work is to find ways to improve air quality (safe concentration of carbon dioxide) in the educational buildings of Odessa National Maritime University (ONMU). The object of research is the classrooms of ONMU. The subject of research is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the audience. The structure of communal expenses of the university is considered, the priority directions are defined, it is clearly defined that the main "flagships" of expenses are heat supply and the electric power. It is analyzed how the difference between temperature and norm and the increased concentration of CO2 affect the human body. It is traced what norms of concentration of carbon dioxide are offered in the developed countries of the world. It is established that the minimization of energy losses by slowing down the ventilation of the premises significantly worsens the air quality due to the rapid increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide. Replacing old windows with "energy efficient" without changes in the ventilation system further complicates the situation with air quality. Experimental studies of the dynamics of CO2 accumulation during the educational process. Measures are proposed, which are aimed primarily at ensuring air quality in classrooms, taking into account options for reducing energy consumption for heating. These measures can be divided into organizational or lowbudget and technical, which require considerable funds. The need to adopt domestic standards for carbon dioxide for public spaces and implement changes in the organization of the educational process, which will reduce heating costs and improve air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the importance of energy planning for local authorities in the path of achieving the goals of sustainable development. The quintessence of energy planning in territorial communities of Ukraine and Europe has been outlined from the perspective of analyzing the infrastructure sectors of the municipal economy. The article is based on observing certain international methodologies related to local energy and climate planning. The evolution of Covenant of Mayors initiative is briefly described with a focus on its intensive expanding in terms of energy and climate issues. The experience in the development of municipal sustainable energy and climate action plans in European countries and Ukraine is studied. A survey of empirical data on the consumption of fuel and energy resources and greenhouse gas emissions in territorial communities of Ukraine and European countries is conducted. The European methodological guidelines on the subject under study are highlighted based on the key policy documents. A few practical examples of Ukrainian and European cities are presented in order to illustrate possible actions corresponding to the defined problem. A systematic framework is proposed to describe the various and complex aspects of energy planning in cities with regard to rational implementation of energy efficient measures. The innovative mechanisms, main barriers and opportunities for the effective implementation of energy efficient projects in territorial communities of Ukraine and European countries are revealed. It is substantiated that under the current conditions of globalization, using project-oriented paradigm, municipal energy planning instruments become key motivational factors for development sustainable energy policy.

Purpose. Consider ways to stimulate heat and energy conservation in Ukraine and other countries, based on an analysis of the legal framework and practical experience. Methodology. Review and analysis of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2035 “Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness”, Laws of Ukraine “On Energy Saving”, “On Energy Efficiency Fund”. Review and analysis of the practical experience of applying different ways of stimulating energy saving, improving the efficiency of use of fuel and energy resources by economic entities, consumers in the housing sector in Ukraine and other countries. Findings. The ways of stimulation of heat and energy conservation in Ukraine are proposed, which envisage both the system of financing of projects of resource saving and ways of informing consumers about the energy efficiency of new equipment (through marking), buildings, households. Originality. The main directions to be developed for efficient management of energy efficiency projects, in particular, the efficient functioning of district heating; combined production of thermal and electric energy; use of local renewable energy resources; introduction of resource-saving eco-friendly technologies. Practical value. The legislation, which provides financial and informational ways of stimulating energy and heat conservation, as well as ways of financially filling the energy efficiency fund in Ukraine and the corresponding funds in other countries, is considered. The operation of the Energy Efficiency Fund is necessary for the provision of tax benefits, subsidies (targeted state and others), irrevocable appropriations for various types of energy conservation works, for the introduction of new types of energy saving equipment and technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problems of harmonious development of energy supply and energy efficiency of the economy in the context of European integration. The essence and role of state energy policy in the context of European integration is determined. The article provides a comparative description of the problems of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine, recommendations for their solution in the context of European integration. The structure of investing in the unified energy system of Ukraine is characterized. The dynamics of volumes in the investment structure in the united energy country is analyzed. It is proposed directions for improving energy supply and energy efficiency of the Ukrainian economy in the context of European integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Creation and development of organizational structure for managing campus energy consumption and enhancing responsible consumer behavior through their involvement in operational activities. Methods. The engineering aspects of an energy management system formation for various types of end consumers are considered. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are used, specific methods (grouping, comparison, generalization), technical and economic analysis, experimental methods. Results. Reducing the total consumption of energy resources, as well as cash costs for their payment; creation of a tool base for research work; improving the quality of educational services, engaging students in energy audits. Scientific novelty. An integrated approach to in-depth analysis and planning of energy consumption was developed, the procedure for assessing the energy efficiency of buildings taking into account temperature, weather and operational factors was improved. The practical significance. Proposals for creating an energy-efficient campus using modern technologies and innovative solutions for energy supply, energy monitoring, energy management are presented. The educational goal of the project is to attract students to the process of creating and implementing real innovative energy supply projects using the example of the campus where they study. This will create an environment with comfortable conditions for research, education and life. Realization of the complex project "Smart Network" will show how it is possible to create a modern energy efficient platform based on the existing old building stock using modern technologies and innovative solutions of energy supply, energy monitoring, energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Explore the possibilities of management programs usage to control electricity demand in Ukraine. To develop an optimization mathematical model of the power consumption regime based on key indicators of the consumption schedule estimation and equipment flexibility factors. Methodology. Proved that as a result of demand side management programs for electricity are benefit of only for consumers and energy companies, but also for a whole society. Classification of demand management programs for electricity according to spheres of action presented. The article deals with the method for electricity consumption daily schedule optimization while implementing electricity demand management programs. Findings. The effects of demand management programs implementation and reducing consumption schedule unevenness problems based on optimization task with the schedule coefficient and the cost of electric energy reduction have been analyzed. The conducted variants research of demand side management programs influence on possibilities of electric energy consumption schedule modification confirmed the possibilities of increasing power systems functioning efficiency. Originality. Optimized energy consumption graphs are obtained based on key indicators for a group of the same type consumers, considering consumer interests, which enables to assess the effect demand side management programs implementation. Consumers peculiarities are considered by coefficient of their demand flexibility kг. Practical value. The mechanism for the DSM innovation programs for optimizing power consumption regimes introduction possibility evaluation has been obtained. Established that domestic electric energy consumers have a significant potential for peak consumption reduction by usage of demand side management programs aimed at costs reduction for consumers and increasing the electrical consumption schedule filling ratio for energy companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machinery & Energetics is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Machinery & Energetics is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Goal. Develop energy-efficient machines with a complex movement of working tanks for the finishing of parts and obtain dependencies to determine the power they consume. Method. The development and research of constructive and kinematic parameters of the machine was carried out using the SolidWorks 2012 automated design system, and experimental research was carried out on a specially designed experimental installation with a complex spatial movement of the working capacity. Results. The designs of machines with complex spatial movement of working tanks are developed, which provide high-performance finishing of parts in mass. The analytical study of the power consumed on the driving shaft of the machine with the complex spatial movement of the working tanks has been carried out. An equation is obtained which allows to calculate the maximum value of the power consumed on the driving shaft of the machine. It is shown that the proposed equipment and methods of processing are more energy efficient (in 2 - 3 times) than traditional ones. Scientific novelty. An interconnection between the angular speed of the drive shaft, the dimensions of the working tank, the mass of the machine links and the working medium loaded to the capacity and the power consumed on the driving shaft of the machine for machining parts in mass are established. Practical significance. An equation is obtained which allows to calculate the maximum value of the power consumed on the driving shaft of the machine, and also new designs of machines with complex spatial motion are developed in which drives are used that allow to realize the necessary law of change of angular velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Improvement of the approaches to the creation and processes of the functioning of electrotechnological sewage treatment systems for industrial facilities in accordance with the requirements of environmental safety and rational use of energy resources. Method. By means of the analysis of modern methods of water purification of industrial facilities, intelligent control over the removal of pollutants of effluents is proposed on the basis of the synthesis of control algorithms and the implementation of object-oriented technological regulations for the operation of combined electrotechnical water treatment systems, taking into account the requirements of ecological safety and reducing energy consumption levels. Results. The work substantiates and practically realizes the approaches for the development of object-oriented technological regulations of combined electrotechnical water treatment systems for industrial facilities. Originality. The method of synthesis of algorithms for control and development of object-oriented technological regulations of combined electrotechnological systems for water purification of industrial facilities with increased energy efficiency was developed, taking into account the operation of abnormal situations of technogenic and natural origin. The practical significance. On the basis of specialized software, algorithms for managing the electrotechnological plant for water treatment have been developed, and object-oriented technological regulations for managing the operation of combined electrotechnological sewage treatment systems for industrial facilities have been developed to reduce power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of such key indicators of the state's energy independence as "power consumption", "energy efficiency", "energy conservation" is broadened and deepened in the article. The relationship of the energy consumption increasing with the dynamics per capita GDP in the world is shown. The recommendations for improvement of the Methodology for determination of power consumption of the product output (works, services) and gross domestic product are proposed.В статье расширено и углублено понимание таких ключевых показателей энергоэффективной стратегии государства, как «энергоемкость», «энергоэффективность», «энергосбережение». Показана связь роста энергопотребления с динамикой душевого ВВП в мире. Предложены рекомендации по совершенствованию Методики определения энергоемкости выпуска продукции (работ, услуг) и валового внутреннего продукта.

Copyright of Technical Electrodynamics / Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Electrodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the presented article attention is paid on relevant now for Ukrainian state and its citizens energy efficiency and energy saving issues. Considering the significant impact of the introduction of energy saving technologies for the national consolidation of the Ukrainian community, the article is devoted to the analysis of the party programs regarding the abovementioned problem. The methodological basis of study served a concrete historical, comparative, historical and analytical methods. Used principles of objectivity, historicism, multifactorial. In the conclusions states that at the present stage of state–building it is necessary to form the concept of the consolidation of Ukrainian society. In party programs talking about the need to consolidate the state and citizens however, it is not prescribed how to do it. The main emphasis in the process of national consolidation is on humanitarian and cultural factors without taking into account the economic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contains the analysis of energy consumption volumes at iron-ore enterprises with the underground mining method. It is shown that the share of electric energy accounts for about 90 % of the total energy consumption. The amount of energy consumed for technological purposes, as well as its production cost has been increasing every year. Herewith, it is necessary to consider the fact that production cost variations of the produced iron ore have no obvious correlation. The ways of increasing the electric energy efficiency at mining enterprises are considered. Specific recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of the domestic underground iron-ore production are given. First of all, it is proposed assessing current potentials of specific production types that will allow optimizing the process of energy consumption by certain types of consumers. Special attention is paid to considering the peculiarities of mining enterprises. An integrated solution to improving the energy efficiency of domestic iron-ore enterprises also requires organizational measures, beginning with the introduction of an effective energy management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses directions of energy saving of industrial enterprises. Taking into account the tendency to continuous growth of cost of energy resources, introduction of measures that would allow reduction of energy consumption of enterprises is an urgent task. One of the most important obstacles in the process of introduction of energy efficient solutions are fund limits and low awareness of owners and managers of industrial enterprises. The article offers a new classification of energy saving measures: apart from traditional expense and organisation measures it introduces the low-cost measures notion. It offers to consider low-cost those measures that are realised by the enterprise by means of own funds, moreover, their repayment term is not more than one year. It offers analytical expression for identification of annual funds saving from introduction of low-cost measures. It considers the process of identification of saving of funds from introduction of some of the main low-cost measures in detail: replacement of lighting units, balancing of ventilation networks and elimination of water leakages from pipelines and water supply equipment. Based on the analysis of bibliography information the article provides a list of main measures on energy saving, which could be referred to the low-cost ones. The proposed approaches would allow paying more attention to practical aspects of realisation of the concept of energy saving in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Households in Ukraine highly lack energy efficiency, and one of the main purposes of reforms carried out in central heating supply sector is to increase energy efficiency. Consequently, it will end up in more efficient usage of energy recourses. Huge losses of energy are related to centralized district heating companies which operate outdated, poorly insulated and often large distribution networks. Also, a significant part of small- and medium-sized boilers feature a low efficiency factor and are on average older than 20 years. As a result, multi-flat residential buildings consume approximately 40% of the country's heat energy resources. The authors propose evaluation of multi-flat residential buildings heat insulation in terms of its economic efficiency. Using up to date materials and technology in heat isolation will result in about 64% of energy savings. Economic efficiency of the proposed project is provided by less energy consumption for buildings heating. The project will reduce gas consumption and volume of carbon dioxide emissions. Energy efficiency is rightly one of the most pressing priorities of energy policy in Ukraine. However, in contrast to the visibility of the topic, improvements have been marginal and energy usage remains wasteful. The implementation of energy efficiency improvements by households and companies as well as state authorities lacks behind in international comparisons. Further costs of wasteful energy usage become ever more evident in conditions of environmental damage increasing. Efficient consumption of energy and natural resources usage should be in the very interest of individual consumers and companies as well as society. According to energy audits, most of the households have great potential for energy savings, which can be implemented at comparatively low cost. The project proves energy saving measures in national households to be economically reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]