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Copyright of Problems of Economy is the property of Research Centre for Industrial Developmen Problems of Nas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose is to investigate the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of the European regional security concepts of France, Germany, and Great Britain in their comparison in the historical context of the foreign policy of these states with an emphasis on the period 2014--2022. The research methodology was formed by the principles of historicism, systematicity and impartiality, general scientific methods of logic, comparative analysis, and special historical methods (historiographical analysis, historical-systemic, chronology, historical-genetic, retrospective analysis, comparative-historical). The scientific novelty lies in the study of the implementation history of the theoretical approaches of France, Germany, and Great Britain to the European regional security policy in the context of the history of their foreign policy in a comparative dimension. The transformation of three national paradigms of European security in the context of changes in the system of modern international relations in the conditions of the Russo-Ukrainian war, which actually began in 2014, was traced. Particular attention is paid to the influence of these paradigms on Ukraine's international position and changes in the system of international relations and European security. Conclusions. Th roughout the entire history of European integration, each of the three leading states of Western Europe tried to realize leadership ambitions in regional politics in their own special way, compensating for the loss of global status. France, Germany, and Great Britain represent diff erent paradigms of foreign policy -- Eurocentric, Euro-Atlantic (intermediate), and Atlantic, respectively. Th roughout the development of the EU's security policy, France and Germany played the role of apologists and initiators of reforms, while Great Britain played the role of an antagonist of integration. The process of forming the EU's foreign and security policy was reduced to the search for a compromise, which led to its incompleteness. Diff erences in views on the European integration of political elites did not allow the three states to form an eff ective regional security core without the participation of the United States. Even in the studied period of 2014--2022, marked by a sharp aggravation of the crisis of the European security system, diff erences between Great Britain, France and Germany remained insurmountable regarding the current problems of international relations. Current events related to Ukraine and the mechanisms of their resolution were no exception. Although the large-scale aggression of Russia against Ukraine in 2022 contributed to the consolidation of the views and approaches of the politicians of the vast majority of Western states regarding the need to review the system of regional policy and oppose Russian aggression, the Russo-Ukrai nian war illustrates the problems of preserving the conflictual nature of the interaction of existing European security paradigms and leaves open the question of the possibility of forming a new, eff ective comprehensive system of regional security in the short term without a final answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is a comprehensive analysis of the "Slovak question" vision of the leading Western countries on the eve of World War II with the involvement of archival materials, published sources and the press of that time. The methodological ground is the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness, and consistency. The problem-chronological, comparative, and synchronous methods were broadly used. Scientific novelty is determined by the absence of specialized scientific works devoted to this issue in Ukrainian and foreign (except Slovak) historiography. Conclusions. The Western democracies condemned the liquidation of Czechoslovakia by Germany and Hungary and considered the proclamation of the Slovak state as an element of this process. However, in early May, Great Britain modified its position and de facto recognized the Slovak state. France did the same in mid-July. In diplomatic circles in the spring and summer of 1939, the status of Slovakia was considered temporary. There were predictions that Slovakia would be divided bet ween its neighbours, transferred to Hungary, or annexed by Germany completely. British and French consuls' reports and the Western press emphasized the subordination of Slovakia to Berlin and criticized the political development of the country. The Slovak government contacted the Czechoslovak emigrants in France through intermediaries. British diplomacy interpreted these contacts as an attempt to establish positive relations with Western powers. The USA's position toward the Slovak state was consistently negative. The American government did not distinguish the diff e rence between the status of the Czech and Moravian lands and Slovakia. Americans were the first who supported the plans of Czechoslovak emigration led by E. Beneš to restore the status quo. Attempts by Slovak diplomats to change the situation in their favor failed. Under pressure from the Germans, the Slovak state took part in the aggression against Poland, which finally destroyed all hopes of establishing relations with Western democracies. Great Britain and France joined the American interpretation and began to consider Slovakia as a territory occupied by Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes tourism development in Great Britain. It is noted that the competitive advantage of the country in the market of tourist services is its physical, geographical as well as economic and geographical position. The country has a strong natural, recreational, historical and cultural potential, a modern hospitality industry and a vast transport network. Cultural, business, educational, event, sport, nostalgic and rural tourism are the main types of tourism in Great Britain. A tourism brand is designed in the country. The National Visit Britain Tourism Development Agency deals with its promotion internationally. It is estimated that according to global tourist arrivals figures Great Britain ranks 6th among the countries of the European tourist region. The dynamics of tourist arrivals to the country for the period of 2006-2018 is analyzed. It is determined that there has been a gradual increase in the quantity of foreign tourism since 2012, except for the year of 2018. In general, outbound tourism outweighs the inbound one in the country. It is established that the main consumers of the British tourist product are tourists from the US and Western Europe. Most often the country is visited by working people aged 25-34. Weekend tours are predominant in terms of the purpose of travelling to Great Britain. London is the most popular tourist centre of the country. Half the number of tourists coming to Great Britain visits it. Lothian, Greater Manchester, West Midland and Kent are also popular tourist centres. It is stated that new political conditions are being created in the country caused by the initiation of its withdrawal from the EU. This will bring about both new challenges and new opportunities for the tourism sphere. A SWOT analysis of the UK tourism industry was carried out. The problems and prospects of tourism development in the territory of the country have been identified taking into account its current social and economic and geopolitical situation. The priority tasks are to promote Great Britain as a tourism destination, to increase tourism productivity and revenue, to create new jobs and to increase the income level of people employed in the tourism sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carried out analysis reflects the essence and course of the Brexit process. In terms of essence, the Great Britain's exit from the EU should be considered a complex transformational process, which in a real form reproduces the model of structural changes occurring within the framework of a non-balanced open system (dissipative structure). Such a conceptual approach to the interpretation of this process allows us to specify the definition of Brexit as a solution to the intra-system contradiction that has formed within the most complex form of integration, which is the European Union. With the transformation (transformation of the form) and structural changes occurring along this process, a new quality of the basic system together with the separated former elements of this system, which have acquired the status of independent integral system units, is formed. In the future, the dynamics may take the form of either progress or regression. Accordingly, Brexit as a result of the transformation of the economic and political union of European countries is fraught with risks for both sides - as for Great Britain, so for the EU. The economic system of Great Britain is one of the largest and most productive in Europe and the world. Therefore, Brexit has significantly weakened the EU economy, but has not caused a critical deterioration in its condition. Similarly, the Great Britain's loss of the EU membership, which the country had since 1973, had hindered the possibilities of growth, but did not cause a devastating change in the economy. The situation in the sphere of international trade appears to be similar. For Great Britain, the Brexit transition period has become extremely difficult, as it largely coincided with the protracted period of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a response to the challenges facing the country after Brexit, Great Britain is implementing a model of interstate relations aimed at preserving the partnerships acquired during the period of the EU membership and at the same time forming new ones, being no less effective. Within the limits of this model, the most likely format of equally close economic (including trade) relations «countries of Europe - Great Britain - the USA» will be formed. Trade relations with China remain mutually beneficial for Great Britain, although their context has become significantly politically determined, given the divergence of the interests of the USA and China and the Great Britain's loss of the role of a conductor of Chinese interests in the EU. Great prospects are opened to Great Britain by the direction of Indo- and Asia-Pacific cooperation, which involves developing relations with countries, the vast majority of which are participants in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ukrainian Historical Journal / Ukraïnsʹkij Ìstoričnij Žurnal is the property of Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)