Search

The paper aims to assess changes in the public perceptions of European Union values in Ukraine in the conditions of external aggression. It explores how conflict escalation affects the public views in different groups, and changes attitudes and beliefs regarding adopting European Union values in society. The paper analyses the concepts of value and demonstrates the devaluation of cultural and social values in some population groups. The methodology applies a survey based on online interviews and descriptive statistics methods. The Schwartz methodology in the World Values Survey 2020 is used to create a survey questionnaire. An online survey of Ukrainians’ worldviews of European Union values perceptions was conducted for Ukrainian citizens in all regions except for the territories, occupied in 2022. The survey results highlight the trend of commitment of a major part of Ukrainian citizens to European Union values. The research demonstrates the inconsistencies in the importance and satisfaction of social values and stereotypes, compliance with the law, personal freedom and human rights, level of economic freedom, and commitment to European integration. These contradictions will be resolved through the development of favorable conditions and of beliefs and convictions of people that support the adoption and dissemination of European values.

The paper examines the risk-return ratio of the ESG ETF as a basis for developing an investment strategy that has become necessary due to the shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. ESG Investing is taking into account environmental, sociological and governance factors along with financial factors when making investment decisions. ETF Investing means an index fund whose shares are traded on an exchange. Research has shown that almost 75% of respondents around the world integrate ESG and ETF into their investment approach. The ESG segment demonstrates an increase in investment attractiveness mainly due to the assumption of sustainability. Therefore, the hypothesis of stability in the shock period was a prerequisite for our study. One of the methods used was comparative analysis. Different approaches to risk assessment helped to analyze each group along with the expected return. Among the basic concepts of measuring financial risks in the theory of expected utility, the concept of variability, the concept of sensitivity and the concept of losses in adverse situations, the study focuses on identifying variability and assessing losses in adverse situations. The results were evaluated and compared before and after the shock. This paper also studied a pair of indicators characterizing the shock period, namely the depth of shock and the level of recovery to assess the risk-return ratio directly in the shock period. The results showed differences in risk assessments. The main overall consequence is that ESG ETFs are likely to be affected by shocks, but in the post-shock period there is a fairly rapid recovery. Applying risk-return analysis methodologies, we came to the following conclusions: ETFs show an increase in risks, the pandemic did not change catastrophically, which contributed to a rapid recovery. The study has shown that the dynamics of the risk-return ratio for investments with high implementation of the principle of E, S, G is growing. The results obtained can be applied in the practice of forming portfolio investment strategies.

The work is devoted to describing an application of the DeGroot model in the following analysis: is it possible to establish a consensus of opinions of members in a social group (a society). This model describes the process of changing the agents’ opinion about a certain event or statement, factoring in the effect of interpersonal trust between agents, which is modelled by Markov chains. Agents’ opinions are represented by the probability of them showing their support to a given statement (event). The interpretation of the DeGroot model is quite broad. It includes, in particular, the study of economic decision-making, the influence of public opinion on people and the fact of achieving a consensus. The paper considers the conditions under which the process of updating the opinions of agents, belonging to a social group (network), converges to a certain limit value - a consensus, i.e. a case when all agents in a social group have the same opinion on a particular issue. We also show some generalizations of the DeGroot model, namely those that concern adding time dependency to the rules of updating the opinions of agents. To test the DeGroot model, we implemented the two-dimensional case as a dynamic Microsoft Excel workbook. The paper describes 2 types of problems related to reaching a consensus, solved with the model. The first kind of problem constitutes an analysis of possibilities of obtaining the desired consensus with a given matrix of trust (interpersonal trust of agents), whilst changing the initial group members’ opinions vector about an event (statement). We also discuss a solution of the inverse problem: find the trust matrix such that the iterative opinion update process converges to the desired consensus with a given initial vector of opinions. The results we obtained may be used for analyzing the process of managing public (collective) opinion concerning certain economic decisions in a social group (network).

A significant problem in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (hereinafter referred to as the SDGs) is insufficient financial support. The size of the investment gap before the pandemic, according to UN estimates, was $3.3-$4.5 trillion per year. The pandemic has significantly exacerbated the already difficult situation with financing, and has also set back humanity in achieving a number of the SDGs. The list of potential sources of offsetting the financial gap includes new taxes on the wealthy and pollution, debt relief for low- and middle-income countries, elimination of tax loopholes, redirection of subsidies from environmentally destructive activities, etc. However, a more market-oriented and gentle solution to the problem, both globally and at the level of individual countries, is the use of responsible investment tools. After all, ESG indicators are taken into account by investors and financial institutions when making investment and lending decisions, as well as by counterparties and suppliers in the course of commercial activities. ESG indicators are information about the environmental, social and governance factors of a company that are key to measuring the sustainability and ethical impact of investments in a company and business. The successful implementation of responsible investment is hampered by the existence of information asymmetry, for example, in the form of ESG mimicry. It means the use of various techniques that indicate the company's involvement in ESG, which is not really true. The goal of this article is to analyze effective methods for reducing information asymmetry in the ESG segment. It is proved that the use of responsible investment benchmarks in the form of ESG ratings can reduce the level of information asymmetry and increase the efficiency of responsible investment. In addition, the paper proposes a five-phase process for creating an ESG rating, which summarizes the experience of the best international practices and allows for more relevant assessments of companies' ESG efforts.

The article discusses the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in the field of social insurance. The relevance of the topic and the importance of using artificial intelligence technology in this area are established, since it can improve the activities of the insurance sector and solve various problems. The purpose of the work is to study the specifics of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in social insurance and their impact. The paper examines current technologies and areas of artificial intelligence application. The software solutions used by social insurance authorities are thoroughly disclosed. It is determined that artificial intelligence technologies are used in social insurance for data analysis, risk forecasting and decision-making. The functions and capabilities of artificial intelligence in this area are widely disclosed in the article. It is established that these technologies can be used to process large amounts of information, to collect customer data, to predict risks, or as a virtual for risk forecasting or as virtual assistants. The author analyzes the challenges and risks that arise when using technology. It is determined that the main ones are problems with confidentiality and access to technology. Options and methods for solving problems are proposed, such as data regulation, development of ethical standards, increasing transparency, etc. In addition, the advantages of using technology in the field of social insurance are identified. These include increased work efficiency, improved quality of service, and reduced fraud. Conclusions are drawn that show that the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the field of social insurance has great potential. This contributes to the development of insurance companies and improvement of their work.

The paper analyses in depth and highlights not only the peculiarities of managing gaming communities in Minecraft, but also their strategies in the face of constant competition. The authors describe in detail the methods used by these communities to achieve their goals in the virtual environment, taking into account the needs and differences of this type of collective structures. Special focus is directed towards examining how new members interact and the impact they have on the management dynamics within the clan. Highlighting the benefits that a player receives when joining a clan is an important part of the analysis, which opens up new approaches to understanding the motivation of players in choosing certain gaming groups. Not only the effectiveness of player management is investigated, but also the ways in which server administrators facilitate this interaction and generate revenue. The authors reveal specific examples of gaming features that server owners use for commercial purposes, as well as consider strategies for forming clans and their potential sizes. The approach to defining the roles of players in gaming communities is considered to be innovative, enriching the understanding of their functions and contributing to deepening the analysis in this area. This work is currently relevant in the context of the expansion of gaming culture, as it brings to the fore key aspects of gaming communities and can serve as a valuable source of information for players, game team leaders, server administrators, and researchers studying this unique field.

The research is devoted to the problem of financial and non-financial information disclosure by banking groups of Ukraine. Detinization of the economy is one of the highest priorities of state policy, banks, as the largest group of financial intermediaries, act as one of the tools to reduce the level of shadow transactions. However, the problem of the presence of mechanisms for identifying violations, anti-corruption measures, which in turn should have a positive effect on the level of bank transparency, is still not sufficiently covered. In this paper authors analyze the Management Report. It is a report, which contains financial and non-financial information, reveals the state and prospects of development, and characterizes the key risks accompanying the activity. Since at this stage the normative acts do not define a unified form, the problem of information disclosure is quite urgent. Taking into account the above-mentioned research problems, the authors analyzed the key structural divisions of the Report of the largest state-owned banks with private and foreign capital during 2021-2022. Using the expert method, the points of the Report that more fully disclose information, those that directly relate to the problem of shadowing, were determined economy and fight against corruption, and those that do not exist at all. As the next stage, the authors chose the Fishburne method for ranking indicators in order of their importance, which became the basis for deriving an integral indicator of transparency for each bank. The results show that there is a general tendency to increase the level of openness of financial and non-financial information of banks. In terms of forms of ownership, banks with foreign capital and state-owned banks are more transparent, which in turn helps to reduce the level of shadow transactions.

The article is devoted to topical issues of business communication culture and highlighting its main components as effective tools for business negotiations. To date, the ability to negotiate and communicate without conflict is important for any employee, the purpose of the article is to analyze the main components, forms, styles of communication, based on this, certain recommendations and prevention of threats that may arise during the conversation are created. The importance of the study lies in the fact that the ability to communicate with people correctly is one of the most important factors for achieving success in business and indicates the intellectual potential of the individual. It is very important for a competent specialist to contribute to the formation of a positive social and psychological climate when conducting dialogues or negotiations. After all, only a calm, balanced, with a high level of culture of business communication leader will be able to gain respect and get along with other interlocutors. Business communication covers many factors, in particular: motivation, organization, planning, decision-making and several elements: transmission, perception, understanding. It is believed that 85% of success in any job depends on the ability to communicate with people, and the remaining percentage is experience in the field of activity. Manners, education, behavior, ability to stay in public - these are the details that people around us pay attention to in the first place, especially business partners. That is why, this paper considers all the factors that will help to understand the culture of business communication, learn how to conduct a conversation delicately, all types, features, styles and technologies of communication are considered. The article considers the requirements of language communication in a business environment and how a person behaves in relation to his opponent in his verbal and non-verbal communication, as a result of which it was found out which postures, gestures and facial expressions indicate the disinterest of the partner in the negotiations. Since conflict is one of the forms of communication, the article describes the possible causes of such situations. One of the main features of business speech is regulation or subordination to rules, these restrictions are perceived as generally accepted norms of social behavior and in order to avoid conflict, it is necessary to follow some recommendations.

By improving relations with the public, stakeholders, investors and authorities, corporate social responsibility has a significant impact on the ability of domestic and foreign companies to successfully develop and achieve economic competitiveness, as well as increase market share and create a positive image of the organization. By implementing various forms of social responsibility, the company realizes its contribution to the world of the future, solving local and global problems of humanity. Transparent two-way communication between enterprises becomes an effective tool that can significantly increase trust. The paper analyzes the forms of implementation of the concept of social responsibility of business in the conditions of hostilities in Ukraine. The results were obtained using the synthesis method, the official websites of the companies were analyzed, i.e. CSR sections, official pages of social networks (Facebook, Instagram), media publications, non-financial reports, CSR strategies, recommendations, policies and other publicly available documents. The study considered the influence of factors on decision-making by the company during the military operations in Ukraine according to the following criteria: adaptation of Ukrainian business, development of business strategies, official statement on the termination of cooperation with the Russian Federation. The impact of the total war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine on compliance/non-compliance with the policy of corporate social responsibility The considered features and results of using "Social Hub" and "impact investing" as a form of interaction between the enterprise and society. The implementation of the same form of KVS as "Social Hub" and "impact investing" provides not only financial support of the company for charitable purposes, but also contributes to the formation of a stable positive attitude among internal employees, thereby increasing the reputational capital of the business.

Global trends indicate that at the current stage of European countries’ integration, the processes of unification of taxation and tax administration, and the convergence and harmonization of tax systems are taking place. Therefore, for thorough studying of these phenomena, it is important to classify countries according to the parameters of fiscal systems and tax policy. Our analysis of the tax indicators of European countries on the main groups of taxes according to the methodology of ESA 2010 develops the research in this field. The analysis was carried out by clustering methods in order to identify common and different features in the tax systems of European countries. This study covers 30 European countries for the periods 2018 and 2020. This paper focuses on the analysis of three main indicators of tax revenues. According to the ESA 2010 methodology, these are taxes on production and imports (D.2), current taxes on income and property (D.5), and net social contributions (D.61). Cluster analysis of the tax-to-GDP ratio was performed using a hierarchical agglomerative method and the method of k-means using software R Studio and STATISTICA 7.0. As a result, 5 clusters have been obtained. They are characterized by the following average values: 1) the cluster with the lowest total tax-to-GDP ratio, where income taxes predominate; 2) the cluster with the highest total tax-to-GDP ratio, high tax ratio on income and property, and low social contributions; 3) the cluster with an average tax-to-GDP ratio and the largest social contributions; 4) the cluster with an average tax-to-GDP ratio and the predominance of taxes on production and import; 5) countries, where all analyzed tax groups have a roughly equal ratio to GDP. The classification carried out for 2020 data revealed some insignificant changes in the clusters’ composition. These changes can be considered as a result of the tax policy to counteract the effects of the pandemic.

The article analyzes the impact of innovative development of industrial enterprises on the efficiency of their operation, namely on the cost of enterprises within the cost approach. The correlation-regression analysis of the dependence of enterprise value on the volume of innovation financing for industrial enterprises of Ukraine for the selected period of time, showed a direct relationship between the selected variables for analysis, and in combination with qualitative and quantitative analyzes confirmed the implementation of innovation. Scientific, journalistic, and static sources of information were used in the study. The subject of research in the article is the innovative development of enterprises in the context of the efficiency of enterprises, which is expressed in increasing the value of the company. The purpose of the article is to establish the dependence of the value indicator on such variables as the value of sold industrial products, the amount of funding for innovations for industrial enterprises, equity of industrial enterprises for the period 2008-2019. The paper aims to determine the role of innovation activities of enterprises within the innovation environment; to establish directions and forms of realization of innovative activity at the enterprises; analyze the dependence of cost indicators on the activity of innovation. The following methods are used: statistical, correlation-regression analysis, graphical. The following results were obtained: based on the analysis of the dynamics of changes in the main indicators of the value of industrial enterprises that implemented innovations, financed innovative development, the interdependence between increasing the value of companies and increasing the efficiency of innovation. The impact of the application of innovative development of enterprises in the context of maximizing its value is quantitatively calculated and proved. The article has proved the need for implementation and development of innovative activities in industrial enterprises in the formation of an innovative business strategy for the operation of economic entities, which is an important aspect of management decisions for company managers.

This research focuses on the study of many methods, techniques, technologies, tools, rules, and principles of modern time management. The aim of the study is to develop their generalized classification based on different criteria, and to assess their potential usefulness for different types of people and organizations. The article proves that world practice has many different methods, techniques, techniques, technologies, tools, techniques and principles of time management. All of them are actively used in practice. In the article, all methods and technologies of time management are offered to be divided on the basis of three criteria: depending on a way of the organization (paper, digital and mixed); depending on the origin (classical and derivative); depending on the principles underlying them (methods of time distribution and methods of its control, methods of distribution and differentiation of tasks, methods of productivity control, methods of information processing and storage and methods of combating procrastination). This classification allows users to navigate in a variety of time management methods and choose those that will take into account their individual needs. They are not mutually exclusive, and if desired, they can be used in various combinations to meet individual needs. The article emphasizes that in the age of digitalization there are more and more flexible, fast and convenient digital time management systems. With the expansion of Internet access, most online services are moving to the form of web-services, which with the help of a web-browser allow you to use them from any electronic device (computer, tablet or smartphone) anywhere in the world. Therefore, we consider promising for further research a detailed study of digital methods of time management, analysis of their main functions, identifying the advantages and disadvantages that they give users.

To date, Ukraine's dairy and milk-processing industry has a number of problems that hinder its effective development. Producers of milk and dairy products are trying to move away from Soviet-era standards and adopt new European technologies. To date, the dairy industry is one of the leading sectors of the economy, which provides the population with food and is a component of food security of the state, which makes this work urgent. The article analyzes the state of the dairy products market in Ukraine for the period from 2016 to 2020. The paper presents the dynamics and forecast of the values of the main economic indicators of the Ukrainian market of milk and dairy products for the next year, formulates recommendations to improve the activities of actors of the market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine. The results are obtained on the basis of structural, dynamic and matrix analysis of the market. Considered the main problems of the dairy industry, including: reducing the number of dairy processing plants, reducing the number of cattle, the low level of technological equipment in production and lack of modern equipment for storage and processing of raw materials. As a consequence, such trends have led to a significant increase in the cost of production of raw milk and an expected increase in the price of finished products, which, in turn, has led to a reduction in demand for dairy products. Using SWOT- and PEST-analysis the properties of the milk and dairy products market of Ukraine as a whole, its subjects and their interaction have been studied and presented in a systematic form. Proposals to improve the state of the market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine are formulated. The proposals are grouped into the following areas: economic activity, technology and resources and state support. The combination of state support measures, entrepreneurial efforts, and reliance on international experience will preserve food security in Ukraine and provide the population with high-quality dairy products in the required quantity, reduce imports, and introduce advanced resource-saving technologies. There is a potential opportunity for Ukrainian producers to reach new international markets, but on condition that product quality indicators are met.

One of the main problems of insurance is fraud, when the client wants to get overpayments by distorting information about the insured event. However, traditional methods of insurance fraud combating require a lot of routine manual work and are not very effective. The paper proposes the development of a prototype of the insurance case monitoring system in order to detect fraud using machine-learning methods. The development was carried out on the example of a database of insurance cases, which has 38 variables and contains 1000 records of insurance claims. The dataset provides information on 1) client – 10 features; 2) insurance contract – 7 features; 3) incident – 21 features. Preliminary data processing, modeling and development of the monitoring system was carried out using the Python. Classifiers (logistic regression, gradient boosting and random forest) with different combinations of variables were built. For each model, the conjugation matrix, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and ROC curves were analyzed. Simulation results allowed to select 5 main variables for monitoring, 3 of which characterize the client, 2 – incident. The proposed monitoring system allows to identify the following patterns: 1) in most cases, fraudsters were managers and technical support staff; 2) customers, who were practicing chess or CrossFit, were more prone to fraud; 3) most of the fraud was recorded in severe damage; 4) in case of absence of contact with emergency services, a large amount of the claim indicated fraud.

The paper analyses the macroeconomic situation in the labor market and proposes measures to restore employment to the pre-COVID -19 level. The study of the basic concepts of state regulation methods of employment demonstrates that various forms of their application are used on the country’s macroeconomic level. In developing countries long-term COVID-19 related restrictive measures result in the dramatic decline of economic activity, contraction of production, unemployment rise, drop in labor productivity. The countries with high macroeconomic indicators have better social cohesion and reliable systems of social protection. This has consequences that are more reliable on the employment level compared to the developing countries. Assessment of various policy approaches of full lockdown measures for localization of disease dissemination, imposition of restrictions on the working life, introduction of new remote forms of work and education, force countries to define special policy, which depends on the national economic and financial potential. Health system development and adoption of stabilizing measures of the epidemic situation in the country form the basis to restore confidence and trust in the society. The article proposes a deep account of the challenges that the Ukrainian economy has faced and continues to face due to the COVID-19 pandemic effects, deterioration of macroeconomic indicators, including employment decline. The application of the “adaptive quarantine measures” in the regions demonstrates adequate consequences for business SME's development. The estimation results depict the tendencies of increasing unemployment, inflation, and a decreasing population’s ability to pay and lowering business activity in certain sectors of the economy. Numerous forms related to the support and professional development of the unemployed population are proposed.

Modern enterprise resource management systems are quite universal, but in practice each firm has its own characteristics, which are determined by the type of activity, scale of production, management structure and other factors. These features must be taken into account when choosing a model of management accounting, adapting it to the requirements of production and management of a particular enterprise. This paper focuses on the development of a model of management reporting of an insurance company based on the 1C: Enterprise system using dashboards. Based on the needs of company management, the requirements for the model of management reporting were formulated: simplicity and clarity; control of key indicators; choice of time intervals; comparison of locations (branches, separate offices, sites, etc.); taking into account exchange rates. The proposed conceptual model includes a system of key indicators, a block of preparatory information for dashboards, blocks of the 1C: Enterprise system (sources of information). The development of the model according to this conceptual scheme involves the following stages: the choice of key indicators; content development and design of dashboards; preparation of input information for dashboards. The proposed blocks of key indicators of the conceptual model were divided according to the content into 2 dashboards: dashboard of insurance indicators and dashboard of financial indicators. Dashboards use the following filters: month, location, and indicator. In the dashboard of financial indicators there is an additional filter "currency" (UAH, EUR, USD). The developed conceptual model of management reporting and its implementation with the help of dashboards can be a useful tool for the management of the insurance company. The model focuses on small firms, but takes into account the spatial structure of the company, the structure of insurance products, and time interval. Dashboards present in a simple and clear way relevant information that can be used in making management decisions.

The article focuses on the analysis of the dynamics and current state of development of public finances in Ukraine. Theoretical aspects of the public finance system are considered, namely: their essence, functions and structure, as well as the modern public finance system of Ukraine, its structure and components. Public finance is a key component of Ukraine's financial system, which owns more than half of all financial resources and includes various financial institutions that perform state functions. The multifunctionality of public finances determines their extensive structure, the main component of which is the State Budget. The implementation of the State Budget of Ukraine for nine years (2013-2021) as a key component of public finances was analyzed. The analysis of the revenue and expenditure part of the State Budget of Ukraine for four years (2018-2021) was conducted, and the shortcomings of the formation and use of budget funds were identified.The study identified the main problems and shortcomings of the public finance system of Ukraine, where the central place is occupied by problems with the formation and use of budget funds and inefficient functioning, resulting in persistent budget deficits, rising debt burden and tax pressure on the population. To eliminate the budget deficit, it is necessary to reduce the number of expenditure items and conduct careful control over expenditures. This paper has developed proposals to improve the state and efficiency of the public finance system, eliminate existing problems of revising and reducing the share of expenditures, increase revenue through non-tax revenues and give autonomy to local governments, which will reduce excessive centralization of the budget system and improve financial position of the state.

The publication deals with the issue of classification of factors influencing foreign direct investments. The purpose of the study is to develop a classification of factors and to determine the main factors influencing foreign investments in the economy of Ukraine. The paper contains an overview of studies of significant factors influencing the attraction of foreign direct investments in Ukraine and considers approaches to the classification of factors influencing foreign investments. A detailed analysis of scientists’ approaches to the classification of the factors influencing foreign investments is presented. A review of studies of significant factors influencing the attraction of FDI in Ukraine has shown that the most popular approach to classification is the division of all factors influencing the level of foreign investments demand in any country, on macro- and microeconomic ones. At the same time, macroeconomic factors in turn are detailed by the state and region levels and by the spheres of the economy. It is determined that among the authors there is no unity of views on the classification of factors. Some classifications are narrowly focused. Existing classifications of the factors do not always take into account the processes that cannot be quantified and that are important for foreign investment decision-making. In particular, these include person’s subjective attitude as one of the components of the investment process. Thus, it is necessary to include psychological factors as elements of behavioral economics. Some studies include such factors in the classification, but do not indicate the way of their measuring. Generalization of approaches to the classification of the factors showed that the determining factors for foreign capital attracting to Ukraine remain resource ones and the pace of economic development (as basic economic ones), as well as political, administrative and to a lesser extent financial factors that are specific for Ukraine. The author proposes a new approach to the classification of factors, which unlike others, divides the possible factors in terms of content into three groups: economic, organizational and psychological. There is also an additional "measurement" feature, which allows to divide the factors of each group into qualitative and quantitative ones, which is important for studying their impact using modelling. Further research presupposes dividing the shown factors on the basis of measurement on quantitative and qualitative ones.

The paper describes the essence of the risks that banks face in their activities, first of all, that of the credit risk, the level of which is determined by the size of financial losses if a borrower does not repay credit funds and interest for using them. The models for assessing the probability of a borrower default (statistical, based on artificial intelligence and theoretical ones) are considered and compared; their advantages and disadvantages are determined. It is shown that, as a rule, one of the theoretical models underlies the application of statistical models or artificial intelligence models, and the choice of a model depends on the purpose of the assessment, information that can be used, technical and technological support and the bank's personnel potential. The analysis of a particular borrower of a bank – a firm, carrying out its activities in the field of agriculture, is done. The procedure used for assessing credit risk is based on the NBU regulation on the determination by Ukrainian banks of the size of credit risk for active banking operations. The stages of the procedure are: calculation of the integral indicator, debtor’s class determination and the probability of borrower default, calculation of the exposure at risk and the of the level of losses in case of default and the assessment of the credit risk itself. To determine the probability of a borrower's default, the classic Altman’s model was used, which made it possible to calculate an integral indicator using financial indicators of the enterprise; according to the internal rating of the bank, the class of the enterprise and the probability of default are determined. The size of the credit risk was calculated and its impact on the bank's norms was estimated. The loan provided belongs to the group of large indebtedness, therefore, the bank must constantly monitor the impact of the loan provided on certain standards of credit risk. basic recommendations for issuing and servicing a loan are provided.