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Amaç: Bu çalışmada postmenopozal kadınlarda subklinik tiroid disfonksiyonu sıklığının değerlendirilmesi ve subklinik tiroid disfonksiyonu ile kemik mineral yoğunluğu (KMY) ilişkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmaya Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Hastalıkları Polikliniği’nde Ocak 2018-Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında osteoporoz ön tanısı ile değerlendirilen 300 postmenopozal kadın dahil edildi. Tüm katılımcıların demografik verileri, tiroid stimüle edici hormon (TSH), serbest triiyodotironin (ST3), serbest tiroksin (ST4) düzeyleri, kemik mineral yoğunluğu (KMY) sonuçları hastane kayıt sisteminden retrospektif olarak kaydedildi. Tüm katılımcılar ötiroid, subklinik hipertiroidi ve subklinik hipotiroidi olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrıldı. Ötiroid grup ayrıca TSH düzeylerine göre yüksek normal ve düşük normal olmak üzere 2 gruba ayrıldı. Subklinik tiroid disfonksiyonu subklinik hipertiroidi ve subklinik hipotiroidi olarak tanımlandı. Aşikar hipotiroidi veya hipertiroidisi olan bireyler çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Bulgular: Bu çalışmada postmenopozal kadınların %10,66’sında subklinik tiroid disfonksiyonu tespit edildi [subklinik hipertiroidi: 21(%7); subklinik hipotiroidi: 11 (%3,66)]. Subklinik tiroid fonksiyon bozukluğu olan bireylerde lomber vertebra (L1-4) ve femur kemik mineral yoğunluklarında ötiroid gruba göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmadı (sırasıyla; p=0,674 ve p= 0,184). Ötiroid grupta yüksek normal TSH düzeyleri ve düşük normal TSH düzeylerine sahip subgruplar arasında osteoporoz sıklığı, vertebra (L1 -4) ve femur kemik mineral yoğunlukları benzerdi (sırasıyla; p=0,935, p=0,850, p=0,734). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada postmenopozal kadınlarda subklinik tiroid disfonksiyonları ile KMY ölçümleri arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: 300 postmenopausal women screened for osteoporosis between January 2018 and December 2019 in Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases were included in the study. Demographic data, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels and bone mineral densitometry (BMD) measurements of all participants were recorded retrospectively from the hospital registry system. All participants were divided into 3 groups as euthyroid, subclinical hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism. The euthyroid group was also divided into two groups, those with high normal TSH and low normal TSH. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction was defined as subclinical hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism. Individuals with overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism were excluded from the study. Results: Subclinical thyroid dysfunction was detected in 10.66% of postmenopausal women [subclinical hyperthyroidism: 21 (7%); subclinical hypothyroidism: 11 (3.66%)]. No statistically significant difference was found in subjects with subclinical thyroid dysfunction in terms of vertebral (L1 -4) and femoral bone mineral density compared to the euthyroid group. (p=0.674 and p= 0.184; respectively). Among the subgroups with high normal TSH levels and low normal TSH levels in the euthyroid group, the frequency of osteoporosis, vertebral (L1-4) and femoral BMD measurements were similar (p=0.935, p=0.850, p=0.734; respectively). Conclusion: We found no significant associations between subclinical thyroid dysfunctions and BMD in postmenopausal women

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections have a broad range of clinical spectrum from subclinical or asymptomatic infection to anogenital carcinoma. The detection of HPV-DNA and determination of the risk groups in cervical cancer (CC) screening is very important because CC is considered to be a preventable illness which is the third most common cancer type of women in the world. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of HPV-DNA in women by two different molecular methods and to compare their results together with the results of cytology, in Eskişehir, Central Anatolia, Turkey. A total of 1081 women aged between 30-65 years, who applied to Eskişehir Early Diagnosis, Screening and Training of Cancer Center (KETEM) for screening were included in the study. Three separate cervical samples were collected simultaneously from the participants for cytologic examination and molecular studies. In the first step of the study, all cervical samples were investigated for the presence of HPV-DNA by Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2; Qiagen, Germany) method. In the second part of the study, consensus real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (Takara Bio Inc., Japan) was performed in 152 samples which included HC2 positive and randomly selected negative samples, and then the HPV genotypes were detected by using a commercial kit based on pyrosequencing method (Diatech Pharmacogenetics S.R.L, Italy). In the first part of the study, HC2 test was found positive in 3% (32/1081) of the women, while in 4.4% (47/1081) Pap smear was positive alone or with HC2 test. Five (0.5%) samples yielded positive results with both of the methods, and four of them were positive for high risk HPV types. Cytology results were negative in 19 out of 23 (23/1081, 2.1%) samples that were reported as high risk HPV by HC2 test. On the other hand, 42 (42/1081, 3.9%) samples that were positive by cytology yielded negative results by HC2 test. In the second part of the study, 32 (21.1%) of 152 selected samples were positive by HC2 test, 40 (26.3%) were positive by Pap smear, and 53 (34.9%) were positive by consensus RT-PCR. All of the 32 samples that were positive by HC2 were also positive by RT-PCR, however 21 samples that were positive by RT-PCR were negative by HC2 test. Among 40 samples that were positive (abnormal) by Pap smear, HPV-DNA was positive in nine (22.5%) by RT-PCR and in five (12.5%) by HC2 test, but HPV-DNA was not detected in 31 (77.5%) samples by both of the tests. Genotyping of the strains could be performed in 44 samples, and the most common type detected was HPV type 16 (n=15, 34.1%), followed by type 90 (n=11, 25%) and type 18 (n= 4, 9.1%). In our study, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of Pap smear method were estimated as 16.1%, 96%, 10.6% and 97.5%, respectively, based on the HC2 results which was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In addition, a significant degree of concordance was detected between HC2 and concensus RT-PCR methods (Cohen's kappa: 0.665). In conclusion, regarding the insufficient number of cytopathologists in our country and according to the recommendations of American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) and FDA, it was once again demonstrated that, the implementation of molecular diagnostic methods in addition to the Pap smear for effective screening of CC are needed.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the frequency of cardivovascular events by causing atherosclerosis and impairment at left ventricle structure and function. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is an early finding of subclinical cardiac injury. Left atrial volume may be used as an indicator for demonstrating severity and duration of DD. With this study, we investigated the relationship between subclinical atherosclerosis ,evaluated by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement and subclinical cardiac injury evaluated by diastolic functions and left atrial volume index (LAVI) in MetS patients. 82 patients with MetS were enrolled to the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to CIMT measurement: 35 patients with CIMT≥1.0 mm were at group 1 and 47 patients with CIMT, Metabolik sendrom (MetS) ateroskleroza, sol ventrikül yapı ve fonksiyonlarında bozulmaya neden olur. Diyastolik disfonksiyon (DD) subklinik kardiyak hasarın erken dönem bulgusudur. Sol atriyal volüm DD'un ciddiyetini ve süresini göstermede bir belirteç olarak kullanılabilir. Çalışmamızda, MetS'lu hastalarda sol ventrikül DD ve derecesini, sol atriyal volüm indeksi (SAVİ) ile birlikte değerlendirdik ve bunun karotis intima media kalınlığı (KİMK) ile tespit edilen subklinik aterosklerozla ilişkisini araştırdık. Çalışmaya MetS'lu 82 hasta alındı. Hastalar KİMK ölçümüne göre, KİMK≥1,0 mm olan 35 hasta grup 1, KİMK

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and aetiology of subclinical ovine mastitis in Kırıkkale and to study the changes occurring in the level of chlorine, sodium, ALP, LDH and NA-Gase, SCC and California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores in milk as a result of subclinical mastitis in 200 sheep. Coagulase negative staphylococci were isolated in 5.5% of the milk samples. The period insidence of subclinical mastitis was detected as 6,5%. Milk samples from noninfected udder halves were found to have variable CMT scores. In milk samples bacteriologically positive , SCC was measured as 300.000-1.000.000 and in milk samples bacteriologically negative ≤300.000. In bacteriologically negative milk samples, the sodium and clorine levels were measured as 56.26 and 47.13 mg/dl respectively while they were found to be 78.65 and 72.67 mg/dl in the bacteriological positive milk samples. In milk from healthy udders, ALP, LDH and NA-Gase enzymes activities were measured as 110.12, 65.60 and 23.51 U/L respectively while they were found to be 194.69, 452.23 and 79.38 U/L in milk from subclinical mastitic udders. The difference between the samples from normal and subclinical mastitis for SCC and biochemical parameters were found to be statistically significant at the level of p, Bu çalışmanın amacı, koyunlarda subklinik mastitisin insidansını, etiyolojisini ve subklinik mastitis sonucu sütteki klor (Cl-), sodyum (Na+), ALP, LDH ve NA-Gaz düzeyindeki, SHS ve CMT skorlarındaki değişimleri tespit etmektir. Örneklerin %5.5’inde koagulaz negatif stafilokoklar izole edildi. Subklinik mastitisin prevalansı %6.5 seviyesinde belirlendi. Normal örneklerdeki CMT sonuçları değişken bulundu. Somatik hücre sayısı subklinik mastitisli örneklerde 300.000-1.000.000 ve normal örneklerde ≤300.000 saptandı. Subklinik mastitisli örneklerde Na+ ve Cl- düzeyleri sırasıyla 56.26 ve 47.13 mg/dl, normal örneklerde ise 78.65 ve 72.67 mg/dl bulundu. Normal süt örneklerinde ALP, LDH ve NA-Gaz düzeyleri sırasıyla 110.12, 65.60 ve 23.51 U/L, subklinik mastitisli örneklerde sırasıyla 194.69, 452.23 ve 79.38 U/L tespit edildi. Normal ve subklinik mastitisli örneklerin SHS ve biyokimyasal sonuçlarının istatistiki değerlendirmesinde iki grup arasındaki fark p