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Istihsān has been used as one of the ruling istinbat (reveal the meaning) methods in the Hanafi sect. Hanafi scholars of the classical period, on the other hand, discussed and analyzed istihsān under four main headings. According to the scholars of usul al-fiqh, istihsān is divided into "kıyas (syllogism) alhafi", " istihsān bi'l-eser", " istihsān bi'l-icma" and " istihsān bi'z-zarure”. The understanding of istihsān of the sect has gone through this classification until the modern period. However, the possibility of increasing the division made in the classical period for istihsān has recently been discussed. For example, it was emphasized that the aforementioned division made for istihsān by Shalabī (1910-1997) could be increased and explanations were made in the context of the subject. It has been stated that there is precaution in the background of some places where the fuqaha acted with istihsān. This has been effective in naming this type of istihsān. As in other types of istihsān, the naming was done in that way, since istihsān was used due to the precautionary principle. Because it is possible to say that the determining factor in the naming of istihsān types is the reason that leads to istihsān. As a matter of fact, this situation is clearly seen in the types of istihsān. In this article, istihsān bi’l-ihtiyât, which can be a different type of istihsān, is emphasized. Since this type of istihsān is not included in the classical period division, the possibility of this is discussed first. Because it is not in the classical period classification, it is necessary to determine whether this istihsān type to be put forward is among other types of istihsān. Therefore, in this study, first of all, it has been tried to define prudence and to show that istihsān bi’l-ihtiyât is different from other types. Afterwards, it has been tried to show the applicability of istihsān bi’l-ihtiyât by giving examples from different chapters. In this type of istihsān, prudence is the main reason for istihsān, and therefore, analogy is abandoned. Therefore, it should be noted that prudence, which is meant by istihsān bi’l-ihtiyât, does not mean avoiding the disagreement of the scholars. This disputation is more commonly referred to as al-hurūj min al-khilāf (avoid of dispute) or murā’at al-khilāf (observing separation). Because in istihsān bi'l-ihtiyât, the purposeful precaution is the precaution that creates the qiyas-i hafî, while in murā’at al-khilāf, it consists of avoiding the disagreement of the ulama and taking the stronger one if a choice is made between two fatwas. Wherever the fuqaha decrees with istihsān, there is the abandonment of qiyas. In istihsān bi’lihtiyât, istihsān is used for a reason not found in the other four types of istihsān. That justification was determined by the jurists as a precaution. However, this precaution should be understood as prudence, which means abandoning qiyas and preferring istihsān. In places where fuqaha resort to istihsān, they sometimes point to the background in the preference of istihsān with expressions such as “due to prudence” or “for the reason prudence”. However, no details are seen in the related works. This makes it necessary to understand this type of istihsān and to reveal its difference from the first thing that comes to mind when it seens to prudence. The possibility of seeing istihsān bi’l-ihtiyât as a new type of istihsān is discussed by considering this article. Although Shalabī emphasizes the possibility of expanding the types of istihsān, there is no study specific to the subject. This study, on the other hand, aims to both shed light on the subject and make a new contribution to the field. It should be noted that the applicability and internal consistency of the subject were tested by giving examples from different parts in particular istihsān bi’l-ihtiyât. Thus, it has been shown that this term can be applied in almost every talk of the sect when the conditions are met. It is possible to interpret this as an effort to expand on istihsān, which was highly exploited by both the founders and later jurists of the Hanafi sect. In addition, it fills an important gap in solving the problems encountered through the dynamics of the Hanafi sect without leaving the holistic, consistent and systematic structure of the sect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the preference of adult patients with various dental anxiety applying for dental examination or treatment regarding dentists wearing different uniforms. A data collection form consisting of 8 sociodemographic information, 5 modified dental anxiety scales (MDAS) and 2 questions about the evaluation of dentist uniforms was applied to the patients whose informed consent was obtained. Patients were divided into 2 groups as low-intermediate level (DOA) and high-extremely high level (YYA). Descriptive statistical analyzes were performed for demographic characteristics and the Pearson Chi-square test was used (p = 0.05). The mean MDAS value of all participants was 12.92. Patients with DOA consisted of 299 people (59.8%), while patients with YYA consisted of 201 people (40.2%) of the participants. The uniform preference of patients was affected by different anxiety levels (p= 0.048). The highest selection of uniforms for DOA was black with 31.1%, and colored uniforms for YYA with 26.9%. The dentist uniform color was found to be an important factor for patients with high levels of anxiety. It was concluded that the main reason for the uniform preferred by patients with different anxiety levels was related to the appearance of the dentist creating a sense of reassurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was conducted to measure the effect of patient relationship management practices on satisfaction in outpatients and inpatients. In addition, it is investigated whether this effect differs according to the demographic characteristics of the patients. In this context, data were collected from 824 outpatients and 850 inpatients in a university training and research hospital. The analysis of relationships and the differences between variables were performed using correlation and regression analysis in the SPSS 21.00 program. As a result, it was determined that patient relationship management practices positively affect patient satisfaction in both outpatient and inpatient patients, and this effect differs according to the demographic characteristics (gender, marital status, age, education level, and hospital preferences of the patients). Because the research is limited to a single university hospital in Turkey, it prevents the results from being generalized. Thus, it is suggested for further research that such studies should be carried out with the first, second, and third level of health institutions separately and with bigger sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]