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Exoskeletons, traffic accident, stroke, etc. In this study, a lower extremity exoskeleton made of A Glass Fiber material was designed using Solidworks program. The A Glass Fiber material used in the design has reduced the weight of the exoskeleton up to 9 kg, including the engine weights. The designed exoskeleton was superimposed on the AMMR V.1.6.3 human musculoskeletal full-body model in the AnyBody program, with overlapping joint points, and biomechanical analyzes were performed throughout the gait cycle. As a result of biomechanical analysis, data on muscle activities, muscle strength, joint moment and reaction force were obtained. Data were collected and analyzed on two different walking models, with and without exoskeleton. The simulation results showed that the S geometry of the exoskeleton at the level of the femur and tibia bones is more suitable for the human anatomical structure, and the force transmission from the trunk to the legs is evenly distributed throughout the gait cycle. When the muscle activities and muscle strength data are examined, it is seen that walking with the exoskeleton will increase the anterior-posterior strength of the hip by working the psoas major muscle more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is one of the oldest widely used building materials. There is an increasing demand for its use in different areas for different purposes. In order to meet this demand, wood-based structural composites have been developed. In this study, some physical and mechanical properties of laminated composite samples obtained from beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) wood, which were heat treated and reinforced with carbon and glass fiber using phenol formaldehyde (FF) glue, were investigated. For this purpose, heat treatment was applied to wood materials at 150, 175 and 200°C for 3 hours and test samples were prepared. Density (D), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), bending strength, (MOR) compressive strength parallel to grains (CS//) and bonding strength parallel to grains (SS) were determined for the test samples. The test results showed that the bending strength (MOR) and modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE) values of the reinforced samples with carbon and glass fiber increased. However, while it caused significant changes in the compressive strength parallel to the grain (CS//) values depending on the applied heat treatment temperature and the type of reinforcing material, decreases in the bonding strength parallel to the grain (SS) values were determined. In general, the MOR and MOE values of the reinforced test samples with carbon fiber were higher than the reinforced samples with glass fiber, while the CS// and SS values were lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic-based bushings and bearings are used in some parts of the machines used in different sectors of the industry. In applications where high temperature, corrosion, chemical resistance and wear resistance are required, choosing a right material is very important for the service life of the machine element. In this study, the tribological performances of pure poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) polymer and 30% by weight glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK-30GF) composite were investigated. The materials used in the experiments are in the form of rods produced for industrial purposes by the extrusion method. Tribological experiments were carried out 2000 m under dry sliding conditions at room temperature using a pin-on-disc wear test device. Two different loads (30 N and 60 N) and four different speeds (1, 2, 3 and 4 m s-1) were used in the experiments. As a result of the experiments, the friction coefficient, pin temperature and specific wear rate of pure PEEK polymer and 30% glass fiber reinforced PEEK composite were determined. As a result of the experiments, with the increase of the sliding speed, the wear rate of both pure PEEK and glass fiber reinforced PEEK composite increased, while the friction coefficient values decreased. At low load (30 N) and speed (1 m s-1), PEEK composite was found to be 2.46 times more wear resistant than pure PEEK polymer. In addition, microstructure examinations of the wear surface of the test materials were carried out using an optical microscope. Adhesive wear at low loads and speeds and abrasive wear mechanisms at high speeds and loads were observed for both test materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental research; It has been studied to improve the properties of polypropylene (PP) grape stem and rice husk mixtures by adding waste glass fiber. The potential of waste grape stem and rice husk to be a reusable material has created another curious subject. Grape stalk-rice husk was added to the PP at the rate of 20%. Glass fiber was added at 10-15% and 20% rates. Then, test samples were molded on the injection machine. Molded samples; melt flow index, moisture absorption, thermal distortion temperature, vicat softening temperature, wear rate, static and dynamic friction coefficient and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were carried out. By examining the results of the tests, the effects of grape stalk-rice husk and glass fiber amount on PP were determined. According to the results of the tests, with the increase of grape stalk-rice husk mixture and glass fiber ratios in the matrix; It was determined that the melt flow index, moisture absorption and friction coefficient values decreased, while the thermal distortion temperature, vicat softening temperature and wear rate values increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activity Based Costing (ABC) bridges resources and products / services by focusing on activities to more accurately distribute indirect costs incurred in the enterprise. Using ABC output for managerial objectives led to Activity Based Management (ABM) system. This paper aims to apply the activity analysis, which is a target of ABM, in a private company that manufactures fiber glass automobile cabins. The results show that receiving orders/jobs from the main activities of the manufacturing system is a non-value added activity. Similarly, some procedures, final control and packaging sub-activities have moderate productivity levels though it can be increased by curative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, unlike the studies available in the literature, low velocity puncture resistance and quasi-static puncture resistance of S2 glass fiber fabrics with high strength and impact resistance impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF) was determined. For this purpose, firstly, a polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400: 400 g/mole of molecular weight) suspension with the silica loading of 20 wt% was fabricated and then, rheological measurements were carried out. Then, drop weight puncture tests for the drop height of 200 mm, 300 mm and 400 mm and quasi-static puncture tests (6 mm/min of puncture velocity) were applied to neat and STF impregnated fabrics. Damages in fabrics and deformation marks on backing material were discussed in detail. As a result of the rheological tests, it was observed that the PEG400/silica suspension exhibits shear thickening behavior. With the STF impregnation, a decrease of 30.7%, 17.7% and 20.7% was observed in the penetration depth of the penetrator into the backing material for the drop height of 200 mm, 300 mm and 400 mm, respectively. In addition, It has been seen that the impregnation of STF gives more reasonable results in terms of weight increase than increasing the number of fabric layers. As a result of quasi-static puncture tests, neat and STF impregnated fabrics showed close characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, crushing and energy absorption behavior of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced glass fiber/epoxy (GFRP) and carbon fiber/epoxy (CFRP) composite tubular structures has been investigated. The study consists of two main parts. First part deals with the experimental studies. At this stage, functionalized multi-walled CNT added (at weight percentages of 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.5; 1; 2%) and additive free GFRP composite plates were produced using hand lay-up method and tension, compression and shear tests were carried out to determine mechanical properties of the composite materials. As a result of these investigations, 0.5% CNT addition is determined to be most suitable rate for the composite in terms of tension, compression, and shear strength. The second part deals with the numerical studies. At this stage, quasistatic crushing and energy absorption characteristics of circular and square cross-section GFRP and CFRP tubes were investigated numerically using the determined mechanical properties in a commercial finite element based software (ABAQUS). The mechanical properties of CFRP tubes were taken from the existing literature. As a result of numerical studies, the specific energy absorption capacity of circular CFRP tubes was found to be most efficient compared to the other tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-plane and out-of-plane waviness are inevitable defects in parts that have curved sections made of continuous fiber-reinforced composites. These defects can be located in the micro, meso (ply level) and macro-scale (part level). In this study, an artificial out-of-plane fiber waviness was generated on the outer surface of the curved section of the L-shaped laminates. The fiber waviness generated was characterized experimentally using micrographs taken from the samples. The effect of fiber waviness on curved beam strength and delamination of the samples were determined through bending tests. Also, the effect of fiber waviness on the strain distribution on the curved section was quantified using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.

Düzlem içi ve düzlem dışı dalgalanma, sürekli fiber takviyeli kompozitlerden yapılmış kavisli bölgelere sahip parçalarda kaçınılmaz kusurlardır. Bu kusurlar mikro, mezo (katman seviyesi) ve makro ölçekli (parça seviyesi) olabilir. Bu çalışmada, L şekilli laminatların kavisli bölümünün dış yüzeyinde yapay bir düzlem dışı fiber dalgası oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen fiber dalgalanmaları, numunelerden alınan mikrogörüntüler kullanılarak deneysel olarak karakterize edilmiştir. Fiber dalgalanmaların kavisli kiriş mukavemeti ve numunelerin delaminasyonuna etkisi eğme testleri ile belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, fiber dalgalanmasının eğri kesitteki birim şekil değiştirme dağılımına etkisi Sayısal Görüntü Korelasyonu (SGK) tekniği kullanılarak ölçülmüştür.

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, physical and mechanical properties of non-structural composite panels used in buildings were determined experimentally. By evaluating the results obtained from the experimental study, the performances of these panels were revealed in terms of physical and mechanical properties. While evaluating the physical performance, its properties such as water absorption and expansion under moisture are taken into consideration. In terms of mechanical properties, four-point bending strengths, fracture energies, tensile strengths and modulus of elasticity values were obtained. The results of the water absorption and expansion tests were evaluated together and the relationships of these properties were revealed. Panels with optimum performance in terms of flexural strength and fracture energy have been determined. According to the results of the experimental study; While cellulose fiber reinforced cement matrix composite gives the highest strength values, cement-based textile reinforced composite panel exhibits the highest fracture energy. It has been concluded that glass fiber reinforced cement panels containing chopped glass fiber are the optimum solution in terms of flexural strength-fracture energy and expansion values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of functionalized nanoclay (with silane and amine groups) on the mechanical properties and impact behavior of glass fiber / Kevlar-epoxy hybrid composites was experimentally investigated. Nanoclay functionalized at three different concentrations (0%, 1%, and 3%) was mixed into the epoxy resin. Composite samples with layer 12 have been manufactured by handlayup method. The mechanical properties and impact behaviors under 30J were examined on the prepared composites. The comparisons between the nanoclay and non-nanoclay samples were carried out by using contact force, deflection, impact energy, velocity and time data of the impact tests. Mechanical strength and impact properties of 1% nanoclay added hybrid composites how better performance than that of 0% and 3% nanoclay added hybrid composites. As a result of the good dispersion of clay in the matrix-fiber interface in samples with 1% nanoclay addition, the impact values are reduced by 10% and load bearing capacity is increased to 22%. Futhermore, among bare and 3% nanoclay added hybrid composites, the highest hardness value of 23.60 HV obtained from 1% nanoclay added hybrid composite structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass fiber reinforced polymer (CETP) composite materials are new and important engineering materials due to their superior properties. Due to their mechanical properties, rigidity / weight ratio, they are indispensable structural materials, especially in engineering structures where lightness is required. Therefore, GFRP composite materials are commonly used in industry. Drilling is an important process for obtaining the holes which is necessary for the assemblies of GFRP in industry. In addition to drilling parameters, the impact of drill geometry on the hole quality should be considered. In this paper, drilling process was carried out with different cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate) and drill geometries (different diameters). The obtained the results of thrust force and deformation factor for exit/entrance surface. Taguchi method and analyze of variance (ANOVA) was also applied to determine the effects of cutting parameters on experimental results. L9(313) orthogonal experimental design was selected for analysis of Taguchi and response Tables was used. Besides the cutting parameters, the impact of drill geometry on the results are also discussed. It is obtained that feed rate governs the thrust force and exit deformation factor; however, the entrance deformation is driven by the drill bit diameter. The results show that this approach has been demonstrated can be used effectively for drilling of GFRP composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to find the best wear resistant polymer or polymer composite pair that can be used in electrical contact breaker applications. For this, the pin-on-disc (PoD) wear test machine was used. Poly-etherether- ketone (PEEK) polymer and 20% and 30% by weight glass fiber (GF) reinforced PEEK composites were used as pin material. Long glass fiber reinforced and calcium carbonate mineral-filled unsaturated polyester composite material was used as the counterpart material. In the tribological experiments, while the effect of glass fiber reinforcement on wear was examined, the effect of the applied pressure was also investigated. The highest wear rate was obtained in PEEK+30% GF polymer composite with 4.42x10-14 m2 N-1 under 5.30 MPa pressure, while the lowest wear rate was obtained with 1.13x10-14 m2 N-1 under 1.77 MPa pressure. As a result of the study, it was determined that among the materials subjected to the wear test, the long glass fiber reinforced and calcium carbonate filled pure polyester composite material and the pure PEEK polymer pair were the most suitable pairs for electrical contact breaker applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Defense Sciences / Savunma Bilmleri Dergisi is the property of Turkish Military Academy Defense Sciences Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amaç: Bu in-vitro çalışmanın amacı iki farklı cam fiber-post sistemiyle restore edilen endodontik tedavi görmüş mandibular premolar dişlerde 2 mm yüksekliğinde kron varlığının ya da yokluğunun, dişlerin kırılma dayanımına etkisini araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Endodontik tedavi görmüş 56 adet yeni çekilmiş tek köklü insan premolar dişi rastgele 2 gruba ayrıldı. Bir grupta dişler mine-sement birleşim yerinden kesildi. Diğer grup mine-sement birleşiminin 2 mm yukarısından kesildi. Gruplar iki alt gruba ayrıldı. GC ve Glassix olmak üzere iki farklı cam fiber post sitemi kök kanallarına simante edildi (n=14). Simantasyon işlemi çift aşamalı polimerize olan rezin siman (Panavia SA Cement Plus Automix , Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Japonya) ile gerçekleştirildi ve dişlerin koronal kısmı kompozit rezin kor materyali (Estelite Posterior, Tokuyama Dental Corp., Tokyo, Japonya) ile restore edildi. Daha sonra dişlerin üst yapısı metal destekli seramik sistemle restore edildi. Her bir numune akrilik rezin içerisine gömüldü ve üniversal bir yükleme test cihazına monte edildi. Dişin uzun aksına 135° derece açı ile 1 mm/dk piston hızıyla kırık oluşuncaya kadar yük uygulandı. Kırık tipleri X20 büyütmeli ışık mikroskobu altında incelenerek, tamir edilebilir ve tamir edilemez olarak sınıflandırıldı. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizleri Two Way ANOVA ve Tukey HSD testleri vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirildi.Bulgular: Endodontik tedavi görmüş dişlerin kırılma direnci üzerinde bu çalışmada kullanılan post sistemlerinin ve kron yüksekliklerinin önemli derecede etkilendiği görülmüştür (p=0.000). En yüksek kırılma dayanımının Glassix cam fiber post uygulanan ve 2 mm kron varlığı olan grupta olduğu görülmüştür.Sonuç: Her iki cam fiber post sistemi uygulamasında, 2 mm kron varlığının olması dişlerin kırılma dayanımını arttırıcı etki ortaya koymuştur.

Synthesized phenol formaldehyde and commercial urea formaldehyde were mixed with glass fiber and Ceratoniasiliqua seed particles to produce MDF (Medium density fiberboard). Various reinforcement and matrix ratios were applied and ZnB2O3.3,5H2O was used as additives due to its fire retardant property. By means of mechanical and burning tests produced composites were investigated. Outdoor usage possibility of the composites was checked by swelling thickness and water absorption experiments. Results indicate that glass fiber increase composite strength up to 14,438 kPa, whereas particle reinforcement enhances hardness to 142 VH. Addition of 5% of ZnB2O3.3.5H2O increase LOI value from 39% to %52 oxygen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to combination of composite materials with each other or with different materials, where weightlessness is an important situation, the adhesive bonding comes into prominence. Adhesive bonding is entered into every area of our life and became widespread industrial use in many areas because of the advantages compared to methods like welding, rivets and mechanical bonding. Determination of damage loads are needed for submission of healthy data for designers and safety of system in bonding connections. In this study, L type angle joints are generated with composite lamas which are produced by pultrusion method and using two component epoxy adhesive and the damage loads are determined under tensile load experimentally. Furthermore, damage loads of L type adhesive interface which is supported with glass fiber fabric, glass fiber wick and both together are compared with damage loads of unreinforced L type angle joint. Thus, the effects of reinforcement elements to damage loads and the effective connection type which has the maximum damage load is determined. In addition, the fact that the degree to which experimental results obtained from the experimental data, statistical analysis was performed to estimate reflects. After these calculations, in different possibilities, the range of damage loads was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, freeze-thaw strength of mortars samples produced with various ratio glass fibre and waste marble dust were investigated. For this purpose, waste marble dust by substituting with filler material at levels of 10%, 20% and 30% by weight was added to mortar samples which reinforced with various ratio of glass fibre. Porosity, sorptivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, tensile bending strength experiments were performed on the prepared mortar samples and changes occured on the samples after the freeze-thaw experiment were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Forestry Faculty of Kastamonu University is the property of Kastamonu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Steel structural elements face local buckling problems under both bending and axial compressive loads. It is possible to rectify this buckled element by applying heat treatment method instead of replacing it with a new one. This retrofit process can quickly be performed to repair locally buckled structural elements in emergency situations such as earthquakes. However; heat treatment technique is addressed as temporary retrofit due to the decrease in the stiffness of the original material and the existence of permanent geometrical imperfections implemented in the repaired structural element. Buckling behavior of the repaired element truely will be different from the original element because of these effects. This study aims to change this temporary retrofit into a permanent one. Following the application of heat treatment techniques, glass fiber reinforced polymers have been bonded to surfaces to investigate the different bonding compositions for strengthening purpose. The outcomes of this experimental study are evaluated to validate the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The companies give advice values for the resin, accelerator and hardener ratio used in the production of composite materials. Different practices and environmental conditions during the manufacturing stages are effective on the mechanical properties of the final product. It is useful to perform some tests before the final production. In this study, the determined values for the matrix structure are 98.5% polyester, 1% hardener and 0.5% accelerator. The compression test specimen dimensions are respectively diameter and height of 50x100 mm. The reinforcement material chopped strand E glass fiber of 6 mm in length has been used starting from 22% to 88% in 11% increments in 7 different amount of volume. The other reinforcement material of quartz particles with the sizes in the range of 0 to 0.125 mm², have been used starting from 5% to 45% in 5% increments up to 9 different amount of volume. The densities of the prepared samples of fiber and particle reinforced composites at the end of the determined standby time of 7 days and the compressive tests have been carried out. As a result of the experiments, the highest compressive strengths obtained of "fiber composite" with 55% amount of volume was 45.190 N/mm and of "the particle quartz composite" with 10% amount of volume was 131.009 N/mm². The lowest densities in these amounts of volume have been obtained respectively, 1.142 g/cm³ in "fiber composite" and 1.351 g/cm³ in "quartz particle composite". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays composite materials are increasingly preferred due to the specific modulus and specific strengths at vehicle body parts, structural parts of aircraft and military vehicles instead of traditional alloy metal materials. Composite materials are exposed to invisible or visible deformation due to impact loading during service. In this study, the range of energy levels of (0/90)s oriented glass fiber reinforced polyester composite samples's matrix cracking damage threshold to full penetration threshold have been determined, at determined impact energy levels the damage mechanisms which are created in sample are shown in force-time, energy-time and force-displacement curves. In addition, after low-velocity impact loadings, damage mechanisms which are occurred at glass fiber reinforced polyester matrix composite are examined with tomography method and detailed information about damage mechanisms was given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, impact responses of carbon-glass fiber/epoxy (hybrid) composites were investigated under various temperatures and increasing impact energies. The increasing impact energies were applied to the specimens at various temperatures as -20, 0, 20 and 40 °C until perforation took place of specimens. Those specimens are composed by two types of fiber orientation with eight laminates hybrid composites. An Energy profiling diagram, used for showing the relationship between impact and absorbed energy, has been used to obtain penetration and perforation thresholds of hybrid composites. Beside those, temperature effects on impact characteristics such as maximum contact force (Fmax), total deflection (d) and maximum contact duration (t) were also presented in figures. Finally, glass and carbon fibers exhibited more brittle characteristics at -20 °C according to other temperatures. So, perforation threshold of each hybrid composites at -20 °C was found higher than other temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of post-infiltration heat treatments on the microstructure, bulk density, mechanical and ballistic properties of B4C-Al composites produced by pressureless melt infiltration of 2024 Al alloys into porous B4C pellets under an Ar gas atmosphere were investigated. It was found that the microstructure, mechanical and ballistic properties of the produced composites could be tailored in a wide range via application of post-infiltration heat treatments. The armour systems produced by joining approximately 1.15 cm thick seramic-metal composite plates, whose microstrucutre and mechanical properties were optimized, with 1 cm thick glass fiber reinforced backing plates, showed full protection against level 4 threads (steel cored armour piercing projectile having a velocity > 841 m/sec) in ballistic tests that were carried out according to the MIL-STD-662. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the variation of top load strength of the concrete pipes containing %0.2, 0.4 and %0.6 fiber-glass (by weight) has been investigated. The concrete pipes have been tested according to the standard procedures (TS 821 EN 1916). From these tests, it is observed that the fracture load of the concrete pipes containing fiberglass is more than that of the concrete pipes without containing fiber-glass. The top loads of the concrete pipes have increased when the fiber-glass rate is increased. In addition, the top pressure load of the concrete pipes obtained under the same conditions was investigated after the pipes in which flew the sewage and rain water were waited under the soil during one year. According to the obtained results, it is seen that after twenty eight days the top load strength concrete pipes containing % 0.6 fiber-glass has been increased % 21.54 and after one year the top load strength of the concrete pipes containing the same fiber-glass has been increased % 27.40. The load-displacement curves have been drawn depending on the test results. It is also seen that the displacement and the fracture load of the concrete pipes have been increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teknoloji is the property of Engineering Science & Technology, an International Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teknoloji is the property of Engineering Science & Technology, an International Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teknoloji is the property of Engineering Science & Technology, an International Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teknoloji is the property of Engineering Science & Technology, an International Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Textiles & Engineers / Tekstil ve Mühendis is the property of Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers & Architects, Chamber of Textile Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)