Search

Drought-induced losses in crop output have forced the scientific community to develop efficient management strategies to cope with the adversities of drought stress. This field trial was done to assess the role of seed priming techniques and planting methods for improving drought resistance in Pakistani hybrid maize in 2011. Maize seeds were soaked in an aerated solution of CaCl2 (osmopriming; $\Psi$s -1.25 MPa) and distilled water (hydropriming), while untreated dry seeds were taken as controls. Primed and untreated seeds were sown on either ridges or a flat seedbed and were subjected to drought at vegetative and tasseling stages. Drought was imposed by stopping irrigation up to ~50% of field capacity (FC), while well-watered conditions (~75% FC) were taken as control. Drought at different phenophases, the tasseling stage in particular, impaired the root system, leaf score, yield-related attributes, and yield. Seed priming, osmopriming with CaCl2, mitigated the damaging effects of drought on the root system, yield, and related traits. Moreover, ridge sowing helped to maintain its supremacy, securing a well-developed root system, i.e. greater root length and proliferation. This led to notable expansion in yield-related attributes compared with flat sowing under well-watered and stressed conditions. Interestingly, under vegetative drought, hydropriming performed better than osmopriming for 1000-grain weight; however, the supremacy of osmopriming over hydropriming was evident in all other yield-related attributes under vegetative and terminal drought stress. Net returns and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) declined under drought conditions; nevertheless, priming techniques over control and ridge sowing over flat sowing were helpful in improving the net returns and BCR of maize exposed to drought conditions. In conclusion, a combination of ridge sowing and osmopriming with CaCl2 can play a vital role in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress, increasing the production of maize and net returns under normal and deficit water conditions.

Imazamox is an herbicide intensively used in the peanut fields of Turkey. Carbon and nitrogen mineralizations were determined at 20 °C to evaluate the effects of the herbicide in soils humidified to 60% and 80% of field capacity (FC) over 45 days. Three doses of this herbicide [recommended dose (RD, 10 mg kg-1), 2x RD, and 4x RD] were added to soils without any previous imazamox application (NI) and to peanut soils with previous applications of imazamox (I). Carbon mineralization, determined by CO2 respiration, at RD of I soil at 80% humidity was higher than that of the other herbicide doses at both 80% and 60% humidities. NO3-N contents (mg kg-1) of I and NI soil controls were significantly higher than with all herbicide doses at 80% and 60% of FC. Nitrate production decreased with increasing doses of herbicide and was significantly lower in I soil than NI soil at both humidity levels. It may be concluded that the presence of imazamox in both soils was negatively affected by nitrate bacteria. Imazamox is an herbicide intensively used in the peanut fields of Turkey. Carbon and nitrogen mineralizations were determined at 20 °C to evaluate the effects of the herbicide in soils humidified to 60% and 80% of field capacity (FC) over 45 days. Three doses of this herbicide [recommended dose (RD, 10 mg kg-1), 2x RD, and 4x RD] were added to soils without any previous imazamox application (NI) and to peanut soils with previous applications of imazamox (I). Carbon mineralization, determined by CO2 respiration, at RD of I soil at 80% humidity was higher than that of the other herbicide doses at both 80% and 60% humidities. NO3-N contents (mg kg-1) of I and NI soil controls were significantly higher than with all herbicide doses at 80% and 60% of FC. Nitrate production decreased with increasing doses of herbicide and was significantly lower in I soil than NI soil at both humidity levels. It may be concluded that the presence of imazamox in both soils was negatively affected by nitrate bacteria.

Tarım topraklarında yaşanan sorunların giderilebilmesi için çeşitli toprak düzenleyicilerin uygulanması son yıllarda giderek yaygınlaşmıştır. Toprağın fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerine bağlı olarak hangi tip toprağa hangi düzenleyicinin uygulanmasının gerekliliği ortaya konulmalıdır. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışmada; farklı tekstür sınıfındaki 8 adet toprağa tarımda ağırlıklı olarak kullanılan zeolit (% 1,25-2,5-5), pomza (% 5-10-20) ve son yıllarda tarımda kullanılması gündeme gelen diatomit (% 0,5-1-2)’in kontrol dâhil 4 farklı dozu hacimsel olarak karıştırılmış ve tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 2 tekerrürlü saksı denemesi olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda, uygulanan düzenleyici ve farklı dozlarının toprağın tarla kapasitesi, solma noktası, hidrolik iletkenlik, hacim ağırlığı, tane yoğunluğu, porozite özelliklerine ve bitki kök uzunluğu, bitki kuru ağırlığı üzerine etkileri irdelenmiştir. Geçirgenlikleri yavaş geçirgen sınıfında olan ince tekstürlü N1, N2 ve N4 topraklarının geçirgenliğini arttırmak için pomzanın % 5 dozu önerilmektedir. Siltli kil tın tekstür sınıfındaki N5 toprağının geçirgenliğinde ise zeolitin % 5 dozu etkili olmuştur. Tarla kapasitesi ve solma noktası nem değerlerinden incelenen faydalı su kapasitesi nem değerleri N2, N3, N4, N5, N6 ve N7 toprakları için artışı sağlayan düzenleyici zeolit olmuştur. Hacim ağırlığı 1,19 g/cm3 olan N3 toprağının hacim ağırlığında en fazla artışı diatomitin % 2 dozunun sağladığı bulunmuştur. Yüksek kum fraksiyonuna sahip N7 gibi toprakların geçirgenliğinin düşürülmesi için zeolit ve pomzanın, N8 toprağının geçirgenliğinde ise pomzanın % 20 dozunun kullanılması uygundur. In recent years, the use of soil conditioners has become increasingly commonly for the on improving of various problems in agricultural soils. Depending on the physical character of the soil, which improver is suitable for which type of soil must be revealed. In this study, 4 different doses (0, 1,25, 2,5, and 5 %), (0, 5, 10 and 20 %) and (0, 0,5, 1 and 2 %) including commonly used of agriculture zeolite, pumice and not commonly used of agriculture diatomite control, mixed volumetrically into 8 pieces of different soil texture class, and 2 replications pot experiment was carried out according to randomized block design. As a result, the conditioners and different doses of the soil field capacity, wilting point, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, particle density, porosity characteristics and plant root length, seedling dry weight effects were examined. Slow permeability of the coarse textured soil permeable class in soil which have been N1, N2 and N4 recommended dose is 5% of the soils of pumice in order to increase their permeability. Silty clay loam soil texture class which has been N5 zeolite 5 % of the dose was effective permeability. Field capacity and wilting point moisture investigated available water content values for N2, N3, N4, N5, N6 and N7, conditioner zeolite which has been increased to the territory. Which is N3 soil volume weighing up to increase diatomite 2 % of the dose to be provided to respectively by 1,19 g/cm3 . High sand fractions have N7, such as the permeability of the soils and to reduce the use of zeolite and pumice, N8 soil is permeability to the pumice is 20 % of the dose to be used, it is appropriate.

This study has been carried out in a greenhouse to investigate effects of different water and salinity stress on the growth, development, yield, water consumption of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) plant. The experiment consists of two parts, as irrigation regime and salinity. In the salinity part of the experiment, the grasspea were exposed to five different water salinity levels (T0 = 0.65, T1 = 2.0, T2 = 4.0, T3 = 6.0 and T4 = 8.0 dS/m). Applications of 125%, 100%, 75% and 50% of depleted water from field capacity were S0, S1, S2, and S3 irrigation regime treatments of the experiment, respectively. In the one half of 8 pot- treatments, the harvest carried out at flowering stage as a fresh hay while the harvest of another half of the treatments carried out at seed stage. Plant water depletions were monitored by weighing the pots. Each treatment of the experiment conducted completely randomized plot design with four replications. Excess water application (125 % treatment) decreased water use efficiency and hectoliter weight while it doesn’t cause significant decreases both dry hay weight and seed yield. It is concluded that grasspea is neither tolerant against water deficit nor sensitive for hay production but it is more tolerant to drought for seed production. Saline irrigation water less than 2 dS/m positively contributed grasspea both seed and hay yield. It is determined that dry hay weight decreased at 8.24% after 3.06 dS/m threshold soil salinity and seed yield decreased at 10.3% after 2.78 threshold soil salinity. Plant water consumption is depressed with increasing soil salinity. Grasspea production for roughage in the area where has limited water sources is offered due to lower water use efficiency for seed production., Bu çalışma farklı su ve tuzluluk stresinin mürdümük (Lathyrus sativus L.) bitkisinin büyüme, gelişme, verim ve su tüketimi üzerine etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla serada yürütülmüştür. Deneme, sulama rejimi ve tuzluluk olmak üzere iki kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Denemenin tuzluluk kısmında bitkiler beş farklı sulama suyu tuzluluğuna (T0 = 0,65; T1 = 2,0; T2 = 4,0; T3 = 6,0 ve T4 = 8,0 dS/m) tabi tutulmuştur. Denemenin sulama rejimi kısmında ise S0, S1, S2 ve S3 konularına tüketilen suyun sırasıyla % 125’i, % 100’ü, % 75’i ve % 50’si uygulanmıştır. Her konu için ayrılan 8 saksının yarısında mürdümük yeşil ot aşamasında diğer yarısı ise tohum aşamasında hasat edilmiştir. Bitki su tüketimi saksıların tartımı yoluyla belirlenmiştir. Tesadüf parselleri deseninde yürütülen denemede her konu dört kez tekrarlanmıştır. Aşırı su uygulamaları (% 125 konusu), verimde önemli düşüşlere neden olmaz iken su kullanım etkinliğini ve bin tohum ağırlığını düşürmüştür. Kuru ot verimi açısından mürdümüğün kuraklığa karşı ne toleranslı ne de duyarlı olduğu fakat tohum verimi açısından ise son derece toleranslı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tuzluluğu 2 dS/m’den daha düşük sular, bitki verimi üzerine olumlu etkide bulunmuştur. Kuru ot veriminin 3.06 dS/m eşik toprak tuzluluğundan sonra % 8,24 oranında azaldığı, tohum veriminin ise 2,78 dS/m eşik tuzluluğundan sonra % 10,3 oranında verim kaybettiği belirlenmiştir. Artan tuzlulukla birlikte bitki su tüketimi önemli şekilde azalmıştır. Tohum verimi açısından su kullanma etkinliğinin önemli derecede düşmesi nedeniyle özellikle suyun kısıtlı olduğu yerlerde mürdümüğün kaba yem ihtiyacının giderilmesi için yetiştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

WOS: 000311128800006 In this study, organic matter mineralization was studied in the Quercus coccifera (Kermes oak, Fagaceae) soils mixed with Quercus leaves having high tannin content, Melia azedarach (Neem tree, Meliaceae) leaves and fruits having high azadirachtin content, pure tannin and pure azadirachtin. Carbon mineralization of all samples was determined by the CO2, respiration method over 30 days (28 degrees C and 80% of field capacity). Addition of equal (1x) and half (1/2x) amounts of soil carbon containing leaves of both plants to soils separately increased microbial activity The increase in microbial activity was higher in 1x leaves added soil compared with 1/2x leaves added soil and was only significant in lx Melia leaves added soil compared with control (P= 0.05) whereas the difference between the Melia leaves added (1/2x; lx) soils was significant (P

ÖZET BAZI TOPRAK FİZİKSEL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN JEOİSTATİSTİKSEL ANALİZİ ÖZER, Ulaş Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Süer ANAÇ Ağustos 2003, 73 sayfa Bu çalışmada, bir bölge içinde rastgele dağılmış örnekleme noktalarından (0-30), (30-60) ve (60-90) cm derinliklerden elde edilen tarla kapasitesi, devamlı solma noktası ve faydalı su parametrelerinin yatay boyuttaki değişkenlik tavırlarının jeoistatistiksel yöntemle saptanması, kriging yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan tahminlerin ve bu tahminlere ait hataların haritalanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, toplam 34 adet örnekleme noktası kullanılmıştır. Bu noktaların herbirinden belirtilen derinliklerde alınan örneklerle toplamda 306 adet veri içeren bir veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma sırasında, gözlem yapılan noktalardan elde edilen verilere ait deneysel yarıvariogramlar oluşturulmuş ve bunlara en iyi uyan teorik yarıvariogram tip ve parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Yapılan bu jeoistatistiksel analiz sonuçlarına göre tüm variogram modelleri kontrolsüz etki bileşeni içermiştir. Kontrolsuz etki (Nugget effect) (0-30) cm derinlikte devamlı solma noktası için minimum, yine (0-30) cm derinlikte tarla kapasitesi için maksimum olarak gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca faydalı su parametrelerine ait sözü edilen tüm derinlikler için yatay boyutta birbirleri arasındaki uzaklığa bağlı bir değişim tavrına rastlanmamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarla Kapasitesi, Devamlı Solma Noktası, Faydalı Su, Jeoistatistik, Yarivariogram, Kriging VII ABSTRACT GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ÖZER, Ulaş MSc in Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Süer ANAÇ August 2003, 73 pages In this study, random sampling points in a given field were used. From these sampling points data was obtained at the depths of 0-30, 30- 60 and 60-90 cm with the following aims: Determination of the relationship between the field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water parameters and their horizontal location using geostatistical analysis and obtaining forecasts using the kriging method and construction of maps based on these forecasts. In the study a total of 34 sampling points is used, and the data set contained a total of 306 sample data obtained at a given depth from each of these 34 individual sampling points. During the study, experimental semivariograms were constructed on the basis of the data obtained from the studied samples. This was then followed by the determination of the types and parameters of the theoretical semivariograms that suited the experimental semivariograms best. The results of the geostatistical analysis showed that all variogram models included the nugget effect component. Minimum nugget effect was observed for the permanent wilting point at 0-30 cm depth, and maximum nugget effect was observed for field capacity at 0-30 cm depth. There was no relationship observed between the parameters of available water, which depended on the horizontal distance between these parameters, at all depths the study was conducted. Keywords: Field Capacity, Permanent Wilting Point, Available Water, Geostatistics, Semivariogram, Kriging 73

This study was carried out in Kivircik ewes to increase reproductive performance and synchronize oestrus by using progestagen pessaries (40 mg FGA) and different doses of PMSG (0, 500 and 700 IU) during the breeding season. Free mating occurred in the herd and 76% of all births were completed in the first week. Fertility, single birth rates, fecundity and prolificacy in the three different groups were found to be 94.87%, 96.66% and 100.00%: 78.38%. 55.18% and 38.46% (P

Bu araştırmada, Uludağ Üniversitesi Tarımsal Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi arazisinde kuru koşulda tarımı yapılan ve münavebeli olarak yetiştirilen ayçiçeği ve kışlık buğday bitkileri için uygun ekim zamanlarının belirlenmesine çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada ekim zamanı belirleme kriterleri olarak; toprak nemi, toprak sıcaklığı ve don olasılığı seçilmiştir. Toprak nemi; bitki kök derinlikleri ve toprak işleme derinliği dikkate alınarak, nem denge modelini temel alan bir bilgisayar programı ile tahminlenmiştir. Model parametrelerinden birisi olan evapotranspirasyonun belirlenmesinde ise, Modifiye Penman Monteith Yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya göre; ayçiçeği bitkisi için 11-20 Mart, buğday bitkisi için Ekim ayının son 10 günü en uygun ekim zamanı olarak belirlenmiştir. In this research, the most suitable sowing time of sunflower and winter wheat grown in rotation under dry farming conditions in the field of Agricultural Research and Application Centre of Uludağ University was tried to be determined. In the study, the moisture and temperature of the soil and the frost probability were chosen as the estimation criteria of the sowing time. Soil moisture was estimated by the Computer programme based on the soil water balance model with taking into account the rooth depth of the crops and plough depth. Modified Penman Monteith Method w a s applied in the estimation of evapotranspiration, which is one of the model parameters. According to this study, the most suitable solving period has been estimated as the mid ten days of March for sunflower and as the last ten days of October for winter wheat.

Bu çalışmada, Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarımsal Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Arazisinde kuru koşulda tarımı yapılan ve münavebeli olarak yetiştirilen ayçiçeği ve buğday bitkileri için uygun ekim zamanının belirlenmesine çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada ekim zamanı belirleme kriterleri olarak; toprak nemi.toprak sıcaklığı ve don olasılığı seçilmiştir. Toprak nemi, bitki yetişme dönemleri ve toprak nem denge modeli dikkate alınarak hazırlanan bilgisayar programı ile tahminlenmiştir. Model parametrelerinden birisi olan evapotranspirasyonun tahmlnlenmesinde ise, MocHfiye Penman Monteith yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Buna göre; araştırma alanı ağır bünyeli topraklarında münavebeli olarak yetiştirilen ayçiçeği bitkisi için 1 1-20 Mart, buğday bitkisi için ise Ekim ayının son 10 günlük periyodu ekim için uygun bulunmuştur. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Ekim Zamanı, Tanmsal Meteoroloji, Evapotranspirasyon, Tarla Kapasitesi, Penman Monteith Yöntemi, Kışlık Buğday, Ayçiçeği In this study, the most suitable sowing time of sunflower and winter wheat grown successively under dry farming conditions in the field of Agricultural Research Centre of Uludağ University was tried to be determined. In the study, the humidity of soil, the heat of soil and the probability of frost were chosen as the criteria for the time of sowing. The humidity of soil was estimated by the computer programme prepared by taking plant growing periods soil humidity balance model into consideration. Modified Penman Monteith Method was applied in the estimation of evapotranspiration, which is one of the model parameters. According to this study, the most suitable sowing period has been determined as March 11th-20th for sunflower and as the last ten days of October for winter wheat KEYWORDS: Sowing time, Agrometeorology, Evapotranspiration, Field Capacity, Penman Monteith Method, Winter Wheat, Sunflower 118