Search

It is important to make improvements for the optimum operation of water pumping stations in order to reduce energy costs while meeting water demand continuously. In this article, a new algorithm (OSDPA-optimal simplified dynamic programming algorithm) has been developed by optimizing the previously developed SDPA (simplified dynamic programming algorithm) approach. The SDPA approach is most effective with straightforward systems, whereas the OSDPA approach is versatile, suitable for optimizing both simple and multi-stage, complex pumping systems. A water supply system with a multi-stage structure for Sakarya Water and Sewerage Administration (SASKİ) in Turkey has been used as a case study. The results show that the OSDPA approach can be quite successful in shifting the loads in the time period (peak) where the unit price is expensive to the time periods (night and day) where the unit price is cheaper. When compared with the conventional water level control (CWLC) approach, while SDPA saves about 18% for pump C in the second stage, about 22% for pump B, and about 19% for pump A in the first stage; OSDPA saved 39% for C pump, 41% for B pump and 24% for A pump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy efficiency of heat exchangers has become crucial in industrial applications due to everincreasing energy costs. Therefore, various methods have been developed to enhance heat transfer and accelerate the process (shortening the time), reduce the size of heat exchangers, and increase energy (fuel) efficiency. In recent years, researchers have recommended nanofluid suspensions in place of common heat transfer fluids to improve energy efficiency. Nanofluid suspensions are obtained by adding nanometer-sized particles (less than 100 nm in at least one dimension) to heat transfer fluids. This study focused on experimental data in the literature to investigate the effects of nanofluids on transferred thermal power and required pumping power in heat exchangers. The relationship between the transferred thermal power and the pumping power was defined by two different performance criteria (Performance Evaluation Criterion- PEC and Energy Efficiency Criterion-EEC), allowing us to scrutinize the effects of nanofluids in thermal systems on energy efficiency (energy consumption) from a more realistic perspective. The results show that nanofluids are more disadvantageous than conventional heat transfer fluids in terms of the energy budget in industrial applications. It is concluded that nanofluids can be used in special applications where those disadvantages are insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluidized bed dryer is used to dry the silica sand used in core production in the casting industry. In this study, a heat recovery unit was designed in a drying system using waste heat recovery and the effects of specific energy consumption on heat recovery were investigated by performing energy, environmental and economic analysis. In this context, it is aimed to increase the drying efficiency, reduce carbon emissions and the effects of global warming with the heat recovery unit used in the preheating of the drying air blown by the fan. According to the results, a reduction of 12.815 m3/h in natural gas consumption and 0.032 tons CO2/h in carbon emissions will occur if the design with the 1st stage drying air preheating heat recovery unit is changed from the current design. If the current system is changed to a system with heat recovery unit, 1,428,753.81 TL can be saved annually and the payback period of the heat recovery unit was calculated 0.66 years. A reduction of 4.34 m3/h in natural gas consumption and 0.011 tons CO2/h in carbon emissions will occur if the design is changed from the current design to the design where the 2st stage in-plant water heating heat recovery unit. Thus, if the current system is changed to a system with heat recovery unit, 1,912,602,548 TL can be saved annually, and the payback period is calculated as 0.16 years. When this design is implemented, a more economical and sustainable drying system will be bringed to life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the waste heat loss of flue gases from the boilers of Kafkas University district heating system has been calculated between 6-8% according to the combustion analysis and the annual cost of this heat loss has been found as $58,658.79. In terms of energy efficiency and the national economy, we think that this lost energy should be recovered as much as possible and fuel and energy savings should be achieved. In the paper, the effects of variants such as air excess coefficient, flue gas temperature, boiler capacity and fuel consumption on the heat recovery from flue gas have been presented in detail. The heat recovery scenarios have been presented for reusing this waste energy for space heating, domestic hot water, and preheating combustion air and the applicability of these scenarios has been investigated in terms of thermodynamics and economics. According to the results of the study, in the second scenario examined to cover the domestic hot water need of the guest house building, the energy savings of the scenario can be provided during 20 years of economic life is $122,820.83, and it has the highest savings income among the scenarios. In addition, it is possible to recover approximately 50% of the flue gas loss with thanks to the scenario. On the other hand, the third scenario of heating the boiler combustion air with waste heat is the easiest and most economical scenario because its payback period is only one year, and there are no extra excavation and pipe costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam is used to dry the milk powder in milk powder factories. When the steam used turns into condense, there is energy due to the pressure on it. This energy is generally referred to as waste heat. There are many ways to recover waste heat. Within the scope of this study, the calculations of the preheating coil will be made, and waste heat recovery will be achieved by transferring the latent heat above the condensate water to the air. In today's conditions, waste heat recovery processes are important in order to ensure energy efficiency. It is seen in the market that the sector develops projects within the scope of many savings measures and energy efficiency projects are formed as the fastest recycling. In this study, which was set out to use the competitive energy more efficiently, it was calculated how much of the heat load on the condensate could transfer to the air by verifying the air flow rate with the help of the pitot tube. The battery designed with the data obtained in line with these calculations was integrated into the system and commissioned. The temperature and pressure differences of the integrated battery were measured. The heat transfer and pressure losses obtained from the experimental results were compared with the values obtained with the CFD package program. The energy recovery obtained from the programming and training is 222.085 TL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great importance to save energy and use low-carbon production methods in industrial enterprises, as they reduce the carbon footprint of enterprises. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the energy efficiency applications that can be made in 2 factories operating in the food and automotive sectors in Turkey and to reveal the energy savings (Nm³ / year) to be achieved with these applications and the amount of carbon emissions to be prevented (ton CO2 / year). Common improvements that can be made in both facilities are insulation application to hot lines, elimination of compressed air leaks, reduction of compressed air system pressure by 1 bar, regulation of compressor intake air, application of solenoid valve and flash steam application. In addition to these, 2 individual energy saving studies have been proposed in the food business and 1 in the automotive sector. While it is seen that the most efficient application in terms of environmental benefit (48 tons CO2) and energy saving efficiency (22 TOE/year) in the food sector is flash steam application, in the automotive business it is seen that the compressed air leaks are eliminated (152 tons of CO2) and hot air is used in terms of energy saving efficiency. Insulation application (60 TOE/year) to the lines has been determined as the most advantageous application. When all the suggestions are evaluated, as a result of 6 applications in the food business, a total reduction of 121 tons of CO2 emissions can be achieved annually, while this value will be at the level of 323 tons in the automotive business where 5 improvements are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-drying of 2-phase olive pomace was carried out by parametric drying using a drum dryer supplying continuous mass production with a short drying time and obtaining the high amount of drying sample. Drying experiments of 2-phase pomace were performed at different valse rotational speeds (1, 3, and 6 rev/min) and different vapor pressure values (1, 2, 3, and 4 bar) as drum dryer process variables. Increasing the vapor pressure and decreasing the valse rotational speed increased the titratable acidity, peroxide value, free fatty acid and K232, K270 values of pre-dried 2-phase olive pomace whereas decreased the moisture content, water activity and pH value. The effective conditions of the drum dryer were determined at high vapor pressure and high valse rotational speed (4 bar and 6 rpm). Maximum specific moisture extraction rate (SMER), moisture extraction rate (MER) and minimum specific energy consumption (SEC) values were expected to determine the high performance and energy efficient dryer system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpase of this study was to determine the amount of input-output energy used in different harvest systems in baled alfalfa hay production in Tekirdağ province, Turkey. Data were collected from 176 alfalfa farms in 2019-2020. The simple random sampling method was used to determine survey volume. Harvesting systems consisting of different tool-machine combinations are used in alfalfa production. The capacities and features of the machines used are quite different from each other. In harvesting systems; baler type (rectangular/round), number and frequency of use of the conditioner rake were taken into account. Therefore, the studied population was divided into six groups based on different harvesting systems (H/1-6). In addition, according to the number of mowing (1,2,3,4,5,6); The energy consumption of the harvesting systems used was determined. While alfalfa production was taken into consideration in the first cutting process, the applications made after the cutting process were taken into account in the single mowing process. Results showed that the energy use efficiency, energy productivity and net energy varied according to the type of bale machine used and the number of conditioners. The total energy input and output in harvesting systems was highly variable. The highest share of input energy was recorded for diesel fuels-oil (38.77%) and N fertilizer (24.89%). The fuel energy of 3244.57 MJha-1 was calculated in the H6 system for the highest amount of fuel used per unit area. Due to the increase in the number of use of conditioner equipment and the number of mowing, energy consumption has also increased. When mowing six times; 1248.57 MJha-1 machine energy consumption was calculated in the harvesting system using rectangular baler, and 1751.07 MJha-1 machine energy consumption in the harvesting system using round baler. The highest total energy input (first cutting) was 8179.41 MJha-1, 8377.54 MJha-1 in the systems using round baler (H5-H6). The lowest specific energy was calculated 2.94 MJkg-1, 3.17 MJkg-1 in the systems using rectangular baler (H3-H4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the energy efficiency of the drying techniques used with the physical and powder product properties of powders obtained by drying pomegranate, orange and apple peels using convection and microwave drying methods. In this context, the selected fruits were dried under three different conditions using convection (90-120-150°C) and microwave oven (360-540-720W). Physical and powder product analyzes were performed to determine the properties of the powder product obtained at the end of drying. In addition, the energy efficiency of the dryers used during the drying of fruit peels has been determined. When the moisture content values of the fruit peel powders were examined, the moisture content values varied between 1% and 11% in both methods, while the water activity results were found to be below the reliable food criterion. When the effect of different drying techniques and conditions on the color of fruit peel powders was evaluated, the highest brightness value (L*) and the most color change (ΔE) were determined in all fruit peel powders by convection drying method. In terms of energy consumption, a decrease in the SMER value and an increase in the SEC value were observed as the power and temperature increased in both drying methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total energy consumption of Turkey is consumed in residence approximately %20 for this reason It seems that the issues that need to be addressed first are the energy saving potential and environmental impacts. In this study,energy efficiency and environmental performance of residences between 2019 - 2020. were calculated with non-parametric Data Envelopment that using Energy, demographic and environmental parameters of 81 provinces in Turkey. The sourting of the provinces performance was obtained with super efficiency model. Efficiency is defined as the ability of provinces to transform their energyinfluencing inputs into energy efficiency. In the analysis made according to the energy consumption performance per dwelling, 25.9% of the provinces were efficient, while in the study conducted according to the environmental performance per energy consumption, 13.58% of the provinces were found to be efficient. As a result of the analysis, input/output parameters were evaluated, and the results of energy efficiency and environmental efficiency were interpreted on a provincial basi and put forward a proposal to decision maker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam traps are critical to energy efficiency in many industrial facilities. The types of steam traps, their uses, and application problems (such as installation, sizing, material compatibility, working conditions) have been explained in this study. The most common causes of steam trap problems and methods for maintenance and repair are explained in detail. Steam leakage measurements in an industrial plant were used to demonstrate the economic significance of steam traps. Based on the analyses, the one-year energy loss cost for the plant with 105 steam traps was determined to be $561,384, and was reduced to $93,287 after the maintenance period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier optimization studies utilized reduced-order modeling approach combining flow network modeling at room level and thermodynamic modeling at the cooling infrastructure level to investigate the energy saving potential of the computer room air handling (CRAH) bypass (BP) method for data centers. Flow network modeling worked well in predicting the cooling infrastructure power use at various BP fractions. While existing studies are either on hypothetical data centers or experimental setups, there is no considerable work on the feasibility of the method in real and operational data center. Economic requirements of the method is another aspect missing in the literature. This study includes assessments on the feasibility of the CRAH BP methods (forced and induced) in an operational data center using reduced-order modeling approaches suggested in the literature. As a result of the energy and economic analysis of various scenarios, it has been concluded that the feasibility of the CRAH BP method is directly related to the number of fans required by the design and recommendations for application have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, energy consumption in the cities is dramatically increasing due to the growing population and various economic activities. The construction sector has a significant responsibility to increase global final energy consumption and total CO2 emission in the European Union. In the last two decades, policies on energy efficiency for residential buildings have been implemented in European Union. In this context, several legal regulations have been introduced in Turkey by the impact of the EU Directive on Energy Efficiency. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of structures are expected to be reduced with the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) procedure described in the Regulation on Building Energy Performance. EPC actions should not be considered only in terms of the scale of a single building, and these efforts should be addressed with a holistic approach within the scope of land management. The data obtained from EPC applications should be integrated with land tenure, land use, topographic and atmospheric data to create an effective energy efficiency policy in settlements. Information infrastructure should be established to enable the application of spatial analysis. In this study, EPC actions in our country were evaluated within the land management paradigm, significant deficiencies were introduced, and some suggestions were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pruning residues that occur in large quantities as a result of pruning, maintenance and harvesting processes in vineyards and orchards become a problem for producers. In order to solve this problem, more environmentally friendly and sustainable solution methods are gaining importance by shredding the pruning residues and mixing them into the soil, thus preventing erosion, increasing the soil organic matter content, and accordingly increasing the agricultural yield. Shredding process is carried out with branch shredding/grinding machines developed for this purpose. Therefore, it is important to know the cutting properties of the residues to be shredded so that these machines can work more effectively and efficiently. For this purpose, the cutting force and energy values to be considered in the design of a machine to be used for shredding pruning residues were determined for 7 different plant species (Juniperus Drupacea, Pyracantha Coccinea, Shrub, Pine, Oleaster, Peach and Oleander), at different moisture levels and in the cutting axis, considering the diameter values. The effects of these variables were researched on cutting force, strength, energy and specific energy consumption. As a result, changing the cutting axis significantly affected the cutting force, strength, energy and specific energy consumption values in all varieties, and the values found for the horizontal axis were quite high compared to the values found for the vertical axis. When the changes in the moisture content and diameter of the samples and their effects were examined, although the moisture values of Shrub, Pine, Oleaster and Peach cultivars were reduced (respectively % 34.5, % 30.1, % 28.6, % 35.6), these moisture rates did not have a statistically significant effect on the cutting force, strength, energy and specific energy consumption. The variation of moisture content of Juniperus Drupacea, Pyracantha Coccinea and Oleander cultivars had a significant effect on the cutting parameters. These results obtained in the study can be used in the design of a machine to be developed for the effective and efficient shredding of the pruning residues of the tested varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring energy efficiency has become an important issue in the axis of the government, the real sector and the academic sector, and increasing energy efficiency has begun to be accepted as one of the most effective ways to cope with climate change and reduce carbon emissions in developed and developing economies. It is a known fact that more output and less input strategies can only be achieved as a result of directing investments to technological infrastructures. Within the framework of this situation, various activities for the effective use of resources and thus increasing energy efficiency can only be achieved with financial development that can significantly support technological investments. In this study, it is aimed to test whether there is a causal relationship between energy efficiency and financial development. Annual data of 32 European countries (financial development index and energy efficiency index between 1998 and 2017 were used. Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) used panel causality analysis, the findings obtained in the study for the panel in general indicate that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between financial development and energy efficiency. is pointing. When the specific countries included in the analysis are examined, it has been determined that the causality from energy efficiency to financial development is valid for Finland, France, Greek Cyprus, Croatia, Sweden, Italy, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary and Norway. The causality from financial development to energy efficiency is valid for Sweden, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is recommended to establish and use Energy Management Systems to ensure the continuity of improvement in energy efficiency studies. In this study, we have introduced an Energy Management System proposed for Istanbul urban electric rail transportation systems (Metro, Tram and Funicular lines), which has a major place in electricity consumption among transportation systems and which is the largest urban rail system in Turkey. In addition, examples of which data can be evaluated within the scope of EnYS with the measurements taken from the measurement and monitoring system established are presented and operational suggestions have been made for energy efficiency studies. In the study, the energy consumption of a total of 12 lines of Istanbul urban rail transportation systems, including 6 metro, 3 trams, 1 funicular, 2 cable car lines, were examined. It has been determined that the mobile systems (CER) constituted by the trains are the main consumer since they constitute 55-60% of the total consumption, and the remaining consumption is consumed at the stations referred to as auxiliary facilities. Within the scope of the EnMS, Energy Performance Indicators have been created to determine and compare the performances of the lines, and it is aimed to ensure that the improvement in energy efficiency is continuous and maximum. The CER performances of the lines were examined and it was calculated that up to 17% energy savings could be achieved in the first stage with the voyage time regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, energy efficiency applications that differ from other building types in hospitals are discussed. Hospitals have a different characteristic from other building types in terms of energy consumption. There are different energy efficiency applications especially in terms of design and operation in this building type with high energy usage intensity. There is an obligation to achieve at least 15% energy saving compared to the reference value in buildings that are obliged to appoint an energy manager until 2023. In addition to the energy efficiency applications specified in the application guide, some energy efficiency applications in hospitals that are different from other buildings are specified in this study. In particular, by preserving pressure relations with building automation flow rate reduction in operating rooms during non-use hours (night mode), use of F9 filters instead of H13 in intensive care units, adjustment of the pressure in the compressed air system to the lowest possible value and utilization of waste heat with heat pumps were discussed. It was calculated that there is a 33.7% energy saving opportunity for 25% air flow reduction from the ventilator and aspirator by operating the air handling units in night mode in the absence of surgery. It was also found that 40,640,000 TL can be saved in operating costs across Turkey by using F9 filters instead of H13 in intensive care units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface engineering has an important role on performance of optoelectronic devices. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been used between indium tin oxide (ITO) and organic layer to obtain high performance from organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs). Herein, 4-Methoxyphenyl Boronic Acid and 3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl Boronic Acid have been used to ITO as an interface layer. The effect of SAMs on device performance was analyzed electrically and optically. Additionally, surfacre topography of modified ITO was characterized by atomic force microscope and surface wetability was analyzed by contact angle. According to results that has obtain, modified devices show better performance than unmodified devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highest cost item in the operation of water distribution systems is the energy cost used for pumping. With regard to Time-of-Use (TOU) electricity tariffs and urban water demand, the optimization of the pumping schedule of the stations in the water distribution systems can be modeled mathematically. In this study, a new algorithm (SDPA-simplified dynamic programming algorithm) was used to solve the pumping schedule optimization problem in order to reduce the pumping energy cost. By shifting the energy demand during the on-peak period to the off-peak period, SDPA was applied to a pumping station belonging to a water distribution system in Sakarya province, a 12% saving on the cost of energy was realized. In comparison to the IDPA (Improved dynamic programming algorithm), and CWLC (conventional water level control) approach, the simulation results showed that SDPA can achieve more savings in energy cost generated. In addition, SDPA managed to keep the count of pump on-off decisions quite small by preventing the problem of increasing pump operating frequency while the decision period getting very smaller than the decision period in IDPA approach. Therefore, we can conclude that using SDPA to reconfigure the pumping schedule without any additional investment in the pumping stations of water distribution systems, can achieve significant energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, wind energy potential of the central district of Artvin province was calculated by using Weibull probability density function and simulation approaches. In the calculation of the shape and scale parameters of the Weibull probability density function, the modeling of the wind speeds of the central district of Artvin at 24 meters, 59 meters and 120 meters altitudes was performed using the average and standard deviation, moment, energy pattern, graphical, maximum likelihood and modified maximum likelihood methods. It is aimed to calculate the most consistent mathematical method by evaluating these models with R², RMSE, MSE, and X² error analysis. Also, the capacity factors were calculated for the 100 kW, 1 MW and 5 MW wind power plants and the potential of electrical energy that can be produced has been analyzed. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the maximum likelihood and modified maximum likelihood methods have the lowest error rate. It has been concluded that higher energy production potential will be achieved at higher altitudes and that the wind power plant with higher installed power will contain the best capacity factor. As a result of the Weibull probability density function and simulation approaches, the annual electrical energy need of Artvin province can be met between at 0.036% and 0.075% with a system of 100 kW, between at 0.384% and 0.773% with a system of 1 MW, and between at 1.983% and 4.051% with a system of 5 MW installed power capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, one of the factors that have an impact on climate change is wastewater treatment facilities. The main greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are carbondioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in waste water treatment plants. GHG emissions are caused by several items such as the electric consumption, treatment process, sludge treatment, sludge transportation for disposal in the WWTP. The purpose of this paper is the optimization and estimation of GHG emissions from a central wastewater treatment plant in an organized industrial district in Tekirdag. GHG emissions from WWTP have been calculated using ECAM web tool that is designed by WaCCliM organization. This work analyzed GHG emissions are compared and estimated for different months with in two sections. The highest emissions were estimated in December to be 226.573 kgCO2eq/month because the wastewater flow and wastewater load were increased. The highest emission in summer months was estimated to be 195.174 kgCO2eq/month for July. The results of this work showed that the most of expenses are spent through electric energy consumption and sludge transportation and disposal in the WWTP. GHG emissions are minimized if it is increased the use of renewable energy sources and is decreased to produce disposal sludges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy, as one of the indispensable cornerstones of economic and social development, is one of the main items of production activities for the welfare of the society. Therefore, it is an important necessity to provide the energy needed for the development of living standards by providing sufficient, continuous and low cost. While the purpose of establishing Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plants (PHES), one of the renewable energy resources, is to meet the peak demand, it is also planned to store water as potential energy. In this study, by examining the existing PHES in the world and in our country, based on 3 different upper reservoir volumes of 1.000.000 m³ - 2.500.000 m³ - 5.000.000 m³ at 372 m altitude and where Oymapınar hydroelectric power plant reservoir is used as lower reservoir; 1 energy tunnel with 400 m length, 3 m diameter concrete lined, 500 m long and 5 m diameter tail water tunnel, 1 powerhouse at -10 m elevation, 3 turbines in the power plant and the Oymapınar HEPP Reservoir as a sub-reservoir It is planned to be used. The design study was carried out with analytical calculations, and as a result of the calculations, an investment cost of $ 245.120.073 - $ 321.920.073 - $ 351.520.073 and a 15-9-9 year profitability ratio was found for each scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, heat transfer in conventional single skin façade and double skin façade system was studied experimentally and numerically by using one dimensional time dependent approach and the effects of the façade systems on building energy performance especially heating energy was investigated. In this context, a mathematical model considering user behavior and window aluminum frame element effect was build by zonal analysis method to calculate the heat transfer in single and box type closed cavity double skin façade systems, and build model was experimentally verified. Experimental study was conducted in office spaces having single and double skin façade systems in Ege University, Civil Engineering Building's south façade in January 2017. Next, verified model was used to study the heat transfer in the façade systems for İzmir's climatic condition by using monthly average daily data. The change in thermal performance of single and double skin façade systems due to the climatic condition during a year was investigated by using the 10 year average climate data of İzmir (Mediterranean climate). It was found that double skin façade system acts as an insulator preventing extreme indoor temperature values, thus contributing to the indoor comfort level against changing outdoor conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to show the effect of live steam parameters on thermal and exergy efficiencies of thermal power plants under various load condition. Soma Thermal Power Plant (Base Case) is operated under sub-critical conditions has single reheat stage and six regenerative heaters. Live steam conditions of Base Case are 139,2 bar and 540°C, and the temperature of reheat steam is 540°C. Case 4 is found the best system configuration in terms of performance. Optimized ultra-supercritical thermal power plant (Case 4) consists of double reheat, ten regenerative heaters, two depsuperheaters and a regenerative turbine. Live steam conditions of this system are taken as 300 bar, 600°C and its reheat steams are heated to 620°C. Simulations are carried out by the Ebsilon Professional software. Finally, the results of analysis are compared to that of Base Case. Thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of ultra-supercritical power plant (Case 4) are increased 9,24% and 8,06% under 100% load condition, respectively. Furthermore, CO2 emission drops 3.384.916 tonnes/year under 100% load condition. The results of this study show that live steam parameters have a huge impact at efficiencies under various load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main purpose in this study is to minimize the active power losses of the distribution systems as an optimization problem. To achieve this, the tap position of the ULTC (Under Load Tap Changer) is used as the system variable. As the processual flow of the method, the tap setting of the ULTC in the IEEE 13 Bus test system, was obtained by power flow with OpenDSS software according to the predetermined load condition for 24 hours, on the first step. The step value of the transformer's output voltage of the transformer is adjusted to the desired level (usually 1 per-unit (pu) in the middle point of the feeder), in OpenDSS software. In the next step, as the main objective, an implementation is designed in MATLAB to compute the transformer tap values, which will minimize the active power losses in distribution systems by using genetic algorithms which is a heuristic method. As a constraint, the voltage level in the system is kept between 0.95 - 1.05 pu. Simulation studies have shown, loss minimization provides more effectiveness and better energy efficiency by using the step values obtained by genetic algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical energy consumption is increasing day by day due to rapid population growth and technological developments. Lighting has an important status in the consumption of electrical energy. For this reason, studies on energy efficiency in lighting come to the forefront. The characteristics of the lamps used in lighting for energy efficiency play an effective role. Various LED (Light Emitting Diode) applications have been developed to provide energy efficiency in lighting and are applied at different points due to the characteristic of LED. Lighting in certain locations, such as parking garage, needs to be examined to improve energy efficiency. In this study, using LED lamp instead of fluorescent lamp in parking garage lighting of Bitlis Eren University has been compared in terms of energy efficiency. As a result of the study, it was calculated that 23 757.12 kWh energy saving will be achieved annually by using 48 W LED lamp instead of 2 x 36 W fluorescent lamp in parking garage lighting and the investment cost will be amortized within 1.83 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency and saving of energy in the industry is extremely important. In this study, energy efficiency examination was carried out in a food factory operating especially in the industry. The wafer production line belonging to the designated food company was examined and detailed energy measurements were made and the energy efficiency potential was investigated. Various recommendations have been made to ensure energy efficiency and continuous energy efficiency by examining the current energy situation of the factory. In accordance with the recommendations made, it was determined that 89% heat loss can be reduced with the application of 0.25 years payback.period as a result of the application of the correct insulation system. In addition, it has been determined that boiler yield surged by 5.2% with burner adjustment in boiler systems, and $3391.9 annual earnings will be achieved through the prevention of a recuperator use, heat loss and leaks. The environmental impact of the enterprise over the last three years has been examined by calculating CO2 emissions caused by energy consumption. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the efficient use of energy consumed in the food industry and to our country's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy takes an important shares in the nowadays classifications on the country development level. The energy consumption rate is considered as an effective parameter in all the future planning of the countries. Accordingly, scientific studies are important to reduce energy consumption. In this study, the effects of using insulation and phase change material (PCM) on the floors were investigated on energy efficiency and comfort conditions. In a building consisting of basement, ground floor and two normal floors, different scenarios were studied for simultaneously heated and unheated zones. In these scenarios, the effects of these parameters on the heat loads, zone temperature and energy consumption were investigated using three different types of flooring (uninsulated, insulated, and insulated and including PCM). According to the findings obtained from the study, the heat load of the zones decreased with the use of the insulation and PCM on the floor and ceiling. At the same time, it was determined that the thermal comfort conditions were improving as the zone temperatures were closer to the set point temperature. The results show that the use of insulation and PCM in floors and ceilings decrease the annual energy consumption and provides a significant increase in the energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Günümüzde yüksek yapıların sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Bu yapıların önemli bir bölümünün ise konumlandıkları yerleşik kent dokusuna aykırılıklar içerdiği açıkça görülmektedir. Yüksek yapıların konumlandıkları alana ve fonksiyonlarına bağlı olarak, bölgeye ağır bir trafik yükü getirmekle beraber çevre yapıların güneşlenme ve rüzgâr alma düzenlerini değişime uğratma olasılıkları da dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu derlemede, yüksek yapıların avantaj ve dezavantajları tartışılmış, enerji kaynakları ve enerji verimliliği dahilinde kentsel ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ile ilişkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nowadays, the number of high rise buildings is increasing. It is clear that a significant portion of these structures contain anomalies to the settled urban fabric. Depending on the location and functions of the high-rise buildings, the possibility of altering the sunbathing and winding patterns of the surrounding structures should be taken into account as well as bringing the heavy traffic load to the area. In this study, it is aimed to examine the advantages and disadvantages of high-rise buildings in the context of sustainability and the relationship between high-rise buildings and urban and environmental sustainability within energy resources and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity amount generated by photovoltaic panels decreases with increase in their surface temperatures. Therefore, various methods are used to decrease the surface temperatures of photovoltaic panels. In recent years, as one of these methods, there are some studies on using thermoelectric coolers. In this study, a photovoltaic panel is cooled by a thermoelectric cooler, and effect of decrease in surface temperature with the result of this cooling on performance is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Experiments are conducted for two different days and their results are compared with each other. By using the thermoelectric cooler, average temperature decreases are obtained to be 3.1°C and 4.9°C for two different days. Also, increases in energy and power generation with the rates of 7.3% and 6.7% are occurred. In this way, average rates of power increase for unit temperature drop are found to be 2.3% and 1.2%. In addition, average rates of performance increasement for unit temperature drop are around 2.0% and 1.1%. Theoretical surface temperature and power generation values obtained from photovoltaic panel with a thermoelectric cooler that was modelled thermodynamically are compared with measured data, and consentient results are achieved. Modelling is extended by using hourly typical meteorological data. It is seen that the difference between surface temperatures of the panels reaches up to 12.7°C in July. While annual energy generation from the reference photovoltaic panel is 11854.82 Wh, annual energy generation from the photovoltaic panel with a thermoelectric cooler is 14285.74 Wh with the increase of 20.5%. In conclusion, it is said that using a thermoelectric cooler on a photovoltaic panel may increase its energy generation and performance monthly with the average of 19.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the thermodynamic performance of solar collectors (FPSCs) and vacuum tube solar collectors (VTSCs), electricity and hydrogen production were numerically compared. Both systems were analyzed for one year in Adana climate conditions. FPSCs and VTSCs are solar energy technologies that can produce heat energy from solar energy. They are used in various places to meet the need for hot water or warming. However, today electricity is used more in many places, electricity generation is becoming more valuable every day. Thus, humanity seeks to produce electricity from various sources. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a very important machine that can produce electricity from sources at low and high temperatures. In this way, the heat energy produced in the FPSCs and VTSCs was transferred to the ORC by means of a pump and electricity was generated. The electricity produced in the ORC was transferred to an electrolysis system where hydrogen was produced by electrolysis of water. The thermodynamic analysis of the system was carried out by the Engineering Equation Analyzer (EES) simulation program. According to the results, with the increase of the solar energy and ambient temperature, the thermal efficiency of the system consisting of the FPSCs and VTSCs and thus the power production efficiency of ORC increased. Thanks to these increases, hydrogen production has also increased significantly. Thus, in July, the maximum thermal efficiency of VTSCs and FPSCs was found as 6.25% and 5.46%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing population and developing technology, energy consumption and costs are increasing day by day. Our country has limited resources in terms of fossil energy sources and is dependent on foreign sources. The main objective is to meet the energy needs reliably, economically and adequately. In this context, efficient use of energy is important. Energy efficiency is the minimization of the amount of energy spent, without reducing the capacity and quality of production, preventing economic development and social welfare. In this study, energy efficiency applications in compressed air pneumatic systems are discussed. The elements that increase efficiency in the design of the compressed air system were determined; savings that can be achieved by reducing operation pressures in pneumatic equipments such as compressor, cylinder and vacuum ejector have been calculated. Physical findings about the detection and cost of leakages that cause serious costs were examined and a way was provided for the use of products with energy saving functions. It is considered that the study will be a guide in the activities of reducing the energy density and the carbon footprint of our country, which is highly dependent on foreign energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effect of green roofs on the heating and cooling load of buildings in different degree day zones, for square rectangular and L formed houses. TS 825 code was used for heating load and Cooling Load Temperature Difference Method was used for cooling load computation. The plant carrier layer thickness was increased by 5 cm between 5 and 50 cm and its effect on heating and cooling load was also investigated. The effects of the green roofs on the sample houses designed in Antalya, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Kayseri and Erzurum provinces were analyzed in accordance with the determined variables. It has been found that the effect of green roof on cooling load is higher than the effect of building roof on building heating load. While the effect of green roof on the heating load has the same effect in different degree zones, the effect on the cooling load is higher in the 1st degree day zone, for square form, 50 cm plant carrier layer and the least effect is for the 3rd degree day zone and the L-shaped, 5 cm plant carrier layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, it has been examined how much environmental sustainability criteria are taken into account via focusing on Fikirtepe district (Istanbul) where building production has become dense. In this context, ÇEDBİK Residential Certificate, which has been generated for the Turkey local conditions has been handled as an "assessment tool." The topics called "Integrated Green Building Management," "Energy Use" and "Material and Resource Use" have been selected for the context of the study. Conformity assessment has been made over ten new residential buildings whose production process has been begun or completed in terms of providing or not the requirements and scope of the determined assessment criteria. For this, questionnaire method has been selected, and face to face interviews have been made with project teams and contractor companies. Acquired findings have been interpreted via graphs. As a result, it has been determined that new residential buildings in Fikirtepe district, which has the characteristics of the pilot region for urban renewal in Istanbul have deficiencies in terms of environmental sustainability. To be reached the building sector targets that are defined in Turkey national action plan, energy performance of new buildings in urban renewal areas that have such a scale should be improved with priority. In the context of the study, it is considered that making national residential certificate as an obligatory will ease to reach the building sector targets. Beyond enhancing of governmental incentives and taking the regulations and energy efficiency targets of European countries as an example, control mechanisms in the building production processes should need to be improved, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid urbanization, migration from rural to urban areas and industrialization since 1950s, need and demand for energy is ever-increasing in Turkey. For Turkey, who is importing approximately 75 percent of the demanded energy; external dependence, the expenditure of the income from exports for the energy imports, threaten the energy security. To address the mentioned goals of minimizing external dependence, Turkey has accelerated the creation and implementation of policies on alternative energy resources and the efficient use of energy starting from 2000s. Accordingly, these legal arrangements and related actions cannot be carried out adequately enough by central government bodies and their provincial units alone. Approximately 93 percent of the population in Turkey today is living within municipal boundaries, of which 77.6 percent live in metropolitan municipalities boundaries, local governments have a great deal of responsibilities related to energy supply and efficiency, as well as the realization of the energy policies that can be accelerated from part to whole and from local to center. The main purpose of this study is to determine the energy-related political activity areas of local governments and to contribute to the development of a new political dialogue which engage all related stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to control the issue of global warming, some significant protocols are signed and precautionary proposals are prepared in Turkey and worldwide. In this context, efficient use of energy in buildings is quite essential for decreasing the greenhouse emissions globally, since building stock accounts for about 40% of total energy consumption. The codes and implementations are carried out by local and international authorities to ensure energy efficiency in building stock, where the public buildings are supposed to lead. Therefore, in this study energy efficient retrofitting of public primary and lower secondary school building stock is targeted through the proposed methodology. In the proposed methodology, firstly, a representative educational school building was determined among primary and lower secondary school building stock in the selected pilot area according to analyses of the educational buildings, and its energy model was done and calibrated via ASHRAE Guideline 14 by collected physical and energy performance data. Then, calibrated energy model was used to develop retrofit scenarios with control strategies, which were optimized through life cycle cost evaluation. Hereby, the methodology proposed a whole evaluation approach in which existing buildings are subject to have cost optimal energy retrofits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's energy consumption from residential and services sector in 2015 has been passed the industrial sector, with a share of 33% of final consumption. Parallel to the increase in population, the number of dwellings in our country is increasing rapidly. About quarter of the dwellings built in our country in the last decade are single family homes that have considerably higher energy utilization per unit area than apartments. In this study, an hourly energy demand model for space heating of a single detached family housing with a heating area of 500 m² in Ankara was established by using ESP-r building energy simulation program. Then, the structural materials and renewable energy resources that reduce the energy utilization for space heating based on climate conditions of Ankara were determined by the application of different scenarios to the developed hourly model. The hourly heating estimate model was developed by using hourly climatic data, properties of building envelope and heat gain data. Then the model was calibrated with natural gas consumption data for heating which was monitored daily for one year. After the model was calibrated, various scenarios that suggest the changes in the physical structure of the housing and to use energy demand from different renewable sources were applied to the model. Finally, energy savings obtained by the scenarios and the pay back periods of each scenario are estimated and economically applicable external structure and renewable energy sources are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rebound effect is that the economic gains resulting from the decline in energy prices depending on the increased energy efficiency lead to more energy consumption. In this study, it is aimed to show whether energy efficiency on energy consumption has a rebound effect. In this direction, the panel cointegration method has been used in the period of 2000-2015 for selected European countries and Turkey. The result of this study shows that the increase in energy efficiency leads to a decrease in energy consumption. Therefore, the energy rebound effect is not valid for the countries and period covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent technologies in the pursuit of electrical energy are not only a system that can be used by energy companies but also systems that consumers can benefit from. Home or office customers can perform budget planning by monitoring the electricity consumption values instantly. It can also control the amount invoiced by the electricity distribution company. In this study, it is aimed to read the consumption amounts of digital electricity meters, transfer them to the web environment and to obtain inferences from consumption values. An Arduino Mega development board is used to read values from digital counters. The GSM module is placed on the Arduino to transfer the received data to the web. Data from the counter in 1 second period is recorded in MySQL database in the web environment at 15- minute intervals. The data in the database with the interface software is shown to the user in time periods. As a result, it will prevent mistakes that may occur in invoicing with work. In addition, it is aimed to save energy with control of consumption budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the most debated issues in the world's agenda are the problems related to climate change. Climate change is the result of human activities especially carried out in the cities. It is necessary to focus on the cities to solve the problem. In this study, climate change resilient planning principles are discussed within a scope of urban areas and their vicinities and a model proposal for Turkey is developed. It was attained as a conclusion of this study that the arrangements based on these principles at the planning and design process provides the urban areas where the energy is efficiently used, ecological balance and biodiversity are obtained, and the low carbon development principles can be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to control the issue of global warming, some significant protocols are signed and precautionary proposals are prepared in Turkey and worldwide. In this context, efficient use of energy in buildings is quite essential for decreasing the greenhouse emissions globally, since building stock accounts for about 40% of total energy consumption. The codes and implementations are carried out by local and international authorities to ensure energy efficiency in building stock, where the public buildings are supposed to lead. Therefore, in this study energy efficient retrofitting of public primary and lower secondary school building stock is targeted through the proposed methodology. In the proposed methodology, firstly, a representative educational school building was determined among primary and lower secondary school building stock in the selected pilot area according to analyses of the educational buildings, and its energy model was done and calibrated via ASHRAE Guideline 14 by collected physical and energy performance data. Then, calibrated energy model was used to develop retrofit scenarios with control strategies, which were optimized through life cycle cost evaluation. Hereby, the methodology proposed a whole evaluation approach in which existing buildings are subject to have cost optimal energy retrofits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents design, technical and economic feasibility analysis, and on-site implementation of low voltage express feeder (LVEF) implementation, which is aimed to reduce off-season technical losses of transformers located at the regions dominated by summerhouses along the Mediterranean Coast. Capacities of such transformers are generally determined considering peak demand during summer season. LVEF implementation is based on the concept of connecting close by transformer couples through an LVEF cable, which enables supply of total loads of the transformers by only one transformer during off seasons. It is important to avoid parallel operation of the transformers through the LVEF for safety concerns during implementation. An interlocking system is designed for this aim in the study. Voltage drop and technical loss analysis are performed with DIgSILENT PowerFactory™ software in the scope of technical analysis. The most prevailing transformer couples for the LVEF implementation are determined based on a priority criterion. A pilot LVEF implementation is performed satisfactorily at Karataş province. Toroslar Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. is the distribution company responsible from the region which includes many summerhouses, and therefore suffers significant seasonal load deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the energy consumption corresponding to the production values of an automobile assembly plant (press, body, paint shop and assembly sections) was examined. Throughout the plant, systems are examined which are consume energy intensely. Production-consumption analyzes were made over datas of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The average annual production rate of the plant in which examined is 150,000 units/year. The three-years average specific energy consumption for per car is (SEC), 500.00 kWh/unit for electricity (SECe), 650.00 kWh/unit for natural gas (SECng) and totally 1,150.00 kWh/unit was calculated. Regression analysis method was used in production-consumption analysis. This method is used to show the relationship between two or more variables. In this study, the production-consumption energy quantities of the fabrics are examined and the relationship between them is revealed. As a result of energy efficiency studies, the three-years average energy consumptions of the plant will be reduced by 2.00% for electricity and 0.30% for thermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systems that perform control of units under management without user influence are called intelligent control systems. These operations are performed by controlling the hardware through various software. Today's intelligent control systems often find applications in new buildings, but their tasks often differ, for comfort or savings. Thanks to these systems, which are still in the developmental stage, many problems encountered in daily life can be produced cost effective or user reducing solutions. In this study, a multimodule intelligent control system was developed to extend the usage areas of intelligent control systems and to increase their utility. The developed system provides the user with early warning by switching on lighting, ventilation and air conditioning control of several areas and in certain adverse health conditions. In addition, the operator has been able to control all the modules and control the data by using the developed graphical interface. The hardware and software components of the intelligent control system with multi module support developed in this article are introduced, the operation steps are explained and the effects are observed in the tests made with the system. According to this system, it is determined that energy saving of approximately 35.81% per day is achieved without compromising the comfort in a working environment with a volume of 126 m3 and an average energy consumption of 456.89 W / h per day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to control the issue of global warming, some significant protocols are signed and precautionary proposals are prepared in Turkey and worldwide. In this context, efficient use of energy in buildings is quite essential for decreasing the greenhouse emissions globally, since building stock accounts for about 40% of total energy consumption. The codes and implementations are carried out by local and international authorities to ensure energy efficiency in building stock, where the public buildings are supposed to lead. Therefore, in this study energy efficient retrofitting of public primary and lower secondary school building stock is targeted through the proposed methodology. In the proposed methodology, firstly, a representative educational school building was determined among primary and lower secondary school building stock in the selected pilot area according to analyses of the educational buildings, and its energy model was done and calibrated via ASHRAE Guideline 14 by collected physical and energy performance data. Then, calibrated energy model was used to develop retrofit scenarios with control strategies, which were optimized through life cycle cost evaluation. Hereby, the methodology proposed a whole evaluation approach in which existing buildings are subject to have cost optimal energy retrofits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents design, technical and economic feasibility analysis, and on-site implementation of low voltage express feeder (LVEF) implementation, which is aimed to reduce off-season technical losses of transformers located at the regions dominated by summerhouses along the Mediterranean Coast. Capacities of such transformers are generally determined considering peak demand during summer season. LVEF implementation is based on the concept of connecting close by transformer couples through an LVEF cable, which enables supply of total loads of the transformers by only one transformer during off seasons. It is important to avoid parallel operation of the tranformers through the LVEF for safety concerns during implementation. An interlocking system is designed for this aim in the study. Voltage drop and technical loss analysis are performed with DIgSILENT PowerFactory™ software in the scope of technical analysis. The most prevailing transformer couples for the LVEF implementation are determined based on a priority criterion. A pilot LVEF implementation is performed satisfactorily at Karataş province. Toroslar Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. is the distribution company responsible from the region which includes many summerhouses, and therefore suffers significant seasonal load deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]