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This study analyzes the impact of local conditions on the collective ijtihād (al-ijtihād al-jamāi) of Indian ulamā, a minority in their country, by focusing on three examples from among the medical decisions of the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India), which operates in New Delhi. The Islamic Fiqh Academy (India) aims to solve contemporary fiqh problems and become the top reference in the field, especially for Indian Muslims. To this end, it organizes annual fiqh seminars and gives legal decisions on different issues. In order to seek an answer to the question of whether local conditions impact ijtihād, this study focused on birth control, organ transplantation and surrogate motherhood as a sample of contemporary medical problems addressed by the academy. These examples have been used to show how the scholars participating in collective ijtihād were affected by their political and socio-economic conditions while making their decisions. Also, the academy’s decisions are compared to the decisions and fatwās of other fiqh academies when necessary, and critically analyzed. Thus, this study presents the academy’s approach to contemporary medical problems as well as introduces the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India), about which there is a dearth of information in Turkish academic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Yahudi inancına göre Tanrı, ilk olarak Adem ve Havva’ya, daha sonraki süreçte ise, Nuh, İbrahim ve Yakup gibi Yahudilerin (İsrailoğulları) atalarına çoğalmalarını emretmiş ve diğer milletler arasından onları seçmiştir. Tanrı, “seçilmiş millet” İsrailoğulları ile ahit/antlaşma yapmış ve bazı bölgeleri onlara vatan olarak vaat etmiştir. Tanrı’nın çocuk sahibi olma ve çoğalma emrini yerine getirmek ve “seçilmiş millet”in saflığını korumak amacıyla, Yahudilikte, İsrailoğullarına mensup kadınlarla evlenmek, gerekirse çocuk sahibi olabilmek için çok eşlilik, çocuk doğuramayan kısır kadınları boşamak, çocuğu olmadan ölen kişiye varis bırakmak için yenge ile kayınbiraderi evlendirmek, doğum kontrolüne ihtiyatlı yaklaşmak, ciddi bir sağlık sorunu yok ise kürtajdan kaçınmak gibi hemen her türlü çareye başvurulur. Bu bağlamda çocuk sahibi olmak ve çoğalmak Yahudilik açısından çok önemli dini bir emir (mitsva) kabul edilmiştir.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to determine the breast cancer worry of women in 15-49 aged and the factors that affect their healthy lifestyle behaviors. Materials and Methods: This descriptive research, which was conducted with 425 women who were registered in the Family Health Center in a province located in Kahramanmaraş. The data of the research were obtained by using Personal Information Form, Breast Cancer Worry Scale and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale II. Results: Total score averages of women from Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale II and Breast Cancer Worry Scale are 142.73±26.3, 8.60±5.1, respectively. A statistically significant difference was determined in terms of total median score of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale between the age groups of women, their education statuses, birth control methods, menopause statuses, acknowledging and performing statuses of Self Breast Examination, having mammography statuses and having cancer history in the family. Conclusion: In this research, it was determined that breast cancer worry of women is low and their healthy lifestyle behaviors are above average, further, it was determined that breast cancer worry and healthy lifestyle behaviors of women are affected by many socio-demographic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unintended pregnancy is an important public health problem all over the world due to its negative effects on mother and child health. The most common causes of unintended pregnancies are nonuse or misuse of contraceptive methods. The aim of this study was to determine the recognition frequency of emergency contraceptive methods among women and related factors of this situation. Material and Method: This descriptive study was conducted at a research and education hospital's obstetrical outpatient clinics. All of the women aged 18-49years attend to these clinics due to any health problem were enrolled to the study. Data was collected by a questionnaire generated by the investigators and p values under 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Fifty-five point five percent of 614 women enrolled to the study were using modern contraceptive methods and 37.9% of these were faced to unintended pregnancy at least one time through out their sexual life. 54.5% of these unintended pregnancies have been resulted with deliveries. The rate of unintended pregnancy was higher in women with higher pregnancy count. Forty-eight point nine percent of participants thought that it is impossible to prevent pregnancy after an unprotected sexual intercourse. The rate of women which were aware of at least one synonymous expressions of emergency contraception was 27.9%. Forty-five of these women had known the exact meaning of emergency contraception. The emergency contraception usage rate was 1.1% in general population but this was 7.4% in women who were aware of emergency contraception. Conclusion: It is possible to decrease unintended pregnancies by using emergency contraception properly. However, the knowledge of women about emergency contraception is inadequate. Therefore, education programmes should be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was performed to determine of contraception knowledge levels and planning contraception methods after marriage that couples have applied to family planning center in the Van city. Methods: Study has planned as descriptive manner. This study was performed on 255 couples who have applied for official wedding procedure to Van maternal and child health and family planning center between September 2010 - January 2011. Participants were determined on a voluntary basis. Questionnaires were filled out by family medicine face to face with couples. Results: Totally, 21.3% percent of women, 23.5% percent of men have primary school degree. 18% of women, 93.4% of men have a profession. 12.1% percent of women and 12.9% percent of men does not have any knowledge about contraceptive and 43% of couples do not consider use any contraceptive method after marriage. The results has shown that when evaluate the couples, in terms of the distribution of contraception information, the couples have more information about condoms, pills, coil, injection and withdraw methods then tube ligation, implants, spermicides, vasectomy and the calendar methods Conclusion: Van region has a low socio-economic status. The couples should be informed about family planning before marriage, to talk about advantages of collaboration between the couples about birth control method choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the long term effects of the cesarean and vaginal births on unintended pregnancy rates and the obstetric costs. Methods: Vaginal group had significantly higher gravidity, parity and voluntary abortion rates (p<0.05). The means of the age of the participating women, spontaneous abortions and ectopic pregnancies were similar in both groups (p>0.05). The total number of pregnancies, births, spontaneous abortions, voluntary abortions and offspring decreased significantly in each decade (p<0.05). Hospital births significantly increased in each decade, reaching from 48.29% in 70s to 88.08% in 1990s. The obstetric expenditure for a single woman in a reproductive year time was found 71.92 Turkish Liras in vaginal and 53.41 Turkish Liras in cesarean birth groups. Results: Parous women (n= 501) were grouped into two in accordance to the mode of their first two births as: Vaginal Birth Group with two subsequent vaginal births and Cesarean Birth Group with at least one cesarean birth. Turkish Republic Social Security Institution payment values in 2010 were used as the cost standards. Means of parity, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion and voluntary abortion were used to calculate the life time obstetrics expenditure of the groups. The calculated values were divided to each group's mean reproductive time to find out the expenditure per reproductive year. In statistical analysis Student's T test or analysis of variance tests were used. A p value of ⩽0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion: Cesarean birth decreases the total obstetric costs in long term, particularly in areas with high fertility rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: In this study, the effect of the reproductive health and family planning (RHFP) education given to recruits in Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) on the attitudes of the recruits towards the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been investigated. METHOD: The population of this cross sectional research comprises 1218 recruits assigned in 1st Gendarmerie Training Battalion Command in Kutahya in the third training term of the year 2009. A separate sample was not selected; the all population of survey were included in the study. 1109 recruits were contacted in the research and the rate of response elicited had been 91%. In the gathering of the data; an attitude scale prepared in the likert type was used before and after the training. The sociodemographic properties of the participants were identified separately with a form. The data derived were analyzed with nonparametric tests, and SPSS 15.0 statistics program was used for this purpose. RESULTS: The recruits involved in the research had an age range of 20 to 30, and the average age was 20,8(±1,8). The participants were from various parts of Turkey and the degrees of their education also varied. While the average attitude score was 4.00(±0.50) before the training, it increased to 4,32(±0,47) after the training and a significant %8 increase in score was achieved(P<0.001). The education was seen to eliminate the differences in attitudes drived from geographical locations but not the differences caused by different levels of education. The economic and marital status of the recruits have been determined to have no impact on their attitudes. CONCLUSION: In this research it has been revealed that the RHFP training program in process has positively affected the attitudes of the recruits towards the ethical issue titled as STIs. In conclusion, it has been assessed that the RHFP training that leads to a change in attitudes and accordingly to a positive and effective change in behaviors with the knowledge it provides, will contribute to the reduction of ethical issues in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-partum amenorrhoea is the period from the end of pregnancy to begin of menstruation. The length of postpartum amenorrhea is quite variable, and depends on several factors. The natural contraceptive effect of breast feeding has been known for years. Adequatel breast-feeding during lactational amenorrhoea is at least 98% effective of protection from pregnancy. However, there is needed a post-partum contraceptive method in this period. Post-partum amenorrhea is an important event for females' reproductive life and their health. The mechanism of lactational infertility is not clearly understood. The objective of this study is to discuss the contraception methods for postpartum women and return time of ovulation in the postpartum period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Tubal sterilization, is a common birth control method which the complication rates change according to the performed technique and methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tubal sterilization techniques, Pomeroy and bilateral bipolar cautherization, on the apoptosis in the ovarian and endometrial tissue atrophy in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female Wistar Albino rats were enrolled in the study and divided into three groups (n=10). In the first group, rats underwent bilateral uterine horn ligation with Pomeroy method, in the second group, bilateral bipolar cauterization was applied, and only laparotomy was performed in the control group. Two months later, uterine horns and ovaries of the rats in all groups were excised. After genomic DNA isolation, DNA samples were run in agarose gel and the Scion Images were compared with the DNA marker and control. Results: There was no apoptosis in the ovarian and endometrial tissues in all groups detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and Scion Image technique. In Pomeroy group, there were both necrosis and intact DNA in ovarian and endometrial tissues, while in cauterization group, there were only necrosis. Discussion: In our study, there was no role of apoptosis in the atrophy of ovarian and endometrial tissues after tubal ligation by Pomeroy technique or bipolar cauterization in female rats. In Pomeroy technique, however, higher proportion of intact tissue was detected compared with bipolar cauterization. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to study the expression of atrophy and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family planning is an ability for the couples to chose the timing and numbers of children they wish to have. Having good family planning methods help women to keep their health conditions in a better way. In this review, general information about emergency contraception concept and contraceptive methods are given. Unplanned and unwanted pregnancy which may occur after unprotected sexual intercourse, is one of the important health problems in the world. By the help of emergency contraceptive methods, unplanned and unwanted pregnancies can be prevented. The emergency contraceptive pills, those are used within 72 hours (3 days) after the unprotected sexual intercourse will be safe and effective for the protection against unwanted pregnancies. Insertion of an intrauterin device within 120 hours (5 days) after the unprotected sexual intercourse also can prevent the unwanted pregnancy. Emergency contraceptive methods can be used after unprotected sexual intercourses, or after rape events or after the failures of routine contraceptive methods. But it should be reminded that emergency contraception is not a family planning method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]