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In a lab experiment using seed priming, the faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed germination and seedling development were studied. Twenty different priming techniques were utilized in the study, each comprising varying concentrations of NaOCI, CaCl2, KNO3, Manitol, PEG, KCL, H2O and a control group that received no priming. Four replications of a completely randomized design (CRD) were used in the experiment. Among the three priming treatments, there were substantial differences in the seedling growth metrics and germination rate. When 500 ppm NaOCl was used as a treatment, the highest seed germination percentage (96%) was attained. Although 100 ppm PEG had the greatest germination index (42.92), 10000 ppm NaOCl had the quickest mean germination time (8.27). Additionally, at a concentration of 1500 ppm NaOCl, the greatest seedling vigor index (29.79) and maximum germination coefficient (12.28) were likewise obtained. With H2O treatment, the maximum shoot length (21.09 cm) was observed for seedling growth parameters. The largest root length was produced by a 10000 ppm KNO3 treatment (11.19 cm). With 20000 ppm KNO3, the maximum root dry weight was achieved (88.50 mg), whereas H2O produced the highest shoot dry weight (51.0 mg). Additionally, it was discovered that a treatment with 10000 ppm KNO3 had the best root-shoot ratio (0.72). The research thus supports the possible use of seed priming as a method to improve faba bean seed germination and seedling growth. NaOCl and KNO3 seemed to work best for faba bean seed germination and seedling growth.

Safe meat production is an important aspect to avoid human health hazards. The use of probiotics in poultry is an important tool to produce safe meat among several established biotechnological approaches. In this experiment, we studied the effects of probiotics for producing safe Japanese quail meat. 150 Japanese quail chicks were reared for a period of six weeks using various doses of probiotics (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2g per litre of water). The chicks were randomly distributed into five treatment groups with three replications each. The number of birds in each replication was 10. After rearing six weeks, significantly high body weight was found at probiotic concentrations of 1, 1.5, and 2g per litre of water. The feed intake in various treatments did not differ significantly, but comparatively better feed conversion ratios were observed at probiotic treatments. Water quality was not significantly differed as a result of addition of probiotics to the water. The reason for this better growth performance is probably due to the multiple benefits of probiotics in poultry. Probiotics could have maintained gut health with better nutrient utilization and availability that might have been led to higher body weight gain in the quail. In future experiments, challenging the birds with diseases or comparing probiotics with antibiotic growth promoters is required to ensure the efficiency of probiotics.

Introduction: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a critical complication in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Understanding the clinical features and bacterial profile of SBP is essential for its effective management. To study the clinical and bacteriological profile and the factors influencing the outcome of SBP in patients with CLD. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 113 patients diagnosed with SBP between January 2018 and December 2022 at a tertiary care hospital. We assessed the clinical features, laboratory parameters, causes of cirrhosis, and bacterial profiles. Statistical analyses were performed to identify associations between these parameters and the clinical outcomes. A p value of

Proper nitrogen (N) management is vital for gaining potential yield benefits of a variety. Adjusting transplanting time enables the plant taking benefit from natural conditions favorable for its growth. In light of these, an investigation was carried out in the Boro season at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University from November 2022 to April 2023 to investigate the impact of various transplanting dates and N levels on the yield of Nizershail rice. The study involved four dates of transplanting viz. 16 December, 31 December, 15 January, 30 January and four nitrogen (N) levels viz. 0, 50, 100 and 150% of the recommended dose (RD) of N from urea where the recommended dose was 90 kg urea per ha. The trial was replicated thrice using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results showed that the tallest plant, the uppermost grains/panicle and 1000 grains weight were detected in 16 December transplanting and the maximum grain yield was observed in 31 December transplanting. For N, total tillers and effective tillers/hill, grains/panicle, the highest grain and straw yields were found from 100% RD of N and the highest panicle length and sterile spikelets/panicle were found from 150% RD of N. In interactions, the maximum effective tillers/ hill and straw yield were observed from 100% RD of N in combination with 15 January transplanting. The maximum 1000 grains weight and the grain yield were obtained from 100% RD of N in combination with 16 December transplanting. From the result, it may be assumed that to get the maximum yield of Nizershail rice in Boro season could be transplanted between 16 December to 15 January with 100% RD of N from urea.

Foliar supplementation may be useful for boron to a crop when its demands are higher compared to the supply from soil. Boron is an important micronutrient which had a substantial impact on oil content, seed yield, and the components of the sesame yield. A field investigation was implemented to determine the impact of foliar application of boron on seed yield, growth and oil content of sesame cv. BARI Til-4. The investigation included four concentrations of boron viz. 0, 25, 50, and 75 ppm and three frequencies of boron application viz. one time at 30 days after sowing (DAS), two times at 30 and 50 DAS, and three times at 30, 50, and 70 DAS. The experiment was conducted following randomized complete block design, which was replicated thrice. At the vegetative stage, the highest plant height (107.3 cm), branches/plant (5.0) and shoot dry weight (45.20 g/plant) resulted in 75 ppm boron spray at 30, 50 and 70 DAS. However, the highest root dry weight (5.80 g/plant) was recorded in 75 ppm with one application of boron at 30 DAS. The plants with the highest plant height (112.1 cm), branches/plant (5.13), pods/plant (44.13), seeds/pod (54.33), seed yield (609.0 kg/ha), harvest index (30.65%), and oil content (42.33%) were also observed with the combination of 75 ppm boron spray with thrice application at 30, 50 and 70 DAS. The lowest seed yield (368.7 kg/ha) resulted in without boron application. Therefore, it can be inferred that the most efficient method for increasing the sesame seed yield and oil content is thrice (30, 50, and 70 DAS) foliar spraying of 75 ppm boron.

Diabetes is an alarming global systemic metabolic disorder that can pose a major threat to patients. The serious consequences of cigarette smoking on the diabetic kidney are not well known among people in different countries. According to different studies, smoking enhances albuminuria in diabetic patients. On the other hand, urinary albumin is a sensitive indicator of glomerular injury. The abnormal trans-glomerular passage of albumin may be seen due to increased permeability of the glomerular capillary wall and their subsequent impaired reabsorption by the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. Smoking with hyperglycemia increases lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, which mainly up-regulates TGF-β, accumulates AGEs, reduces nitric oxide production, and eventually causes glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion that results in the development of glomerulosclerosis and nephropathy. The complex interaction between cigarette smoking and diabetic mellitus poses multiple challenges for researchers, physicians, and patients. Therefore, the present review article aims to find out the feasible consequences for the kidney of a diabetic patient due to the habit of cigarette smoking which may be useful for academicians and researchers in the future.

Fish consumption choices are impacted by the socioeconomic aspects of customers. A field survey was done in 2022 with the purpose of (i) measuring the frequency of fish consumption, (ii) studying the socioeconomic characteristics of customers and their preferences; and (iii) researching the variables impacting the consumption of fish by consumers in the Siraha district. A sample size of 102 individuals was selected randomly from the Siraha district, including the Lahan Municipality, Dhangadhimai Municipality, and Golbazar Municipality, to ensure representation across diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Data was collected using a questionnaire administered to the participants. Respondents (58.8%) overwhelmingly prefer to eat fish more than twice a week, throughout the year or particularly in winter. Rohu (Labeo rohita) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) are the most often eaten fish species. The frequency of fish-consumption shows a strong connection with income level and education level. The stepwise multiple regression model explained 58.1% of the overall variation in fish consumption. The market structure is not sanitary, the price of fresh fish is expensive, and the consumption frequency of customers is impacted, particularly for poor socio-economic groups. boosted by a variety of various legislation, marketing, and advertising methods. In addition, consumers should be dispersed throughout the year rather than exclusively in particular seasons.

Objectives:Microbial keratitis can cause significant visual morbidity and is a common reason for presentation to eye casualty clinics. Contact lens wear and poor contact lens hygiene significantly increase the risk of corneal infection. This study aimed to determine the level of contact lens hygiene awareness amongst contact lens wearers attending our service and determining whether contact lens type and hygiene attitude are related to severity of disease.Materials and Methods:This prospective questionnaire-based study included 50 consecutive patients attending the eye casualty clinic of a tertiary referral center. Visual acuity was assessed at presentation and 2 weeks after diagnosis. Patients were divided into subgroups according to contact lens type (monthly, bi-weekly, daily, and extended day and night wear) and risk group (low, medium, and high) depending on their contact lens hygiene practices.Results:Thirty-four women and 16 men were included in this study. Twenty-four patients used monthly disposable contact lenses, 16 used daily disposable contact lenses, 6 were using bi-weekly replacement lenses, and 4 patients were using extended wear (day and night) contact lenses. Twenty-five patients were diagnosed with corneal ulcer, 23 of which had some degree of poor contact lens hygiene. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly improved after treatment. Mean BCVA was 0.24 LogMAR before treatment and 0.09 LogMAR after treatment (p

Farmers in Bangladesh are enthusiastic in dragon fruit farming as a new and promising crop that offers both difficulties and potential. The purpose of the study was to examine the advantages and disadvantages of this novel fruit from the perspective of growers. It is a descriptive survey research which was conducted in purposively selected four Upazilas of Chapainawabganj region of Bangladesh including Chapainawabganj Sadar, Gomastapur, Nachol, and Godagari from 16th April to 25th May, 2022. Pearson’s correlation test was administered to determine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of the growers and their knowledge on dragon fruit production. Socio-demographic profile of the randomly selected growers of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were in their middle age, highly educated, had a medium annual income with medium sized land, little farming experience, less training and higher cosmopolitan behavior. Majority of the dragon fruit growers showed high level of understanding regarding dragon fruit cultivation and their fellow farmers and mass media were determined to be the most effective sources of information. According to the study’s findings, the majority of farmers were inspired to grow dragon fruit because it is more resistant to pests and diseases, promotes excellent health, yields for a long time, and can be grown from both seeds and cuttings. Furthermore, the fruit has a higher profit margin than other field crops. Weeds, bird invasions, high labor expenses, lack of technical knowledge of farmers on dragon fruit farming were recognized as major obstacles to fruit production. According to a correlation analysis, farmers’ age, extension contacts, and cosmopolitan nature were significantly and positively correlated with their knowledge of growing dragon fruit. More government support, especially from the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), and fixing the issues described above could increase the fruit’s future prospects in the country.

Field research was commenced in Rukum West on a standing crop of onion during the flowering stage to assess the effectiveness of foliar sprays of micronutrients on the yield of onion seeds (Allium cepa L.) cv. Red Creol. The experiment was carried out using two levels of Zinc (300 ppm and 375 ppm) and two levels of Boron (240 ppm and 360 ppm) in an RCBD design with treatments applied either separately or in combinations, comprising nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were administered before flowering, during flowering, and after flowering at the seed production stage at 15 days intervals. The application of Zinc and Boron increased total seed yield, seed yield per umbel, seed yield per plant, and germination percentage. The highest seed yield per plant, seed yield per umbel, and seed yield per plot were recorded from Treatment 8 (Zn 375ppm + B 360ppm) i.e. 52.8 gm per plant, 6.12 gm per umbel, and 966.67 kg ha-1 respectively. Similarly, Treatment 1 (Zn300ppm) and Treatment 8 (Zn 375ppm + B 360ppm) showed the highest germination percentage (70%), and Treatment 9 (control) showed the lowest (45%). The treatments did not affect the thousand seed weight.

Introduction: Dengue is an acute viral illness caused by the Flaviviridae RNA virus and spread by the Aedes mosquito. Being a tropical illness, knowledge of its demographic and clinical profiles and seasonal incidence can aid in the management and control of the disease. Additionally, it is important to know the relationship between thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, transaminitis, and the severity of dengue and its mortality and morbidity. It is aimed to assess the clinical profile of patients with dengue at a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital located in South India. The medical records of patients admitted between January 2022 to December 2022 were reviewed. A total of 582 patients were screened, and 539 patients with a definite diagnosis of dengue were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We obtain data on the demographic and clinical profile of dengue, seasonal variation in the incidence of dengue, degree of thrombocytopenia, transaminitis, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio and number of days in hospital. All the analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2021. The continuous variables are presented as means, standard deviations, and minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The present study included 539 participants with a mean age of 30.23±13.81 years. Most participants (80.52%) suffered from dengue without warning signs. The incidence of dengue was higher during winter (60.11%) than during the other seasons. Most participants suffering from dengue without warning signs had severe thrombocytopenia (49.35%), leukopenia (46.20%) and transaminitis severity of Grade 1 (35.44%) based on serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and Grade 0 (39.89%) based on serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels. Furthermore, most of these patients had a normal A/G ratio (63.64%) and moderate morbidity (69.76%). Conclusion: Dengue without warning signs was the most common type of dengue seen. These participants had varying degrees of thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and transaminitis, moderate morbidity, and low mortality. The present study is the first of its kind to associate the type of dengue and different hematological conditions with the morbidity and mortality of patients with dengue which helps in early identification of types of dengue and effective management.

A myriad of health claims are being made in favor of the consumption of green tea due to its easy availability and greater popularity. On the contrary, certain health risks of excessive green tea consumption have begun to emerge. The aim of the present research was to observe the baleful effects of excessive green tea intake on hematological parameter and histoarchitecture of liver. A total of thirty (n=30) Swiss albino mice were taken and randomly divided into Control C, Treated T1, and Treated T2 groups. Each group consisted of ten (5 male+5 female) mice. The Control C group was fed with normal mice pellet and water (3ml/mice) orally but the treated T1 group was supplied mice pellet with 2ml/mice of green tea+1ml/mice of water orally as well as treated T2 group was given mice pellet and 3ml/mice of green tea orally two times in a day for 60 days. After the experimental tenure, mice of each group were sacrificed ethically and samples (Blood, liver and lungs) were collected for further hematological and histomorphological studies. Treated T2 group of mice were motionless (inactive and stagnant). Anatomopathologically, the liver surface became dark red in color with considerable hepatomegaly and mild hemorrhage also found on lung surface. Histologically, mild central vein congestion and severe venous congestion with dilation were found in the portal vein of the liver of the treated T2 group of mice. Hematologically, hemoglobin level significantly reduced in the treated T2 group of mice than the others. Within this experimental period, female mice of each group gave birth (15-18 pups) that were devoid of any abnormality. Therefore, it can be concluded that excessive green tea intake in a day might have baleful effects on hematological parameter (Hb concentration) and histoarchitechture of liver in Swiss albino mice.

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a severe and most destructive pest of cruciferous vegetables in many parts of the world, including Nepal. The natural history and ecology of the diamondback moth are summarized here, along with appropriate management options. Caterpillar is the most devastating stage of DBM that matures and causes “windowing” damage, leaving only the epidermis. Biological control, cultural practices, effective chemical control, botanical pesticides, and host plant resistance are the most viable options. Insecticide abuse and resistance concerns are likely to persist, as numerous research-based outcomes have proven that none of these measures will suffice independently. However, these techniques can complement each other and result in a better long-term management system when combined. This review highlights the integrated eco-friendly management strategies for DBM and other cruciferous insect pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which focuses on sustainable production, has shown promising results. Modern management techniques include genetic modification, use of parasitoids, modified cultural methods, the precautionary application of chemicals, resistant cultivars, fungal, bacterial (Bt. based biopesticides), and viral entomopathogens, etc., which are found to be more effective and eco-friendlier.

Aim:Overall, around 14-18% of non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related deaths are due to liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. With a prevalence of 15%, cirrhosis appears to be a more serious consequence. There are many non-invasive markers for assessing liver fibrosis but their utility in pediatric HIV patients has not been explored.Materials and Methods:To assess the occurrence of liver dysfunction and the levels of combination biomarkers of liver dysfunction [aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index] in HIV positive children. A total of 44 HIV positive children aged

Introduction: Asymptomatic HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is associated with increased morbidity, and it often goes undetected in outpatient clinics due to the lack of awareness and time constraints for a detailed assessment in such cases. We assessed the prevalence of HAND by using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test and evaluated the association between the severity of HIV using CD4 count and cognitive impairment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 103 patients (age: 20-80 years) living with HIV who were sampled through convenient sampling technique. Demographic details such as the age, sex, and education, and the current CD4 count were recorded and the patients were accordingly assigned to the following groups: A (>500 cells/µl), B (200-499 cells/µl), and C (

Aim:Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a serious illness especially in children under 5 years of age. Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in hospitalized children. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between hyponatremia in children admitted to a paediatric ward, in the setting of acute LRTI in different age groups and to determine the association of hyponatremia with different types of acute LRTI in children.Materials and Methods:This study included 231 clinically diagnosed children (1 month to 12 years) with acute LRTI. General examinations and systemic examinations were performed. Laboratory investigations included serum electrolyte level (Na+) and radiological investigations included chest X-ray. The conditions observed in the children included bronchopneumonia (BPN), lobar pneumonia, wheeze-associated LRTI (WALRI), bronchiolitis, and empyema. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 16.0 version. A p-value

This experiment was carried out under the study entitled “Ripening regulation of the banana Cv. Malbhog using different ripening inducers” for controlling the ripening of the banana, for improvement of quality attributes and post-harvest life of banana. The experiment was conducted at laboratory of horticulture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal from 14th March to 16th April 2019. These experiments were laid out in completely randomized design in which the first experiment comprised of seven treatments consisting of distilled water spray, ethephon @ 250 ppm, ethephon @ 500 ppm, ethephon @750 ppm, ethephon@1000 ppm, Dhurseli (Colebrookea oppositifolia) leaves and Ripe banana replicated thrice. Different post-harvest parameters were recorded at the interval of two days for the experiment till any one of the treatment attained score 6 in the color chart. In this experiment, the CI-6 stage was reached earlier on the 9th day with the use of ethephon @ 1000 ppm but ethephon @ 500 ppm was found more effective regarding quality parameters with TSS (21˚B), and TSS/TA (34.66). The maximum physiological loss in weight (12.927%) and pulp peel ratio (3.65) was observed with ethephon@1000ppm and the minimum was achieved in banana sprayed with distilled water. The shelf life of banana was seen minimum (13.33 days) in ethephon @ 1000 ppm and maximum (20.33 days) in banana sprayed with distilled water.

Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the National Potato Research Programme (NPRP), Lalitpur (1360 masl), Nepal, to determine the effect of crop geometry on the growth, yield, and quality of sweet potato genotypes. The experiment was laid out on sandy loam soil in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and comprised of a total of twelve treatment combinations of four crop geometry (60cm×25 cm, 60cm×30 cm, 70cm×25 cm, and 70cm×30 cm) and three genotypes (CIP 440015, CIP 440267 and Local White). Among the different crop geometries and genotypes evaluated, 70cm×30 cm plant spacing and Local White genotype were found statistically superior to enhance marketable tuberous root weight per plant (0.572 and 0.541 kg), tuberous root diameter (62.59 and 61.0 mm), shoot fresh weight (509 and 524 g), and tuberous root yield per plant (616 and 620 g). The genotype, Local White yielded higher among the genotypes. The reducing sugar content was influenced significantly by crop geometry and genotypes. The pooled mean showed the highest (15.48 and 17.26 %) reducing sugar in closer geometry 60 cm × 25 cm and Local White genotype respectively and the lowest (11.54 %) in the genotype CIP 440015. CIP genotypes, on the other hand, were high in ß carotene content, whereas the Local genotype had a negligible amount (0.35 mg/100g). On hectare level, our result showed that highest plant density of 66,666 plants ha-1 (60 cm × 25 cm) could give the highest yield per unit area due to greater crop biomass. Our findings suggest that crop geometry can have a considerable impact on sweet potato production. As a result, the geometry of sweet potatoes can be wide or narrow depending on our needs and the area available in our study area or a similar situation.

Ethiopia is considered as the possible origin and center of diversity for okra. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objectives of determining the genetic distance between indigenous okra collections and exotic commercial varieties and assessing genetic diversity of okra genotypes. The field experiment was conducted at Dire Dawa in 2016 using 14 indigenous collections and 11 exotic varieties in 5 x 5 triple lattice design. Data were collected on 9 and 29 qualitative and quantitative traits, respectively. The genetic distance measured by Euclidean distance ranged from 3.1 to 12.6 with a mean of 7.2. The highest genetic distances were observed between indigenous okra collections and exotic varieties viz. Guba-12 and NamdHari (12.6) followed by Guba-12 and Vellayani (12.3) and Mythri and Guba-12 (11.8). Dendrogram constructed by Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic Means grouped the 25 genotypes into seven major clusters in which the three clusters (Cluster II, III and V) were solitary, consisted of one genotype each, Cluster I consisted of six Indian commercial varieties, Cluster IV comprised of seven genotypes (four indigenous okra collections, one variety from USA and two from India), while Cluster VI and VII comprised of 5 and 4 indigenous okra collections, respectively. This study revealed the presence of wide genetic diversity among indigenous okra collections and exotic commercial varieties.

Human cysticercosis is an emerging infection caused by the larvae of Taenia solium (Cysticercus cellulosae). The most common sites for cysticercosis are the central nervous system, subcutaneous tissues, eyes, and muscles. Isolated intramuscular cysticercosis without brain involvement is rare and only a few reports are available in children. Here, we report two children with isolated intramuscular cysticercosis who presented with the swellings that were diagnosed by ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology. Both of them responded well to steroids and albendazole treatment, showing a complete resolution of the swelling.

Green tea obtained from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze having potential health benefits. It contains significant amounts of antioxidant and is considered as world healthiest drink. Polyphenols in tea are thought to exhibits anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Green tea catechins acts as immune modulators in immune dysfunction and also play a role in protection from degenerative diseases. Intake of green tea catechins suppress high fat diet induced obesity, prevent lipid and glucose metabolism disorders and reduce risk of coronary heart disease. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a potential antioxidant that shows protective effects against photo toxicity and photo carcinogenesis. In vitro animal experiments have suggested that polyphenols in green tea protect from lung cancer by their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. This study chiefly highlights the convenience of green tea on health and propagates its further prospects.

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to investigate the influence of plant nutrient management on the yield performance of transplant Aman rice. The experiment comprised two Aman rice varieties viz. Binadhan-15 and Binadhan-16, and ten nutrient management viz. Recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (RDF) Urea-TSP-MoP-Gypsum-ZnSO4 @ 150-110-70-60-5 kg ha-1, Cowdung @ 10 t ha-1, Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 , 25% less than RDF + cowdung @ 5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + cowdung @ 10 t ha-1 , 25% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, 25% less than RDF + vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Binadhan-15 produced taller plants (97.86 cm), effective tillers hill-1 (6.28), grains panicle-1 (101.73), higher grain (3.58 t ha-1) and straw (4.99 t ha-1) yields compared to Binadhan-16. In case of nutrient management, 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 produced taller plants (101.1 cm), effective tillers hill-1 (7.07), grains panicle-1 (105.1) and grain yield (4.08 t ha-1). The highest grain yield (4.25 t ha-1) was recorded in Binadhan-15 fertilized with 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and the lowest grain yield (2.28 t ha-1) was obtained in Binadhan-16 fertilized with vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1. So, it can be concluded that transplant Aman rice cv. Binadhan-15 fertilized with 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 appears as the promising practice to obtain the highest grain yield.

Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) is an alternative cultivation technique to the conventional Transplanted Rice (TPR). In this method, seeds are directly sown to the field without the necessity of nursery raising and transplanting. DSR can generally be divided into dry-DSR (sowing dry seeds in dry soil), wet-DSR (sowing pre-germinated seeds in moist soil) and water-seeding (sowing dry or pre-germinated seeds in standing water). This helps in saving water alongside the labour and results in early harvest due to quick crop establishment. DSR is proved to be sustainable and eco-friendly since it emits less methane than in TPR. However, there are few constraints associated with DSR such as weed infestation, crop lodging and nutrient loss. If these major issues are fixed, DSR can result in greater economic returns as compared to TPR. In absence of puddling, the soil structure can be maintained which leads to greater yields of succeeding crops. This technique has been successfully practiced in many countries like Srilanka, Malaysia and USA. In developing nations like Nepal, irrigation and labour constraints can be tackled by adopting direct-seeding for rice cultivation.

Syzygium aromaticum commonly known as Clove is considered to be the most precious spice among others, which has been continued to be utilized for centuries for different biological and therapeutic purposes. It is a tropical tree which belongs to the Myrtaceae family and natively originated from Indonesia. However, in current times it is found in a few other places of the world including Brazil. Clove is viewed as perhaps the most extravagant source of phenolic mixes, for example, eugenol, eugenol acetic acid derivatives and so on. These mixtures have incredible potential for restorative, organic and other rural applications. In this review we have tried to figure out some of the important medicinal or therapeutic as well as phytobiotic and agricultural utilizations of the products prepared from Clove. We have tried to give an extra emphasis on the application of clove as a product of herbal contraception however for this purpose dose of the extract (either aqueous or ethanolic) of clove plays the vital role in this case. Although for establishing or making clove products commercially available as a safe product for herbal contraception or other medicinal impacts, more studies are required, and it could open a new era in the field of herbal medicine that would be much safer and feasible.

Food security is one of the major global challenges of the twenty-first century. World population is expected to increase by one-third, between 2009 and 2050, and in Asia, crop yield is estimated to decline by 5 to 30% from 2050 onwards compared to 1990. It is high time to seek alternatives that can increase production utilizing existing resources ensuring food security. A home garden can be a viable and sustainable alternative in this regard; nevertheless, it is often neglected. Thus, this study aims to understand the role of the home garden in maintaining household food security and enhancing rural women’s status in Nepal. Two villages of Bishnupur rural municipality, namely, Bajitpur and Musharniya were selected as study sites. 78.6% of households in Bajitpur and 68.4% households in Musharniya were found to have a home garden where crops and livestock were organized in an integrated way. The home garden was found to maintain household food security, ensure food availability for most of the seasons, access of household members to food, its utilization, and stability in production. Furthermore, 66.67% and 58.33% of women sold surplus home garden products in Bajitpur and Musharniya respectively. This signifies the role of home gardening activities in uplifting the social and economic status and, farming knowledge of rural women in both villages. However, there is a lack of extension facilities and subsidies for the home garden to encourage farmers. Therefore, different models of home gardens should be developed and disseminated, prioritizing the integration of the scientific farming system with traditional knowledge for sustainable adoption of the home garden in Nepal.

Aim:Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). The prevalence of VDD in different countries is between 65-100% in these patients. The present study was undertaken to find the prevalence of VDD among sickle cell children and to assess the association of co-morbidities with VDD.Materials and Methods:Total 89 children who were attending a sickle cell clinic/admitted to paediatric wards of a Tertiary Care Centre were enrolled in this study. After their history, clinical examination and anthropometry were investigated, samples were taken for serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ng/mL and calcium level assessment. The outcome was morbidity in sickle cell children in terms of frequency of pain episodes, number of febrile episodes, number of blood transfusions and total number of admissions.Results:Out of 89 cases, 58 (65.17%) cases were deficient in vitamin D (30 ng/dL). The mean vitamin D level was 19.42ng/dL. Morbidity in SCD was more in VDD children compared to vitamin D sufficient children with significance in the number of pain episodes and the total number of hospital admissions but not in the number of admissions for acute febrile illness or the total number of blood transfusions.Conclusion:VDD was prevalent in 65.17% of children with SCD. Children between 4-12 years were more affected with a male predominance. As this study involved children with SCD alone, future studies need to be carried out involving children without SCD to establish a better possible link between vitamin-D and SCD morbidity.

Background and Design: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous, infectious disease that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Leprosy in children is an indicator of active transmission in the community. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and clinical spectrum of childhood leprosy and highlight the importance of examining close contacts and the impact of detection and treatment of leprosy in the community. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients presenting to the dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital attached to a medical college during the years 2011-2019. Results: Two hundred and twenty-three patients with leprosy were analyzed, of which 201 were adults and 22 were children. Children constituted 9.87% of the patients (approx. one child with leprosy for every 10 adults with leprosy). Of 22 children with leprosy, 13 (59.09%) were boys and nine (40.90%) were girls, with a ratio of 1.4: 1. Twelve of twenty-two child patients (54.54%) had a single patch, while 10 of 22 (45.45%) had more than one skin lesion. Fourteen patients (63.63%) were diagnosed clinically with borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy, and six patients (27.27%) had borderline lepromatous leprosy. Of the fourteen patients with BT leprosy, 10 patients (71.4%) had a single lesion. Eleven patients (50%) were diagnosed with multibacillary leprosy, and eleven patients (50%) were diagnosed with paucibacillary leprosy. A clinicopathological correlation was noted in 16 patients (72.72%). Family contact was observed in four children with leprosy. Conclusion: A high proportion of childhood leprosy cases indicates active transmission and warrants awareness among the community members and healthcare workers in terms of early detection and treatment of childhood and adult leprosy. This helps in preventing transmission, development of grave deformities, and associated social stigma of leprosy among the community members.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an uncommon life-threatening immune disorder that may be either primary or secondary to infection, malignancy, or rheumatological disease. In tropical countries like India, secondary HLH is more commonly seen. Both Dengue fever and scrub typhus, which result in more than half of all acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in tropics, can occasionally result in HLH. Early diagnosis of HLH and institution of appropriate treatment can result in a good outcome. Although coinfections are common in tropical countries, HLH due to coinfections is rare. We are reporting a child diagnosed with HLH associated with coinfection with scrub typhus and Dengue fever that received early supportive treatment and recovered without needing chemotherapy.

Over the last few decades, the perioperative management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has improved, yet, the management is challenging. Complications are common, and pleural complications like pneumothorax and effusion after open CDH repair are still a concern. Tube thoracostomy is often inserted to reduce postoperative pleural complications. However, tube thoracostomy, although having benefits and thought to be innocuous, may lead to life-threatening complications like tension pneumothorax. The present case report highlights an unusual scenario of acute respiratory failure with near cardiac arrest in the immediate postoperative period where the cause of the catastrophe was open pneumothorax rather than the tension one. The possible phenomena behind the said cause are described.

‘Circular economy’ in agriculture centres on the production of agricultural commodities using a minimal amount of external inputs, closing nutrient loops and reducing negative discharges to the environment (in the form of wastes and emissions). This can be achieved through the (re)design of maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing, and recycling. Under the principles of CE, products and materials approaching their end-of-life stage can be regenerated or restored or replaced. Circular agriculture is aimed at closing the loop of materials and substances, and reducing both resource use and discharges into the environment. New measures like environmental taxes, insurance for liability resulting from environmental damage, cap and trade system and environmental labelling can be explored to promote transition of a current linear model to a circular one. The circular economy in Nepal is in infant stage and there is plenty of works to be done in this sector. The results of the paper will be instrumental for the transition of Nepalese agricultural sector to a more circular one.

The microscopic features of the testis were studied in gonadally inactive Khaki Campbell duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh. The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy & Histology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Five adult healthy birds of one-year-old were used for this study. The testes were collected immediately after ethical killing of the birds for histological observations. The collected tissue samples were then processed and stained with Hematoxylene & Eosin (H & E) stain for histological observations. The seminiferous tubules showed considerable involution with cessation of spermatogenesis. The basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules was irregular in outline and was invaginated into the germinal epithelium in the form of finger-like plicae or folds. Most of the lumen of the seminiferous tubules was empty and all generation of germ cells were not present in most of the seminifeous tubules. The interstitium showed a relative increase in volume and interstitial tissue consisted of loose connective tissue, interstitial cells (Leydig cells), few connective cells and blood vessels. This study first time described the microscopic features of testis of Khaki Campbell ducks in Bangladesh during inactive phases of the reproductive cycle.

Background and Design: The harmful ultraviolet radiation of sunlight can damage skin cells and affect the skin’s normal appearance. The short term effects associated with sun exposure include acute skin damage associated changes such as sunburn, suntan and the long term effects are delayed pigmentation, impaired vitamin D synthesis, altered immunological responses of the skin, photodamage and photocarcinogenesis. The majority of these photodermatoses are preventable with the implementation of appropriate sun protection measures and behavioral changes. Materials and Methods: Data collection was done with the help of a structured questionnaire which was distributed among 339 undergraduate medical students in their 4th, 7th, 8th and 9th term attending dermatology postings at a medical college attached to a tertiary hospital from January 2018 to July 2018. Results: The majority of the students in this study were 4th term undergraduates representing 35.3% of the population. The mean ± standard deviation scores of knowledge, behaviour and awareness were 11.67±3.31, 12.32±5.004, 24±6.282, respectively. Only 26.8% of the above population always used sunscreen during daily activities, 32.1% sometimes, 25.6% rarely used and 15.3% never used sunscreen during daily activities. One-Way ANOVA tests depicted a statistically significant difference among the various term students with respect to variables of knowledge, behaviour and awareness score with a p

Sub-inner limiting membrane (ILM) hemorrhage is a rare presenting feature of dengue maculopathy. A 24-year-old man in active military service who was recently treated for dengue hemorrhagic fever presented with sub-ILM bleeding in right eye (dominant eye) with profound diminution of vision. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography confirmed sub-ILM hemorrhage with no evidence of vasculitis/venous occlusion or neovascularization. He refused active surgical management by pars plana vitrectomy and was treated with pneumatic tamponade of C3F8 (100%) gas with prone positioning in order to achieve faster visual recovery. He responded well to treatment with complete visual recovery in 1 week. This case report documents for the first time treatment of sub-ILM hemorrhage in the premacular area with pneumatic tamponade in prone position leading to rapid and complete visual recovery in a patient with dengue maculopathy. This novel approach can be employed for patients who are ineligible for more active surgical management.

Pleurotus tuber-regium has been used as fodder and traditionally used as medicinal supplement. The aim of this study was to screen in vitro proximate biochemical composition and nutritional potentiality of P. tuber-regium extract for further in vivo analysis of impact of the extract on serum lipid and testosterone profile of rats. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol were measured photometrically. Testosterone was measured by chemiluminescence immune assay. P. tuber-regium extract contains different biochemicals such as proteins, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, phenols etc. and showed highly quantified calorific value (297.89±1.92 calori/100g). Acute toxicity test showed no mortality and toxic behavioural symptoms. Significant decrease in total cholesterol (75.52±0.39mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (34.58±1.69mg/dL) and triglyceride (81.31±1.25) were observed in rat group treated with 200mg/kg dose of extract. 400mg/kg dose of extract showed higher efficacy than 200mg/kg dose of extract and significantly decreased total cholesterol (72.25±1.11mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (26.37±1.21mg/dL) and triglyceride (69.42±0.72). The extract showed testosterone enhance efficacy. 400mg/kg dose of extract showed high level testosterone (178.96±0.68 ng/dL) enhance efficacy than 200mg/kg dose (174.64±0.64ng/dL). Due to hypocholesterolaemia and testosterone elevating properties of P. tuber-regium extract, it can be said that, mushroom P. tuber-regium can be consumed as healthy diet supplement to maintain cholesterol level and to maintain good male reproductive health.

This experiment was conducted in tomato field at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU, Chitwan, Nepal) between October 2016 and May 2017 to evaluate effect of net house on invasive insect species of tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). The trial was setup with two treatments inside net house and under open conditions and was designed with four replications. The adults of T. absoluta were observed significantly lower numbers inside the net house (1.41 adult/trap) compared to the open condition (24.84 adult/trap). The T. absoluta population increased with rainfall. The marketable yield was significantly higher inside the net house (100.91 ton/hec) due to reduction of damage to tomato fruit (4 ton/hec) by T. absoluta. The initial level of investment was found to be higher inside the net house when compared to open cultivation. In terms of economic analysis in long term aspect only, the net house is a suitable means of pest management against T. absoluta.

Rainbow trout, a salmonid species has an economic importance worldwide and contributes to the indigenous food security. The present study was conducted in complete randomized design (CRD) to evaluate the dietary inclusion of citric acid with phytase as supplement on growth responses of rainbow trout. There were four treatments of diets with 0.5% citric acid (T1), 1% citric acid (T2), 1.5% citric acid (T3) and 0% control (T4) of citric acid incorporated with 1200FYT phytase as supplement. The treatments were replicated three times. Total harvest weight of fish in T3 (5720.2±105.6g) was significantly higher and different than T2 (4595.9±434.9g), T1 (4589.8±240.2g) and T4 (4567.5±217.3g). The highest daily growth rate was seen in treatment T3 (1.1±0.0) which was significantly different than T2 (0.9±0.0), T1 (0.9±0.0) and T4 (0.8±0.0). The highest specific growth rate was seen in the treatment T3 (0.8±0.01) which was significantly different than T1 (0.7±0.0), T2 (0.7±0.1) and T4 (0.7±0.0). The lowest food conversion ratio was seen in T3 (2.2±0.1) which was significantly different with T2 (2.6±0.1), T1 (2.7±0.1) and T4 (2.8±0.1). Similarly, the highest protein efficiency ratio was seen in treatment T3 (1.0±0.1) which was not significantly different with T2 (0.8±0.0) and T1 (0.8±0.1) but was significantly different than T4 (0.7±0.0). No significant changes were observed in water temperature, dissolve oxygen and pH under different treatments. The present findings demonstrated that dietary inclusion of citric acid with phytase as supplement enhance growth by reducing the pH in the gut which increases the phytate hydrolysis, kills the pathogens, decreases the rate of gastric emptying, improves mineralization and nutrient absorption.

This study investigatesthe impact of climatic factors on sugarcane yield in 19 Indian states. Cobb-Douglas production function model was used to estimate the regression coefficients of explanatory variables with sugarcane yield using state-wise panel data during 1970-2017. Thereupon, it estimates the marginal change in sugarcane yield as 1 unit increase in climatic factors using marginal impact analysis technique. It was also projected sugarcane yield across Indian states for different years (i.e. 2040s, 2060s, 2080s and 2100s). Empirical results shows that area sown and value of production per hectare land have a positive implication on sugarcane yield. Climatic factors such as annual average maximum temperature, annual actual rainfall and precipitation show a negative impact on sugarcane yield. Sugarcane yield, therefore, decreases as increase in annual average maximum temperature, and annual actual rainfall and precipitation. Results based on marginal impact analysis technique imply that sugarcane yield is expected to be declined by 1.51% due to one-unit change in climatic factors in India. Estimates demonstrate that marginal impact of climatic factors on sugarcane yield was significantly varied across Indian states due to extreme diversity in climatic factors, geographical location, irrigation facilities, natural resources, farm management practices, use of advance technologies and fertilizer in sugarcane farming, agricultural development policies and agricultural R&D. Results imply that sugarcane yield is likely to be declined by 3.84%, 4.69%, 5.55% and 6.62% in different climate change scenarios in India. Thus, it would create extensive problems for sugarcane farmers, agricultural labours, sugar industries, consumers and government in India.

COVID-19, the current global pandemic is of tremendous concern to the occupational health community, because health care professionals would face the greatest risk of exposure. There are various rumors and myths circulating in the social media and other various online platforms regarding the reuse of N-95 respirators during the pandemic situation and hence it is essential to explore this current scenario based on the working mechanism and various decontamination and reuse strategies of N-95 respirators. Although various modes of disinfection of N95 respirators discussed above, the prime necessity is the vigilance of each and every method of disinfection. Improper method of disinfection is dangerous since it serves as the source of infection of COVID-19 and various other life threatening infections.

Physical activity is advantageous for several diseases like heart problem, diabetes amp; cancer as well. The complete load of diseases depends upon the physical inactivity. The significance of physical life style is to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes as well as hypertension. The aim of the study was to determine the physical therapist’s prescription regarding benefits of active life style among patients. A cross sectional study with 150 sample size was conducted in different universities of Karachi. Valid questionnaire was used to collect data to examine the prescription of active lifestyle for patients. Data was analyzed through SPSS 20 version, frequency and percentage was calculated. The result of this study showed that majority physical therapist agreed with the prescription of short time exercises on most of the day is good for patient’s health. This study concluded that majority of physical therapist agreed for the implementation of benefits of active life style among patients. The recommendation of this study is that the governing body of physical therapy should be organized different programs like workshops and seminars regarding fitness training.

Objectives:The use of benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-preserved medications is associated with ocular surface disease (OSD) that can negatively affect quality of life (QoL) in glaucoma patients. This study aimed to compare QoL and correlate it with OSD in glaucoma patients receiving BAC-preserved and BAC-free travoprost.Materials and Methods:A total of 110 subjects were divided into 3 groups: 40 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients using BAC-preserved travoprost, 40 POAG patients using BAC-free travoprost, and 30 age-matched controls. All patients were assessed using a single interviewer-administered format of the Ocular Surface Disease index (OSDI) and Glaucoma Quality of Life-15 (GQL-15) questionnaires.Results:Mean GQL-15 score in the BAC group was significantly higher than in the BAC-free group (24.71±7.42 vs. 17.58±3.06; p0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between OSDI scores and GQL-15 scores in all the groups (r values: BAC: 0.63, BAC-free: 0.23, controls: 0.29), with higher OSDI scores (severe OSD) associated with higher GQL-15 scores (worse QoL). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.84 for GQL-15 and 0.75 for OSDI.Conclusion:BAC-preserved travoprost leads to higher OSDI scores, which correlate strongly with poor QoL scores as compared to BAC-free travoprost. The use of BAC-free formulations should be encouraged to reduce the onset or worsening of OSD and impaired QoL in glaucoma patients.

Introduction: Anterior and Posterior tibial vessels are commonly used for anastomosis in lower limb reconstruction. There are situations when both of these vessels have inadequate flow or the lie of the adjacent vessel in relation to the flap is not conducive for total coverage of the defect. In these situations, Peroneal pedicle can be used as the recipient vessel for free tissue transfer. We present our experience of using Peroneal pedicle as recipient vessel for successful free tissue transfer. Methods: All the patients undergoing free tissue transfer for lower limb reconstruction having anastomosis with Peroneal vessels were included. The patients fall under two groups. 1. Trauma- 6 patients with complex defect due to trauma had normal palpable distal pulsations at ankle but the target vessel was thrombosed, flap orientation was not conducive for the other vessel hence intraoperative decision to use Peroneal vessels was made. 2. Diabetic foot- Three patients had clinically non palpable pulsations at the ankle. They had biphasic flow in both the Tibial vessels and triphasic in peroneal as confirmed preoperatively with color Doppler. Free flaps were done using the anastomosis to Peroneal vessels. Results: Of 182 free flaps for lower limb reconstruction in last 4 years we have used Peroneal vessels as recipient pedicle in nine patients for successful free tissue transfer. All the flaps survived without any complication. Conclusion: Peroneal pedicle can be safely utilized as recipient vessel for free to free transfer in special situations. This is an underutilized pedicle to reconstruct many complex defects.

Background: To surgically validate high-resolution ultrasonography (USG) in the detection of missed tendon and nerve injuries after penetrating wounds of the hand and wrist. Materials and Methods: Patients with penetrating wounds of the hand and wrist were examined to determine the location of injury, size, and depth of the wound, probable tendons or nerves involved. The selected cases underwent high-resolution ultrasound of the affected part. Injuries detected were noted. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values of the high resolution of ultrasound in preoperative detection of tendon and nerve injuries were calculated against the gold standard of intraoperative confirmation. Results: Fifty patients with penetrating injuries to the hand and wrist with the mean age 28.3 ± 4.7 years were admitted. The high-resolution USG of all the 50 patients 33 (66%) were found to have isolated tendon injury and 14 cases were found to have isolated nerve injury, whereas three cases were found to have both tendon and nerve injury. The injuries were compared with injuries confirmed on intraoperative exploration. The calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of high-resolution USG for diagnosing the tendon injuries were 97.22%, 98.42%, 97.22%, and 98.42%, respectively. The calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of high-resolution USG for diagnosing the nerve injuries were 85%, 92.85%, 89.47%, and 89.65%, respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded that high-resolution USG is significantly cheaper and dynamic diagnostic modality which can be used to provide additional information for diagnosing tendon and nerve tears and their location and types in cases of penetrating wounds of the hand and wrist.

Background: To evaluate the reliability of pedicled thoracoumbilical flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects around the elbow. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study undertaken between September 2017 and November 2018, in division of plastic and reconstructive surgery of our institution. Patients with soft-tissue defect of the elbow referred from the division of orthopedic surgery were included. Those with a scarring in the region of thoracoabdominal flap were excluded. A detailed history and examination were recorded. An informed consent was taken from every patient. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the elbow were taken in all cases. Pedicled thoracoumbilical flaps were raised in all patients for the coverage of soft-tissue defects around elbow. Pedicle division and final inset were done after 4 weeks in all cases. All patients were followed up regularly. Results: A total of 5 patients with soft-tissue defect around the elbow were referred to our division from the division of orthopedic surgery. All patients were male with a mean age of 33 ± 6.67 years (25–40 years). The injuries were common in labor class, and the most common etiology being fall from height in three out of five cases. The right elbow was often injured (three out of five cases). In all patients, the wounds were of Gustilo Anderson grade IIIB. In one case, the implant was exposed (case 3). The mean defect size was 45.75 ± 6.29 cm2, and the mean flap size was 171.85 ± 13.12 cm2. No complications were seen in our case series. Conclusion: The pedicled thoraco-umbilical flap is technically simple and versatile option for the coverage of soft-tissue defect around elbow since it is vascularity is predictable.

Background and Objectives: Fournier′s gangrene is a rare, rapidly progressive, fulminant form of necrotizing fasciitis of the genital, perianal, and perineal regions. It is characterized by progressive spread of necrosis in the skin and subcutaneous tissue which results in defects of various sizes in perineal region. Various techniques have been described for the reconstruction of these defects such as split thickness skin grafts, muscle flaps (e.g., Gracilis flap), and fasciocutaneous flaps (e.g., pudendal flap), perineal flap, anterolateral thigh flap, deep inferior epigastric perforator flap, and anteromedial thigh flap. We intend to study the results of medial thigh flap procedure in patients with scrotal defect following Fournier′s gangrene. Materials and Methods: Medial thigh flap was performed in eight patients with Fournier′s gangrene. The patients were selected consecutively from December 2016 to December 2017. All patients were followed for 3-6 months postoperatively. Results: All flaps survived well. However, in two cases, there was partial distal necrosis. Both cases were managed conservatively. In all cases, donor site healed well except for one case in which infection of the donor site suture line occurred. It was managed by frequent dressing. Interpretation and Conclusions: The medial thigh flap is a reliable fasciocutaneous flap which can be done in reasonably short operative time to cover difficult defects with excellent results.

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Background: This study aimed to determine the reliability of perforator pedicled propeller flap for coverage of wounds around the ankle. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study undertaken between September 2017 and November 2018 in the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of our institution. Patients with soft-tissue defect of the ankle referred from the Division of Orthopedic Surgery were included. Those with a scarring in the region of calf in the area of proposed flap were excluded. A detailed history and examination were recorded. A complete blood count, kidney and liver function tests, coagulation profile, and hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency viral marker testing were performed following informed consent. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the ankle were taken in all cases. Perforator pedicled propeller flaps were raised in all patients for coverage of soft-tissue defects around the ankle. All patients were followed up regularly. Results: Ten patients with soft-tissue defect around the ankle were referred to our division from the Division of Orthopedic Surgery or admitted through the outpatient department of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of our institution. Eight patients were male and two were female, with the age ranging from 10 to 50 years. The mean operation time was 58 min. Size of the flap varied from 21 cm × 8 cm (168 cm2) to 8 cm × 5 cm (40 cm2). Flaps were rotated through 110°–180°. Out of ten flaps, eight flaps survived completely without any complications. Partial flap loss was found in one patient (10%), marginal flap necrosis in one patient (10%), and none of the flap was lost completely. Thus, the overall success rate of perforator pedicled propeller flap in our study observed was 80%. Conclusion: The perforator-based propeller flap is a versatile and reliable flap for the coverage of soft-tissue defects around the ankle because its vascularity is predictable.

Objective: To study leprosy patients in tribal concentrated Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, India in terms of their knowledge, attitudes and the stigma they have experienced. Method: This cross-sectional study included 101 registered Leprosy patients, in a single leprosy treatment centre between April, 2012 - June, 2013. The data collection tool (a pre tested close-ended questionnaire) was based on leprosy related socio-demographic variables, knowled geregarding different kinds of problems and issues experienced by the patients/participants. The investigators collected the data in face to face interviews and house hold visit. Results: Overall the majority of the respondents (85.1%) were between 16 and 60 years of age. 74.3% were males, 80.2% were married, and 54.5% were literate. The majority (67.3%) articulated positive knowledge about transmission of the disease, 75.3% knew that numbness of hands is an early symptom, 88.12% that it is curable, 91.1% had untreated deformities. Experiences reported included disturbed marital relationships (90.1%) or social life (94.1%), loss of employment (54.5%), isolation with the sitation to talk to people (29.7%), family members not sharing food (94.1%); being forced to leave the family (54.45%). Health education interventions improved the knowledge of 91.1% of participants. Multi-Bacillary leprosy was higher in newly registered cases with higher disabilities in the hands and feet (60.4%), eyes (29.7%). 9.9% of WHO grade-2 disabilities were due to a delayed diagnosis. 67.5% of the patients/participants with some form of disability had experienced a delay in diagnosis up to 12 months. Conclusion: The study noted that the tribal people were affected by leprosy not only in terms of the physical problems, but also by the stigmatization that affects their social participation. These need to be addressed by the progress of the national leprosyp rogram.Keywords: Leprosy, social stigma, disability grading, India

Dişeti büyümesi düzenli diş pratiğinde rutin bir bulgudur. Pek çok etiyolojik etkene sahip olmasına rağmen, sistemik problemleri tedavi etmek için uygulanan ilaçlara bağlı genişleme, dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli bir konudur. İlaç kaynaklı dişeti aşırı büyümesi sıklıkla anti hipertansifler, antikonvülzanlar ve immünsüpresanlar ile ilişkilidir. Gingival büyüme geliştikçe, normal ağız hijyeni pratiğini etkiler ve çiğneme fonksiyonlarına müdahale edebilir. Bu yavaş yavaş bir ağrı kaynağı haline gelir ve durum genellikle bozulmaya yol açar. Bu istenmeyen etkiyi geliştiren hasta grubunda, dişeti değişimlerinin boyut ve şiddetinde değişkenlik olduğu görülmektedir. Olası risk faktörlerini tanımlamak ve araştırmak ve tedavi planı ile ilişkilendirmek ideal görünmektedir. Burada, beş yıldan beri nifedipin tedavsi almaktayken ilaca bağlı gingival büyümesi olan 33 yaşında bir kadın hasta sunulmuş ve tedavisi tartışılmıştır.

Lipomların histopatolojik varyantı olan anjiyolipomalar, benign mezenkimal tümördür ve olgun adipositlerin çoğalması ile karakterizedir ve birkaç tıkalı kan damlasından oluşan anjiyomatöz proliferasyon serpiştirilmiştir. Gövde ve ekstremitelerin en sık görülen tümörü olmalarına rağmen, kapsülleşmelerine göre ağız boşluğunda çok nadir görülürler; infiltre olan ve olmayan olarak sınıflandırılabilirler. İntraoral dil, bukkal mukoza ve ağız zemini en sık görülen bölgelerdir ancak sert damak anjiolipom için çok nadir bir yerdir. Burada, 39 yaşındaki bir erkekte damak anjiyolipoması olan bir olguyu sunmaktayız. Mevcut olguda ayrıca anjiyolipomanın sitopatolojik özellikleri vurgulanmıştır.