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Objective: We conducted this study to determine the factors that cause foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with or without diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study compared the feet examination results of 43 Type 2 DM patients with or without DFU. The study data were collected using a patient identification form and a diabetic foot examination form. Data are presented as percent, mean, and standard deviation. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis. The statistical significance level was taken as p<0.05. Results: Of the patients, 63% were male, 79% were married, their mean age was 63.16±9.43, and the mean diabetes year was 18.44±7.77. 74% of the patients had a previous DFU. Of the existing DFU, 58% were on the right foot, 49% were on the toes, 49% were Wagner grade 2, and 37% were infected. There was edema and warmth in the DFU foot (p<0.05). DFU foot had a weaker sense of touch and vibration than the other. Ankle-Brakial Index was below 0.9. Foot pulses were weak, and there were deformities. Conclusion: Patients with DFU feet have an increased risk of recurrent ulcer formation. These patients should be followed periodically and educated about ulcer formation and signs and symptoms of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, it is aimed to determine under the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis whether the newly industrialized countries, which need high output in order to gain competitive advantage, provide their economic development by considering environmental policies. For this purpose, the hypothesis was tested with panel data analysis for the years 1980-2021. In the study, CADF unit root, Westerlund cointegration and Augmented Mean Group Estimator (AMG) tests were used. According to the obtained findings, although it is observed that there is a long-term relationship between the variables, it has been determined that the increase in per capita income in Brazil and Turkey reduces carbon emissions. In Mexico and the Philippines, it has been observed that increases in income and per capita income, respectively, increase carbon dioxide emissions. Although there is no statistical significance in terms of income per capita for the panel in general within the scope of newly industrialized countries that have not yet completed their development, it has been determined that increases in income used as a control variable increase CO2 emissions. The results show that the environmental Kuznets curve, which states that increases in per capita income first increase environmental pollution and then decrease it, is valid only in Brazil and Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sense of hearing is important for animals, especially dogs, to fulfil their duties. The aim of the study is to determine the normative data of hearing sense in Aksaray Malaklısı shepherd dogs bred in Sivas (I., III. and V wave latencies at 80 db HL). In the study, the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test was performed in 32 dogs in total. In addition, dogs are divided into groups according to age, gender and general. Normative data were determined for the reference latency intervals for each wave of both ears of the animals in the groups; in addition, statistical differences between wave latency intervals were also investigated. In general, independent groups t-test was used to compare the two ears. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskall-Wallis tests were used to compare genders and ages according to the mean of both ears. All statistical analysis were performed in the SPSS v.25 packed programme. At the end of the study I., III. and V. of wave latencies the mean values for the general, female, male, younger than 9 months, 10 -30 months and 31 months and over groups were 1.37-2.30-3.52; 1.36-2.27-3.50; 1.45-2.40-3.58; 1.30-2.25-3.65; 1.302.25-3.55, and 1.43-2.33-3.48 ms, respectively. No statistical significance was found in the wave latencies in the comparison of the groups (P>0.05). In this study, normative data on the sense of hearing in Aksaray Malaklısı shepherd dogs were determined for the first time. These normative data can be used as a reference range in clinical examinations and future studies on hearing of Aksaray Malaklısı shepherd dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In our study, it was aimed to determine the effect of the knowledge and fear level of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients about the new type of coronavirus (Covid-19) disease on taking measures. Material and Method: One hundred sixty-eight DM patients who applied to Firat University Faculty of Medicine Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic were included in the descriptive and cross-sectional study. The questionnaire consists of three parts: socio-demographic information, level of knowledge about the subject, and the Covid-19 Fear Scale. The scale consists of one dimension and 7 items. High scores from the scale mean experiencing a high level of fear of covid-19. Ethical permission was obtained. The data obtained as a result of the research were evaluated with SPSS 22.0. Statistical significance was accepted as p <0.05. Results: The median age of the participants in the study was 57,00, 58.9% of them were female, and 61.9% were using oral antidiabetic. 66.7% of them had a familial history of diabetes. 39.9% of the participants (67 people) had a diagnosis of hypertension. The median Covid-19 fear scale score of DM patients was 21,00. Age and knowledge and precaution scores were negatively correlated, while fear scale scores were positively correlated with knowledge and precautionary scores. The knowledge and precautionary scores of associate-bachelor's and master's and above were high. Conclusion: The knowledge level and precautionary behaviors of DM patients who were more afraid of Covid-19 were higher. With the advancing education level, the scores of knowledge and taking measures increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: The aim of this study was to examine temporal changes of extreme temperature indices in Western Anatolia over the periods 1966- 1976, 1977-1997, 1998-2018 and 1966-2018, both in annual and seasonal scales. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded between 1966 and 2018 at 35 meteorological stations in Western Anatolia were used. Seventeen extreme temperature indices were produced using the software RClimDex. Statistical significances of temporal changes of the indices were determined by Mann-Kendall test, and magnitudes of the changes by Sen's Slope Estimator. The results showed general but weak increases for cold indices, and decreases for hot indices during 1966-1976. These patterns reversed during next subperiods, and during whole period of record, with stronger changes, both in annual and seasonal scales. The trends were stronger in summer than in other seasons. It can be concluded that the changes in extreme temperature indices over Western Anatolia were in comply with the changes in average temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, trend analysis of monthly and annual streamflow drought index (SDI) of 7 streamflow gauging stations in Yeşilırmak basin was performed. The Mann-Kendall (MK), Şen Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) and Thiel Sen Approach (TSA) methods were used to reveal drought trends. Before applying the MK test, the effect of the lag-1 serial dependence of the SDI series was eliminated with the trend-free pre-whitening (TFPW) procedure. Trend analyzes were evaluated according to statistical significance levels of 1% and 5%. As a result, it has been revealed that ITA is superior to the MK test in terms of showing the change of hydrological drought trends graphically in the desired range and expressing the trends more precisely. In addition, it has been determined that hydrological drought trends, increase in monthly and annual time periods are dominant in the study area. For this reason, actions such as managing drought risks, measures against drought and early warning systems should be implemented in an integrated manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to examine breastfeeding rates among 4 and 6 months-old children followed in our Well Child Clinic, to evaluate the change in exclusive breastfeeding rates over years and to investigate the relationship between maternal education level and exclusive breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: For this descriptive study, medical files of children followed in our Well Child Clinic were retrospectively analyzed. The information on breastfeeding and any additional feeding practices and maternal education levels were gathered from the files. Results: In 2013, exclusive breastfeeding rate on fourth month was 60.6%, whereas it raised to 75.5% in 2017. Similarly, exclusive breastfeeding rate on sixth month raised from 28.2% in 2013 to 46% in 2017. In 2013, ratio of infants feeding only with infant formula on fourth month and sixth month follow ups were 9.9% and 11.5% respectively. These rates decreased to 3.4% on the fourth month and 2.5% on the sixth month in 2017. As this increase in breastfeeding rates are statistically significant for both fourth month and sixth month follow ups; rates of feeding only with infant formula were decreased with statistical significance both on fourth and sixth month follow ups. Exclusive breastfeeding rates were significantly higher on both fourth and sixth months in mothers who are university graduates. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding rates of infants followed in our clinic have been increasing over the years. We believe this is accomplished by regular well child visits, breastfeeding counseling in every visit and implementation of 'Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative' practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate water consumption behaviors and factors affecting 112 emergency health care workers. Methods: In this descriptive study, the questionnaire form applied consisted of two parts. The first part of the survey contains with socio-demographic characteristics and study-related characteristics. In the second part, water consumption behavior (WCB) scale was used. Data analysis was performed with SPSS 23 program. Water consumption behavior scale and its sub-dimensions were evaluated in independent groups by t-test and oneway analysis of variance. Post hoc Tukey test was used to determine the groups from which the difference originated in the variance analysis. The level of significance in statistical analysis was accepted as 0.05. Results: The average age was 24.79 when the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were examined. Of the respondents, 50.2% were male, 67.0% were employed in an emergency medical service station, 71.6% were single, 57.0% were assistant, 51.6% were paramedics, and 54.0% were employed for "1-5" years. The water consumption behavior scale was 55.28±10.04. Examination of the results of our study; emergency health care workers were found to have a high sensitivity to water consumption. In this study; It has been observed that women, those with a higher education level, those over the age of 26, doctors, those working in emergency health services stations and married people exhibit more positive behavior in terms of water consumption behavior. Conclusion: In this study, although the water consumption sensitivity of emergency health care workers is high, it is recommended to provide pre-hospital emergency service employees with water consumption awareness training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to investigate the musical interest level of the students taking education in varied Departments of the Universities. General survey model has been used as research design. The study group of the research consists of 105 (61 female, 44 male) spring term students taking education in a state university taking place in Western Black Sea region. ‘Interest Level Scale’ developed by Okay, Gençel Ataman and Kırtak Ad was used in order to evaluate the relevance level of students taking education in varied departments. The obtained data was analysed via Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H tests. Research findings showed that there is statistical significance among the musical interest level of the students taking education in medical, mechanical engineering and department of Turkish language and literature students. Further, while there is no statistical significance among the students in terms of age and grade, there is a statistical significance in terms of gender and high school types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the relationship between motor and sensory development in the first 4 months of life in preterm infants born at 32 gestational weeks and below. Material and Methods: The study consisted of 56 high-risk infants with a corrected age of 1 month who were born at 32 gestational weeks and stayed in the neonatal intensive care unit for at least 15 days. Neuro Sensory Motor Developmental Assessment and Infant Sensory Profile-2 were used for evaluation. These assessments were applied to preterm infants at the 1st and 4th months. The results of assessments were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. The relationship between the results of motor and sensory assessments was analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. Results: The mean gestational age of the infants was 29.58±2.09 weeks, their birth weights were 1233.87±251.22 grams, and their duration of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit was 26.48±9.58 days. There was a statistically significant difference between the N euro Sensory Motor Developmental Assessment and Infant Sensory Profile-2 scores between the 1st and 4th months (p<0.05). It was found that there was a risk in terms of sensory development in 86-91% of the preterm infants at the 1st month and in 69-85% at the 4th month. There was moderate-strong degree of significant relationship between motor and sensory development. Conclusion: Considering the findings of our study, preterm infants are at risk for motor and sensory development. There is, therefore, a need for future research to investigate the effect of early sensory-based intervention approaches on preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financially, terrorism creates uncertainty and unrest in the markets. Uncertainty leads to an increase in existing risks and to a change in stock returns resulting from changes in investment behavior. The aim of this study experienced some terrorist attacks in the event that loss of civilian lives in Turkey in 2016 was to investigate the effect of stock returns. In this study, whether abnormal returns were obtained in ISE due to terrorist attacks were investigated. As a result of the analysis conducted with the event study method, it was determined that no abnormal returns with statistical significance were obtained in the event window. Significant differences were observed in the cumulative mean abnormal returns. However, due to the very low intensity of these differences, the stock exchange was affected by these events but it did not react very seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical and neurological emergency with high morbidity and mortality. There are a variety of potential etiologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the type of SE episode recorded in patients with brain tumors and to determine the effect of primary and metastatic brain tumors and SE type on response to treatment and mortality. Methods: An SE patient database was examined for individuals with brain tumors diagnosed clinically and electrophysiologically. Demographic features, SE subtype, response to treatment, and mortality rate were recorded. Results: There were 38 (14%) SE episodes in patients with intracranial tumors in the database. Convulsive SE (CSE) was the most common type, with 23 (60%) instances recorded. There was no statistically significant correlation between SE episodes and the intracranial tumor type (p=0.76). In all, 40% (n=15) remained refractory despite appropriate treatment. Six patients died in the hospital. No statistically significant relationship was found between refractoriness and mortality (p=0.737). Conclusion: The most common type of SE episode in patients with brain tumors was CSE. The higher mortality of patients with brain tumors and SE episodes may be a result of systemic complications that can accompany tumors. In addition, the changes in awareness of patients with brain tumors as they experience tumor progression or edema may be misdiagnosed, and if NCSE does not come to mind, the diagnosis is delayed, which can increase mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cardiovascular disease risk factors are known to be associated with elevated serum uric acid levels. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of coronary artery disease and serum uric acid levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography for known stable ischemic heart disease. Material and Method: A total of 76 patients who had stable angina and underwent coronary angiography with objective ischemia were consecutively included in the study. Blood samples were collected from all patients prior to angiography for routine biochemical analysis. Gensini scores were calculated by independent observers. In the statistical analysis of the data, IBM SPSS statistical version 21 package program was used. Statistical significance level was taken as 0.05 in all tests. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.2±8.93 years and the male gender was 86% of the study group. The mean serum uric acid level was 6.58±1.76 mg/dl, the mean Gensini score was 73.8±28.7. When the correlation of inflammatory parameters such as serum neutrophil, lymphocyte, hs-CRP and uric acid levels with Gensini score was examined, only serum uric acid level was statistically correlated with Gensini score (r:0.44, p<0.001). Conclusion: Serum uric acid levels may be a successful predictor of the widespread and severity of stable ischemic heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of epileptic seizures in the perioperative period in patients who were diagnosed with a glial tumor. Methods: This was a retrospective clinical study of the hospital files of 39 patients diagnosed with glial tumors in a single clinic between January 2016 and March 2018 as well as the data of the first 3 months of postoperative control. The glial tumor histopathological subgroup, presence of an isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, radiological treatment feasibility of the site, deep or cortical location, and operative method were analyzed in relation to the incidence of epileptic seizures. Results: Of the 39 patients included in this study, the male/female ratio was 25/14. In all, 22 patients were diagnosed with a glial tumor after an epileptic seizure and 17 patients were initially examined for other complaints and subsequently diagnosed with a glial tumor. The functional field localization of the glial tumor in the preoperative period and the superficial location in the postoperative period were found to be statistically significant regarding epileptic seizure frequency. Conclusion: Functional level, superficial localization, World Health Organization grade II, and awake craniotomy were correlated with decreased incidence of postoperative seizures in glioma cases. However, despite the postoperative use of antiepileptic drugs in these subgroups, the incidence of epileptic seizures varied between 27% and 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The use of a cardiopulmonary machine during cardiac surgery causes a non-physiological circulation in the brain and the other body organs. This situation usually causes brain ischemia. Due to this or other factors, neurological disorders such as stroke and psychiatric disorders are encountered during the perioperative period. In this study, it was aimed to compare neuroelectrical activity measured during extracorporeal circulation in coronary bypass surgery with preoperative values of the patient. Materials and Methods: Six male patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery in cardiovascular surgery participated in the study. Both the preoperative (PrO) and during operation (InO) electroencephalography (EEG) data obtained from the frontal region. The delta (δ; 0.5-3.5 Hz), theta (ϑ; 3.5-7 Hz), alpha (α; 8-14 Hz), beta (β; 15-30 Hz) ve gamma (γ; 30-48 Hz) frequency power components were calculated. An equal number of PrO and InO period EEG power values from each participant were taken and used for statistical analysis. Results with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The main finding of the study is that the frequency power spectrum values show a decrease in the extracorporeal circulation. When the percentage reduction is compared, it is seen that the fast frequencies decrease at a statistically significant with respect to the slow frequencies. Conclusion: Changes in the EEG frequencies of this preliminary study indicate that brain functions are reduced during extracorporeal circulation. In a broader group of patients, the study included a multi-channel EEG, as well as near-infrared spectroscopy for cortical blood flow monitoring and the addition of neurocognitive assessment tests, will give us some indicator parameters calculated by meta-analyses from all these data. Early detection of the brain damage and take precaution may be achieved with this indicator data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the relationship of leptin with vitamin D and parathormone (PTH) levels in postmenopausal women who have no osteoporosis and to evaluate the effect of these three parameters on bone mineral dansity and bone homeostasis. Methods: Sixty-eight postmenopausal patients with no osteoporosis, who attended the general internal medicine, geriatric and endocrinology outpatient clinics between November 2013 and June 2014, were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to vitamin D levels. Results: Group 1 consisted of 27 patients with low vitamin D levels and group 2 consisted of 41 patients with normal vitamin D levels. Two groups were similar in terms of age, age of menopause and body mass index (BMI). The mean PTH level and the mean leptin level in group 1 were statistically significantly higher than in group 2 (p= 0.01; p=0.01, respectively). There was no significant correlation between leptin and PTH in group 1 (r=0.16, p=0.4), however, a positive correlation was observed in group 2 (r=0.46, p=0.002). We found a significant positive correlation between leptin and BMI in both groups (r=0.40, p< 0.01). No significant correlation was found between leptin and vitamin D in both groups. Conclusion: In our study, the high leptin levels in postmenapasaul women having low vitamin D levels without osteoporosis or obesity may suggest the role of leptin in the prevention of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a widespread health problem all over the world and has high morbidity and mortality. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to obtain or maintain a penile erection sufficient for achieving satisfactory sexual activity. We evaluated the prevalence of ED and lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with hepatitis B. Methods: Our cross-sectional study was carried out in infectious diseases and clinical microbiology and urology outpatient clinics. The study included 58 hepatitis B patients who did not receive antiviral therapy and 93 patients as a control group. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) form was used to identify lower urinary tract symptoms, and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) form was used to assess sexual functions. Results: The mean ages of patients with hepatitis B and control group were 46.55±9.18 and 43.45±12.70 years, respectively (p=0.11). When we analyzed 58 patients; 27 (46.6%) of them were chronic hrepatitis B (CHB) and 31 (53.4%) of them were of inactive hepatitis B carriers. The prevalence of ED was 67.2% and 46.2% for those with hepatitis B and control group, respectively (p=0.01). When subgroup analysis was performed, ED was 81.5% and 54.8% in CHB patients and inactive carriers, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p=0.03). The mean IIEF was 18.33±5.45 and 20.49±4.97 (p=0.01) and the mean IPSS was 8.05± 6.99 and 5.39±6.00 in the hepatitis B patients and the control group, respectively (p=0.02). Conclusions: In our study, it was determined that the prevalence of ED and lower urinary tract symptoms were increased in hepatitis B patients. Patients with hepatitis B should be monitored for ED and evaluated for treatment. There is a need of prospective randomized and controlled studies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Quality of life level is very important in chronic diseases. We aimed to determine the quality of life level in children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus and to conduct a comparative study with healthy peers. We also evaluated the relationship between the results and socio-demographic characteristics of the children and their families. METHODS: Forty-five children aged between 4-16 who were followed-up with the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and a control group of 45 healthy children who were referred to the general pediatrics outpatient clinic with the similar demographic characteristics were included in the study. Sociodemographic form and the Quality of Life for Children Scale (KINDL) had been applied to all children. We also recorded the background data like diagnosis, age or any additional diseases. RESULTS: The total quality of life score was found to be 73,9 ± 9,1 in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and 81,7 ± 10,2 in the control group. Comparing the subscales of the quality of life scale, the emotional well - being, self - esteem, friend and school subscale scores of 8-12 year-old children with type 1 diabetes mellitus were statistically significantly lower than healthy group (p=0,032, p=0,041, p=0,047, p=0,029, respectively). On the other hand, there was a statistically significant difference with the scores of friend subscale in children at the age of 13-16 (p=0,043). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The quality of life of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus was significantly lower than that of the healthy children. We believe that psychosocial support from the time of diagnosis is needed for these children to improve the level of quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Health promotion programs are a very effective approach to lowering the number of preventable health problems among adolescents. Brief interventions are evidence-based, health-promoting programs designed for adolescents. The Behavior-Image Model (BIM) is a new model devised for planned multiple behavior interventions and brief health interventions. This study was conducted to determine the effect of brief interventions based on the Behavior-Image Model on adolescent health behaviors. METHODS: This experimental study was of pretest-posttest control group design. The study was carried out in a public high school in Istanbul. Two hundred and fourteen students (intervention group=103, control group=111) between the ages of 15 and 18 participated in the study. The data was collected using the Student Questionnaire, The Adolescent Life Style Profile II (ALP R2), The Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES), The Dietary Self-Efficacy Scale and The Center for Disease Control Health-related Quality of Life-4 (CDC HRQOL-4). The intervention group received a brief intervention based on the BIM. Each student was interviewed for 30 minutes. Data were collected before the brief intervention and at 3 months post-intervention. RESULTS: After the brief interventions, there were statistically significant increase in the mean scores in the intervention group for the subscales of physical activity, nutrition, health responsibility and total ALP-R2. There were statistically significant increase in the mean scores in the intervention group for exercise self-efficacy and dietary self-efficacy. After the brief interventions, the number of days that mental health was not good and activity limitation days decreased during the past 30 days. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION: In this study, it was determined that brief interventions based on the BIM were effective in promoting the health behaviors of adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: This study was performed descriptively to investigate true and falses known by the mothers about mother milk and breastfeeding. METHODS: The study was performed with 250 mothers whose infants between 0-2 years old were hospitalized in Research and Training Hospital between January 1 - March 1, 2015. A questionnaire including 32 questions and a descriptive form including 34 statements which were evaluating knoledge of the mothers about mother milk and breastfeeding were used as data collection tools. Statistical analyses were used for the assessment of data. RESULTS: Mean age of the mothers in the study was 28.7 years; 27.6% were elementary school graduates and 87.2% were housewives. It was determined that 85.6% of the mothers were informed about mother milk and breastfeeding, and healthcare professionals were found to be in the first place by 56% for information resources. 41.6% of the mothers gave "yes" response to the statement of "Mother milk in the refrigerator should be warmed before given to the baby"; 71.2% gave "yes" response to the statement of "Breasts are cleaned with carbonated or soapy water before each breastfeeding". When the responses of the mothers for their status of getting information and for mother milk and breastfeeding were compared, a statistically significant difference was found between their status of getting information and eight statements (p<0.05). DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION: Although majority of the mothers in the study were informed about breast milk and breastfeeding, it was observed that their knowledge about mother milk and breastfeeding was not enough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a biomarker, which is an indicator of ischemia and oxidative stress, and measured by the albumin cobalt binding test. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most important cause of hair loss in males. Hair loss that is affected by androgenic hormones, age, and ethnic, family and environmental factors, may lead to psychological, social and physical problems in some individuals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors affecting AGA, and the correlation between AGA and IMA. Materials and Methods: Fifty male patients with AGA aged 18-35 years and 30 males of similar age without AGA were included in the study. Patients with AGA stage 3 or higher were included in the study group. Blood samples were collected after a 12-hour fasting period. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, insulin, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), and albumin levels were analyzed using an autoanalyzer. IMA values were evaluated using a MINDRAY BS 2000 autoanalyzer. Results: A total of 80 individuals were included in the study. There was no significant difference in mean age (p=0.179), body mass index (p=0.847), DHEA-S (p=0.247), testosterone (p=0.874), lipid profile [triglyceride (p=0.086), total cholesterol (p=0.492), HDL (p=0.993), LDL (p=0.544)], insulin resistance (p=0.399) and IMA (p=0.976) between study group and control group. Additionally, a family history of alopecia was found to be significantly higher in the study group (p=0.000). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between AGA grade and insulin resistance (r=0.296; p=0.037). Conclusion: AGA, which leads to many cosmetic and psychosocial problems, was more frequent in individuals with a family history of alopecia; also, there was a positive correlation between AGA stage and insulin resistance. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between AGA and IMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to investigate the ECG and ECO parameters in patients admitting to the emergency department with syncope and to evaluate relationship between ECG and ECHO findings and the cause and feature of syncope. Methods: A total of 90 patients admitted to our emergency department due to syncope between January 2016 and December 2016 were included in the study. This research is designed as a prospective cross-sectional case study. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters were measured and recorded. The type-1 error level was determined as 0.05 for statistical significance. Results: Forty (44.4%) of the patients were female, and 50 (55.6%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 63,5 years of age. Most of the cases (%57,8) discharged with a follow-up decision, and 36 patients were hospitalized, and 2.2% of patients died. When the relationship between the syncope duration of the patients and the duration of PR, QRS, and QT at the time of referral and 6th hour were examined, the only relation between QRS duration and duration of syncope was found statistically significant. Tricuspid insufficiency (41.1%), mitral regurgitation (37.8%), aortic insufficiency (18.9), mitral stenosis (6.7%) and aortic stenosis (5.6%) were found to be the most common cardiac valve diseases in the patients. The mean ejection fraction values of the patients were 50.3% and mean pulmonary artery pressure 30.8 mmHg. Conclusion: The use of ECG and ECHO in all patients who are referred for syncope is very useful in distinguishing cardiac syncope patients, diagnosing syncope, and identifying patients at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Biochemical recurrence (BCR) does not occur in all patients with surgical margin (SM) positivity after radical prostatectomy (RP). The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of additional features such as length, extent and Gleason grade on BCR in the positive SM determined in patients undergoing RP in our clinic. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathologic data and SM characteristics of 56 patients with pathologic stages of pT2-3aN0M0 and surgical border positivity were recorded from patients admitted to our RP database with retropublic RP between August 2001 and January 2015 and their relationship with BCR was evaluated statistically. Results: The median follow-up time of the patients was 39.4 (13-208) months. BCR was detected in 17 (30.3%) of the patients. Prostate specific antigen levels, tumor volumes and tumor percentages were found significantly higher in the patients with BCR (p<0.05). In the BCR group, focal SM positivity was found statistically less frequent compared with the disease-free follow-up group (47.1% and 94.9% respectively; p<0.001). There was no statistically significant relationship between BCR both surgical margin Gleason grade (SMGG) and SM length (p>0.05). According to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the relationship between SMGG and the time of BCR was statistically significant (p=0.04). In SMGG 5 patients, the duration of BCR development was found significantly shorter. According to multivariable Cox regression analysis none of the factors were found to be effective on BCR (p>0.05). Conclusion: SM positivity is one of the important factors for BCR. However, patients with positive SMs are quite heterogeneous and it is obvious that not all patients should be treated in the same way. It is wise to assess adjunctive SM features such as SM, length, Gleason score and grade, and decide according to the patients' risk groups to decide on adjuvant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was planned to see the frequency of anatomic variations of the paranasal sinus disease and predisposition to the chronic inflammatory sinuses disease by imaging with computed tomography. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with diagnosis of sinonasal disease were evaluated with coronal section of paranasal sinus computed tomography who has anatomic variations and the presence of recurrent sinus infection. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 20.0 software Chi-Square and Fisher test. Results: In the study, 161 (75.9%) of 212 patients were male. A total of 180 (84.9%) patients had variations, while 32 (15.1%) patients did not have any variation. According to the order of frequency in the cases of 130 (61.3%) had nasal septum deviation, 83 (39.2%) of them had middle concha bullosa, 54 (25.5%) of them had the aggernasi cell, 29 (13.7%) of them had pneumotized crista galli, 28 (% 13.2)of them had onodi cell, 28 (13.2%) of them had septation in the maxillary sinus, 27 (12.7%) of them had haller cell, 27 (12.7%) of them had superior concha bullosa and other variations were found to be more rare. Superior concha bullosa, pneumatized uncinate process, haller cell and the presence of accessory maxillary sinus ostium was statistically significant with predisposition to sinusitis. Conclusion: Paranasal sinuses anatomical variations are important etiological factors in chronic inflammatory paranasal sinus disease. This does not apply to all variations. According to our study superior concha bullosa; It was found to predispose to chronic sinusitis. The detection of anatomical variations of diseases of the paranasal sinüs with computed tomography can reduce the possibility of complications of surgical interventions in addition it may be associated with disease recurrence and mucosal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The most common cause of low back pain and the surgeries of this region is degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Psychiatric complaints of patients which mostly affects the results before and after surgery are being ignored. We investigate this kind of patients in terms of anxiety and depression after surgery. Patients and Method We evaluated the patients with visual analog scale, Oswestry disability questionnaire, hospital anxiety and depression scale who have applied low back surgery at least 6 months ago and who are over 60 years old. Results: We included 23 patients who were underwent surgeries between 2008-2011. Those age range was 62-87. They underwent surgeries an average of 11.6 months before. When we compare the scores of Visual Analogue Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, it was found statistically significant as their p values were 0.022 and 0.020 respectively. Although it was not found statistically significant, we found increased anxiety and decreased depression scale in patients with lower Oswestry Disability Questionnaire scores. Discussion Some of the patients who were treated surgically due to degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis still have complaints like disability and pain after surgery. This situation negatively affects the patients' quality of life and their mental condition. Congruent with our study, patients who continued with post-operative pain, had higher anxiety and depression scores. Also, a comorbid psychiatric disorder in those patients may cause resistant pain. For this purpose, we think that, it is important to follow up and monitor their psychiatric situations before and after the surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the efficiency and reliability of topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in chronic vernal keratoconjunctivitis cases. Materials and Methods: Between March 2010 and June 2011 a total of 64 cases with chronic and severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) were included in the study. Three weeks before the cyclosporine A treatment, topical drugs and systemic antihistamines that patients had been using were stopped. Ophthalmological examination, symptoms and signs severity scores were recorded before treatment and at the first, third and sixth months after treatment. Routine biochemistry and hemogram analysis were performed at the second and sixth months. Results: Forty six (72%) of the cases were male and eighteen (28%) were female. The mean age was 13±1.4 years. Treatment with topical cyclosporine A decreased symptom severity significantly (p<0.05,Wilcoxon signed rank test). There was no statistically significant differences within clinical signs (p=0.214). Recurrence of symptoms within 2 months was described in 36 (56%) of cases after stopping treatment with topical cyclosporine A. Local and systemic side effects were not observed in the patients. The mean follow-up period was 9±1.2 months. Conclusion: Using topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in chronic vernal keratoconjunctivitis cases might be effective to control symptom severity and local inflammation but it is insufficient by itself to improve clinical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the patient satisfaction after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Material and- Method: A 15-question survey was given to 100 consecutive patients who had undergone PK in our clinic. Quality of life, expectancy and result satisfaction of the patients were graded. Results: Mean age of the 100 (52 female, 48 male) consequtive patients who participated in the survey was 47.2±21.5 (10-85) years. Mean follow-up time of the patients after PK was 26.1±26.0 months, with a minimum of 12 months. The indications of PK were keratoconus (27%), bullous keratopathy (26%), keratitis sequela (25%), corneal dystrophy (12%), and trauma sequela (10%). Mean preoperative visual acuity was counting fingers from 3 meters (light perception - 0.3), whereas mean postoperative visual acuity was 0.4 (light perception - 1.0) (p<0.01). Seventy seven percent of the patients declared that prior to PK, they expected to see better after the transplantation. Seventy percent of the patients expressed that their quality of life was better after transplantation. No statistically significant correlation of patient satisfaction with gender, age and preoperative visual acuity was detected (p>0.05). Final visual acuity was the only statistically significant parameter (p = 0.01). When patient satisfaction was grouped according to indications, the ranking was as keratitis sequela, corneal dystrophy, trauma sequela, keratoconus, and bullous keratopathy. Discussion: The sole parameter in the means of patient satisfaction after PK was found to be the final visual acuity. For this reason, every patient who will undergo PK should be specifically informed according to indication. Moreover, these patients should also be enlightened about the potential final visual acuity and probable postoperative problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: in this study treatment response of 201 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients to 245 mg/day tenofovir disoproxil furnarate (TDF) was evaluated upon 48th week of treatment. Material and Method: This retrospective study included 201 treatment naive chronic hepatitis B patients who admitted to infectious diseases chnics of Athyaman State Hospital, Adiyaman 82nd Year State Hospital and Selcuk University Selcuklu Medical Faculty between 01-Jan-2010 and 31-Dec-2011. Indication for biopsy was defined using American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) criteria. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed. Data were entered to SPSS 16.0 package program. Regarding statistical evaluation chi square test was used for cathegorical variables, and T test, Mann Whitney U test was used for continous variables. For analysis of repeated measurements variance analysis for repeated measures was used and significant groups were tested by signed rank test. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One hundred thirty eight (68.7%) patients were males, 63 (31.3%) were females, and mean age was 39.9±12.5. HBeAg was positive in 88 (43.8%) and anti-HBe was positive in 113 (56.2%) patients. Median value for HBV DNA was 52920000 (6032800-34x1 09) IU/mL, ALT was 98.0 (14.0-665.0) u/L. At 24th week HBV DNA level was below 400 copy/ml in 57% of HBeAg positive and 69.5% of HBeAg negative patients and at 48th week in 81.3% of HBeAg positive and 89% of HBeAg negative patients. At 24th week of treatment ALT level normalized in 64.4% of HBeAg positive and 6 7.3% of HBeAg negative patients and at 48th week in 83% of HBeAg positive and 79% of HBeAg negative patients. ALT, and HBV DNA values significantly decreased relative to controls. Follow up did not reveal any significant change in creatinine, phosphor calcium and ALP values. Conclusion: We conclude that TDF treatment was effective and safe during follow up. Because long term treatment is needed for CHB, more long term studies with big sample sizes are needed to determine effectiveness and side effects of tenofovir treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Among seafoods mussels are the most common ones that are mostly raw consumed raw. Bacterial contamination in foods that cause food poisoning are is known to be due to mainly storage and processhig conditions. Due to mussels' die taly specifications, them filter water and take in its toxic substances and microbial contaminants. Mussel bacterial load prior to consumption is important to demonstrate pollution levels of the hunting regions. Material and Method. In this study, black mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) hunted from seven different stations on two coasts of Dardanelles two coast (Asia: Çardak, Yapıldak, Sançay; Europe: Kilitbahii Eceabat, Çambumu, Gelibolu) were analyzed microbiologically in the months of February and June. Mussel samples were examined for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliform group bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. Results: The mean colony count from all stations was; 54x105±1.6x106 cfu/g LAMB, 1.0x105±2. 6x105 cfu/g coliform group bacteria, 2.6x105±1.4x106 cfu/g E. coli, 2.2x105±1.3x105 cfu/g S. aureus respectively Salmonella spp. were not detected in any mussel samples examined. Black mussels hunted in June had significantly higher microbiological contamination for all bacteria than mussels hunted in February (p<0.0001). When we investigated two coasts as Anatolia (Çardak, Yapıldak, Sançay) and Europe (Kilitbahir, Eceabat, Çamburnu, Gelibolu) in two different periods; contamination on Europe coast was significantly higher for TAMB at february (p=0.01), at the same time S. aureus contamination was significantly higher at Anatolia coast (p=0.02). TAMB (p=0.004) and E.coli (p=0.005) count in samples on Anatolian coast were found to be significantly higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis are the most important two causes of morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women. in this study, we classified postmenopausal women, who are free of cardiovascular diseases, according to their bone mineral derisit. We aimed to evaluate the effect of bone mineral density on carotis intima media thickness and hemodinamia. Material and Method: Bone mineral density of the patients was defined by using World Health Organization's T score. A total of 120 patients were divided into 3 equal groups as patients with T scores greater than -1.0 (normal), patients with T scores between -1.0 and -2.5 (osteopenics.), and patients with T scores lower than -2.5 (osteoporotics,). Results: When the osteoporotic, osteopenic. and normal groups were compared, no significant difference was found in terms of peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities. According to groups mean age of patients are 53.18±0.612 in normal group 55.88±0.92 7 in osteopenic group and 60.68±1.155 in osteoporotic group. There is not significant statistical difference between normal group and osteopenic patients (p>0,05) Between OP and other groups there is significant statistical difference (p<0,05). A reverse-linear correlation was observed between age and lomber T score, and between lomber T score and intima media thickness. A linear correaltion was found between age and intima media thickness (r=0. 41, p<0.001, R2=0. 166). Residual index values were siginificantly different between normal subjects and osteopenic patients (p<0.05) whereas no difference was found between other groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, an increase in the lomber vertebrae bone mineral density was shown to be associated with an increase in carotid intima media thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess and compare prenatal and environmental factors affecting patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Material and Method Hospital records of the patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis between the ages of 2 and 17 who were followed regularly by our pediatric allergy outpatient clinic, have been scanned. in addition, questionnaires have been filled out by the parents of these children. Results: The study covered 443 cases between January 15th and March 15th1 2009. Asthma, allergic rhinitis with asthma and allergic rhinitis were seen in 47.2%, 31.8% and 21% of these cases respectively When we evaluated the prenatal history of these cases, the rate of smoking during pregnancy was higher and statistically significant (p<0.05) in only allergic rhinitis patients. When we explored environmental factors after the birth, the rate of carpet existence at home was higher and statistically significant in only asthma patients. Moreover the rate of breastfeeding after the age of 6 months was significantly higher in only asthma patients. Rates of total. IgE positivity and family history of atopy were found significantly higher in only allergic rhinitis patients. Conclusion: When all risk factors were assessed in asthma and/or allergic rhinitis, it was found that prenatal and environmental factors were high in all three groups. Family history of atopy, smoking during pregnancy and breast feeding after 6 months of age were seen as the leading factors solely in allergic rhinitis patients. Carpet existance at home was the most significant factor in asthma patients only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 breast lesions (28 benign, 12 malignant) were scanned by routine dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the lesions and normal breast tissue were measured and compared between benign and malignant groups. Also, lesions in benign and malignant groups were seperated according to dynamic contrast enhancement patterns and ADC values were compared. The results were evaluated at different cut-off values by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: The mean ADC values were calculated as 0.83 ± 0.3x10-3 mm2/s in malignant lesions, and 1.35 ± 0.2 x10-3 mm2/s in benign lesions. The mean ADC value of the malignant lesions was statistically significantly lower than that of the benign lesions (p<0.001). The mean ADC value of normal fibroglandular tissue was significantly lower in malignant group than that of benign group (p<0.001). When the lesions were seperated according to contrast enhancement -- time curves, there were type 1 (n=19), type 2 (n=7) and type 3 (n=1) lesions in benign group and type 2 (n=5) and type 3 (n=7) lesions in malignant group. There was no contrast enhancement in one lesion in the benign group. No significant difference was found between the ADC values of type 1 and type 2 lesions in benign group and type 2 and type 3 lesions in malignant group (p>0.05). In ROC curve analysis, when the cut-off value was taken as 1.01 ± 0.25x10-3 mm2/s (b=1000), the sensitivity was 92.3%, the specificity was 92.5%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) was 85.7%. Conclusions: In differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions, ADC value is a helpful parameter, that could be used together with the morphological criteria and the dynamic contrast enhancement pattern of the lesions. We suggest the routine use of DWI in breast MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a measuring instrument for determining the sense of community in online learning. The group of subjects included 245 students who studied in the Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology in 2011-2012 academic year and participated in an online learning community. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out on the acquired data. As a result of the explanatory factor analysis, a 28-item measuring instrument with 3 factors was produced; the total variance that the factors explained regarding the scale was 42.65%. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of internal consistency, which was calculated depending on the item analysis for the reliability of the scale, was found to be 0.88 for the whole factor; the reliability coefficient for the test-retest measures of the scale was found to be 0.84. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the scale model was theoretically and statistically appropriate. The acquired values showed that the psychometric characteristics of the scale were within acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and posterior pole analysis (PPA) and their repeatibility in healthy subjects using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Materials and Methods: RNFL thickness and PPA were measured from the right eyes of 50 healthy subjects [25 (50%) male and 25 (50%) female] aged between 20 and 30 years. After the first measurement with default RNFL and PPA mode in random order, subjects withdrew their heads and rested for 10 sec and then the second measurements were taken. For statistical analysis of RNFL measurements, seven segments of the RNFL measurement mode of the instrument were evaluated. For statistical analysis of PPA measurements, the most temporal superior and most temporal inferior cells and central macular four cells of the 8x8 grid of PPA output were used. Statistical analyses of RNFL thickness and PPA differences were determined using the paired samples t-test and the repeatibility of the measurements was analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the first and the second measurements of all evaluated segments of RNFL and PPA (p values ranged between 0.06 and 0.91). ICC values for the first and the second RNFL and PPA measurements ranged between 0.90 and 0.99. Conclusion: RNFL and PPA measurements using OCT have high repeatability in healthy subjects [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study was aimed to evaluate the outcomes of incarcerated hernias who were admitted to our emergency department in two years according to admission interval and place of residence. Methods: The records of patients undergoing emergency surgical operation for incarcerated hernias in our hospital between May 2009-2011 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The mean age of 52 patients was 53.6 (22-87) years, with a male/female ratio of 48/4. The admission rate from scattered rural settlement was 52% (n=27) and delayed admission rate was 33.3% (n=9) among these patients. Fifty percent of the patients (n=26) were classified as ASA II or III. Omentum was most frequently incarcerated, in 27 (52%) hernias. Resection was needed in 13.4% of the patients. Lichtenstein hernia repair was performed in 88.4% of the patients. The complication rate was 15.3% (n=8) and 18.5% for the patients admitted from a rural region. The length of hospitalization ranged from 1 -34 days (mean 3.8). In our case series, there were 3 recurrences after one year follow-up. Conclusion: Although late hospitalization was more common among those who live in a rural region, no statistically significant difference was observed. We found a lower complication rate and shorter hospitalization when the patients were operated within first 24 hours of the incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The effects of different ventilatory strategies on respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics in laparoscopic cholecystectomies were investigated. Material and Methods: Fifty-one patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were allocated to the study and divided into three groups (Group K, n:17; Group P, n:17; Group R, n:17). Basal ventilation was adjusted as 8 mL kg-1 tidal volume, 10 breaths min-1 and I: E: 1: 2. After intubation, Group K received ZEEP, Group P 5 cmH2O PEEP, Group R 5 cmH2O PEEP with recruitment maneuver 5 min after CO2 insufflation and desufflation. In maneuver, PEEP was rised to 10-15-20 cmH2O, and patients were ventilated for 10 breaths. Blood pressure, heart rate, SpO2, FiO2, ETCO2, airway pressure, static and dynamic compliance and blood gas values were monitored. Results: PaO2 was found to be higher after recruitment maneuver in Group R (p<0.05). The elevation in PaO2 that continued for the first hour approached to basal values at 6. hours. Intraoperative PaO2/FiO2 ratios were also high in Group R (p<0.05). In all groups, peak and plateau pressures were observed to rise, static and dynamic compliance to decrease after CO2 insufflation. Compliance values were found to be higher during the operation in Group R after the first maneuver (p<0.05). Arterial pressures were lower in Group R at all times of measurement while heart rates were similar. The difference was statistically significant after the first maneuver (p=0.007). Conclusion: Recruitment maneuver applied by controlled PEEP increase, followed by ventilation with 5 cmH2O PEEP was shown to improve oxygenation without causing any hemodynamic side effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate preoperative visual acuity, central macular thickness, and photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) line of patients operated on for primary epiretinal membrane and to investigate if these parameters are correlated with final visual acuity. Materials and Methods: Sixty eyes of 60 patients who were operated on for primary epiretinal membrane were included in the study. Preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuities (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings were evaluated retrospectively. Thirteen patients with preoperative visual acuity ≤0.1 comprised group 1 and 47 patients with visual acuity ≥0.2 comprised group 2. Results: The mean BCVA was 0.33±0.18 preoperatively and 0.47±0.24 (0.10-0.90) at 6 months postoperatively. This increase in BCVA was considered statistically significant (p=0.000). The mean CMT was 419.6±48.1 µm preoperatively and 366.9±55.8 µm at 6 months postoperatively. This decrease was found to be significant (p=0.000). When group 2 was compared to group 1, the mean age was lower and the final visual acuity was higher in group 2 (p=0.0000). Compared to 9 patients with irregular IS/OS bands, 51 patients with normal IS/OS bands had significantly higher VA and lower CMT (p=0.000) levels. Preoperative CMT was 419.6±48.1 and 6-month postoperative CMT was 366.9±55.8 µm. This decrease was found to be significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: Early surgical treatment of primary epiretinal membrane results in an increase in VA. This increase is significantly higher in patients with good preoperative VA, normal IS/OS line structure, and lower CMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection on visual acuity and central macular thickness (CMT) values in acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR) cases. Materials and Methods: 30 eyes of 30 cases with acute CSR, who had undergone one injection of IVB between January 2009 and December 2011, were included to our retrospective study. Medical records of the cases including best-corrected visual acuity (VA) with Snellen charts, anterior and posterior segment examinations, CMT values measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) findings before and after IVB injections were reviewed. Paired-sample t tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean VA before IVB was 0.73±0.11 (0.4-0.9), while it was 0.86±0.8 (0.7-1.0) at the first month, 0.90±0.9 (0.7-1.0) at the third and 0.89±12 (0.6-1.0) at the sixth month after treatment. The VA values after IVB were statistically significantly higher than the pre-treatment value (p=0.000). But no statistically significant difference was found between the VA values at the first and sixth month after treatment (p=0.109). The mean CMT value was 457.5±68.8 µm before treatment, while it was 318.2±55.8 at the first, 231.1±36.7 at the third and 220.6±63.2 µm at the sixth month after İVB injection. The differences between the mean values of CCT before and after the treatment were statistically significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: IVB injection was thought to cause rapid recovery of the clinical and FA findings with a decrease in the mean CMT and an increase in the mean VA values in acute CSR cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis is one of the multivariate statistical analysis techniques which is used to examine relationships between two or more sets of variables. In this study, the relationship between the demographic chracteristics and satisfactions of restaurant costumers is examined. As a result of the nonlinear canonical correlation analysis, costumers' positive opinions are concentrated on the center of the graphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the agreement between the measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) by two portable tonometers at patients with cornea pathology who were requiring contact lens usage. Material and Methods: IOP measurements of 64 eyes without eye pathology except refraction error have been recorded before contact lens wearing and after 5 minutes with both devices. Tono-Pen XL measurements were done after 15 minutes following I-Care tonometer measurements. T test, Pearson correlation analysis and Blant&Altman analysis were used for statistical evaluation. Results: Statistically significant difference was determined between measurements with and without contact lens (p<0.05). The results of measurements with I-Care were higher +2.07±3.38 mmHg than Tono-Pen XL and I-Care measurements with contact lens were higher +2.67±3.30 mmHg than Tono-Pen XL with contact lens (p<0.05). When we compare two device measurements separately; while there was no statistically significant difference between I-Care measurements with and without contact lens, Tono-Pen XL measurements showed statistically significant difference. Tono-Pen XL measurements with contact lens were lower 1.23±2.98 mmHg averagely than measurements without contact lens. While there was a good correlation between I-Care and Tono-Pen XL; I-Care and I-Care with contact lens and Tono-Pen XL and Tono-Pen XL with contact lens measurements (r=0.519, r=0.670, r=0.603 p<0.0001). Conclusion: Although both devices can be used for IOP measurements with contact lens, I-Care tonometer can be preferred due to absent of significant difference between measurements with and without contact lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Although the pathophysiology of tinnitus has not been understood well it is thought to be as a result of anatomical and/or functional change in hearing system. The aim of this study was to compare audiological test results and visual analog scala (VAS) scores after use of trimetazidine hydrocloride in patients with tinnitus. Materials and methods: Forty patients (12 female, 28 male) who were admitted to our clinic with tinnitus complaint were included in this study. Demographical and medical records and tinnitus assessment data of the cases were recorded who received regular trimetazidine hydrochloride treatment for 3 months. Both pre- and post-treatment values of pure audiograms, frequency and intensity of tinnitus, minimal masking, residual inhibition, and the values in VAS questionnaire form were also evaluated from patient files. Results: According to the statistical analysis, tinnitus intensity, frequency of tinnitus, discomfort value due to tin- nitus and the concentration loss due to tinnitus values in VAS test were found to be decreased after medication (p=0.001). Among the audiological findings of patients, tinnitus frequency (p=0.250), tinnitus intensity (p=0.057), minimal masking level (p= 0.213), and residual inhibition values were found to have no statistically significant changes. Conclusions: It was found that three-months treatment of trimetazidine treatment caused reduction in tinnitus complaints of patients and did not cause any significant change in audiological test results. J Clin Exp Invest 2012; 3(1): 81-86 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the diurnal variation of the intraocular lens (IOL) power in healthy subjects by various commonly used IOL formulas using optical biometer based upon the principle of partial coherence interferometry (PCI). Materials and Methods: A total of 62 eyes of 32 healthy subjects, ages ranged from 25 to 36 years were evaluated. Measurements were performed two times in the morning and evening hours by using optical biometer. IOL power was calculated using Haigis, Hoffer-Q, Holladay-1 and SRK/T formulas. Results: According to calculated IOL power differences, there was not any statistically significant change between IOL power calculation formulas in right and left eyes (p=0.511 and p=0.206, respectively). SRK/T formula was found to be the least and Haigis formula was found to be the most variable formula. Comparison of the formulas by using post hoc tests yielded statistically significant change only between Haigis and SRK/T tests (p=0.046). Conclusion: IOL power that was determined using different formulas with optical biometry in the morning and evening hours of the day did not differ significantly. SRK/T formula showed the least variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to search the effects of enteral beta glucan to intestinal adaptation at rats which have been performed massive intestinal resection and anastomosis. Methods: Thirty female Wistar rats were included in this study. Rats were divided in to 3 groups (sham, control, and treatment). In control and treatment group 80% small bowell resection was performed. In treatment group, 25 mg/day beta glucan was given by orogastric feeding route. Rats were sacrificed on 14th day. Macroscopic and microscopic changes were recorded. Results: In the treatment group intestinal length, mucosal thickness, villus height and crypt depth were increased statistically significantly. Conclusion: In this study we observed the effects of beta glucan on intestinal length and microscopically changes after massive intestinal resection, as well as the effects of beta glucan on intestinal lymphoproliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: The electromagnetic waves (EMW) emitted by both natural and man made sources have increased in our daily surroundings and the threat presented by these waves is crucial for human health. The aim of this study was determine the utility frequence of the devices with electromagnetic field by the nurses deployed in Ondokuz Mayıs University Hospital (OMUH). METHOD: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 1and 31May 2009 at OMUH. Of the 456 nurses who worked at the hospital in this period, 368 (80.7%) nurses accepted to participate in our study. The data are presented as medians (minimum-maximum) and percentages. The data were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U test and the level of statistical significance was determined as p<0.05. RESULTS: Of all the participants, 366 (99.5%) used mobile telephone, 293 (79.6%) used hair dryer, 289 (78.6%) used satellite receiver, 129 (35.1%) used wireless internet modem and 73 (19.8%) used microwave oven. Of the nurses using mobile telephone, 102 nurses (27.9%) had "limitless talk" tariff. There was no statistical difference with respect to the minimum amount of time allocated to the telephone talk and monthly expenditure between nurses using the limitless talk tariff and those who did not. On the other hand, there was difference in the maximum amount of time allocated to the telephone talk (p<0.05). Of these nurses, 311 (85%) reported that they left their mobile telephones on at night and the mobile telephone was kept at bedroom by almost all of these subjects. Sixty six participants (18%) reported that they used mobile telephone while driving. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that almost all the participants used EMW emitting devices and that mobile telephone was the most common EMW emitting device. As it is not possible to completely remove the EMW emitting devices from our lives, we believe that their utility should be limited to minimize their negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers interested in areas where statistics is used aim to find a model explaining the relationship among variables by means of formulating observations or results of experiments. These models are usually nonlinear models. The relationship among variables in a nonlinear model is given as a nonlinear function of at least one of the parameters. In this study nonlinear regression analysis is examined on a medical data set and it is investigated that which proposed model fits to the data set the best by using several model selection criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical significance (p value) is a considerable measure when the manuscripts were reading or interpreting. On the other hand clinical importance, which is important at least as statistical significance, may not consider every time by authors or readers. In this manuscript some information related to an important measure, which indicates clinical importance "effect size concept (ES)", ES calculation and ES interpretation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]