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In the study carried out in 8 villages and 27 cotton parcels of Mardin Province Artuklu and Kızıltepe Districts, ambient humidity and temperature values in the field were measured and recorded with data logger devices at 6-hour intervals. The data obtained from the data loggers were analyzed with the Sentinel-1 and Landsat-8 satellite data prepared in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment and the relationship between them was examined. While a high correlation was found between ambient humidity (ON) values and VV (R²=0.63), VV-VH (R²=0.68), Soil Moisture Index (SMI) (R²=0.84), low correlation was found between VV (R²=0.51), VH (R²=0.06), VV-VH (R²=0.49), LEE_VH (R²=0.09), LEE_VV (R²=0.49), GAMMA_VH (R²=0.11, GAMMA_VV (R²=0.08), MALIK_VH (R²=0.08), MALIK_VV (R²=0.49), SMI (R²=0.50). A high correlation was found between ambient temperature (OS) values and Land Surface Temperature (LST) (R²=0.80**). However, a low correlation was found between ambient temperature (OS) and VV (R²=0.51), VH (R²=0.06), VV-VH (R²=0.49), LEE_VH (R²=0.09), LEE_VV (R²=0.49), GAMMA_VH (R²=0.11, GAMMA_VV (R²=0.08), MALIK_VH (R²=0.08), MALIK_VV (R²=0.49), SMI (R²=0.50). In large-scale field studies; VV, VV-VH and SMI index in estimating ambient humidity values; as it was concluded that the LST band can be used with high accuracy in estimating ambient temperature values, it has been recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature and humidity, which are abiotic factors, have a significant effect on the distribution of living organisms on the earth's surface. Sudden changes in temperature and humidity can affect the development of plants, as well as create significant changes on the population fluctuations of herbivorous insects. Meadow moth (Loxostege sticticalis L., 1761 Lepidoptera; Carambidae), which periodically outbreaks in Balkan and Eastern European countries, in July 2022, it reached a high population density in the Thrace region and made an epidemic in sunflower fields. The outbreak has been associated with the increase in soil moisture due to the untimely rainfall of the season in the Thrace region and the emergence of adults from pupae in the soil. Rainfall also provided the formation of suitable vegetation for the larvae of the new generation. The 5.6% increase in sunflower cultivation areas in the region according to the previous year had a positive effect on the meadow moth finding a host. In the presence of similar conditions, the Meadow caterpillar will have the potential to cause epidemics in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different additives are used in reinforcement processes, called stabilization, which are made to increase the strength of low strength clays. Fibers are the most widely used of these materials. In recent years, the use of fibers in the reinforcement of soils has attracted the attention of researchers as an alternative to traditional chemical stabilization methods, due to their low cost, high strength and easy accessibility. The use of basalt fibers, which are different types of fibers, is increasing due to their economic and environmental friendliness. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of basalt fiber on the strength of kaolin clay. In order to examine the changes in the strength of the soil by adding basalt fiber in different proportions (0, 1, 2 and 3 % by dry weight) to the soil with different water contents (20, 25, 30 and 35%), unconfined compressive tests were carried out. After the experimental studies, it was determined that the unconfined compressive strength was maximum as a result of the addition of 25% water and 1% basalt fiber to the clay. According to the results of the study, the fiber ratio and the water ratio have a great effect on a successful reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patience is needed for the arts like carpet-rug, ceramic, tile art, calligraphy, gilding, miniature, marbling that can be considered among Turkish-Islamic arts and products of a tradition from past to present. Patience is a trait recommended and praised in verses and hadiths for the spiritual development of mankind. Between the hustle and bustle of everyday life, patience is the condition that people consciously choose the acts of stopping and slowing down. Patience is the moment that sheltering in trust occurs by doing the things to be done which blooms the love and hope. The best example of this condition among traditional arts is marbling. Marbling is close to humans by nature and consists of soil and water. It is humble and dervish-like art and teaches patience to mankind at every stage of life. There is patience at every stage of the marbling from the preparation of the tragacanth to the crushing of the paint, from the boiling of the gall to the wrapping of the brush. In traditional Turkish-Islamic arts which is usually learnt in master-apprentice relationship, the reflections of being respectful, compassionate, and patient to the master, material, and the art itself are seen in marbling. In today's world where haste, impatience, and such things are becoming more and more common, one of the best ways to learn patience is to engage in the art, especially in marbling. The study aims to know marbling - one of the traditional Turkish-Islamic arts- in the context of the relationship between art and patience, to comprehend the relationship between patience and marbling, and to realize the contributions of marbling to the patience learning. During the study, the literature has been reviewed, marbling practices have been made, the findings have been examined and the results have been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, randomly selected farmer irrigations in the Harran plain were monitored, field slopes, flow rates, field irrigation lengths, Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) and distribution homogeneity (DU), deep percolation rate (DPR), water application efficiency (Ea), irrigation efficiency (Ia), water requirement efficiency (Er), tail water ratio (TWR) were determined. It has been observed that large parts of the fields receive insufficient water during irrigation, the size of the flow rates and the irrigation times are estimated according to the experience of the irrigation. In border irrigations, strips consisting of three furrows have been formed. When the water reaches the end of the field in the furrow or border, the water is cut off and there is usually no tailwater in daytime irrigation. moisture deficit in the soil is not taken into account in irrigation. During irrigation, it has been determined that the land levelling is generally not sufficient for surface irrigation and there are even slope differences in the same field. It has been observed that one of the main and perhaps the most important causes of excessive water losses in the irrigation system in the Harran Plain is uncontrolled night irrigations. Even when the need for irrigation water is intense, the fact that the irrigation water flows directly into the drainage channels all night confirms this view. In some irrigations, it was determined that half of the land was over-irrigated and the other half received insufficient water. In the field surface irrigation applications, the deep infiltration values varied between 9 and 38%, while CU values were found in the range of 66-96% in all irrigations monitored. On the other hand, while DU values generally vary between 46 and 85%, irrigation efficiency (Ea) varies between 62-91%, it is understood that high Ea values are due to incomplete irrigation. At the end of furrows and borders are usually had been closed to limit or stop irrigation water from flowing into open drainage channels. Observations have shown that although field and soil characteristics are similar, different furrow/border lengths are used. In general, it was observed that the length of the field and the length of the furrow or border were equal, and the irrigation lengths vary between 108- 570 m. Since the price of irrigation water depends on the areal size and product type, not the water volume, a lot of water have been flowing into the drainage channels in an uncontrolled manner, especially in uncontrolled night irrigations. Therefore, high water losses occur, while huge amounts of water are discharged through drainage channels, some of it accumulates in the low-lying lands downstream of the Harran plain, causing groundwater to rise and drainage and salinization problems become widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a material with high carbon content produced as a result of thermochemical transformation processes of organic material. In addition to the industrial and environmental uses of biochar, it is used as a soil conditioner in problematic soils in the agricultural sector. In this study, the effects of biochar on some soil physical properties, moisture changes in soil and plants, and soil temperature were investigated. In detailed literature reviews, it was determined that biochar application has positive effects at the some of the soil physical properties such as; soil bulk density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, shear and tensile strength, moisture content of the plant and soil. In these studies, concluded that the effects of biochar on soil properties vary depending on the production technology of biochar and some physical properties of biochar. The factors such as pyrolysis temperature, raw material type, aggregate diameter used in the production phase have changed the effect levels of biochar on the soil. In addition, it was determined that most of the studies on the subject were carried out in a laboratory or greenhouse for a maximum of 2 years. Therefore, it was concluded that field experiments should be conducted that determine the long-term effects of biochar on the soil. It is also an important subject in researching the effectiveness of the methods to be used to mix biochar with soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the electrochemical behavior of ethalfluraline (ETF), a dinitroaniline group herbicide, on glassy carbon electrode(CKE) and nafion-graphene modified glassy carbon electrode(N-GR /CKE) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV). Voltammetric determination of ETF was examined by differential pulse voltammetry(DPV). Two peaks observed at -0.942V(1st peak current) and -0.768V(2nd peak current) during the potential scan of EFT by DPV method in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution between 0 and -1.5V on CKE and at -0.674 V(1st peak current) and -0.563 V(2nd peak current) during the potential scan on N-GR/CKE. After determining the optimum experimental conditions of ETF on CKE and N-GR /CKE, calibration line, working range, limit of detection(LOD), limit of quantification(LOQ), intra-day and inter-day repeatability were determined. In addition, the interference effect of some cations(Cu2+ , Ni2+, Co2+, Ca2+ , Pb2+) on N-GR/CKE was also investigated.The results show that EFT can be determined in real samples(water and soil) using CKE and N-GR/CKE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a pot experiment was carried out in order to determine the changes in CO2 emission at different temperatures of soil that irrigated at the beginning of the experiment until it reaches 60% of the saturation. In the experiment, the temperatures of the system in which the pots were placed (applications) were fixed at 40, 36 and 32 °C, and control pots at room temperature were also included in the experiment. Equal humidity conditions were ensured by adding the water as much as evaporated to the pots before each measurement (recording). Changes in soil temperature, soil moisture, CO2 emission and evaporation depending on time were monitored by taking daily records from the beginning to the 9th day of experiment. Result revealed that there were differences between the temperatures applied to the environment where the pots are located and the soil temperature, and the applied temperature did not reach the soil at the same level. On the other hand, temperature difference of 3.9, 3.4 and 3.9 °C between 40 °C, 36 °C, 32 °C and room temperature was achieved, respectively. The evaporation rate of the applied water was increased with increasing temperature. At the end of the experiment, the mean CO2 emissions were determined as 0.355, 0.432, 0.410 and 0.380 g m-2 h-1 for 40, 36, 32 °C and control applications, respectively. The only significant difference (P=0.05) by means of averages observed between 40 and 36 °C applications. H2O emissions found to be 19.7, 18.9, 15.5 and 13.2 g m-2 h-1 for 40, 36, 32 °C and control applications, respectively and the differences among applications were significant (P=0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial of this issue focuses on the knowledge which is the reality of time, the meaning of earth and life. The human's search for meaning is actually a state of 'knowing'. Just as healthy products cannot be obtained without clean air, water and soil, human beings can only exist in a healthy atmosphere. The knowledge of human being that begin with the human perspective of life, sustain with understanding and increase with rational thought, affects knowledge ecology and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the change in CO2 emission of the soil which was initially irrigated until it reaches 60% of the saturation and treated by different atmosphere temperatures. In the experiment, the temperature of the self-constructed system which the pots were placed were adjusted to 40, 36 and 32 °C, and the control pots left at room temperature were included in the experiment. Irrigation was done only once at the start of the experiment. Changes in soil temperature, soil moisture, CO2 emission and evaporation depending on time were determined until the 22nd day. Result of the experiment showed the differences on temperature values between pot atmosphere and soil; however, a differences among 40 °C, 36 °C 32 °C and ambient temperature found to be 3.9, 3.3 and 4.7 °C, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, the rate of reduction of the water applied to the soil increased with the temperature, while the highest decrease was recorded in the highest temperature application, the lowest decrease was obtained from room temperature. The last measurement day was 22nd day after the experiment conducted. Measured water diminishes on that day were 81%, 73.6%, 66.6% and 47.5% for the temperatures of 40, 36, 32 °C and room temperatures, respectively. Results revealed that temperature applications significantly increased CO2 emission (p<0.05) where the highest values observed at the second and third measurement day at 40 °C application and that values were 1.5 and 1.7 times higher than the control. The highest determined CO2 emission was in 40 °C treatment as 1.41 gm-2 day-1 at third measurement day while the lowest was 0.024 gm-2 day-1 at 15th measurement day at same temperature application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of factors are affecting soil's carbon dioxide gas emission which is one of the greenhouse gases. Those factors are soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic matter contents and soil cultivation practices. In this study, soil carbon dioxide emissions were determined by creating a soil environment with three different moisture rates in a certain volume of soil in the laboratory condition. Soil carbon dioxide emission determined using mobile PP system. Simultaneously the each carbon dioxide record, soil temperature and evaporation from soil as well as gravimetric soil moisture contents were determined. According to the results, the average soil moisture of the soil for A, B and C applications was found to be 27.5%, 22% and 19.7%, respectively. The differences between those values were found to be statistically significant (p≤ 0.01). The soil carbon dioxide emissions determined on the A, B and C applications were 0.328, 0.317 and 0.304 g m-2 h-1, respectively, and the difference between the applications was found to be insignificant (p>0.05). The obtained mean evaporation values for A, B and C applications were 5.78, 7.14, and 7.50 g m-2 h-1, respectively. The differences between them were found to be insignificant (p>0.05). Soil temperatures values were 23.06, 22.04 and 21.75 °C, respectively, for A, B and C applications. While the temperature value in A application was significantly (p≤0.01) higher than the other two, the difference between the B and C applications was not significant (p>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the irrigation scheduling of cool-season and warm-season turfgrass species under sub-drip irrigation method. Field experiments were conducted in the experimental fields of Silivri municipality in Gümüsyaka village located between boundaries of Tekirdag and İstanbul, during the summer of the 2017. In the study, three different irrigation strategies were applied on cool season and warm season turfgrass species. Experimental design was split-plots in randomized blocks design with three replications. In the experimental area, Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) was used as a warm season turf type and a four-part mixture was used as cool season turf type (30% Lolium perenne, 25% Festuca rubra rubra, 35% Festuca arundinacea and 10% Poa pratensis). Irrigation water was applied when approximately 30%, 50%, and 70% of readily available water at effective root zone of 30 cm was consumed and completed to the field capacity. Irrigation scheduling was planned according to changes of available soil moisture level in root zone. At the end of the study for cool season turfgrass types; the total amount of irrigation water applied in different irrigation strategies varied between 324,2 mm -- 195,7 mm, seasonal evapotranspiration values varied between 382,7 mm -- 260,2 mm, and daily evapotranspiration values varied between 5,38 mm day-1 -- 3,69 mm day-1. As for warm season turfgrass types; same values varied between 298,6 mm -- 117,1 mm; 357,9 mm -- 180,4 mm; and 5,03 mm day-1 -- 2,53 mm day-1, respectively. In conclusion, the effect of different irrigation levels on two different turfgrasses have been determined to be statistically significant. When factors such as amount of irrigation water applied, cutting frequency and quality under the region's conditions are evaluated together; it is suggested to start irrigation when 50% of the available water in effective root zone is consumed in cool season turfgrass and when 70% is consumed in warm season turfgrass. When suggested aspects are compared, it can be said that warm season turfgrass demands 43% less irrigation water and consumes 52% less water than cool season turfgrass. Blaney-Criddle method was found to be the most suitable estimation method for reference evapotranspiration for cool and warm season turfgrass under the region's conditions and crop coefficient curves regarding these method were generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is an acknowledged phenomenon. Even so, its consequences are not easily predictable. Lakes in Lakes Region of southwestern Turkey have been shrinking. Ak'ehir Lake, located on important bird migration routes, is one of those aforementioned lakes that has continually shrunk until completely drying up in 2008. This study aims to investigate the variation of meteorological and hydrological parameters during the shrinking and drying up of Lake Akşehir. Previous studies were mainly related with coastline changes of Akşehir Lake and attributed the changes to increased air temperatures and evaporation in conjunction with reduced precipitation and decreased surface flow. In this study, snow dynamics, both snow cover (SC) extent and duration besides snow water equivalent (SWE) are also investigated. Moreover, the inclusion of soil moisture (SM) data is additions to the current literature. SC, SWE and SM data obtained from satellite images recorded over the study area indicated that SC both in extent and duration was smallest during the 2008 winter- the same year in which the lake totally dried. SWE and SM values were also lowest during the study period. These were in agreement with the highest recorded air temperatures and reduced precipitation with respect to long-term averages over the study period. Recorded high evaporations above the long-term averages might have intensified recession which eventually resulted in drying of lake in 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in six soil profiles to evahıate soil formation and to determine the dominant clay minerals of soils which are formed on different geological parent materials and different soil moisture and temperature in Ağlasun (Burdur), Kepez (Antalya), Sandıklı (Afyonkarahisar), Aksu (Isparta) ve Buldan (Denizli) districts. it was determined that the profiles were in mesic and thermic temperature regimes, while they are in xeric and ustic moisture regimes in the study area. While the five of profiles consist of sedimentary rocks which were different geological age and composition, the last profiles was consisted of metamorphic rocks. it was found that the defined profiles belonged to Inceptisols (4), Mollisol and Alfisol soil orders and in these profiles, ochric and mollic surface horizons and cambic, calcic and argillic subsurface distinctive horizons were defined. in the Inceptisol order, calcification, decalcification, rubification and podzolization; in the Mollisol soil order, calcification, melanization; in the Alfisol order, rubification processes were found to be effective separately or in different combinations, depending on main material and deposition positions of profiles. Smectite was found to be dominant in profiles where they were relatively low drainage base position. it was determined that illite-smectite intermediate layers minerals were dominant in other profiles which were sedimentary origin. it was also determined that the kaolinite mineral was accompanied weathering products of gneiss parent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a period of inadequate or no rainfall over extended time creation soil moisture deficit and hydrological imbalances. It is an event with adverse impact on the environment, economy, agriculture, energy, social life etc. The evaluation of drought frequency and its severity is carried out using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). It has become one of most frequently used tools for drought monitoring throughout the world. SPI is based on statistical techniques, which can quantify the degree of wetness by comparing usually 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 or even (sometimes) 24-monthly rainfall totals with the historical rainfall period over the history. The period 1951-2000 is used to evaluate the value of SPI for 1, 3, 6 months. Regarding to the SPI 3 (for three months period) the cases of moderate, severe and extremely dry for every 10 years shows an increasing trend over the period into consideration. These SPI values point out, that period 1981-1990 has the maximum cases with drought (more than 20 cases per decade). During the decade 1961-1970 and 1971-1980 number of cases with moderate, severe and extremely drought is around 10 cases per decade. The year 2003 is one of most distinguished regarding the drought. The values of SPI6 vary from -1.5 in southeast to -4.2 in north of Albania (severe to extremely dry). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bearing capacity and settlement properties of the clay unit outcropping at foundation of Mersin City Sewerage Project site are calculated and the commonly used methods for the determination of bearing capacity and the settlement properties were correlated. The information was used from 20 boreholes opened in this context. Standart Penetration Tests (SPT) and Pressuremeter Tests (MPT) were accomplished in boreholes and a series of laboratory tests were carried out on disturbed and undisturbed samples. The bearing capacity of the foundation was determined with pressuremeter, Terzaghi, Hansen, Meyerof, and Skempton methods. Initial and consolidation settlements were calculated in addition to pressuremeter settlement calculations. Later, calculated bearing capacity and settlement values of clay units from different methods were correlated. The results of the bearing capacity calculations of foundation clays give closer results with Terzaghi, Hansen, Meyerof and Pressuremeter methods but Skempton method gives relatively low values due to the calculation with only cohesion parameters. Pressuremeter settlement values were the lowest results where initial and the consolidation settlement values were calculated relatively higher. Odeometer test is recommended for the litologic units which have long consolidation period. Care should be given for settlement calculations with the pressuremeter method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing environmental awareness, compulsory savings in energy, economic production, demand fundamental in soil tillage in recent years. With this purpose, as an alternative, conservation soil tillage became popular. Cover crops are the crops that have not been grown economically and these plants are grown in the middle of vineyard or between the rows. Cover crops often used in the vineyards are not harvested, but provide many benefits to production system. Cover crops selection depends on, production capability of soil, soil water capacity, aim of viticulture (decrease or increase the vegetative growth), and pesticide application (disease, insect and weed control). Results from several research showed that the different plants can be used as cover crops. These plants are mainly grown in winter or summer as annual or perennial plants. Widely used cover crops are listed as; legumes (Fabaceae), alfalfa, vetch, grasses (Poaceae), barley and fescue. Other plant varieties are also used as cover crops, among them are cabbage (Brassicaceae), Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham (Hydrophyllaceae). In addition to all of them weeds can be easily used as cover crop. As a result, in recent years, the use of cover crops in vineyards is an important component and many species can be chosen. The use of these plants together with the traditional soil tillage methods will provide positive effects on vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was conducted to determine effects of different deficit water level on yield, water use efficiencies and some yield properties of corn in Aydýn province during 2009. The irrigation treatments were based on soil water depletion replenishments. Irrigation was applied when 50% of available soil moisture was consumed in the 0.90-m root zone at T treatment during the irrigation periods. Control treatment “T ” was designated to 100 100 receive 100 % soil water depletion. In treatments, T ; T ; T ; T and T irrigations were applied at the rates of 80, 80 60 40 20 0 60, 40, 20 and 0 % of control treatments, (T ) on the same day, respectively. According to results, the seasonal 100 water use and yield values ranged from 134 to 737 mm and 251.9 to 1365.9 kg/da, respectively. Water deficit significantly affected the crop yields. Highest corn yield was obtained from the full irrigation treatment (T ). The 100 water use efficieny (WUE) values varied from 1.85 to 2.26 kg/da/mm. Yield response factor (k ) value of 0.92 was y determined. Some yield properties were influenced by drip irrigation levels in growing season. The results revealed that well irrigated treatments (T ) could be used for the semiarid climatic conditions under no water 100 shortage. On the other hand, the results also demonstrated that irrigation of corn with drip irrigation regime at 60 % level (T ) had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water and high WUE indicating a definitive 60 advantage of deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]