17 results on '"Sadiq, A."'
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2. Socio-Demographic, Cause, and Benefit of Internal and International Migration: A case study of Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh province, Afghanistan
- Author
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Mohammad Sadiq Khawari and Baqir Khawari
- Subjects
migration ,remittances ,socio-demographic ,household ,afghanistan ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Migration has a long history in Afghanistan, but it has increased remarkably over the last decade. This study examines the actual data of 1060 households in Mazar-i-Sharif, the capital of the Balkh province in Afghanistan to evaluate the main causes and benefits of migration. The data used in this study was obtained from a strictly random process. The study finds that the main reasons for internal and international migration are unemployment and income inequality, in addition to war and poverty, as international motivations for migration. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that households receive benefit from migrant remittances to increase their income and smooth consumption. Thus, the study suggests that to manage migration in Afghanistan, the government and international organizations should work together for peace and the reduction of poverty in Afghanistan to mitigate a further migration crisis in the future.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Ghuluww and the Belief in Supernatural Abilities for Human: An Investigation into the Concept of Ghuluww in the Qur’an
- Author
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Meisam Sadiq
- Subjects
kur'an ,gulüv ,abartı ,doğaüstü yetenekler ,tanrılaştırma ,ghuluww ,exaggeration ,supernatural abilities ,qur’an ,deification ,Islam ,BP1-253 - Abstract
Ghuluww is one of the Qur’anic concepts that holds a special place in Islamic theology. Despite its significance, however, there still remains some ambiguity around this concept. Specifically, while the Qur’an strictly forbids ghuluww, it also attributes supernatural qualities or abilities to certain individuals. This gives rise to the question as to what exactly the Qur’anic concept of ghuluww is, and what distinguishes it from non-ghuluww. The present article is an attempt to elucidate the concept of ghuluww through the verses of the Qur’an as the only indisputable source among all Muslims. The article classifies the relevant Qur’anic verses into two categories: verses prohibiting ghuluww, and those approving of seemingly exaggerated attributes for certain individuals. By exploring these verses through the lens of tafsir works and considering their collective connotations, the author concludes that ghuluww, as per the Qur’an, is to attribute any form of divinity to any individual besides God, or to ascribe to them any superhuman qualities independently of God. As such, to affirm superhuman qualities or abilities for a certain individual, if verifiably established, would not be ghuluww as long as they are regarded dependent on God.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Spatial Market Integration of Rice in the World
- Author
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Sanusi SADIQ, Invinder Paul SINGH, and Muhammad Makarfi AHMAD
- Subjects
market ,integration ,spatial ,price ,rice ,volatility ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Time series data (1966 to 2017) that covered prices of six selected major exporting rice markets in the world were used to determine the integration of rice markets in the world. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. In spite of the long-run price association among the selected six markets, the poor extent of market co-integration made the law of one price (LOP) not to hold i.e. elusive in these markets. Except for Pakistan and China markets, all the remaining markets were quite competitive as they have a high degree of market integration- stable equilibrium that absolved any short-run shocks that generate discontinuity and asymmetric price responses. Pakistan market has a dominant role in price formation of all its contemporary five markets while China market viz. leverage effect (inventory accumulation) is not affected by any local shock that emanated from the five markets. However, the local shock generated from China market is felt by all the selected markets. Furthermore, it was observed that international trade in rice marketing is very useful in Cambodian; USA, and China markets as volatility of their respective current prices was quite persistent. Based on the forecast, it can be inferred that the rice prices of the selected markets will adjust according to supply and demand. Therefore, for the development of a single integrated economic rice market in the world, there is a need to strengthen the linkages and interconnectedness among the major exporting rice markets for faster transmission of price and commodity management for efficient allocation. This can be achieved by enhancing the development of market infrastructure viz. assaying, grading, sorting, standardization, quality assurance, physio-sanitary standardization; use of e-trade and e-commerce, value addition, transportation, and other back-end supply chain.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Prospects of Rice Milling Cottage Industry in Niger State of Nigeria
- Author
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Sanusi SADIQ, Invinder Paul SINGH, Muhammad Makarfi AHMAD, and Sunday Ozovehe RAJI
- Subjects
prospect ,rice ,milling industry ,swot ,nigeria ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
The study determined the prospect of the rice milling cottage industry in Nigeria’s Niger State using cross-sectional data. The data were collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire complemented with an interview scheduled from fifty-five (55) active millers chosen through a multi-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Based on the findings, it can be suggested that the potential of rice milling enterprise in the study area has not been fully explored despite its profitability turnover ratio. The industry is exclusively men enterprise with the majority been low-income earners. Potentials alongside challenges still exist in the rice milling industry as evident by the overwhelming influences of weakness and threat. Millers’ age was observed to be the major inducing factor that increases income inequality among the processors. In lieu of the foregoing, the study advised the millers to adopt a defensive strategy to remain afloat in the industry. In addition, there is a need for capacity building enhancement viz. acquisitions of innovative milling skills by the millers, thus enhancing their managerial efficiency.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. IMPACT OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION ON ECONOMIC ASSET ACCUMULATION OF SMALLHOLDER RICE FARMERS PARTICIPATING IN USAID MARKETS II PROGRAMME IN NIGERIA’S KANO STATE
- Author
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Sanusi SADIQ
- Subjects
Fen ,Science ,General Materials Science ,gender,asset,USAID - Abstract
Women's control of assets is linked to favorable development outcomes at the household and individual levels, which is crucial for poverty alleviation. The goal of this study was to give agricultural development programs advice on how to incorporate gender and assets into intervention design, implementation and assessment. The research empirically used Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique to isolate the impact of gender discrimination on economic asset acquisition among USAID MARKETS II rice farmers in Nigeria’s Kano State. A cross-sectional data of 2018 rice cropping season obtained through a structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule using easy cost-route approach from 189 participating farmers selected through a multistage sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. From the empirical evidences it was established that gender differential had both effect and impact on economic capital acquisition of the two gender groups with a disadvantage or negative consequence on the women farmers. Besides, in isolating the impact of the gender differential, it was observed that gender discrimination due to gender inequality in access and control to productive resources majorly accounts for the gap in the economic capital acquisition, thus affected women economic capital accumulation. Thus, the study suggests a mechanism of gender budget mainstreaming in order to establish gender equality and equity, thereby enhancing the growth and development of the farm economy and the aggregate economy of the state in particular and the nation in general.
- Published
- 2021
7. Antibiyotik direnç genleri ve heterotrofik bakterilerin pcr ile kantitatif olarak belirlenmesi
- Author
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Sadiq, Shadman Tariq Sadiq, Yaşa, İhsan, and Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Halk Sağlığı ,Environmental Engineering ,Çevre Mühendisliği ,Mikrobiyoloji ,Public Health ,Microbiology - Abstract
Antibiyotik dirençli bakteriler (ADB) ve antibiyotik direnç genleri (ADG) dünya çapında gittikçe büyümekte olan önemli bir konudur. Nisan 2018 - Mart 2019 arasında Manisa Saruhanlı Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinden giriş ve çıkış noktalarından su numuneleri alınmıştır. Bu tezde ADB ve ADG belirlemek için kültürel ve molekuler biyolojik yöntemler uygulanmıştır, ayrıca kalıntı analizleri için kromatografi tekniği kullanıldı. Yıl boyunca elde edilen total heterotrofik bakteri sayım sonuçları, giriş sularında minimum 4.26 × 106 kob / mL'den 7.525 × 104 kob / mL'ye, çıkış sularında ise maksimum 9.8 × 102 kob/mL'den minimum 9.4 × 102 kob/mL olarak değiştiğini göstermiştir. Dirençli bakteri hücrelerinin sayısı giriş ve çıkış kısımlarında Eritromisin (Er), Ampisilin (AMP), Gentamisin (Gen), Kanamisin (Kan), Tetrasiklin (TC) ve Clindamisin (Cln) gibi yaygın antibiyotiklere karşı test edilmiş. Giriş örnekleri için yıl boyunca toplam dirençli bakteri sayısı değişmiş olup, İlgili antibiyotiğe karşı oluşturulan direnç tüm aylarda yapılan örneklemelerde tespit edilmiş olup, sulfonamid dirençli bakteriler ile kanamisin ve klindamisine dirençli bakteriler bahar aylarında tespit edilmemiştir. Yedi özgün antibiyotiğin varlığı ve mevsimsel değişimi Atık Su Arıtma Tesisinde yüksek çözünürlüklü sıvı kromatografi spektroskopisi (LC-Q-ToF-MS) kullanılarak araştırılmıştir Antibiyotik rezidülerinin tayin sonuçları tüm ilgilenilen antibiyotiklerin dört mevsim örneklerinde bulunduğunu, sülfonamid ve kanamisin ile tespit edilmediğini göstermiştir. Antibiyotik rezidülerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan LC-Q-ToF-MS ile yine pestisit, herbisit ve veteriner ilaçları analiz edilmiş olup en çok bulunan pestisit ve herbisitlerin DDT, dinoterb ve denatonyum olduğunu. Çalışmamızda 15 farklı metalin (As, Se, Al, Ag, Sb, Ba, Hg, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe and Ni) katı ve sıvı formları 4 mevsim boyunca incelenmiştir. Tüm metallerin giriş sularında %100 ve çıkış sularında ise yaklaşık olarak %90 oranında (toplam konsantrasyon) bulunduğu tespit edilmiş olup. Atık sudaki antibiyotik kalıntılarının tayini yapıldıktan sonra, konvansiyonel PCR ile antibiyotik direnç genleri tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmalarımız ile beş direnç gen bölgesinin (tetA, ermA, sul 1, ant (2`)-I ve AmpC) incelenmiştir. 4 antibiyotik direnç gen elde edilen örneklerinin hepsinde %100 olarak tespit edilmiş olup, sadece (AmpC) geni tespit edilememiştir. Direnç genlerinin kantitatif belirlenmesi için qPCR yapılmıştır. Bu uygulama için Gentamisin direnç geni (GDG) ant(2`) seçilmiştir. ant (2`) kopya sayısı olarak belirtilmiştir. Klasik PCR sonuçlarında görüldüğü gibi GDG bütün mevsimlerde dağılım göstermiştir, sonuçlara göre giriş sularında GDG'de yüksek kopya sayısı bulunmuştur, çıkış sularında ise gen kopya sayısı arıtma işlemden dolayı daha düşük tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Antibiyotik direnç genleri,Antibiyotik dirençli bakteriler, Saruhanlı Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi. Nowadays, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ADGs) are a hot topic of concern which growing worldwide and considered new classes of water contaminants. In this project, we used cultural and molecular techniques for assessment of ARB & ADG, as well as chromatographic techniques to do antibiotics & pesticide residues analyses. Sample collected from Saruhanli wastewater treatment plant system (WWTPs) in Manisa city of Aegean region between April 2018 – March 2019 meanly 2 campaigns per month. The obtained results of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) during the year was showed changing from (4.26 × 106 ) CFU/mL to (7.52 × 104 ) CFU/mL as minimum for influent part and changed from (9.8 × 102) CFU/mL as maximum to( 9.4 × 102 ) CFU/mL as minimum for effluent The number of resistant bacterial cells also calculated in both influent and effluent against six commonly used antibiotics, the applied antibiotic solutions were Erythromycin (Er), Ampicillin (AMP), Gentamycin (Gen), Kanamycin (Kan), Tetracycline (TC) and Clindamycin (Cln) as well as susceptibility test was performed to ensure the resistance to antibiotics by disc diffusion method. The total number of bacteria in influent samples during the year was changed. Most resistance bacteria against interested antibiotics are detected in all months of the sampling. High-Resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-ToF-MS) used for qualification investigates the occurrence, amount and seasonal change of seven typical antibiotics resıdues sulfonamide/ Sulfamethoxazole, Ampicillin. Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Gentamycin and Kanamycin, results showed that all targeted antibiotics founded in four-season except Sulphonamide and kanamycin not detect. LC-Q-ToF-MS also used for Pesticides, Herbicides and Veterinary drugs residue qualification. Results showed that the most pesticides and herbicides founded was DDT, Dinoterb and Denatonium. As well as residues analyses, 15 metal (As, Se, Al, Ag, Sb, Ba, Hg, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Ni) assessed. All these metals founded 100% in influent and about 90% for affluent parts. Finally, we detected ADGs in the same samples by Convenient PCR. Our investigations succeeded to assay four ADGs: tetA, ermA, sul 1 and ant (2`)-I. The results of qualification detection showed that all of these ADG was founded 100 % in all samples during one year of sampling for both influent and effluent samples of WWTP except (AmpC) gen not detected and only (ermA) gen appeared in 20 % of effluent samples with no appear in effluent samples. For quantification of ADGs, qPCR method applied and Tagman probe used for determination of gene copy number, among qualified ADGs, Gentamicin resistance gene ant (2`) was selected for quantification. The result showed variation in gene copy number and the gene copy number was high in all seasons.Keywords: Antibiotics resistance genes, Antibiotics resistance bacteria, Saruhanlı wastewater treatment plants. 114
- Published
- 2019
8. Afganistan'da Cumhuriyet Dönemi siyasi gelişmeleri (1973-1978)
- Author
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Sultani, Mohammad Sadiq, Yiğit, Aydın, and Tarih Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Tarih ,History - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Afganistan'da 1973-1978 yılları arasında yaşanan Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nin siyasi gelişmeleri incelenmek istenmiştir. Nitekim bu dönemde Afganistan'da Peştun, Tacik, Hazara ve Özbek olmak üzere dört ana halkın yaşadığı görülmektedir. Söz konusu milletleri ve ülke idaresini Cumhuriyet'e götüren en önemli gelişme ise 1964 Anayasası'dır. Zira siyasi partilerin kurularak ülkede politik çeşitliliğin oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Anayasanın ilanından sonra sol görüşlü altı, sağ görüşlü üç siyasi partinin kurulması bunu göstermektedir. Ancak partilerin kuruluşu, siyasi gerilimleri de beraberinde getirmiş ve nihayetinde cumhuriyete giden yolda 17 Temmuz 1973 Darbesi'ni doğurmuştur. Darbe ile birlikte ilan edilen cumhuriyet yönetiminde Davut Han'ın ülkeye liderlik ettiği görülmektedir. Hem cumhurbaşkanı hem de başbakan olarak görev yapan Davut Han, Cumhuriyet'in ilk yıllarında özellikle sol görüşlü gruplarla birlikte hareket etmiş ve onların siyasi mevkilerde görev almalarını sağlamıştır. Ancak 1975 yılı sonlarından itibaren bu tavrını değiştirererek sol kesimden olan unsurları devletten uzaklaştırmıştır. Bu ise ülkede siyasi tansiyonu yükselttiğinden önce parti faaliyetlerine son verilmiş ve tek parti iktidarı kurulmuş, ardından ülkede suikastlar başgöstermiş ve sonuçta da 27 Nisan 1978 Darbesi ile cumhuriyet dönemi sona erdirilmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise Afganistan'ın Cumhuriyet Dönemi olarak adlandırlan 1973-1978 arası dönemdeki dış ilişkiler ele alınmıştır. Buna göre önce ABD, Sovyetler Birliği gibi dönemin önde gelen güçleri ile olan ilişkiler, ardından Afganistan'ın komşuları ve Türkiye ile olan ilişkileri çeşitli açılardan incelenmiştir. Çalışma kronolojik sıralama göz önüne alınarak hazırlanmıştır.Anahter kalimeler: Afganistan, Cumhuriyet, Davud Han, Demokrasi, Darbe, Dış Politika. In this study, the political developments of the Republican Period between 1973-1978 in Afghanistan were investigated. As a matter of fact, it was seen that four main people were living in Afghanistan, namely Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara and Uzbek. The Constitution of 1964 was the most important development that led the states and the administration of the country to the Republic. Because the political parties were established and the political diversity was formed in the country. The formation of six left-wing and three right-wing political parties after the declaration of the Constitution shows this. However, the establishment of the parties brought with it political tensions and eventually led to the coup of 17 July 1973 on the road to the Republic.It was seen that Davud Khan led the country under the Republican administration declared with the coup. In the first year of the Republic, he served as president and prime minister, especially with left-wing groups and provided them to take part in political positions. However, since the end of 1975, he changed his attitude and removed the elements from the left wing. Since the political tension in the country increased, the party activities were terminated and the one-party power was established, then the assassination of the country and the Republic period was ended with the coup d'état on 27 April 1978.In the last part of the study, foreign relations between 1973-1978, which was called The Republic period of Afghanistan, were discussed. In this respect, first the relations with the leading powers of the period, such as the USA, the Soviet Union, and then the relations with the neighboring countries of Afghanistan and Turkey have been examined in various ways. The study was prepared by considering the chronological order.Keywords: Afghanistan, Republic, Davud Khan, Democracy, Coup, Foreign Policy. 123
- Published
- 2019
9. Afgan-Tacik havzasının Afganistan sınırları içerisinde kalan bölümünün petrol jeolojisi açısından değerlendirmesi
- Author
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Sadiq, Nargis, Altunsoy, Mehmet, and Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Jeoloji Mühendisliği ,Geological Engineering - Abstract
Bu çalışmada Afganistan'ın kuzeyinde yer alan Afgan-Tacik Havzası'na ait Eosen yaşlı Suzak Formasyonu'nun petrol potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Eosen yaşlı Suzak Formasyonu Afgan-Tacik Havzası'nda Buhara Formasyonu'nun üzerinde uyumlu olarak bulunmaktadır. Bu formasyon Tacikistan ve Özbekistan'da petrolün ana kayası olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ancak Afganistan'da bu formasyon üzerine araştırmalar yıllardır devam etmektedir. Dolasıyla bu formasyonun ana kaya olabilme kapasitesini açıklamak için organik petrografik ve organik jeokimyasal analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir.Suzak Formasyonu'na ait yüzey örneklerinin ortalama toplam organik karbon içeriğinin ortalama %1.3'dür. Sadece iki örneğin toplam organik madde değeri %13.9 ve 19.7 olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum kayaların petrol üretmi için yeterli organik madde miktarına sahip olduklarını göstermektedir. Piroliz analizinden (Rock-Eval) elde edilen Tmax değerine göre Suzak Formasyonu (435-465°C) olgunlaşmamış-çok olgun arasında yorumlanabilir.Organik madde, II. ve III. tip kerojene sahiptir. Organik madde termal olarak olgunlaşmış olup birimin petrol üretim alanında olduğu görülmektedir.Piroliz analizleri Suzak Formasyonu çamurtaşları, yüzey örneklerinin doğal gaza eğimli ve III. tip kerojen içerdiğini göstermektedir. Ancak karot örnekleri ve birkaç yüzey örneğinin, petrole eğimli ve II. tip kerojen içerdiklerini kanıtlamaktadır.Suzak Formasyonu'ndan alınan yüzey ve karot örnekleri organik petrografik ve organik jeokimya analizleri için kullanılmıştır. Örneklerin çoğunda vitrinit yansıma değerlerinin %0.9-1.5 arasında ve petrol üretim penceresinde olduğu görülmektedir. İki örneğin vitrinit yansıma değerinin %2 olduğu ve gaz üretim penceresinde olduğu görülmüştür. Bir örneğin vitrinit yansıma değeri ise %5.6 olarak bulumuştur. In this study, the source rock potantial of the Organic-rich Eocene-age Suzak Formation was investgated. This Formation belongs is located in Afghan-Tajik basin in the northern Afghanistan.Suzak Formation conformably overlies the Bukhara Formations. In Tajikestan and Ozbekistan this formation has proven to be petroleums source rock, but in Afghanistan geologists have been investingating the Organic-rich Eocene-age Suzak (also called Givar) mudstone for many years in other to prove its potential of the bed rock. To understand the capacity of this formation organic petographic and organic geochemical analyzes of the bed rock was carried.During the organic petrographic and organic geochemical analysis many samples of crude oil, natural gas, and source rock were collected from wells, fields, and outcrops in northern Afghanistan to correlate with crude oil and natural gas of postulated source rocks. The Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content of Suzak mudstone outcrop samples is generally low, averaging approximately 0.4 weight percent. Only two outcrop samples contain total organic carbon greater than 1 weight percent, both approximately 1.3 weight percent. Two Suzak mudstone core samples have total organic matter contents of 13.9 and 19.7 weight percent, indicating that these rocks are capable of generating petroleum.Results from pyrolysis analysis (Rock-Eval) indicate that Tmax is between 435-465 degrees C, in which organic mattter shows it takes place between immature-post mature. Pyrolysis analysis of the Suzak mudstone also indicates that most of the samples of the outcrop contain natural gas-prone type III kerogen. But core samples and a few outcrop samples contain crude oil-prone type II kerogen.Most of the samples have mean vitrinite reflectance values between 0.9 and 1.5 percent, indicating that the organic matter is thermally mature and within the realm of crude oil generation. Two samples have vitrinite reflectance values of approximately 2%, capable of natural gas generation. One aberrant sample probably contains reworked (recycled) vitrinite with a reflectance value of 5.6 percent. 86
- Published
- 2017
10. Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constants of Viologen Monocations at a Platinum Disk Electrode
- Author
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BHATTI, Naheed Kaukab, SUBHANI, M. Sadiq, and KHAN, Ather Yaseen
- Subjects
Viologen monocations,experimental rate constant for heterogeneous electron transfer process,theoretical rate constant for heterogeneous electron transfer process - Abstract
Experimental values of rate constants for the heterogeneous transfer of electrons to methyl viologen, diquat viologen, benzyl viologen and n-butyl viologen monocations were determined. The process was studied at the surface of a platinum disk in mixtures of water with different aprotic solvents at different temperatures. Theoretical rate constants were evaluated using Marcus' equation, which also contains barrier crossing probability and nuclear frequency. A comparison was made between the theoretical and experimental values of rate constants.
- Published
- 2014
11. Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constants of Viologen at a Platinum Disk Electrode
- Author
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BHATTI, Naheed Kaukab, SUBHANI, M. Sadiq, and KHAN, Ather Yaseen
- Subjects
Physics::Chemical Physics ,and abbreviations used ko Heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant kexpo Experimental rate constant for heterogeneous electron transfer process. MV++ Methyl viologen dication V++ Viologen dication NBV++ n-Butyl viologen dication BV++ Benzyl vi - Abstract
The transfer of electrons to the dications of viologens including methyl viologen, diquat, benzyl viologen and n-butyl viologen was studied at the surface of a platinum disk electrode. The rate constants for the processes were determined and the effects of solvent, temperature and working electrode studied. The studies showed that the rate constants increase with temperature and the effect of solvent on the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant is related to the polarity, dielectric constant and viscosity of the solvent and on the electrode material. Theoretical rate constants were calculated by considering the effects of barrier crossing probability and nuclear-frequency factor. Optimization of the theoretical values of rate constants at different reaction sites was carried out by comparing with experimental results. Activation parameters for the process were also obtained.
- Published
- 2014
12. Optimization Study of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance
- Author
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AL-BAGHDADI, Maher A. R. Sadiq and AL-JANABI, Haroun A. K. Shahad
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Optimization,Proton exchange,Fuel cell - Abstract
A mathematical model of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell type, based on physical-chemical knowledge of the phenomena occurring inside the cell, was developed to study the performance at different operation variables. The effects of different operating parameters on the performance of PEM fuel cell studied using pure hydrogen on the anode side and air on the cathode side. Results with different fuel cell operating temperatures, different operating pressures and various combinations of these parameters were obtained. The possible mechanisms of the parameter effects and their interrelationships are discussed. The modeling results are compared with known experimental results. The comparison shows good agreements between the modeling results and the experimental data.
- Published
- 2014
13. A Simulation Model for a Single Cylinder Four-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Alternative Fuels
- Author
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AL-BAGHDADI, Maher A. R. Sadiq
- Subjects
Power generation,Pollution,ICE,Spark ignition engine model,Simulation model,Thermodynamics,Hydrogen,Ethanol,Alternative fuel ,Physics::Chemical Physics ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Abstract
Considering the energy crises and pollution problems today, investigations have concentrated on decreasing fuel consumption by using renewable alternative fuels and on lowering the concentration of toxic components in combustion products. A simulative model for establishing the performance parameters of spark ignition engines fueled with a range of fuels (gasoline, ethanol, or hydrogen) and their mixture is presented. The incidence of pre-ignition and its relative intensity as well as cyclic variations are also accounted for. The 2-zone incorporates a procedure for deriving an estimate of the effective duration of combustion and the associated mass burning rate for various operating conditions and fuels. A system of first-order ordinary differential equations was obtained for the pressure, mass, volume, temperature of the burned and unburned gases, heat transfer from the burned and unburned zone, mass flow into and out of crevices, and the composition of combustion products. The mathematical and simulation model has been developed, tested, and verified against the experimental data to simulate a 4-stroke cycle of a spark ignition engine fueled with gasoline, ethanol, or hydrogen as a single fuel or their mixture. The results obtained from the present study have shown the capability of the model to predict satisfactorily the performance and emissions including the incidence of pre-ignition at various engine-operating conditions. A good agreement was obtained between the results of the present model and the experimental results.
- Published
- 2014
14. Functionality of Different Surfactants and Ingredients in Frozen Dough
- Author
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ASGHAR, Ali, ANJUM, Faqir Muhammad, BUTT, Masood Sadiq, and HUSSAIN, Shahzad
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fungi ,food and beverages ,Surfactants,frozen dough,bread,ingredients - Abstract
Surfactants are widely used in bakeries as dough strengtheners and dough improvers but there is a wide range of compounds available according to their mode of action that could potentially improve the quality of not only the simple breads and doughs but also of frozen dough. These types of product usually have a short shelf-life when compared with normal bakery products. With the increase in modernization and new trends in food products, consumers are becoming more and more aware and conscious about their diet and therefore their health as well. The quality of frozen dough bakery products could be improved by the use of different additives including surfactants, hydrocolloids, gum additives etc. These additives help to improve the quality of the frozen dough bakery products and increase the shelf-life. Several ingredients can be used for the production of frozen dough bread, the most important of which are flour, yeast and water. Bread improvers play an important role in both the dough and finished loaf volume, and aid dough development, improve the gas retention of the dough, improve dough tolerance to mechanical shock, speed up dough maturity, improve dough machine ability, reduce the rate of crumb firming bread staling, improve crumb structure and texture of the loaf, and improve loaf volume.
- Published
- 2014
15. Meme kanseri hücre hatlarında mir-221-3P ve pak1 gen ifadesinin araştırılması
- Author
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Tayep, Tayeb Sadiq, Öztuzcu, Serdar, and Tıbbi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Micro RNA ,Protein kinases ,Neoplasms ,Gene expression ,Breast neoplasms ,Medical Biology ,Tıbbi Biyoloji ,Polymerase chain reaction - Abstract
Kadınlarda en yaygın malignite meme kanseridir.Kanser ilaçlarının, hücresel davranışı ve kanser patogenezinin altında yatan mekanizmalar aracılığıyla etki ettiği yolakları anlamadaki yetersizlikten dolayı, kanser tedavisinde oluşan ilaç direnci hala önemli bir klinik sorun olarak kalmıştır. Bu sebeple, meme kanserindeki risk faktörü oluşumlarının tümörün morfolojik ve moleküler özelliklerine göre değişip değişmediğini belirlemek önemli bir sorgulamadır. Tamoksifen direnci, anti-östrojen tamoksifenin ERα'yı transaktive eden agonistik özellikler kazandığı meme kanseri vakalarının yarısında görülmektedir. ERα'nın PAK1 aracılıklı serin 305 (S305) fosforilasyonu tamoksifen direncine yol açar. Bizim çalışmamızda, PAK1 kaynaklı tamoksifen direnci konu alınmıştır. Bizim hipotezimize göre, PAK1 tarafından sağlanan ERα-S305 fosforilasyonu PAK1'in miR-221-3p ile transkripsiyonel engellenmesi ile tersine çevrilebilir çünkü miR-221-3p PAK1'in 3'UTR bölgesini hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla, bölümümüzdeki laboratuvarda ER-pozitif meme kanseri hücre hatlarında (MCF7, HCC1500, ZR-75-1), ER-negatif meme kanseri hücre hatlarında (SKBR3, MDA-MB-231) ve kontrol olarak meme epitel hücre hattı hTERT-HME1'de miR-221-3p'nin ifade düzeyini ölçmek için Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) kullandık. PAK1'daki miR-221-3p bağımlı artış, ZR-75-1 hücre soyunun invaziv özelliğe sahip olup diğer ER+ hücre hatları MCF7 ve HCC1500'ün daha hafif bir kanser şiddetine sahip olmasına bağlanabilir. SKBR3 hücre hattındaki miR-221-3p'nin ifade düzeyinin azalıp PAK1'ın ifade düzeyinin artması, PAK1 ifade düzenlenmesinde miR-221-3p'nin rolünün de olabileceğine yorumlanabilir. miR-221-3p ve PAK1 ifadesi kontrol hücre soyuna göre yüksek olan MDA-MB-231 hücre hattında PAK1 ifadesi için farklı düzenleyici mekanizmalar olabilir. Bu sonuçlara göre, meme kanserinin histopatolojisi ve şiddetine göre, miR-221-3p hastalığın moleküler mekanizması ile ilgili PAK1 aktivitesi olsun veya farklı mekanizmalar üzerinden olsun önemli bilgiler verebilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: miR-221-3p, PAK1, meme kanseri, qRT-PCR, RT-PCR The most common malignancy in women is breast cancer. Drug resistance in the treatment of cancer still remains a major clinical concern because of an insufficiency of understanding of the pathways by which cancer drugs interact with the mechanisms underlying cellular behaviour and cancerpathogenesis. Therefore, defining whether risk factor associations for breast cancer diverge by morphological and molecular features of the tumors shows an important query. Resistance to tamoxifen is seen in half of the recurrences in breast cancer. The anti-estrogen tamoxifen gains agonistic property by transactivating ERα. PAK1- mediated phosphorylation of serine 305 (S305) of ERα leads to resistance to tamoxifen. In our study, PAK1- induced suggestive tamoxifen resistance was designed. According to our hypothesis, phosphorylation of ERα-S305 by PAK1 may be reversed by PAK1 transcriptional inhibition by miR-221-3p due to miR-221-3p targeting the 3'UTR of PAK1. For this purpose, we used Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure the expression level of miR-221-3p in ER-positive breast cancer cell lines (CRL-1500, MCF7) and breast epithelial cell line, hTERT-HME1, as control in the laboratory in our department. Increase in the expression of PAK1 depending on miR-221-3p may be related to ZR-75-1 cell line which has invasive characteristic but other two ER+ cancer cell lines, MCF7 and HCC1500, have milder cancer severity. miR-221-3p may have a role on regulation of PAK1 expression because the miR-221-3p expression level decreases while PAK1 expression level increases in SKBR3 cell line. miR-221-3p and PAK1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cell line are higher than that of hTERT-HME1 cell line may be interpreted like that miR-221-3p has no regulatory effect on of PAK1 expression in this cell line. According to these results, miR-221-3p may give crucial information about the molecular mechanism of the disease upon PAK1 activity or different mechanisms with respect to histopathology and severity of breast cancer.Key Words: miR-221-3p, PAK1, breast cancer, qRT-PCR, RT-PCR 76
- Published
- 2014
16. Kolorektal kanserde macc1-as1 gen mutasyonlarinin moleküler yöntemlerle araştirilmasi
- Author
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Taib, Jamal Sadiq Taib, İğci, Mehri, and Tıbbi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Genes ,Neoplasms ,Mutation ,Genetics ,RNA ,Cancer patients ,Genetik ,Colorectal neoplasms - Abstract
Kolorektal kanser, batıda en sık gözlenen ölüm nedenlerinden biridir. Yakın zaman önce keşfedilmiş MACC1 (metastaz-bağlantılı kolon kanser -1), HGF/Met yolağının anahtar düzenleyicisidir ve kolorektal kanserde yüksek oranda ifade olmaktadır. MACC1 geninin altıncı intronunda MACC1-AS1 karşıt anlamlı RNA bölgesi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kodlanmayan MACC1-AS1 RNA?sının ikincil yapısı RNAFold, MACC1 mRNA?sı ile arasındaki sarmal oluşumu ise IntaRNA adlı programlarla analiz edilmiş ve MACC1 gen ifadesinin kontrolünde rol almaya uygun yapısı nedeniyle kolorektal kanserde gözlenen MACC1?in yüksek ifadesi ile ilişkili olabileceği kanısına varılmıştır. Konu ile ilgili açık bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır . Dolayısıyla, bu çalışma MACC1?in kodlanmayan bölgesindeki (MACC1-AS1) olası genomik değişimler ve kolorektal kanser gelişimi arasındaki bağlantıyı araştıran ilk çalışmadır. Bu çalışma 104 kontrol ve 96 kolorektal kanserli bireyin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kan örneklerinden elde edilen genomik DNA PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) yöntemiyle çoğaltılmış ve Tek Zincir Konformasyon Polimorfizmi (SSCP) ile analiz edilmiştir ve kodlanmayan MACC1-AS1 bölgesindeki olası değişiklikleri araştırmak için dizin analizi gerceklestirilmistir. Kontrol ve hasta örneklerinde ekzon 1?de, üç farklı banddan (1, 2, 3) oluşan 6 genotip (1, 2, 3, 1&2, 1&3, 2&3) gözlemlenmiştir. Dizin analizi neticesinde genotip 1?in bir A eklenmesi ve ayrıca GT eklenmesi (rs200028381), genotip 2?nin ise G>A yer değişimi ve A eklenmesi barındırdığı görülmüş; ancak, genotip 3?te bir farklılık bulunamamıştır. Ancak, bu değişimler ve kolorektal kanser arasında anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenememiştir.Bu çalışma moleküler teknikler kullanılarak kolorektal kanserde MACC1-AS1 gen mutasyonlarının araştırıldığı ilk çalışmadır. Ancak kolorektal tümörler ve MACC1-AS1 RNA ifadesi arasındaki bağlantıyı anlayabilmek amacıyla immünohistokimya, Western blotlama ve mRNA ifade analizi gibi ileri analizlere ihtiyaç olduğu görülmüştür. Colorectal cancer is the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. The newly discovered MACC1 acts as a key regulator of HGF/Met pathway and express highly in colorectal cancer. MACC1 can serve as a prognostic indicator for colon and other cancer invasion and metastasis. Potential links between genetic diversity of the MACC1 AS1 locus and high expression of MACC1 are unknown. In this study, the secondary structure of MACC-AS1 RNA and the complementarity between MACC1 mRNA and MACC1-AS1 RNA were analyzed by RNAFold and IntaRNA programs. Therefore, this is the first study investigating the association between genomic variations in the MACC1-AS1 and the colorectal cancer. The study included 104 control and 96 patient samples. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood specimens, analyzed by PCR and SSCP and subjected to sequence analysis.We observed three different fragments and six genotypes (1,2,3,1&2,1&3,2&3) in the exon one of MACC1-AS1 in patient and control samples. As a result of sequence analysis, A and GT (rs200028381) insertions in genotype 1, G>A substitution and A insertion in genotype 2 were detected. However, no association was observed between these SNPs and prognosis of colorectal cancer.As a conclusion; this study is the first investigation of MACC1-AS1 mutation in colorectal cancer by using molecular techniques. Some novel SNPs in the exon 1 of MACC1-AS1 were identified. In order to understand the association between colorectal tumors and MACC1-AS1 status clearly; further analysis, like Western blotting, immunohistochemistry of MACC1 and RNA analysis for MACC1-AS1, are needed. 82
- Published
- 2013
17. السياسة الخارجية الإسرائيلية تجاه إفريقيا – جنوب الصحراء
- Author
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EİD, Sadiq Alshaikh
- Abstract
The study seeks to highlight the significance of South Saharan states in the Israeli foreign policy and identify the goals and determinants of this policy and the ability of the Israeli decision makers to make use of the changing realities within and without the continent to reintroduce to reinforce their presence. The study relies on the analytical descriptive approach and stands on the main hypothesis: that the Israeli foreign policy towards Africa stems from its full awareness of the importance of this resources-rich continent that has a notable weight in international organizations
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