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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), present in varying amounts in all mammalian milks, is a major regulator of the growth gene signaling system in the newborn. The main biological functions of IGF-1, an important anabolic hormone, are the regulation of cell metabolism, growth, cell proliferation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). There are studies that reveal positive and negative effects or disease risks on human health with the level of IGF-1 in serum. A low level of serum IGF-1 is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cardiac autophagy, hypertension, sarcopenia, nervous system diseases, and type 2 diabetes, while a high IGF-1 level is associated with prostate, premenopausal breast, and colorectal cancers and short life expectancy. IGF-1 is known to have a protective effect against Alzheimer's, dementia, and Parkinson's disease. When systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies are examined, it is clear that more studies are needed to obtain more consistent results regarding IGF-1 levels and the health effects of milk consumption. In addition, there are insufficient studies on how IGF-1 in milk is affected by milk processing and digestion, in terms of quantity and molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Acromegaly is a chronic disease that causes high concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). GH and IGF-1 levels have important effects on bone homeostasis, bone turnover, and bone remodeling. The results of studies investigating the relationship between acromegaly and bone mineral density (BMD) are controversial. The aim of the current study was to evaluate BMD in newly diagnosed acromegaly patients and to determine the relationship between GH and IGF-1 levels with BMD. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 36 newly diagnosed acromegaly patients without a history of hypogonadism, whose BMD values can be obtained from the records of University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital. The relationship between GH and IGF-1 levels and BMD measured from the femur and lumbar regions was examined separately. Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.2±12.5 years. Median IGF-1 and BH levels were 551 ng/mL and 8.2 ng/mL, respectively. While 58.3% of the patients had osteopenia, no osteoporosis was found in any patient. A positive correlation was found between the BMD value measured from the femoral neck and IGF-1 (r=0.484, p=0.036) and GH (r=0.595, p=0.007) levels. There was no significant correlation between BMD measurements evaluated from lumbar vertebrae and GH and IGF-1 levels. Conclusion: It was found that the increase in GH and IGF-1 levels in newly diagnosed eugonadal acromegaly patients increased BMD measured from the femur. There was no significant relationship between BMD measured from the lumbar region and GH and IGF-1 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Prostate cancer is a difficult disease that is slowly grow in the first 5-10 years that can start any part of the prostate gland, then grow rapidly and spread to other organs. In 2014 the 10 most common male cancer in Turkey ranking of prostate cancer into second place after lung cancer, it is in second place in the ranking of all age groups. In this review, it is aimed to explain the effect of cow milk consumption on the course of disease and the effect of cancer cell development. In addition, the relationship between the incidence of prostate cancer and the mortality rate were questioned. Potentially thought to be related to milk-prostate cancer, calcium, insulin-like growth factor, milk-induced miRNAs that weaken the DNA methyltransferase 1 signal, and increased mTORC1 signaling with high cow milk consumption have been described. Recent results suggest that milk consumption in childhood is not associated with prostate cancer risk, and that milk consumption in adulthood may have a biological basis. According to the World Cancer Research Fund, evidence on milk and dairy products has been reported as limited-thought-provoking and emphasized that milk and dairy products cause an increased risk of prostate cancer. Removal of miRNAs from cow's milk from the human food chain, restriction of cow's milk intake during mTORC1-dependent phases of prostate development and differentiation, and dietary interventions in the direction of attenuating mTORC1 signals can be applied as prophylaxis of prostate cancer prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is important for fetal and postnatal development. After premature births, serum IGF-1 concentrations rapidly decrease and can stay at much lower levels than during the intrauterine period. In this study, we aimed to ascertain whether IGF-1 is associated with morbidities of prematurity such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and is a useful predictor of these diseases. METHODS: We enrolled newborn infants born at a postmenstrual age of ≤32 weeks in this prospective observational cohort study. Serum IGF-1 levels were measured serially in blood samples on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 21st, and 28th day. RESULTS: A total of 93 infants were enrolled in the study. All these infants had the following characteristics at birth: weight 1236.11±354.06 g, and gestational age 29.43±2.10 weeks. All of the IGF-1 levels were significantly lower in the group which developed BPD or ROP (p<0.001). The patients who developed IVH and NEC also had lower IGF-1 levels. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION: Strong correlations have been found between low serum IGF-1 levels during the first four weeks and development of BPD and ROP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is an important disease that affects fetal development during pregnancy and causes metabolic disorders in newborns. Changes in serum glucose, ketone bodies, and somatomedin-C inhibitors in the diabetic pregnancies are responsible for the development of metabolic syndromes. The frequency of maternal hyperglycemia has reduced with careful monitoring during pregnancy of diabetic mothers. Nevertheless, morbidity in offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) continues to be significant. We aimed to investigate the cardiac function of infants of mothers with GDM by echocardiographic (ECHO) Doppler and tissue Doppler methods and to evaluate their demographic features, somatomedin-C level and the relations them with each other. Methods: ECHO findings, laboratory data of newborns applied to our clinic between January and December 2016, and demographics of GDM mothers were examined. In the study, 108 neonates born to GDM mothers, and 100 healthy neonates (controls) were enrolled at postpartum 48th hour. Serum somatomedin-C levels were measured and detailed clinical and ECHO examination were performed. Isovolumetric relaxation (IVRT), isovolumetric contraction (IVCT), Myocardial Performance Index (MPI=ei Index) as an index that include both systolic and diastolic time intervals in expressing global systolic and diastolic ventricular functions [MPI: (IVRT + IVCT) / systolic ejection time] were calculated using both ventricular function M-mode, pulsed-wave and tissue Doppler ECHO methods. In addition, pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and tricuspid and mitral valves annular plan systolic excursion motions (TAPSE, MAPSE) were measured. Anamnesis and laboratory studies (fasting blood glucose [GHG] and glycosylated hemoglobin c [HbA1c]) measurements of all mothers were performed. Results: In the study group, 49 (45.4%) of infants were females and 59 were males (54.6%), the incidence of macrosomia was 4 (3.7%) in the study group and 2 (2.0%) in the control group. In comparison between the maternal groups, GDM mothers had significantly higher levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in birth weight and somatomedin-C levels in neonates between two groups, but head circumference and height values were significantly higher in infants born to GDM mothers (p<0.05). In the echocardiographic examinations, small muscular ventricular septal defects were detected in 3 infants (2.77%) in study group, and 1 infant (1.0%) in control group. The M mode review revealed that diastolic end-interventricular septum thickness was significantly higher in IDMs group (p<0.001). In the evaluation of right ventricular function, MPI values were significantly higher in the infants of GDM group than control group (p<0.05). Also, IVCT, a diastolic function indicator, was significantly longer in the study group (p<0.05). There was a statistically insignificant decrease in TAPSE values in infants of GDM group (p>0.05). In evaluation of left ventricular function between groups, MPI and IVRT values were significantly higher in infants of GDM group (p<0.05), whereas MAPSE values were significantly decreased in the study group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Although infants of mothers with GDM were clinically normal in our study, we determined significant differences in diastolic parameters in addition to subclinical findings of ventricular septal thickness. We emphasize that cardiac involvement requires early diagnosis and neonatal approach even though complications in infants born to GDM mothers usually recover spontaneously. As expected, these infants are prone to various hyperglycemic adverse outcomes. Therefore, recognizing and treating hyperglycemia in time should be an important target for prevention of metabolic problems and deaths in severe cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The effects of trans-9 18:1 octadecenoic acid isomer from the fatty acid isomers taken with diet on soluble cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1: Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and sVCAM-1: Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were investigated on rats. Method: The rats which were fed for two weeks by the same diet were separated into experimental and control groups. Fifty mg/day trans-9 18:1 octadecenoic acid isomer was added to the diet of experimental group for 10 days. Following the completion of special diet, fatty acid composition in both groups was studied by gas chromatography analysis. Results: Trans-9 18:1 fatty acid level in the experimental group was higher than control group (p<0.01). The soluble cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) increased (p<0.01) and IGF-1 levels decreased (p<0.05) in rats fed with trans-9 18:1 octadecenoic acid. Conclusion: Our results indicate that, high levels of dietary trans fatty acid isomers are a factor in the increasing of cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, svCAM-1) levels and decreasing of IGF-1 levels. Hence, measurement of these parameters may be beneficial in patients with coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis, as well as in other pathological cases. We believe that these parameters may also be useful for early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous unit. It usually starts after puberty but may continue into adulthood. We studied Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels in women patients with acne vulgaris in whom all other hormon levels were normal. We aimed to show any relation of the acne vulgaris lesion type and GH and IGF-1 levels. Material and Method: The study conducted on the postadolesance period woman patients applying to out patient dermatology department with complaint of acne symptoms between Semtember 2005 and July 2006. All other hormonal parameters were normal in patients. 25 healthy similar age women were accepted as control. IGF-1 and GH were quantified by solid-phase competitive chemiluminescence assays. Results: There was no difference according to age between the groups (p=0.726). The mean IGF-1 level was 336.5±112.88 ng/ml in patients and 194±31.32 ng/ml in control; the difference was significantly important (p=0.000). The mean GH level was 3.16±4.35 µlU/ml in patients and 1.15±1.21 µlU/ml in control; and the diffrence was not found as important (p=0.03). IGF-1 level was significantly important in patients with noduler involvement (p=0.015), and GH level was also significantly important in patients with cystic involvement (p=0.05). Conclusion: We supported the hypothesis that GH and IGF-1 levels were important in postadolasence period women patients with acne vulgaris. We recommend new studies comparing GH and IGF-1 levels in adolesence and postadolesence period women patients in order to support the role of these hormones in pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. (Turkderm 2010; 44: 69-72) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The development and growing up of organism was regulated by hormones and factors effective in growth along axis of hypothalamus- hypophysis. In this study, effects of IGFs were aimed to investigate on bone and muscle metabolism and its regulation and response to exercise. Main Findings: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) is synthesized by liver and many of tissue are effective in somatic growth. IGFs have two important forms as IGF-I and IGF-II. IGF-II is effective on intrauterine growth, whereas IGF-I is more effective on postnatal growth. IGFs binding proteins were transported to target organs. Six binding proteins have been defined (IGF 1-6). The binding proteins have three different receptor in cell membrane, insulin receptor; Type-I receptor and Type-II receptor. IGFs affected via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms on bone and muscle. Conclusion: The effect of IGF on muscle tissue increase with mechanic stress (resistance exercise). Owing to this condition, exercise plays an effective role on preventing muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]