Search

Copyright of Journal of Youth Research is the property of Genclik & Spor Bakanligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mavi Atlas is the property of Mavi Atlas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mavi Atlas is the property of Mavi Atlas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Depending on the evolution of the social and economic structure throughout history, cities have been situated in the heart of capital accumulation. Cities, however, have had to deal with the issue of resource use and waste brought about by capitalism and the linear economic model while retaining these production linkages. With the rise of environmental and ecological issues in the 1970s, a more environmentally friendly circular economic model based on the principles of 'make-use-recover' has been developed in place of the linear economic model, which disregards the environment and natural resources and views everything as waste. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the cyclicality of cities with different levels of development in Turkey and to investigate the relationship between the development level of cities and their cyclicity. Due to the lack of generally accepted official data, the lack of a generally accepted methodological method and the newness of the subject, the research was designed as 'exploratory research' and no in-depth statistical analyzes were made. A computational approach that uses quantitative research techniques to enable comparison at the international level was applied in the study. According to this calculation method, the cyclic rate is the ratio of cyclic materials to the total materials entering the economy that year during the relevant measurement period. As the universe of the research, any city that realizes production and consumption relations within the framework of the linear economic model in Turkey can be determined as an example and included in the research, while 'the purposeful stratified sampling method' was adopted in the study and six cities with different development levels were selected. In this context, the cities of İzmir, Aydın, Gaziantep, Malatya, Ordu and Şanlıurfa were selected as samples and the cyclicality rates for solid waste were calculated in these cities. As a result of the study, the cyclicality rates of cities are 0.76% in İzmir, 0.41% in Aydın, 0.32% in Gaziantep, 0.32% in Malatya, 0.46% in Ordu and 0.21% in Şanlıurfa. In addition, a linear relationship could not be determined between the development levels of cities and the cyclicality rates of solid wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Democracy is not just a form of government, it is a way of life. The transformation of democratic cultural consciousness into a lifestyle depends on being supported by the family, school and society and continuing throughout life. In this study, Pippi Longstockings, Pippi Longstockings Going to Sea, Pippi Longstockings in the Great Ocean written by Astrid Lindgren were examined in the context of the concept of democratic cultural consciousness. This review was carried out in the context of the dimensions in the "Democratic Culture Awareness Scale" developed by Gedikoğlu Özilhan (2016). As a result of the examinations, 2475 sentences that are thought to raise awareness of democratic culture were identified in the series. Expressions about democratic cultural consciousness were mostly seen in the first book of the series, Pippi Uzunçorap (894, 36.12%). When we look at the level of contribution to the acquisition of democratic cultural awareness in the books, it has been determined that the expressions about the acquisition of the idea of freedom are much higher than the other rights (965, 38.98%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Media & Culture / Medya ve Kültür is the property of Medya ve Kultur and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (CTAD) is the property of Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Industry 4.0, which has completely transformed the production process, is not just about smart and connected systems. While industry 4.0 includes the intertwining and fusion of digital technologies in many fields from sequencing to nanotechnology, and also includes the mutual interactions, those digital technological developments are accompanied by the neoliberal globalization process. With the practices of privatization, marketization and deregulation which are at the center of neoliberal policies, states have either relatively withdrawn from service provision or have transformed their service provision in these areas, while the process was decisive on economic, political, social, cultural and spatial transformations, Thus, areas such as health, education, etc. have been restructured by basing on market dynamics and 'health' became a means of capital accumulation. Therefore, in the process of the development of digital technologies, the globalization of capitalism and the reshaping of the state with a neoliberal approach, health care delivery should be re-examined altogether with its agents and actors. As a matter of fact, transformations are taking place in the digital hospital concept through information and communication technologies. The legitimacy of the developments produced by the transformations has the potential to produce some controversial dynamics (such as the loss of professionalism, new surveillance and control practices, violations of privacy). In this regard, it is examined in this paper that how digitalization and neoliberal capitalism transform the hospital as a space, the patient and the medical profession. Accordingly, the transformation of medical practices and the loss of professionalism, new surveillance and control practices and privacy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We encounter mysterious manifestations of the supernatural in all societies, whether "primitive" or contemporary. Perceptions of the supernatural have evolved throughout human history and turned into strict rules. Anthropology enables us to see the supernatural perceptions and practices that are transmitted from generation to generation through imitation or advice, not from a limited belief window, but from a broad perspective in the processes of change, transformation and development of human societies. Some situations that can be seen more clearly in "primitive" societies due to their simpler lives become obscure in today's multi-layered world of beliefs, which is the result of historical accumulation. The supernatural practices of the Turkish Cypriots were investigated retrospectively in the text of Ox the Yellow Myth. The myth is compiled from Hıfsiye Alkan (1918-2018). She was born in Karye-i Bladanisa, a Turkish village in Cyprus. She did not go to school, and learned to read and write by herself. It is worth examining as an example of Turkish eschatology myths that attempt to explain the afterlife. The beliefs about the supernatural that the Turkish Cypriots had in different ages in Ox the Yellow Myth, which has an eclectic structure with the deconstruction method that based on investigating the unexpected relationships between different parts of a text, were analyzed. It provided important information about how social intelligence designed the supernatural, its symbolic representations, the reflections of different beliefs in daily life, and finally the layered order created by different religious approaches. As a special type of anthropological syncretism, which expresses the fusion and harmony of beliefs or rituals that seem alien to each other, the concept of religious fluidity has been used to make sense of the situation in which a certain society contains belief elements belonging to different ages at a given moment. Ox the Yellow Myth is a simple example of eschatology myths. It tells us what will happen to people after this world and what will be the end of the world. It has shown that naturalism, vitalism, ancestor cult and shamanistic elements, which were included in the beliefs of the Turks before they embraced Islam. The beliefs were blended with Islam and carried to the present day. Within the scope of the research, the mythical narrative, on the one hand, allows us to obtain imaginary clues about the important stages of the Turkish Cypriots in the evolution of religious culture, on the other hand, the sacred symbols and images do not disappear immediately despite the religious changes. It has also shown us that it is transferred in accordance with social needs. This situation points precisely to the concept of religious fluidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sosyologca is the property of Sosyologca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Marmara University Social Sciences Institute / Öneri is the property of Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Çalismalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Calismalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sosyologca is the property of Sosyologca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Azerbaijan first fell under the rule of the Russian Tsardom, and after a short period of independence, the country became part of the Soviet Russia. During the years of captivity, the culture of Azerbaijani Turks were under the pressure from all sides. Especially during the Soviet Union (USSR), systematic and programmed policy of preventing and even destroying Turkish culture were carried out. Despite long years of oppression and obstruction, we witness that Azerbaijani Turks have undergone the great cultural memory transformation during and after the independence struggle. The re-influence of Turkish culture and the return of the Azerbaijani people to their cultural essence has become a systematic process with the support of Turkey. Agreements signed, opening of diplomatic missions, organization of organizations, mutual visits, visa facilitation, opening of border gates, exchange of students, etc. between the two countries served this purpose. It is difficult to say that Turkey very quickly developed the policy suitable for the new post-Soviet era. At that time, it was impossible to imagine that this great empire could disintegrate so quickly. For this reason, it can be said that it took time to determine the foreign policy in accordance with the new period. However, over time, Turkey's mission and vision have turned into cooperation, partnership and even alliance between Turkey and the Turkic Republics in cultural, political, economic, military and many other fields. In addition, Turkey's relations with Azerbaijan were more comprehensive than those of other Turkic republics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Folklor / Edebiyat is the property of Cyprus International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Black Sea / Karadeniz is the property of Black Sea / Karadeniz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban architecture is important for understanding the processes of interaction and semantic connections that societies establish with living space. As the places of worship, in this sense, stand out as works of art with their architectural differences in shape, they also differ from their surroundings with the metaphor of sacredness of which they are identified. The resulting differentiation transforms the perception of place in social memory enabling new interpretations of that place. Thus, throughout history the construction of the places of worship appears as a privileged architectural action that is associated with the moral, sociological, political and cultural situations of cities. In this study, the relationship between architecture and the sacred is discussed in the context of non-Muslim places of worship, especially in the political change process that started with the period of Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire. The location of the places of worship as a sacred place in the urban infrastructure, their architectural style, their place in historical and social memory are examined with the processes of cultural transformation and discussed the contribution of this relationship to the historical memory of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this research is to examine the 'blogger mother' identities, which focus on cultural transformation on social media. In this context, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight users who identified themselves as a 'blogger mother' in the blog environment with a mother identity. Negotiations were analysed through descriptive analysis. In addition to the interview, the last seven shares of each of the 27 blog sites were content-analysed. As a result, participants expressed their motherhood identities in the blog environment, and transformed the identity of motherhood in a cultural sense. In conclusion, it can be said that the traditional cultural sub-structure of the society continues to be influenced by the identity of mothers by means of social media. Blogs, one of the social networks, emerge as the new communication medium on which they prefer to display various motherhood presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of PRAKSIS is the property of PRAKSIS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The journey to the cultural memory of a city starts with interpreting the traces, discourses and the signs on space and objects left by people living in that city. The individual moves on in time by making sense of the world where he lives, communicating and interacting in a certain space, leaving traces on objects, hiding the traces of its own individual and cultural past somewhere deepest in his memory and accumulating them in time. The past is kept alive in different ways, sometimes in the chest as an object, in albums, in the most precious parts of the house, sometimes in the architecture as a reflection of history, art, aesthetics and culture, sometimes in the embroidery and pattern of a cloth, on the taste of a traditional dish, and in its process. Keeping the past alive occurs by transmitting the centuries of cultural codes into the memories of future generations orally, nonverbally or in a written way. For this reason, the space, which is one of the most important transmitters of cultural codes, is not only a "place of living" but also a very meaningful and functional area where centuries of cultural memory is created, formed and exhibited. The space becomes a "visual image" in which the memory is revived, reminded and transferred in the new cultural age especially with the development of technology and transportation facilities. Some functional approaches appear such as the oral tradition in architecture, the ritualistic manners of the new era in refreshment places, cultural actors, aesthetic and political approaches in transportation, handicrafts in shopping, reminding the historical and mythological heroes by using the trinkets, key rings and ornaments, keeping memory alive, reflecting and reviving identity awareness, and presenting its own culture. Thus, in addition to being a space of memory with its cultural elements, each city has been turned into areas where new discourses of cultural tourism, industry and economy are created and marketed. As a multilayered semantic transmitter, the ways of presentation and transfer of the space in oral, written and electronic culture environment have changed shape and context. Moreover, travelling has become the most important means of recognizing, comprehending and presenting a space in the process of transformation from travel books to travel programs and "blogs". In this study, the "travel blogs" are discussed which have been formed based on especially web 2.0 applications and have become a new "cultural memory space". In the study, the contents of the ten most popular Turkish travel blogs were analysed comparatively. The main purpose of the research was to identify the content perceptions on different cultures and cities especially by the content managers called "bloggers", and to examine how they have determined the content of "travel blogs" related to city memory. In this context, in the study, how the city's history was transferred as a memory space in the context of cultural tourism, industry and economy by virtual travellers called "bloggers" on "blogs" will be determined through transportation, historical, religious, refreshment and entertainment places. The data obtained will be functionally examined in the context of image creation, meaning transfer, new industrial functions that tradition has attributed to cultural transformation, new ritualistic patterns of cultural tourism and its promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences Cankiri Karatekin University / Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Cankiri Karatekin University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the overwhelming influence of superheroes today, Superman is still an archetypal blueprint and a pioneer of American superheroes in the 20th century. Superman has gained an immense popularity beyond the national borders of the US. The popularity of Superman profoundly relies on its success in representing American identity, everchanging dynamics of American society and American ideology which remained almost unaltered. Moreover, Superman is marked with Judeo-Christian mythology that lies at the heart of American culture as well as American ideals such as individualism, civilization, nativism, and schizophrenic break-downs caused by American modernity. In this sense, Superman is an embodiment of American mythology that represents the concerns, fears and hopes of American people. Superman also offers a portrait of American manhood, masculine ideology in America, and crises of masculinity. Superman's masculinity depicts American manhood at its best and also Superman's conflicts his male archenemies evoke a discussion of the foundation of hegemonic masculinity and male hierarchy in America. In this regard, this paper aims to discuss the values, norms, ideologies of identity, power, and gender in light of the historical and social evolution of American society. It is considered to be of utmost importance that such a critical reading of Superman as the national emblem of American people will allow an understanding of other superheroes in a broader perspective in postwar America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic Revolution of Iran is as a largest cultural transformation, contemporary, social and political. As same, the Islamic Revolution is in public property, Islamism, justice, antioppression and rule by divine commandments, literature, revolution, war and martyrdom is based accordingly. Changes in political, social and cultural Islamic Revolution and during the eight-year' war was, the underlying emphasis on values, ideals and ideologies certain that this period reflected in the poem. In this essay descriptive - analytical has paid to study of link elements national identity and religious in the holy defense poem. Research findings suggest it is that the holy defense poem is joint of a religious and national identity. Poets of holy defense Islamic and Iranian identity by returning to the origins of the national identity and Islamic as include attention to national heroes and religious, Epic-Hussein and link it with the epic war, attention to national values and homespun and emphasis on preserving its epic tone they have depicted the aspects of the national identity and religious. And honor and grandeur and credo of nation that is bass on the ideal and belief, bravely and patiently, they have passed the testing- line, they gained the most shiny of history and demonstrated it on the all over the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology, which has been developing rapidly since the middle of the 20th century and penetrating into every area of life, has moved communication to the digital platform in time. The new communication tools that emerge as a result of the developments in communication technologies cause changes in the thoughts and behaviors of individuals as well as cultural transformations. Social media, which has earned an important position in the daily lives of individuals by increasing its influence, both shapes, and also it is shaped by the culture of fame. The aim of this study is to reveal the effect of social media on the change of fame culture as a new communication platform. Technological determinism is an approach that establishes the causality between technological developments and social change and accepts technology as the determinant of social change. In the study, the changing culture of fame is discussed in the context of McLuhan's technological determinism. In the new digital age, many ordinary individuals can quickly evolve into a social media phenomenon by exhibiting their home, self, thoughts, etc. on social media platforms. The TikTok application, which has been influencing large masses in recent times, is one of these platforms and it provides the opportunity for individuals, who can be seen almost everywhere, to become famous by making them more visible. For the sake of fame in this platform, individuals try to prove themselves by putting all their creativity in the videos they produce. In this study, the visual samples showing the behaviors of individuals for the sake of becoming famous were examined with the content analysis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship of man with authority has developed in different ways in the historical process of each society. While these developments were the product of a verbal memory before the invention of writing, they took on a concrete diachronic nature with the writing. Written tradition emerged with the adoption of Christianity in Russia. With the development of this tradition, the influence of authority has also focused on written sources. In this context, censorship was the weapon of religious authority at first in Russian geography. At the beginning of the 18th century, it was seen that the government of Peter I was in contrast with the religious authority. In other words, a kind of bipolar governance showed itself. Censorship, which showed its effect on religious texts in early Russian sources, became a means of secularization of the state in this period. As a result, censorship, which first appeared with religious texts, was transformed into a worldly power with Peter I and used as a tool in Westernization and became systematic in later periods. Likewise, typography developed and the written resources restricted by the clergy were paved and cultural transformation was accelerated. In this study, the emergence of censorship in Russia from the historical point of view and its transformation in the period of Peter I will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lucius Livius Andronicus, stay on top of him, non native speaker of Latin, is the first poet of Latin literature. Andronicus, whose real name is Ανδρόνικος (Andronikos), is an ancient Greek of Tarentum. He had made translations from ancient Greek literature, specially had wroten poem and commentaries. There was no Latin work similar to Homeric epics for Roman children. Therefore, Livius Andronicus prepared the first textbook for the children of Roman families. This textbook is also the Odyssea epic of Homeros, which he translated into Latin using the "saturnius" meter of a native meter. His name has been also adapted to the Latin, Odusia (Odyssea, Odissia). The beginning of the Roman epic has been with Odusia of Livius Andronicus, a pioneer work and a document of cultural transformation. In addition, Andronicus has written first Latin plays by his own effort, adapted to the ancient Greek requirements, which are directed to the genre of drama. He has brought not only Old Greek tragoedia (tragedy, tragedy) works but also comoedia (comedy, comedy) works to Latin literature without distorting their own meters as a translation or adaptation from original ones. He has earned a great reputation for his hymns and plays. He has also written theatrical plays as an example of ancient Greek plays. As a result, Lucius Livius Andronicus is of great importance for the history of Latin (Rome) literature.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Inquiries / Akademik Incelemeler Dergisi is the property of Akademik Incelemeler Dergisi (Journal of Academic Inquiries) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies / Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sosyologca is the property of Sosyologca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gumushane Universty Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Communication / Gümüshane Üniversitesi Iletisim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi is the property of Gumushane Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Elektronik Dergisi (e-GIFDER) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Journal of Politics, Economics & Management / Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Research Journal of Politics, Economics & Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EUL Journal of Social Sciences / LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of EUL Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal is the property of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferanslari is the property of Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sociology / Sosyoloji Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sociology / Sosyoloji Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)